The primary goal of wound care is facilitating the natural healing processes rather than technical repair alone. Wound healing involves inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. Wound preparation includes anesthesia, hemostasis, debridement, cleaning, and closure or dressing. Factors like infection, nutrition, tissue ischemia, and tension can impair healing. Proper wound evaluation and management are essential for optimal healing outcomes.
1. A dressing is applied directly to a wound to promote healing and protect it. It is distinguished from a bandage, which holds the dressing in place.
2. The purposes of wound dressing are to control bleeding, absorb exudate, ease pain, and protect newly formed tissue from further harm.
3. Proper wound dressing involves cleaning the area, applying any necessary ointments, covering with sterile gauze or pads, securing with a bandage, and instructing the patient on aftercare.
The document discusses preoperative and postoperative care. It covers preoperative assessment including history taking, physical examination, and risk assessment. Preoperative preparation includes fasting, blood tests, medication administration, and informed consent. Premedication goals are to reduce anxiety, secretions, and nausea/vomiting. Common premeditations include anticholinergics like atropine and scopolamine, benzodiazepines like diazepam and midazolam, and narcotics like pethidine and morphine. Care is taken to minimize risk and ensure patient safety before, during, and after surgery.
This document discusses medicated baths, which involve dispersing medication in water for therapeutic purposes to treat dermatological conditions. It describes different types of medicated baths like Epsom salt baths, oat meal baths, and sulfur baths. The document provides indications for various medicated baths to treat issues like psoriasis, eczema, itching, and arthritis pain. It outlines the preparatory, performance, and follow-up phases of administering a medicated bath and notes supplies needed. Potential complications are mentioned along with nursing responsibilities to monitor patients during and after medicated baths.
The document discusses preoperative and postoperative nursing care for surgical patients. It covers assessing patients preoperatively, preparing them for surgery through education and physical preparation, monitoring them intraoperatively, and caring for them postoperatively by assessing vital signs, dressings, pain, and other factors. The types and purposes of different surgeries are also classified. The nursing process of assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation is applied throughout the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative phases of surgical care.
This document provides information on casting procedures for congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot). It outlines the necessary equipment including casting materials like plaster, fiberglass, and synthetic materials. The procedure involves applying stockinette, padding, and wet casting material before allowing it to dry. Patients should be assessed for neurovascular status, skin integrity, and positioning after casting. Immediate management includes elevation, checking for tightness, encouraging extremity movement, and monitoring neurovascular status.
the ot nursing is an essential concept that every student nurse must have an adequate knowledge in order to counteract the issues related to OT nursing.
This document summarizes the history and types of surgical dressings. It discusses how dressings have evolved from simple cloths to advanced engineered skin substitutes. The key types of dressings covered are dry dressings, moisture-keeping dressings, bioactive dressings, and skin substitutes. Examples of commonly used dressings like gauze, foams, hydrocolloids, and alginates are provided along with their characteristics and uses.
Surgical wound dressings are used to prevent infection, assess healing, and protect wounds from trauma while promoting healing. Key principles of wound dressing include preventing the spread of microorganisms, providing oxygen and nutrients to wounds through blood flow, and removing excess moisture that can encourage bacterial growth. Proper wound dressing involves cleaning and dressing changes using sterile techniques, documentation of wound characteristics and patient comfort, and consideration of patient allergies and pain levels.
This document provides an overview of wound dressings. It begins with defining a wound and classifying wounds. It then discusses the mechanism of injury, purpose of wound dressings, and factors to consider for dressing selection such as wound condition and exudate level. The document proceeds to describe various types of dressings including dry, wet, foam, film, hydrocolloid, hydrofiber, hydrogel, alginates, and antimicrobial dressings. It outlines the properties of an ideal dressing and functions of different wound care products. The document concludes by explaining the proper procedure for changing dressings.
The document discusses wound care and dressing, including defining wounds and dressings, different types of dressings, factors to consider before dressing, sterile supplies and equipment needed, steps for dressing a wound aseptically, and post-procedure tasks like documentation. Standard precautions, cleaning wounds from clean to dirty areas, and using warmed irrigants are emphasized to prevent spreading pathogens during wound care.
Suturing is the process of closing wounds using needles and thread. There are a variety of suture materials that can be used, and the doctor will choose one appropriate for the wound. Sutures can be absorbable, meaning they dissolve on their own in the body, or non-absorbable, requiring later removal. Common suture techniques include continuous sutures using a single strand, interrupted sutures using multiple cut strands, and deep sutures placed under tissue layers. Suture removal times vary depending on the body location but generally occur within 7-14 days.
This document discusses colostomy care, including:
1. Defining a colostomy as an opening in the large intestine brought to the surface of the abdomen for bowel evacuation.
2. Describing the different types of colostomies based on duration, stoma site, and number/type.
3. Explaining the purpose and importance of proper colostomy care for skin protection, drainage collection, and patient acceptance of self-care.
This document provides information on nasogastric tube insertion and feeding. It defines nasogastric tube insertion as the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the stomach. It then discusses the purposes, principles, indications, contraindications, instructions, equipment, and procedures for nasogastric tube insertion and feeding. The key steps involved in nasogastric tube feeding are confirming proper tube placement in the stomach, administering nutrients or medications through the tube slowly by gravity or pump, and providing aftercare to the patient.
This document discusses the management of wounds and drains. It begins with definitions of wounds and their various causes such as surgery, trauma, pressure, and friction. It then discusses factors that affect wound healing like age, nutrition, and disease processes. Various types of wounds are classified as incisional, contusion, abrasion, laceration, and more. Wound assessment and management techniques are outlined, including cleaning, debridement, and different types of dressings. The document also covers different types of drains that may be inserted into wounds like Jackson Pratt, Hemovac, Penrose, and chest drains. It notes drains can be open or closed systems and discusses assessing drains for placement, ongoing
The document discusses different types of intestinal ostomies including colostomies. It describes the procedure for colostomy care including necessary supplies, assessment of the stoma, cleaning and changing the pouch and barrier. Guidelines are provided such as checking the stoma regularly, keeping the skin clean and dry, and recording intake and output. Drainable pouches are used when frequent emptying is needed and one-piece or two-piece pouches can be used.
The document discusses various types of surgical dressings used to treat wounds. It describes the desired characteristics of wound dressings including promoting wound healing, comfortability, and cost-effectiveness. The main types of dressings discussed are non-adherent fabrics, absorptive dressings, occlusive dressings, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, and skin substitutes. Growth factors, antimicrobials, and maggot therapy are also summarized as topical treatments used to enhance wound healing.
This document provides information about colostomy care, including:
1. A colostomy is a surgical procedure that diverts the colon through an opening in the abdominal wall to remove a damaged part. Proper care of the stoma, pouch, and surrounding skin is needed to prevent infection and promote comfort.
2. Indications for a colostomy include birth defects, inflammatory bowel disease, injuries, blockages, cancers, and wounds.
3. The location of the stoma depends on the type of colostomy, which can be ascending, transverse, descending, or sigmoid. Proper assessment of the stoma and skin is important to monitor health.
Management Of Patient Undergoing Surgerykalyan kumar
The document discusses the management of patients undergoing surgery. It covers the three main phases of surgical management: pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative management. For pre-operative management, the document outlines the physical, psychosocial, physiological preparations and assessments a patient undergoes before surgery including examinations, investigations, pre-medications. It then briefly describes the roles of the surgical team during intra-operative management. Finally, it discusses the immediate post-operative recovery phase in PACU and management of common post-operative complications.
Modern wound dressings aim to create and maintain a moist wound environment, which promotes healing. Traditionally, wet-to-dry gauze was used but is no longer widely used in the UK. Occlusive dressings retain wound exudate beneath them, which contains proteins and cytokines that facilitate healing. Low-adherent dressings allow exudate to pass through while maintaining a moist wound bed. Semipermeable films create a moist environment while being permeable to air and water vapor. Hydrocolloids form a gel on the wound surface to rehydrate tissue and promote healing. Foam dressings absorb exudate uniformly while allowing moisture and oxygen transfer. Antimicrobial dressings with silver or i
This document discusses the history and types of periodontal dressings. It begins by outlining key studies from the 1940s-1960s that established the primary purposes of dressings as wound protection and patient comfort. It then categorizes the main types of dressings as those containing zinc oxide and eugenol, zinc oxide without eugenol, or neither ingredient. Specific dressings like Coe-Pak, Periocare, and collagen are described. The document concludes by discussing alternatives to traditional dressings like methacrylate gels and cyanoacrylate glues.
The document discusses different types of wound dressings, including hydrogel dressings which are used for dry wounds or wounds with minimal drainage due to their high water content. Hydrocolloid dressings form a moist environment to promote healing but cannot be used on infected wounds. Alginate dressings absorb moderate to high amounts of drainage from infected or non-infected wounds. Composite dressings have multiple layers and can be used for wounds with varying amounts of drainage or tissue types. Transparent film dressings conform easily, allow monitoring of the wound, and create a moist environment.
Ocuserts are solid or semisolid ocular inserts designed for ophthalmic drug delivery. They deliver drugs at a constant rate via diffusion and increase corneal contact time to prolong drug effects. This improves bioavailability and reduces dosing frequency. Ocuserts consist of a central drug reservoir, rate-controlling membrane, and outer ring. They are classified as insoluble, soluble, or bioerodible inserts depending on their composition. Insoluble inserts include diffusional and osmotic inserts that control drug release via membranes. Soluble inserts are natural or synthetic polymers that diffuse drug. Bioerodible inserts modulate drug release during erosion.
agar agar and alginate impression materialsRenu710209
agar and alginate are the most commnly used impression material in dentistry for recording impression of the dental arches and for duplication of teeth and associated structures.
agar agar and alginate impression materialsRenu710209
agar and alginate are the most commnly used impression material in dentistry for recording impression of the dental arches and for duplication of teeth and associated structures.
This document discusses ophthalmic drug delivery systems such as contact lenses and ocular inserts. It provides information on the anatomy of the human eye, barriers to ocular absorption, and factors affecting intraocular bioavailability. Various ophthalmic preparations are classified and described, including conventional dosage forms as well as advanced drug delivery systems like nanoparticles, liposomes, and implants. Contact lenses are discussed in detail, outlining the different types and materials used as well as care solutions. Ocular inserts are introduced as controlled drug delivery devices that prolong the contact time between drugs and ocular tissues.
This document provides information on different types of surgical dressings and wound care. It discusses the purpose and properties of an ideal dressing. It describes commonly used dressings like gauze, foams, films, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, alginates, skin substitutes, and vacuum assisted closure devices. The document also covers the selection and classification of dressings based on wound type and properties like absorbency, adherence, moisture retention and more.
The document discusses various wound treatment options and dressing types. It begins by emphasizing the importance of treating the whole patient and developing an individualized care plan based on wound assessment. It then covers principles of moist wound healing and the development of moisture-balanced dressings to maintain a moist environment for healing. Various dressing types are described, including transparent films, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, and foam, outlining their characteristics and appropriate uses based on wound type and exudate levels. The goal is to select the right product based on wound assessment to optimize healing outcomes.
Surgical dressings are applied to wounds to promote healing and prevent infection. There are several types of dressings that can be used depending on the wound characteristics. Dry dressings like gauze absorb moisture from wounds while moisture-keeping dressings like hydrocolloids maintain a moist environment to speed healing. Bioactive dressings enhance healing through antimicrobial properties or growth factors. Advanced options include skin substitutes using human amniotic membrane or engineered tissues to replace skin functions temporarily. Selection of the appropriate dressing depends on factors like exudate level, wound bed condition, and desired properties.
Principle of modern dressing, type and indicationKhadijah Nordin
The document discusses principles of modern wound dressings, including ideal features and categories of dressings. It provides details on several specific advanced dressings types:
- Tullea dressings are fabric impregnated with oils to prevent sticking to wounds and are inexpensive and readily available.
- Film dressings form a bacterial barrier and maintain a moist surface while allowing gaseous exchange.
- Hydrogel dressings rehydrate wounds and promote moist healing by maintaining moisture in dry wounds.
- Hydrocolloid dressings slowly absorb fluid to form a gel covering wounds, providing a moist environment and pain relief.
The document also discusses alginate, foam, hydrofibre, silver-impregn
Dry Eye And Artificial Tear
The document discusses dry eye and artificial tears. It provides details on:
1) The components that make up artificial tears including demulcents, emollients, and preservatives and how they work to treat dry eye.
2) Diagnostic tests for dry eye including OSDI questionnaires, NIBUT, osmometry, vital staining, meibography, and Schirmer's test.
3) Treatment options for dry eye including artificial tears as first-line treatment along with environmental and anti-inflammatory interventions.
This document provides an overview of vehicles used in skin cosmetics and their functions. It discusses main vehicle types including emulsions, gels, microemulsions and nanoparticles. Emulsions are the most commonly used vehicle and can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions. The document describes the composition and properties of different emulsion types. It also covers hydrogels, lipogels, multiple emulsions and emerging vehicles like solid lipid nanoparticles. The vehicle plays a key role in delivering active ingredients and achieving the desired cosmetic effect.
Equipments used for semi solid dosage formAli Hamza
This document discusses equipment used for manufacturing semi-solid dosage forms such as ointments, pastes, gels and jellies. It describes mills such as fluidized energy mills and roller mills that are used to mill ingredients. It also mentions mixers that are used for mixing, emulsification and deaeration in the production of ointments and creams. The document provides details on the manufacturing process and requirements for packaging and labeling of semi-solid dosage forms.
This is the 3rd part of the series on Impression materials. It delves deeper into the non-rigid impression materials. They are broadly classified as aqueous and non-aqueous. The aqueous includes the alginates, which is irreversible and agar, which is reversible. Under the non-aqueous, we have polysulfides, polysilicones and polyether. The polysilicones are further classified into addition silicones and condensation silicones while polyethers are classified based on whether they are chemically activated or light activated. Do go through the presentation for a better understanding of the properties of agar and alginate impression materials.
This document provides an overview of coating technology and problems encountered in coating processes. It discusses the objectives of coating, including masking taste and odor, providing physical and chemical protection for drugs, and protecting drugs from gastric environments. The key coating techniques of film coating, sugar coating, and enteric coating are described. Common coating equipment like coating pans and fluidized bed coaters are also outlined. Finally, potential coating defects are defined and causes and remedies are provided.
This document discusses ocular inserts, which are thin, multilayered devices placed in the eye to provide sustained release of drugs for ocular diseases. It describes how ocular inserts are made of biodegradable polymers and can achieve increased bioavailability. The document outlines different types of ocular inserts including insoluble inserts like reservoir and matrix systems, and soluble inserts made from natural or synthetic polymers. It also discusses advantages of ocular inserts like reduced systemic side effects and improved patient compliance compared to traditional eye drop delivery.
INTRODUCTION :
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye.
Blinking, reflex lachrymation, and drainage rapidly remove drugs, from the surface of the eye.
To overcome these, two approaches can be followed.
The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites.
Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site.
Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
Programmed Assembly of Synthetic Protocells into Thermoresponsive PrototissuesZohaib HUSSAIN
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Large-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersZohaib HUSSAIN
Large-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing Microcarriers
Characterization of Supramolecular PolymersZohaib HUSSAIN
This document discusses several methods for characterizing supramolecular polymers, which are challenging to characterize due to their dynamic nature. Vapor pressure osmometry uses Raoult's law to relate vapor pressure to molecular weight. Theoretical estimation of molecular weight can be obtained from binding constants using equilibrium models. Size exclusion chromatography separates polymers by hydrodynamic radius. Viscometry uses the Mark-Houwink equation to relate intrinsic viscosity to molecular weight. Mass spectrometry, scanning probe microscopy, electron microscopy, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry also provide characterization of supramolecular polymers.
Translation initiation in eukaryotes is a highly regulated and rate-limiting process that involves the assembly of numerous transient complexes containing over a dozen eukaryotic initiation factors. This process culminates in the accommodation of a start codon at the appropriate ribosomal site. Structural biology has provided insights into the mammalian mitochondrial translation initiation complex and other key complexes and factors involved in the process, such as eIF3, the eIF2 ternary complex, and the DHX29 helicase. Dysregulation of translation initiation can contribute to diseases like cancer and metabolic disorders.
The document discusses mitochondrial respiratory complexes and respirasomes. It notes that the complexes assemble into larger structures called respirasomes, which are necessary for stable respiratory function. There are four main complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The complexes work together to establish a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. Dysfunction can lead to diseases. Recent cryo-EM studies have provided structural information on respiratory supercomplexes in various organisms, revealing details of protein interactions and organization principles.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: What we have learned so far? Zohaib HUSSAIN
This document summarizes key information about photosynthesis. It discusses that photosynthesis captures light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose through chloroplasts in plant leaves. It describes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the Calvin cycle where glucose is produced. It also discusses C3, C4, and CAM pathways and how plants with different pathways may be impacted by increasing carbon dioxide levels. Potential targets for improving plant photosynthesis through genetic engineering or other methods are also outlined.
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
Oxidation & Reduction involves electron transfer & How enzymes find their sub...Zohaib HUSSAIN
Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons
Oxidation is always accompanied by reduction
The total number of electrons is kept constant
Oxidizing agents oxidize and are themselves reduced
Reducing agents reduce and are themselves oxidized
Cellulase (Types, Sources, Mode of Action & Applications)Zohaib HUSSAIN
Cellulase is an enzyme system consisting of endo- and exo-glucanases and cellobiase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellulose. There are three major types of cellulases - endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and beta-glucosidase. Cellulase-producing microbes employ one of three mechanisms: free cellulase systems using individual enzymes, cellulosome complexes, or endoglucanases without other domains. The synergistic action of endo- and exoglucanases supplemented by beta-glucosidase completely degrades cellulose to glucose. Cellulases find applications in food, animal feed, textiles, biofu
Amylases (Types, Sources, Mode of Action & Applications)Zohaib HUSSAIN
Amylases are important hydrolase enzymes which have been widely used since many decades. These enzymes randomly cleave internal glycosidic linkages in starch molecules to hydrolyze them and yield dextrins and oligosaccharides. Among amylases α-Amylase is in maximum demand due to its wide range of applications in the industrial front. α-Amylase can be produced by plant or microbial sources. The ubiquitous nature, ease of production and broad spectrum of applications make α-Amylase an industrially important enzyme.
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak) Summary (By Zohaib Hus...Zohaib HUSSAIN
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room
1. Levels of gene regulation
The observation that differences in the RNA and protein content of different tissues are not paralleled by significant differences in their DNA content indicates that the process whereby DNA produces mRNA must be the level at which gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes. In bacteria this process involves only a single stage, that of transcription, in which RNA copy of the DNA is produced by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Even while this process is still occurring, ribosomes attach to the nascent RNA chain and begin to translate it into protein. Hence cases
of gene regulation in bacteria, such as the switching on of the synthesis of the enzyme β-galactosidase in response to the presence of lactose (its substrate), are mediated by increased transcription of the appropriate gene. Clearly, a similar regulation of gene transcription in different tissues, or in response to substances such as steroid hormones which induce the synthesis of new proteins, represents an attractive method of gene regulation in eukaryotes.
In contrast to the situation in bacteria, however, a number of stages intervene between the initial synthesis of the primary RNA transcript and the eventual production of mRNA (Fig. 1).
The initial transcript is modified at its 5′ end by the addition of a cap structure containing a modified guanosine residue and is subsequently cleaved near its 3′ end, followed by the addition of up to 200 adenosine residues in a process known as polyadenylation. Subsequently, intervening sequences or introns, which interrupt the protein-coding sequence in both the DNA and the primary transcript of many genes. Although this produces a functional mRNA, the spliced molecule must then be transported from the nucleus, where these processes occur, to the cytoplasm where it can be translated into protein.
Telomere, Functions & Role in Aging & CancerZohaib HUSSAIN
Telomeres cap the ends of chromosomes and protect them from degradation during cell division. As cells divide, telomeres shorten due to the inability of DNA replication enzymes to fully copy chromosome ends. This limits a cell to around 50-70 divisions before entering senescence. Cancer cells activate telomerase to maintain telomere length, allowing unlimited division. Telomeres play a key role in both aging and cancer - their shortening limits the lifespan of normal cells but cancer cells overcome this via telomerase to achieve immortality and uncontrolled growth. Measuring and targeting telomerase may provide new strategies for cancer detection and treatment.
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes
Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body. A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division. Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once (S phase), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere, resulting in an X-shaped structure. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids. During metaphase, when a chromosome is in its most condensed state, the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome.
Chemical Modifications of Protein and its Applications Zohaib HUSSAIN
This document discusses chemical modifications of proteins. Chemical modifications can be done intentionally to study structure-function relationships, develop new products, or improve existing ones. Modifications are used in fields like pharmacology, food production, and industry. Specific modifications discussed include sulfhydryl and disulfide modifications by oxidation, and reduction of disulfide bonds. Applications mentioned are in basic protein chemistry, food and nutrition to prevent deterioration or alter properties, and pharmaceuticals to alter biological properties, target drug delivery, or influence drug lifetime in the body.
Understanding Cybersecurity Breaches: Causes, Consequences, and PreventionBert Blevins
Cybersecurity breaches are a growing threat in today’s interconnected digital landscape, affecting individuals, businesses, and governments alike. These breaches compromise sensitive information and erode trust in online services and systems. Understanding the causes, consequences, and prevention strategies of cybersecurity breaches is crucial to protect against these pervasive risks.
Cybersecurity breaches refer to unauthorized access, manipulation, or destruction of digital information or systems. They can occur through various means such as malware, phishing attacks, insider threats, and vulnerabilities in software or hardware. Once a breach happens, cybercriminals can exploit the compromised data for financial gain, espionage, or sabotage. Causes of breaches include software and hardware vulnerabilities, phishing attacks, insider threats, weak passwords, and a lack of security awareness.
The consequences of cybersecurity breaches are severe. Financial loss is a significant impact, as organizations face theft of funds, legal fees, and repair costs. Breaches also damage reputations, leading to a loss of trust among customers, partners, and stakeholders. Regulatory penalties are another consequence, with hefty fines imposed for non-compliance with data protection regulations. Intellectual property theft undermines innovation and competitiveness, while disruptions of critical services like healthcare and utilities impact public safety and well-being.
Enhancing Security with Multi-Factor Authentication in Privileged Access Mana...Bert Blevins
In the constantly evolving field of cybersecurity, ensuring robust protection for sensitive data and critical systems has never been more vital. As cyber threats grow more sophisticated, organizations continually seek innovative ways to bolster their defenses. One of the most effective tools in the security arsenal is Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), particularly when integrated with Privileged Access Management (PAM).
Privileged Access Management encompasses the methods, procedures, and tools used to regulate and monitor access to privileged accounts within an organization. Users with privileged accounts possess elevated rights, enabling them to perform essential operations such as system configuration, access to sensitive data, and management of network infrastructure. However, these elevated privileges also pose a significant security risk if they fall into the wrong hands.
By combining MFA with PAM, organizations can significantly enhance their security posture. MFA adds an additional layer of verification, ensuring that even if privileged account credentials are compromised, unauthorized access can be thwarted. This integration of MFA and PAM provides a robust defense mechanism, protecting critical systems and sensitive data from increasingly sophisticated cyber threats.
Best Practices for Password Rotation and Tools to Streamline the ProcessBert Blevins
Securing sensitive data is crucial for both individuals and enterprises in the digital era. Password rotation, or regularly changing passwords, has long been a standard security practice. Despite some debate over its effectiveness, password rotation remains an important part of comprehensive security strategies. This guide will explore best practices for password rotation and highlight tools to streamline the process.
The history of rotating passwords dates back to early computer security guidelines, which aimed to reduce the time attackers could exploit stolen credentials by frequently changing passwords. This practice helps mitigate risks associated with credential stuffing, password reuse, and prolonged exposure of compromised passwords. By regularly changing passwords, the time a compromised password can be used is limited, old passwords exposed in breaches are rendered invalid, and regulatory compliance is maintained. Furthermore, frequent changes encourage security awareness among users, reminding them to stay vigilant against phishing and other threats.
To streamline the process of password rotation, various tools and techniques can be employed. Automated password management solutions can schedule and enforce password changes, ensuring compliance with security policies. Additionally, password managers can securely store and generate complex passwords, making it easier for users to adhere to rotation practices without compromising convenience. Implementing multi-factor authentication (MFA) alongside password rotation can further enhance security by adding an extra layer of protection against unauthorized access. By adopting these best practices and utilizing appropriate tools, organizations and individuals can effectively strengthen their cybersecurity posture and safeguard sensitive information.
Unblocking The Main Thread - Solving ANRs and Frozen FramesSinan KOZAK
In the realm of Android development, the main thread is our stage, but too often, it becomes a battleground where performance issues arise, leading to ANRS, frozen frames, and sluggish Uls. As we strive for excellence in user experience, understanding and optimizing the main thread becomes essential to prevent these common perforrmance bottlenecks. We have strategies and best practices for keeping the main thread uncluttered. We'll examine the root causes of performance issues and techniques for monitoring and improving main thread health as wel as app performance. In this talk, participants will walk away with practical knowledge on enhancing app performance by mastering the main thread. We'll share proven approaches to eliminate real-life ANRS and frozen frames to build apps that deliver butter smooth experience.
Literature Reivew of Student Center DesignPriyankaKarn3
It was back in 2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown Period when we were introduced to an Online learning system and had to carry out our Design studio work. The students of the Institute of Engineering, Purwanchal Campus, Dharan did the literature study and research. The team was of Prakash Roka Magar, Priyanka Karn (me), Riwaz Upreti, Sandip Seth, and Ujjwal Dev from the Department of Architecture. It was just a scratch draft made out of the initial phase of study just after the topic was introduced. It was one of the best teams I had worked with, shared lots of memories, and learned a lot.
FD FAN.pdf forced draft fan for boiler operation and run its very important f...MDHabiburRhaman1
FD fan or forced draft fan, draws air from the atmosphere and forces it into the furnace through a preheater. These fans are located at the inlet of the boiler to push high pressure fresh air into combustion chamber, where it mixes with the fuel to produce positive pressure. and A forced draft fan (FD fan) is a fan that is used to push air into a boiler or other combustion chamber. It is located at the inlet of the boiler and creates a positive pressure in the combustion chamber, which helps to ensure that the fuel burns properly.
The working principle of a forced draft fan is based on the Bernoulli principle, which states that the pressure of a fluid decreases as its velocity increases. The fan blades rotate and impart momentum to the air, which causes the air to accelerate. This acceleration of the air creates a lower pressure at the outlet of the fan, which draws air in from the inlet.
The amount of air that is pushed into the boiler by the FD fan is determined by the fan’s capacity and the pressure differential between the inlet and outlet of the fan. The fan’s capacity is the amount of air that it can move per unit of time, and the pressure differential is the difference in pressure between the inlet and outlet of the fan.
The FD fan is an essential component of any boiler system. It helps to ensure that the fuel burns properly and that the boiler operates efficiently.
Here are some of the benefits of using a forced draft fan:Improved combustion efficiency: The FD fan helps to ensure that the fuel burns completely, which results in improved combustion efficiency.
Reduced emissions: The FD fan helps to reduce emissions by ensuring that the fuel burns completely.
Increased boiler capacity: The FD fan can increase the capacity of the boiler by providing more air for combustion.
Improved safety: The FD fan helps to improve safety by preventing the buildup of flammable gases in the boiler.
Forced Draft Fan ( Full form of FD Fan) is a type of fan supplying pressurized air to a system. In the case of a Steam Boiler Assembly, this FD fan is of great importance. The Forced Draft Fan (FD Fan) plays a crucial role in supplying the necessary combustion air to the steam boiler assembly, ensuring efficient and optimal combustion processes. Its pressurized airflow promotes the complete and controlled burning of fuel, enhancing the overall performance of the system.What is the FD fan in a boiler?
In a boiler system, the FD fan, or Forced Draft Fan, plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient combustion and proper air circulation within the boiler. Its primary function is to supply the combustion air needed for the combustion process.
The FD fan works by drawing in ambient air and then forcing it into the combustion chamber, creating the necessary air-fuel mixture for the combustion process. This controlled air supply ensures that the fuel burns efficiently, leading to optimal heat transfer and energy production.
In summary, the FD fan i
20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
UNIT I INCEPTION OF INFORMATION DESIGN
Introduction and Definition
History of Information Design
Need of Information Design
Types of Information Design
Identifying audience
Defining the audience and their needs
Inclusivity and Visual impairment
Case study.
Development of Chatbot Using AI/ML Technologiesmaisnampibarel
The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and natural language processing have significantly transformed human-computer interactions. This thesis presents the design, development, and evaluation of an intelligent chatbot capable of engaging in natural and meaningful conversations with users. The chatbot leverages state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, including transformer-based architectures, to understand and generate human-like responses.
Key contributions of this research include the implementation of a context- aware conversational model that can maintain coherent dialogue over extended interactions. The chatbot's performance is evaluated through both automated metrics and user studies, demonstrating its effectiveness in various applications such as customer service, mental health support, and educational assistance. Additionally, ethical considerations and potential biases in chatbot responses are examined to ensure the responsible deployment of this technology.
The findings of this thesis highlight the potential of intelligent chatbots to enhance user experience and provide valuable insights for future developments in conversational AI.
6. a. sodium alginate b. Chitosan c. Dextran d. N-O-carboxymethyl chitosan
e. Hydroxyethyl starch f. Glucan g. Hyaluronic acid h. Poly-N-acetylglucosamine
i. Silk j. Gelatin
Natural Polymers
6
7. a. polyvinyl alcohol
b. poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)
c. poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone)
d. polyethylene glycol
e. polyurethane)
Synthetic Polymers
7
8. Hydrocolloid Dressings
• The gel forming agents are combined with elastomers and adhesives
and applied to a carrier
• A variety of constituents including gelatin, pectin and sodium
carboxymethylcellulose in an adhesive polymer matrix.
• Forms a gel when their inner layer comes into contact with exudate
• Examples of a hydrocolloid dressing include Comfeel (Coloplast) and
DuoDerm (ConvaTec).
8
10. Comfeel® Plus
It consists of a semipermeable polyurethane film coated with a
flexible, cross-linked adhesive mass containing sodium
carboxymethylcellulose and calcium alginate
DuoDERM® Dressings
First to incorporate hydrocolloid technology
BETAplast®
It consists of polyurethane foam dressing impregnated with 3%
PVP-I, which has powerful antimicrobial properties
Medifoam®
A korea leading company in biomaterials especially wound
dressings 10
13. Polyurethane Films Based Dressings
• Polyurethane films are transparent, adhesive-coated sheets
• Permeable to water vapour, oxygen and carbon dioxide but
not to liquid water or bacteria.
• Film dressings are suitable for lightly exuding wounds
• OpSite (Smith & Nephew) or Tegaderm(3M Company),
Finesse PU Film,
13
14. Polyurethanes
• Composed of urethane linkages in their main chains.
• Properties can be tuned-chemical structure, the molecular
weight of polyol, contents of hard and soft segment, or a
synthetic method.
• Fibers, elastomers, adhesives, coatings, synthetic leathers and
construction materials.
• Hydrophilic (PEG)
14
15. Hydrogel Dressings
• High water content gels containing insoluble polymers d by crosslinking of
polymers (PVA, PEO)
• Modified carboxymethylcellulose, hemicellulose, agar, glycerol and pectin.
• More capacity to absorb fluid-higher levels of wound exudate-Autolytic
debridement
• Amorphous form (a loose gel)
• such as IntraSite (Smith & Nephew) and Solugel,
• Sheet form where the gel is presented with a fixed three-dimensional macro
structure.
• Aqua clear and Nu-gel (Johnson & Johnson) 15
16. INTRASITE Gel
• Amorphous hydrogel-contains propylene glycol
• SOLUGEL™
Wound Care Gel is a clear hydrogel
• Purilon® gel
Consists of purified water, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and
calcium alginate. Natural ingredients-No additives
16
18. Alginate Dressings
• Calcium or sodium/calcium salts of alginate acid-seaweed
• Sodium salts present in the wound exchange with the calcium in the alginate
to form sodium alginate, a hydrophilic gel
• Ability to absorb exudate into itself while maintaining a moist environment.
• Highly absorbent, form gel with exudates, provide a moist interface, are
easily removed-Rinsed away with saline irrigation
• (Algisite M™, Sorbsan™, Algosteril (Johnson & Johnson), Comfeel Alginate
Dressing (Coloplast), Carrasorb H (Carrington Laboratories), Kaltostat
(ConvaTec), quacel®, Aquacel Extra® and Aquacel Foam®.
18
20. Silk Fibroin
• Poor mechanical strength of collagen that restricts its applications
for wound dressings
• SF is a flexible polymer with excellent mechanical properties,
including tensile strength (0.5 GPa), breaking elongation (15%), and
elasticity (<35%)
• Cross-linked structure of elastin hinders its processability and
decreases its solubility. Additionally, available supplies of elastin are
more limited
• SF has high solubility in aqueous salt solutions
• nanofibers, sponges, films, and hydrogels.
• Synthetic polymers, such as soft silicon are not biodegradable,
Polyurethanes-toxicity of the degradation products
• SF is categorized as a non-degradable material based on the US
Pharmacopeia’s definition 20
21. Chouhan, D., Lohe, T. U., Samudrala, P. K., & Mandal, B. B. (2018). In situ forming injectable silk
fibroin hydrogel promotes skin regeneration in full thickness burn wounds. Advanced healthcare
materials, 7(24), 1801092.
Silk Fibroin
21
22. Foam Dressings
• Soft, open-celled hydrophobic/hydrophilic non-adherent dressings that may
be single or multiple layered and meet many of the properties of an ideal
dressing
• Exudry™ Zetuvit™ and Mesorb® are examples of products with a highly
absorbent pad and a non-stick, non-shear surface.
• As a secondary dressing over moderate to highly exudating wounds and over
hydrocolloid paste, cadexomer iodine, alginate and other primary dressings.
• Zetuvit E is a non-irritant absorbent dressing pad. The covering layer consists
of hydrophobic, non-woven polypropelene material.
22
23. Nanofiber-based Wound Dressings
An electrospun-nanofibrous layer is applied to a basic support
fabric material
• Haemostasis
• High filtration & liquid absorption efficiency
• Semi-permeability: Facilitate cell respiration due to their porosity
• Conformability
• Functional ability
• Scar free
23
25. Hydroactive Dressings
• Hydroactive dressings are multi-layered highly absorbent polymer
dressings with a surface adhesive and a waterproof outer layer are
similar to hydrocolloids, however, instead of forming a gel in
contact with exudate, the fluid is trapped within the product itself,
to maintain a moist environment.
• highly absorbent polymer dressings
• waterproof
• non-residual
• semi-permeable
Cutinova Hydro™, Tielle™, Biatain™Cavity dressing, PolyMem® 25
26. Conclusion
A wound dressing thus approaching ideal characteristics should
conform to the site of the wound, offer alleviation of pain
symptoms, promote faster wound-healing time and attempt to
restore the patients’ normal daily activities
The need for a more holistic approach towards wound healing and
management so that while selecting the appropriate dressing for a
wound, the physiological and biochemical requirement of the
wound and the patient are also taken into account.
26
Editor's Notes
A review on polymeric hydrogel membranes for wound dressing applications: PVA-based hydrogel dressings
A review on polymeric hydrogel membranes for wound dressing applications: PVA-based hydrogel dressings
Chemical structures of synthetic polymers which were employed formerly as hydrogel membranes for wound dressings or skin substitutes, (a. polyvinyl alcohol, b. poly (N-isopropylacrylamide), c. poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone), d. polyethylene glycol, e. polyurethane).
the term hydrocolloid will therefore be applied to the adhesive sheet formulation in which, typically, the gel forming agents are combined with elastomers and adhesives and applied to a carrier – commonly consisting of a sheet of polyurethane foam or film, to form an absorbent, self adhesive, waterproof dressing.
hydrogels are in fact true colloidal dispersions and that the CMC fibres form a colloidal dispersion in the presence of liquid
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002106.pub4/epdf/full
consists of a semipermeable polyurethane film coated with a flexible, cross-linked adhesive mass containing sodium carboxymethylcellulose and calcium alginate as the principal absorbent and gel forming agents. The dressing is permeable to water vapour but impermeable to exudate and microorganisms. In the presence of exudate, the absorbent components absorb liquid and swell to form a cohesive gel.
Managing burn wounds with SMARTPORE Technology polyurethane foam: two case reports
Hydrocolloid dressings for moist wound healing
An ‘in-vitro’ comparison of the physical characteristics of hydrocolloids, hydrogels, foams, and alginate/cmc fibrous dressings.
https://www.convatec.com/wound-skin/duoderm-dressings/
http://medifoam.co.kr/
http://www.dressings.org/Dressings/comfeel-plus.htmlhttp://www.genewel.com/en/
Retrospective case studies evaluation: BETAplast‰ PRO-N dressing
Evaluation of AgHAP-containing polyurethane foam dressing for wound healing: synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies†
Autolytic debridement uses the body's own processes (enzymes and moisture) to break down tough eschar and slough. It does not damage healthy skin, but breaks down dead and devitalized tissue over time quite effectively.
Biocompatible Hydrogel Film of Polyethylene Oxide-Polyethylene Glycol Dimetacrylate for Wound Dressing Application
Full‐thickness skin wounds, associated with deep burns or chronic wounds pose a major clinical problem. Herein, the development of in situ forming hydrogel using a natural silk fibroin (SF) biomaterial for treating burn wounds is reported. Blends of SF solutions isolated from Bombyx mori and Antheraea assama show inherent self‐assembly between silk proteins and lead to irreversible gelation at body temperature. Investigation of the gelation mechanism reveals crosslinking due to formation of β‐sheet structures as examined by X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The SF hydrogel supports proliferation of primary human dermal fibroblasts and migration of keratinocytes comparable to collagen gel (Col) as examined under in vitro conditions. The SF hydrogel also provides an instructive and supportive matrix to the full‐thickness third‐degree burn wounds in vivo. A 3‐week comparative study with Col indicates that SF hydrogel not only promotes wound healing but also shows transitions from inflammation to proliferation stage as observed through the expression of TNF‐α and CD163 genes. Further, deposition and remodeling of collagen type I and III fibers suggests an enhanced overall tissue regeneration. Comparable results with Col demonstrate the SF hydrogel as an effective and inexpensive formulation toward a potential therapeutic approach for burn wound treatment.