Introduction
History
Coffee plant
Coffee beans processing
Chemical constituents
Brewing of coffee
World production and exportation
Question/answers session
Coffee production involves several steps from planting coffee trees to harvesting coffee cherries to processing and drying the beans. There are two main processing methods - the dry method where cherries are sun dried and the wet method where cherries are pulped and fermented before drying. The beans are then milled, sorted, roasted, ground, and brewed to produce various coffee drinks. Common coffee drinks include espresso, Americano, latte, mocha, cappuccino, Turkish coffee, and filter coffee which are made by varying the coffee grounds, brewing methods and addition of milk or other ingredients.
Coffee is a brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain flowering plants in the Coffea genus. From the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce a stable, raw product: unroasted green coffee. The seeds are then roasted, a process which transforms them into a consumable product: roasted coffee, which is ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. Let's get overlook to this coffee from this presentation.
Coffee beans are graded and sorted by size, weight, and color using a series of screens and pneumatic separation. The Specialty Coffee Association of America grades coffee on a scale of 1 to 5 based on defects, with grade 1 being specialty coffee with no primary defects. Sieves are used to grade beans by size and the document outlines various grades for arabica and robusta coffee types.
this deck continues my tradition of training step-by-step guides that give you the exact information I’ve used to run my introduction to coffee class. That includes references like :
Coffee Origins . Biology of coffee plant . Coffee’s Growing Region . Coffee's Journey . Current Coffee Industry . Coffee origin . How coffee is traded . Species . Varieties . cultivar . Harvesting . Processing . Processing Flavor Description . Quality Control . Roast Process . effect on taste . Roasting graph . Different roast style . storage . Coffee freshness . Humans Senses . Taste . SCA Flavor Wheel . Effect of geographical position on coffee flavor . Cupping . How to do coffee cupping . Brew methods . Brewing parameters . Filter material . Coffee extraction definition . Water Quality . What is Specialty Coffee / Organizations in Specialty Coffee / waves /.
The different methods of coffee preparationjeffwilson771
Muldoon's Coffee is the the leading office coffee solutions in Toronto. We provide the very best coffee supplies available. Visit us today at www.muldoonscoffee.com
Café At Home Coffee Machine Shop is dedicated to help making your coffee life a little bit easier and more affordable. Good information about coffee makers and coffee.
http://espressocoffeemachineshop.com
Coffea arabica is a species of coffee plant native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia. The coffee plant is a woody perennial that grows into a small tree or bush up to 3-3.5 meters tall. Coffee plants produce red fruits called cherries that contain two seeds called coffee beans. The Coffea arabica species is considered to produce the highest quality coffee beans. Coffee plants require warm temperatures between 19-25°C and substantial water to grow and produce coffee cherries.
From Ethiopia, coffee was said to spread to Egypt and Yemen.
In 1600 Baba Budan, an Indian smuggler-pilgrim, he illegally brought '7 coffee beans as no. 7 is considered as a sacred number in Islam' from Mecca to India. The History of Coffee and Coffee Houses is briefly presented to you by TrekOfEats. Edited by Noor Naaz.
Dry processing and wet processing of Coffee - Washed processing and Unwashed ...Gia Huy
Dry processing and wet processing, Washed processing and Unwashed processing, Advantages and Disadvantages of Dry processing and wet processing, Advantages and Disadvantages of Washed processing and Unwashed processing
Coffee processing involves several steps from harvesting coffee cherries to producing roasted coffee beans ready for brewing. The coffee cherries are harvested, processed to remove the outer fruit and pulp through methods like wet processing or dry processing, then the beans are fermented and washed. The cleaned beans are then dried, sorted, and packaged before being exported and roasted to produce coffee drinks.
Coffee processing involves harvesting ripe coffee cherries, removing the fruit pulp and mucilage, and drying the beans. There are two main processing methods - wet processing and dry processing. Wet processing involves pulping the cherries to remove the fruit, fermenting the beans to remove mucilage, and sun drying the beans. Dry processing involves sun drying the entire cherry after harvest and later hulling the dried beans to remove the outer layers. Proper processing is important to develop the flavor of the coffee beans before roasting and brewing.
This is a ppt on tea processing. It also include types of tea, and also acknowledge about Orthodox and CTC methods of production of tea. This ppt also include the benefit and medical use of tea.
The document discusses different types of beverages including stimulating, refreshing, and nourishing drinks. Stimulating drinks like tea and coffee raise physiological activity while refreshing drinks such as aerated drinks and squashes are water-based. Nourishing milk drinks, chocolates, and juices provide extra nourishment. The document then goes on to describe various popular beverages and their origins and processing methods. It also discusses syrups and squashes along with recipes for nourishing banana smoothies and fruit blasts.
This document discusses the process of manufacturing instant coffee powder. It begins with an introduction to instant coffee and comparison to freshly brewed coffee. It then covers the history and advent of instant coffee. The main body details the manufacturing process which includes: roasting green coffee beans, grinding them, extracting soluble solids through hot water under pressure, concentrating the extract, drying it through spray drying or freeze drying, and final packaging. Popular brands and the global market overview are also mentioned. Byproducts and references are listed at the end.
It includes various types of tea i.e White tea (Unfermented and Unoxidised) ,
Green Tea (Unfermented and Unoxidised)
Oolang Tea (Semi-fermented)
Black Tea (fully Fermented and Oxidised)
It also includes all the steps involved in the processing of these teas.
This document discusses different types of tea, including white tea, green tea, black tea, and oolong tea. It provides details on their production processes and health benefits. White tea comes from a specific plant variety and has not undergone much oxidation. It may help with weight loss and managing diabetes. Green tea is made from unoxidized leaves and can prevent food poisoning and cancer. Black tea is more oxidized than other teas and provides energy as well as cardiovascular and bone health benefits. Oolong tea is popular in China and contains vitamins and minerals; it can help with bone, oral, and diabetes health.
This document provides information about tea, including its different types and processing methods. It discusses the six main types of tea - white, yellow, green, oolong, black, and post-fermented - and describes the specific processing steps for green tea, oolong tea, and black tea. These steps include plucking, withering, rolling or bruising, fermentation, fixation, drying, and packaging. The document also briefly mentions instant tea and the components and health benefits of tea.
Coffee is made by infusing roasted and ground coffee beans in boiling water. There are many coffee styles including espresso, cappuccino, latte, etc. Most coffee is made with an espresso machine, which uses steam pressure to speed up the brewing process. Proper maintenance and cleaning of the machine is important. Good coffee beans should be fresh, uniform in color, and release an aroma when ground. Following correct procedures for grinding, tamping, and extracting the coffee is necessary to produce a quality crema. Milk is frothed with steam and added accordingly to different coffee styles. Coffee is presented with attention to details like cup placement and garnishing.
The document discusses the coffee sector in India. It notes that India is the 6th largest producer of coffee in the world. The main coffee growing states are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Orissa, which contribute about 80% of total production. It also discusses India's exports and imports of coffee, identifying key markets. It analyzes opportunities for India to expand exports and diversify products to higher value markets. Government policies to promote the coffee sector are also summarized.
Coffee originated in Ethiopia and was first brought to Malaysia in 1779. There are three main commercialized coffee species: Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica. Arabica trees grow quickly to 5-6 meters tall and produce thin, yellow-reddish beans. Robusta trees grow shorter at 3 meters tall, produce broader leaves, and thicker red beans. Liberica trees have the largest leaves and thickest yellow-red beans. Coffee plants require specific growing conditions of rainfall, temperature, soil type, and pruning to maximize yields. Harvested coffee berries are processed through wet or dry methods to produce roasted coffee beans for consumption.
Workers who produce coffee suffer from low wages, poor working conditions, and even slave and child labor. While most coffee is consumed in wealthy nations, it is produced by small-scale farmers in developing countries. Fair trade systems aim to promote social justice for farmers, but fair trade coffee still only accounts for a small percentage of global production. Some criticize Starbucks for claiming to support fair trade while purchasing less than 1% of its coffee through fair trade networks. The document encourages supporting local, fair trade coffee shops as an alternative to large chains.
The document outlines learning objectives related to coffee, including describing where coffee is grown and how it is produced. It aims to identify different types of coffee beans and coffee available, explain the role and skills of a barista, and list coffee machine brands. The final objective is to properly use espresso machines and serve coffee.
PSG is an immune complex-mediated disease caused by antibodies produced against streptococcal antigens like streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B and nephritis-associated streptococcal plasmin receptor. These antigens activate the complement cascade and induce antibody responses, causing inflammation of the glomeruli. High blood pressure can result from PSG due to decreased kidney function impairing sodium handling. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system activate to reduce renal blood flow and increase sodium absorption in response to the reduced kidney function and blood pressure changes caused by PSG.
Biotechnological techniques for solving industrial problems Zohaib HUSSAIN
This document discusses how biotechnological techniques can help solve problems in various industries in a sustainable way. It provides examples of how enzymes are used in industries like pulp/paper, food, textile, and cosmetics to improve processes and reduce waste and pollution. The document also discusses how biofuels like bioethanol produced through fermentation can provide renewable alternatives to fossil fuels and help address issues like climate change.
Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5 are important cofactors for enzymes involved in cellular metabolism. Vitamin B1 or thiamine is a cofactor for enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism. Vitamin B2 or riboflavin is a precursor for FAD and FMN which are electron carriers in the electron transport chain and metabolic pathways like the citric acid cycle. Vitamin B3 or niacin is needed to make NAD+, which is used in glycolysis and the electron transport chain. Vitamin B5 or pantothenic acid is needed to make Coenzyme A, which is involved in acetyl group transfers in metabolic pathways.
Antibodies are produced in mammalian cells, avians and in many other animals. They are used to produce the majority of currently marketed recombinant biopharmaceuticals, many of which are antibodies. We take the example of insects to understand to this whole process. Insect cells have proven to be an excellent platform for the production of recombinant antibodies. The baculovirus insect cell system directs transient expression of recombinant antibodies in batch culture upon infection of insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus, while stably transformed insect cells allow constitutive or inducible production. It is simple way of producing considerable amounts of recombinant antibody molecules with biological activities. Therefore, insect cell expression systems would be highly valuable for high-throughput antibody production. In addition, the display of heterologous proteins, including antibody fragments, on the baculovirus surface might be a useful tool for the generation and production of monoclonal antibodies with high affinity and specificity (Yamaji, 2011).
The document contains information about the scientific name, common name, location, collector, identification, and ethnobotanical uses of several unidentified plant specimens collected on unspecified dates. No other notable details are provided.
Swot analysis of COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad Zohaib HUSSAIN
This document provides a SWOT analysis of COMSATS Abbottabad. It identifies several strengths, including highly qualified faculty, specialized degree programs, modern facilities, and opportunities for research. Weaknesses include insufficient housing and underfunding. Opportunities include continuing education programs and partnerships with employers. Threats include increased competition from other local universities. The conclusion states that COMSATS Abbottabad has good potential to leverage its strengths and minimize threats given its resources and strategic location.
ExPASy is the SIB Bioinformatics Resource Portal which provides access to scientific databases and software tools (i.e., resources) in different areas of life sciences including proteomics, genomics, phylogeny, systems biology, population genetics, transcriptomics etc
Epistatic gene interaction by BIOTECHNOLOGY CIIT ABBOTTABADZohaib HUSSAIN
1) The document discusses epistatic gene interactions, where two or more genes influence a single trait. It provides examples of complementary gene action and duplicate gene action.
2) It also examines a case study in Drosophila where a rare cream eye trait is caused by a sex-linked gene interacting with another gene. Crosses demonstrate the genes are located on different chromosomes.
3) A classic example is described of Bateson and Punnett discovering four comb morphologies in chickens are controlled by two interacting genes in a 9:3:3:1 ratio.
Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacokinetics Zohaib HUSSAIN
Introduction
With the information available about human genome and human proteome, it is now well understood that there are a lot of variations between individuals. These minor variations account for many differences like adverse drug reactions, which are responsible for many hospitalizations and casualties. The observed variable effect of drug is due to difference in sensitivity as some people need higher dose and some need lower dose to get similar therapeutic effect, but in some people drug has no therapeutic effects and in some it shows strong adverse reactions.
Case Study On Type 2 diabetes and diabetes related complicationsZohaib HUSSAIN
Insulin resistance increases the risk of developing prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes occurs when blood glucose or A1C levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes, and it often develops in people with insulin resistance. Although insulin resistance alone does not cause type 2 diabetes, it can lead to the disease by overworking the insulin-producing beta cells. In prediabetes, the beta cells can no longer produce enough insulin to overcome insulin resistance, causing blood glucose levels to rise above the normal range. Once a person has prediabetes, the ongoing loss of beta cell function usually leads to type 2 diabetes.
Brazil has been the world's largest coffee producer for over 150 years, producing about a third of all coffee. Coffee plantations cover 27,000 square kilometers in the southeastern states of Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, and Parana. Brazil produces over 2.7 million tons of coffee annually and is the top global producer of green coffee, arabica coffee, and instant coffee.
Brazil has been the world's largest coffee producer for 150 years, producing about a third of the world's coffee. Coffee production in Brazil is centered in the southeastern states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Paraná, with Minas Gerais producing about half the country's coffee. There are several key steps to producing coffee: planting, harvesting, processing the beans which includes separating, drying, hulling, sorting, and packaging into 60kg bags for export. The beans are then exported, roasted, ground, and brewed to produce the final coffee beverage. Brazil exports much of its high quality coffee around the world.
The document discusses a business idea to import coffee products from Ethiopia and transform them for sale in Spain. The company would create multiple products from coffee grounds, including canned brewed coffee, tiramisu cakes, and coffee husks. Organic coffee is growing in popularity globally while non-organic is decreasing. The company plans to subcontract roasting and find a recipe for an energy drink using lower quality coffee grounds to appeal to young consumers. Coffee husks would be sold as biofuel to reduce overall product prices.
The document discusses different types of coffee, styles of coffee preparation, and coffee species. It describes various brewing methods like drip brew, French press, and percolator. It also outlines different coffee drinks including espresso, cappuccino, latte, Americano, and mocha. The document serves as a guide to the varieties of coffee and how it is made around the world.
This document provides an overview of coffee, including its history, types of coffee beans, roasting process, most expensive coffees, top 10 coffees in the world, facts about coffee, International Coffee Day, and movies about coffee. The history of coffee dates back to the 10th century in Ethiopia. There are two main types of coffee beans - Arabica and Robusta, which differ in taste, growing conditions, and price. Kopi Luwak from Indonesia is considered the most expensive coffee due to its uncommon production process involving the Indonesian palm civet.
Coffee : Different Kinds of Coffee & Styles of CoffeeMudit Grover
• Coffee :
Different Kinds of Coffee & Styles of Coffee
• Made By:
• Mudit Grover (18)
• Coffee
• Coffee is a brewed beverage.
• Prepared from the roasted seeds of an evergreen shrub of the genus Coffea.
• Mainly cultivated in India, Latin America & South America.
• Methods of Coffee Preparation
• Brewing
Process of infusing the coffee beans or coffee powder with hot water for a specific period of time.
Brewed coffee, if kept hot, will deteriorate rapidly in flavour.
Reheating such coffee tends to give it a "muddy" flavour.
• Vacuum Pot
Also known as vac pot, siphon or syphon coffee maker.
Excessively complex for everyday use.
• French Press
• Also known as a press pot, coffee press ,coffee plunger.
• The best and convenient method for brewing the coffee.
Percolator Method
• Continually cycling the boiling water for the process of brewing.
• May recirculate already brewed coffee through the beans.
• Types of Coffee
• Caffè Americano(America)
– Prepared by adding hot water to espresso.
– Consists of a single or double-shot of espresso combined with between 30 - 470ml of hot water.
• Café au lait
– Traditionally the French way of preparing 'coffee with milk' both at home and in Cafés in Europe.
• Caffè latte(Italy)
– A portion of espresso and steamed milk.
– With a little foam on top.
• Café mocha
– A variant of a caffè latte.
– Typically one third espresso and two thirds steamed milk.
– A portion of chocolate is added, typically in the form of a chocolate syrup.
• Video
• Cappuccino(Italy)
– Prepared with espresso, hot milk, and steamed milk foam.
– Traditionally served in a porcelain cup.
• Espresso(Italy)
– A concentrated beverage brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water.
– Acts as the base for other drinks.
– Has more caffeine per unit volume than most beverages.
• Ristretto
– A very "short" shot of espresso coffee.
• Instant coffee
– The coffee is dehydrated into the form of powder or granules.
– Can be rehydrated with hot water to provide a drink similar.
– Brand of instant coffee
• Nescafe
• Moccona
• Folgers
• Major Coffee Producing Countries
• South America:- brazil, Columbia, Venezuela
• Africa:- Kenya, Ethiopia etc
• Central America:- costa rica, Jamaica, mexico etc.
• Asia:- India, Indonesia.
• Learning Outcome
• We learnt about the different methods of preparing coffee.
• Different styles of coffee.
• Coffee producing countries.
• Bibliography
• Video made from Nibs.
• Food & Beverage Service – Bibekananda Kanjilal
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.com
• www.britannica.com
Coffee is made from roasted coffee beans that come from the Coffea genus of plants. There are two main varieties used: Coffea arabica and Coffea robusta. The quality of coffee depends on factors like where the beans were grown. Coffee is processed using either a wet or dry method to remove the outer layers from the beans. Processing includes steps like fermentation, washing, drying, and sorting. Coffee has both positive and negative health effects depending on how much is consumed. It can boost metabolism but too much can cause issues like increased heart rate and insomnia.
Coffee originated in Ethiopia and was first brought to Anatolia by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I after the Egyptian war in 1519. It later spread throughout Europe via Turkish traders and sailors in the 16th century. There are two main types of coffee seeds - Arabica and Robusta. Turkish coffee is typically prepared by boiling finely ground coffee beans along with sugar and serving in small cups. It can be presented in various styles like coffee süvari without sugar or coffee yandan çarklı served with Turkish delight. Turkish coffee provides various health benefits and was an important social beverage throughout the Ottoman Empire.
Coffee is cultivated commercially from three species, with Arabica and Robusta making up over 95% of global production. Coffee originated in Ethiopia and was spread by Arab traders in the 15th century. It gained popularity in Europe in the 17th century and Brazil is now the largest producer. In India, coffee was introduced in the 17th century and is now grown commercially in several states, with Arabica and Robusta being the main varieties. Coffee trees are small trees or shrubs that produce berries containing coffee beans. There are several methods for harvesting, processing, and drying coffee beans to produce green coffee that is then roasted.
The document summarizes the history and production process of coffee. It details that coffee was first discovered in Ethiopia in 850 AD when a goat herder noticed his goats became lively after eating coffee berries. It then traces the spread of coffee to Arabia, Turkey, Europe and the establishment of early coffee shops. The document also outlines the various steps of coffee production from growing the coffee tree to harvesting, processing, exporting and brewing methods like espresso and cappuccino.
This document provides information about coffee and mocktails. It discusses what coffee is, where it originated from, how it is processed and prepared in different styles. It also discusses the major coffee producing countries and types of coffee drinks from different regions. The second half of the document defines what a mocktail is and lists popular mocktail recipes including ingredients and instructions for Cinderella, Virgin Mary, Shirley Temple, Virgin Mojito and Blue Lagoon mocktail.
This document provides information about coffee and mocktails. It discusses what coffee is, where it originated from, how it is processed and prepared in different styles. It also discusses the major coffee producing countries and types of coffee drinks from different regions. The second half of the document defines what a mocktail is and lists popular mocktail recipes including ingredients and instructions for Cinderella, Virgin Mary, Shirley Temple, Virgin Mojito and Blue Lagoon mocktail.
This document summarizes several non-alcoholic plant-based beverages that are consumed worldwide for their stimulating and refreshing qualities. It discusses the origins, production processes, chemical compositions, and cultural histories of tea, coffee, cocoa, kola, mate, and guarana. The key plants discussed are Camellia sinensis (tea), Coffea arabica (coffee), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), Cola nitida (kola), Ilex paraguariensis (mate), and Paullinia cupana (guarana).
This document summarizes several non-alcoholic plant-based beverages that are consumed worldwide for their stimulating and refreshing qualities. It discusses the origins, production processes, chemical compositions, and cultural histories of tea, coffee, cocoa, kola, mate, and guarana. The key plants discussed are Camellia sinensis (tea), Coffea arabica (coffee), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), Cola nitida (kola), Ilex paraguariensis (mate), and Paullinia cupana (guarana).
This document summarizes several non-alcoholic plant-based beverages that are consumed worldwide for their stimulating and refreshing qualities. It discusses the origins, production processes, chemical compositions, and cultural histories of tea, coffee, cocoa, kola, mate, and guarana. The key plants discussed are Camellia sinensis (tea), Coffea arabica (coffee), Theobroma cacao (cocoa), Cola nitida (kola), Ilex paraguariensis (mate), and Paullinia cupana (guarana).
Coffee has a long history dating back to Ethiopia in the 9th century. It is processed from coffee cherries that are harvested, with the beans then undergoing drying and roasting. There are two main species of coffee, Arabica and Robusta, which differ in taste, caffeine content, and growing conditions. To make coffee, beans are roasted, ground, brewed with water using various methods like drip, French press or espresso, and served as beverages such as lattes, cappuccinos and americanos. Drinking coffee can provide health benefits when consumed in moderation.
Coffee is prepared from roasted coffee beans and is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world. It originated in Ethiopia in the 15th century and spread through the Arab world before being introduced to Europe. There are several varieties of coffee plants, with Arabica and Robusta being the most prominent. Coffee is harvested, processed, roasted, ground, brewed and consumed in many styles worldwide. Proper storage and preparation is important to produce quality coffee beverages.
This document provides information about coffee, including its history, production, processing, varieties, and popular beverages. It discusses how coffee was discovered in Ethiopia and spread through the Arab world before being introduced to Europe. The top coffee producing countries are listed, and the differences between Arabica and Robusta varieties are explained. The document outlines the harvesting, processing, roasting, grinding, brewing and storage of coffee beans. Popular coffee drinks like espresso, cappuccino and cold brew coffee are also defined.
The document discusses the history and production of coffee. It provides two origin stories for coffee's discovery - one involving goats eating red berries in Ethiopia and one where a religious figure in Yemen chewed bitter berries for nourishment. The document then discusses the spread of coffee from Yemen to Turkey and beyond. It lists 53 coffee producing countries around the world and describes four main varieties of coffee plants - Robusta, Excelsa, Arabica, and Liberica. The rest of the document provides details on coffee growing regions, bean types, health benefits, myths, and interesting facts about coffee production and history.
1) The document discusses the potential for developing coffee tourism in Ethiopia, the birthplace of coffee. It outlines Ethiopia's history with and cultural ties to coffee, from its origins to current production and role in the economy.
2) Key aspects of coffee tourism proposed include visiting coffee farms and experiencing coffee cultivation, learning about Ethiopia's coffee culture and traditions, tasting coffee in various settings, and participating in coffee festivals.
3) Developing coffee tourism could link rural coffee farmers to the tourism industry, boost visitor spending by adding an attraction, and help establish community-based ecotourism around coffee.
Session 1 Ch 1 Non Alchoholic Beverages.pptxsandip59
This document discusses non-alcoholic beverages and coffee. It defines non-alcoholic beverages as drinks with less than 0.5% alcohol by volume, and lists categories including coffee, tea, milk-based drinks, aerated drinks, juices, water, and syrups. The document then focuses on coffee, outlining its history and worldwide popularity. It describes the two main types of coffee beans, Arabica and Robusta, and their differences. Finally, it provides an overview of the coffee production process from planting to brewing, and defines light, medium, and dark roast types.
Programmed Assembly of Synthetic Protocells into Thermoresponsive PrototissuesZohaib HUSSAIN
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Large-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersZohaib HUSSAIN
Large-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing Microcarriers
Characterization of Supramolecular PolymersZohaib HUSSAIN
This document discusses several methods for characterizing supramolecular polymers, which are challenging to characterize due to their dynamic nature. Vapor pressure osmometry uses Raoult's law to relate vapor pressure to molecular weight. Theoretical estimation of molecular weight can be obtained from binding constants using equilibrium models. Size exclusion chromatography separates polymers by hydrodynamic radius. Viscometry uses the Mark-Houwink equation to relate intrinsic viscosity to molecular weight. Mass spectrometry, scanning probe microscopy, electron microscopy, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry also provide characterization of supramolecular polymers.
Translation initiation in eukaryotes is a highly regulated and rate-limiting process that involves the assembly of numerous transient complexes containing over a dozen eukaryotic initiation factors. This process culminates in the accommodation of a start codon at the appropriate ribosomal site. Structural biology has provided insights into the mammalian mitochondrial translation initiation complex and other key complexes and factors involved in the process, such as eIF3, the eIF2 ternary complex, and the DHX29 helicase. Dysregulation of translation initiation can contribute to diseases like cancer and metabolic disorders.
The document discusses mitochondrial respiratory complexes and respirasomes. It notes that the complexes assemble into larger structures called respirasomes, which are necessary for stable respiratory function. There are four main complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The complexes work together to establish a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. Dysfunction can lead to diseases. Recent cryo-EM studies have provided structural information on respiratory supercomplexes in various organisms, revealing details of protein interactions and organization principles.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: What we have learned so far? Zohaib HUSSAIN
This document summarizes key information about photosynthesis. It discusses that photosynthesis captures light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose through chloroplasts in plant leaves. It describes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the Calvin cycle where glucose is produced. It also discusses C3, C4, and CAM pathways and how plants with different pathways may be impacted by increasing carbon dioxide levels. Potential targets for improving plant photosynthesis through genetic engineering or other methods are also outlined.
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
Oxidation & Reduction involves electron transfer & How enzymes find their sub...Zohaib HUSSAIN
Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons
Oxidation is always accompanied by reduction
The total number of electrons is kept constant
Oxidizing agents oxidize and are themselves reduced
Reducing agents reduce and are themselves oxidized
Cellulase (Types, Sources, Mode of Action & Applications)Zohaib HUSSAIN
Cellulase is an enzyme system consisting of endo- and exo-glucanases and cellobiase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellulose. There are three major types of cellulases - endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and beta-glucosidase. Cellulase-producing microbes employ one of three mechanisms: free cellulase systems using individual enzymes, cellulosome complexes, or endoglucanases without other domains. The synergistic action of endo- and exoglucanases supplemented by beta-glucosidase completely degrades cellulose to glucose. Cellulases find applications in food, animal feed, textiles, biofu
Amylases (Types, Sources, Mode of Action & Applications)Zohaib HUSSAIN
Amylases are important hydrolase enzymes which have been widely used since many decades. These enzymes randomly cleave internal glycosidic linkages in starch molecules to hydrolyze them and yield dextrins and oligosaccharides. Among amylases α-Amylase is in maximum demand due to its wide range of applications in the industrial front. α-Amylase can be produced by plant or microbial sources. The ubiquitous nature, ease of production and broad spectrum of applications make α-Amylase an industrially important enzyme.
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak) Summary (By Zohaib Hus...Zohaib HUSSAIN
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room
1. Levels of gene regulation
The observation that differences in the RNA and protein content of different tissues are not paralleled by significant differences in their DNA content indicates that the process whereby DNA produces mRNA must be the level at which gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes. In bacteria this process involves only a single stage, that of transcription, in which RNA copy of the DNA is produced by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Even while this process is still occurring, ribosomes attach to the nascent RNA chain and begin to translate it into protein. Hence cases
of gene regulation in bacteria, such as the switching on of the synthesis of the enzyme β-galactosidase in response to the presence of lactose (its substrate), are mediated by increased transcription of the appropriate gene. Clearly, a similar regulation of gene transcription in different tissues, or in response to substances such as steroid hormones which induce the synthesis of new proteins, represents an attractive method of gene regulation in eukaryotes.
In contrast to the situation in bacteria, however, a number of stages intervene between the initial synthesis of the primary RNA transcript and the eventual production of mRNA (Fig. 1).
The initial transcript is modified at its 5′ end by the addition of a cap structure containing a modified guanosine residue and is subsequently cleaved near its 3′ end, followed by the addition of up to 200 adenosine residues in a process known as polyadenylation. Subsequently, intervening sequences or introns, which interrupt the protein-coding sequence in both the DNA and the primary transcript of many genes. Although this produces a functional mRNA, the spliced molecule must then be transported from the nucleus, where these processes occur, to the cytoplasm where it can be translated into protein.
Telomere, Functions & Role in Aging & CancerZohaib HUSSAIN
Telomeres cap the ends of chromosomes and protect them from degradation during cell division. As cells divide, telomeres shorten due to the inability of DNA replication enzymes to fully copy chromosome ends. This limits a cell to around 50-70 divisions before entering senescence. Cancer cells activate telomerase to maintain telomere length, allowing unlimited division. Telomeres play a key role in both aging and cancer - their shortening limits the lifespan of normal cells but cancer cells overcome this via telomerase to achieve immortality and uncontrolled growth. Measuring and targeting telomerase may provide new strategies for cancer detection and treatment.
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes
Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body. A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division. Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once (S phase), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere, resulting in an X-shaped structure. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids. During metaphase, when a chromosome is in its most condensed state, the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome.
TECHNO-GUIDE FOR SEA CUCUMBER (Holothuroidea) POWDER AND AMPALAYA SEEDS-10-22...AmapolaCurayag1
A Thesis
Presented to
The Graduate School
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Main Campus, M.J. Cuenco Ave., Cebu City
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF ARTS IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
AMAPOLA M. CURAYAG
December 2021
This thesis entitled, “TECHNO-GUIDE FOR SEA CUCUMBER (Holothuroidea)
POWDER AND Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) SEEDS POWDER PRETZELS”,
prepared and submitted by AMAPOLA M. CURAYAG in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION
(MAVEd) has been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral
Examination.
ACCEPTED AND APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION (MAVEd).
Comprehensive Examination: PASSED
Date of Oral Examination: December 2021
Malatya Apricot | Turkish Dried Apricots Producer and Exporter is one of the Biggest Dried Apricot Manufacturing companies, is situated on 2500 square meters of land which includes 1500 square meters of enclosed work areas that have been constructed according to European and AFI specification with White marbles, anti-bacterial tile walls,and equipped with a microbiological laboratory to ensure a total quality.
We are as Malatya Apricot | Turkish Dried Apricots Producer and Exporter , produce and export Dried Apricots, Sun Dried Apricots, Diced Dried Apricots, Industrial Dried Apricots.
2. Contents
• Introduction
• History
• Coffee plant
• Coffee beans processing
• Chemical constituents
• Brewing of coffee
• World production and exportation
• Question/answers session
3. Introduction
• Coffee –Most consumed beverages
• Second largest traded -After petroleum.
• Most consumed drink in the world
(more than 400 billion cups yearly).
4. History
• Coffee -over 1,000 years
• Arabia -coffee culture propagation.
• Ancient manuscripts culture of coffee date
from 575 in Yemen
• Persia, the first coffee beans -toasted -drink
• Coffee began-Europe in 1615.
• Dutchmen -The first seedlings -cultivated
botanical garden of Amsterdam.
• Definitive part of the habits of the Europeans.
5. History
• Frenchmen were given a plant of coffee by the
major of Amsterdam.
• Start cultivate in the islands of Sandwich and
Bourbon
• With the Dutch and French experiences, the
coffee cultivation was taken to other European
colonies.
• The European market growth-African countries
and
• Africa-Arabs secret expansion
6. Coffee Plant
• The coffee tree or shrub -family Rubiaceae.
• Coffee-plant Coffea L.(70 species)
• Commercially explored worldwide:
1. Coffea arabica (Arabica)- noblest of all coffee
plants and providing 75% of world’s
production- high altitudes
2. Coffea canephora (Robusta), considered to
be more acid but more resistant to plagues,
and provides 25% of world’s production-low
altitudes
7. Coffee beans processing
• Coffee cherries-raw fruit of the coffee plant
• Two coffee beans covered by a thin parchment
like hull and further surrounded by pulp
• These cherries -harvested after 5 years of
coffee trees plantation
• fruit turns red
• The processing of coffee starts -conversion of
coffee cherries into green coffee beans
• Done by the removal of both the pulp and hull
using either a wet or dry method.
9. Coffee beans processing
• Roasting - (flavors, aromas, and color) are
developed.
• Affect the quality of the coffee and the
excellence of the coffee beverage
• Instant coffee, an additional step of extraction
follows the roasting and grinding operations.
• The soluble solids and volatile compounds
that provide aroma and flavor are extracted
from the coffee beans using water
11. Coffee brewing
• Coffee Beans Brewing “Coffee” is the
designation of the drink prepared by
extraction, in boiling water, of the soluble
material from roasted coffee grounds.
• There are many different coffee brewing
methods in the world.
• Coffee beverage can be prepared, for
example, by filtration–percolation method.
12. Coffee brewing
• Where ground coffee is placed on a specific
support grid (filter paper, muslin, perforated
plastic filter, sintered glass, etc
• Coffee is extracted -dripping or spraying with hot
water, i.e., by slow gravity percolation
• Most coffee machines (Espresso machine)
• Coffee is extracted using superheated water
(90±5 °C), and filtration is accelerated by steam at
a pressure of 7–9 bar for a short time (30±5 s)
13. Coffee World Production and
Exportation
• Grown more than 100% from 1950 to 1960
• The ten largest coffee produced- 80% of the
world production.
• South America around 43%, Asia with 24%,
Central America 18%, and Africa with 16%.
• Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia.
• 2007- 124,636 million bags of 60 kg consumed
• 90.0 million bags of 60 kg per year, with Brazil
leading exportations with a share of 28% of
this market