This Ppt about Infusion pump explains in detail about - Definition, Principle, Uses, and types of an Infusion pump - Syringe pump and Volumetric Pump. working and maintenance of different types of pumps. Helpful for student nurses posted in intensive care units and those caring for very sick patients and babies. This Ppt is helpful in learning the maintenance of the various types of Infusion pumps available.
Urinary diversion procedures are performed to divert urine from the bladder to a new exit site, usually through a surgically created opening (stoma) in the skin.
These procedures are primarily performed when a bladder tumor necessitates removal of the entire bladder (cystectomy).
Urinary diversion has also been used in managing pelvic malignancy, birth defects, strictures, trauma to ureters and urethra, neurogenic bladder, chronic infection causing severe ureteral and renal damage, and intractable interstitial cystitis and as a last resort in managing incontinence.
There are two categories of urinary diversion:
1. Cutaneous urinary diversion : in which urine drains through an opening created in the abdominal wall and skin.
2. Continent urinary diversion : in which a portion of the intestine is used to create a new reservoir for urine.
Plastic and reconstructive surgery aims to restore form and function to damaged or missing tissues through procedures like reconstructive surgery following tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, and cleft lip and palate surgery. Reconstructive surgery after burns focuses on wound closure, preventing infection, and re-establishing skin function and properties while reducing scarring and contractures. The timing of burn reconstructive surgery can be immediate, early, or late depending on whether the procedure is urgent, essential for rehabilitation, or desirable for aesthetic purposes. A variety of reconstructive techniques are used depending on factors like scar severity and maturation stage.
The document discusses different types of wounds including incisions, contusions, abrasions, punctures, and lacerations. It describes the RYB color code system for classifying wounds based on their appearance as red, yellow, or black. Red wounds are in the late healing phase, yellow wounds contain drainage and slough, and black wounds have necrotic tissue. The guidelines for cleaning wounds with saline and avoiding repeated cleaning of clean wounds are provided. Different dressing purposes and types appropriate for different wound colors are also outlined.
Amputation is the removal of a body part, usually an extremity. It is often performed to relieve symptoms of conditions like diabetes, gangrene, trauma, infections, or tumors. There are two main types - open amputation leaves the wound open to drain while closed amputation sutures skin flaps over the end. The level of amputation is determined by circulation and functional usefulness, aiming to conserve length. Complications can include hemorrhage, infection, pain, and contractures. Treatment focuses on wound healing through compression, casting, and avoiding infection. Nursing management assesses the patient and prepares the skin while providing psychological support. Rehabilitation aids acceptance of changes, and a team helps the patient maximize function and participation through
complete information about the fluid resuscitation in burn patients, types of care given to the patient in the hospital after burning accidents, fluid replacement therapy, medical management, nursing management.
This document discusses surgical wound dressing. It defines a surgical wound and different types of dressings used including semi-permeable film, foam, hydrogel, hydrocolloid and alginate dressings. The purpose and principles of wound dressing are explained. The preparation needed for surgical wound dressing is described along with the articles and equipment required. The step-by-step procedure for surgical wound dressing is demonstrated along with safety considerations and documentation requirements.
This document discusses colostomy care, including:
1. Defining a colostomy as an opening in the large intestine brought to the surface of the abdomen for bowel evacuation.
2. Describing the different types of colostomies based on duration, stoma site, and number/type.
3. Explaining the purpose and importance of proper colostomy care for skin protection, drainage collection, and patient acceptance of self-care.
This document provides information on casting procedures for congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot). It outlines the necessary equipment including casting materials like plaster, fiberglass, and synthetic materials. The procedure involves applying stockinette, padding, and wet casting material before allowing it to dry. Patients should be assessed for neurovascular status, skin integrity, and positioning after casting. Immediate management includes elevation, checking for tightness, encouraging extremity movement, and monitoring neurovascular status.
This document provides an overview of burns, including their anatomy, physiology, incidence, causes, classifications, stages of treatment, complications, and nursing management. It begins with definitions of burns and classifications according to depth and extent. It then discusses the pathophysiology and presents the three phases of burn care - emergent/resuscitative, acute/intermediate, and rehabilitation. Nursing priorities and treatments are outlined for each phase, including wound care, pain management, and psychological support. Surgical procedures and potential complications are also reviewed.
This document discusses burn injuries and their treatment. It describes the different degrees of burns from first to fourth degree. Early excision and autografting has significantly reduced burn mortality. Various wound dressings and antibiotics can be used, including salves, soaks, synthetic dressings, and biological dressings. Excision is done to remove dead tissue from deep second and third degree burns in preparation for skin grafting. Autografts are the mainstay treatment for covering burn wounds when sufficient donor skin is available.
The document provides instructions for wound dressing procedures. It defines a dressing as a sterile pad applied to a wound to promote healing. It outlines general instructions including maintaining aseptic technique, preparing necessary articles and the patient/environment, and the step-by-step procedure. Key steps include cleaning the wound from center to periphery, applying any ordered medications, dressing the wound, and securing it before disposing of contaminated items and helping the patient.
The document discusses wound care and dressing, including defining wounds and dressings, different types of dressings, factors to consider before dressing, sterile supplies and equipment needed, steps for dressing a wound aseptically, and post-procedure tasks like documentation. Standard precautions, cleaning wounds from clean to dirty areas, and using warmed irrigants are emphasized to prevent spreading pathogens during wound care.
This document provides guidance on preoperative care and assessment. It outlines the objectives of preoperative care, which include organizing care and the operating list, understanding surgical, medical and anesthetic assessments, optimizing the patient's condition, obtaining consent, and organizing the operating list. It describes evaluating the patient's history, examination, investigations, preoperative conditions and treatment, and documenting the assessments. Key areas of focus for the patient assessment include cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, neurological, endocrine and metabolic conditions. The document provides guidance on identifying and managing preoperative problems, obtaining informed consent, conducting a pre-anesthetic airway assessment, and arranging the operating theater list.
this topic is on bed sores. discusses the definition, etiology , pathophysiology of bed sore development as well as prevention and managemene of pressure sores
An Ambu bag, also known as a bag valve mask (BVM), is a handheld device used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients unable to breathe effectively on their own. It consists of a self-inflating bag, one-way valve, mask, and optional oxygen reservoir. The Ambu bag is used to manually ventilate a patient's lungs until they can breathe spontaneously or more advanced ventilation support is available. Complications can include aspiration, hypoventilation, hyperventilation, and pneumothorax if not used properly.
This document discusses different types of surgical drains used to remove fluid from wounds. It describes corrugated drains, rubber tubes, T-tubes, and gauze wicks that are used for specific types of surgeries and wounds. The document also categorizes different characteristics of wound drainage as serous, sanguineous, or purulent. It provides guidance on cleaning the drain site and surrounding skin from the cleanest to most contaminated area.
The document discusses stoma care, including definitions, indications for ostomy surgery, types of stomas, and how to care for a stoma. Some key points include:
- A stoma is a surgically created opening that allows stool or urine to exit the body. Common reasons for ostomy surgery in children include birth defects and inflammatory bowel disease.
- There are three main types of stomas - colostomy, ileostomy, and urostomy - depending on where in the digestive or urinary system the opening is created.
- Proper stoma care involves using pouches and barriers to collect waste, changing pouches regularly, and techniques like irrigation for some colostomies. Managing
This document discusses the management of burn patients. It notes that in Australia from 1997-2005, the rate of burn-related deaths was 0.5 per 100,000 people and hospitalization rates for fire, burn, and scald injuries was 31.9 per 100,000 per year. During 2001-02, burns and scalds accounted for over 6,000 hospitalizations costing $132 million. The document then covers classifications of burns, first aid, fluid resuscitation protocols, monitoring burn patients, determining burn depth and wound management, as well as scar management. It emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary team approach in treating burn patients.
Modern wound dressings aim to create and maintain a moist wound environment, which promotes healing. Traditionally, wet-to-dry gauze was used but is no longer widely used in the UK. Occlusive dressings retain wound exudate beneath them, which contains proteins and cytokines that facilitate healing. Low-adherent dressings allow exudate to pass through while maintaining a moist wound bed. Semipermeable films create a moist environment while being permeable to air and water vapor. Hydrocolloids form a gel on the wound surface to rehydrate tissue and promote healing. Foam dressings absorb exudate uniformly while allowing moisture and oxygen transfer. Antimicrobial dressings with silver or i
This document discusses the history and types of periodontal dressings. It begins by outlining key studies from the 1940s-1960s that established the primary purposes of dressings as wound protection and patient comfort. It then categorizes the main types of dressings as those containing zinc oxide and eugenol, zinc oxide without eugenol, or neither ingredient. Specific dressings like Coe-Pak, Periocare, and collagen are described. The document concludes by discussing alternatives to traditional dressings like methacrylate gels and cyanoacrylate glues.
The document discusses different types of wound dressings, including hydrogel dressings which are used for dry wounds or wounds with minimal drainage due to their high water content. Hydrocolloid dressings form a moist environment to promote healing but cannot be used on infected wounds. Alginate dressings absorb moderate to high amounts of drainage from infected or non-infected wounds. Composite dressings have multiple layers and can be used for wounds with varying amounts of drainage or tissue types. Transparent film dressings conform easily, allow monitoring of the wound, and create a moist environment.
Ocuserts are solid or semisolid ocular inserts designed for ophthalmic drug delivery. They deliver drugs at a constant rate via diffusion and increase corneal contact time to prolong drug effects. This improves bioavailability and reduces dosing frequency. Ocuserts consist of a central drug reservoir, rate-controlling membrane, and outer ring. They are classified as insoluble, soluble, or bioerodible inserts depending on their composition. Insoluble inserts include diffusional and osmotic inserts that control drug release via membranes. Soluble inserts are natural or synthetic polymers that diffuse drug. Bioerodible inserts modulate drug release during erosion.
agar agar and alginate impression materialsRenu710209
agar and alginate are the most commnly used impression material in dentistry for recording impression of the dental arches and for duplication of teeth and associated structures.
agar agar and alginate impression materialsRenu710209
agar and alginate are the most commnly used impression material in dentistry for recording impression of the dental arches and for duplication of teeth and associated structures.
This document discusses ophthalmic drug delivery systems such as contact lenses and ocular inserts. It provides information on the anatomy of the human eye, barriers to ocular absorption, and factors affecting intraocular bioavailability. Various ophthalmic preparations are classified and described, including conventional dosage forms as well as advanced drug delivery systems like nanoparticles, liposomes, and implants. Contact lenses are discussed in detail, outlining the different types and materials used as well as care solutions. Ocular inserts are introduced as controlled drug delivery devices that prolong the contact time between drugs and ocular tissues.
The document discusses various types of surgical dressings used to treat wounds. It describes the desired characteristics of wound dressings including promoting wound healing, comfortability, and cost-effectiveness. The main types of dressings discussed are non-adherent fabrics, absorptive dressings, occlusive dressings, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, and skin substitutes. Growth factors, antimicrobials, and maggot therapy are also summarized as topical treatments used to enhance wound healing.
This document provides information on different types of surgical dressings and wound care. It discusses the purpose and properties of an ideal dressing. It describes commonly used dressings like gauze, foams, films, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, alginates, skin substitutes, and vacuum assisted closure devices. The document also covers the selection and classification of dressings based on wound type and properties like absorbency, adherence, moisture retention and more.
The document discusses various wound treatment options and dressing types. It begins by emphasizing the importance of treating the whole patient and developing an individualized care plan based on wound assessment. It then covers principles of moist wound healing and the development of moisture-balanced dressings to maintain a moist environment for healing. Various dressing types are described, including transparent films, hydrocolloids, hydrogels, and foam, outlining their characteristics and appropriate uses based on wound type and exudate levels. The goal is to select the right product based on wound assessment to optimize healing outcomes.
Surgical dressings are applied to wounds to promote healing and prevent infection. There are several types of dressings that can be used depending on the wound characteristics. Dry dressings like gauze absorb moisture from wounds while moisture-keeping dressings like hydrocolloids maintain a moist environment to speed healing. Bioactive dressings enhance healing through antimicrobial properties or growth factors. Advanced options include skin substitutes using human amniotic membrane or engineered tissues to replace skin functions temporarily. Selection of the appropriate dressing depends on factors like exudate level, wound bed condition, and desired properties.
Principle of modern dressing, type and indicationKhadijah Nordin
The document discusses principles of modern wound dressings, including ideal features and categories of dressings. It provides details on several specific advanced dressings types:
- Tullea dressings are fabric impregnated with oils to prevent sticking to wounds and are inexpensive and readily available.
- Film dressings form a bacterial barrier and maintain a moist surface while allowing gaseous exchange.
- Hydrogel dressings rehydrate wounds and promote moist healing by maintaining moisture in dry wounds.
- Hydrocolloid dressings slowly absorb fluid to form a gel covering wounds, providing a moist environment and pain relief.
The document also discusses alginate, foam, hydrofibre, silver-impregn
Dry Eye And Artificial Tear
The document discusses dry eye and artificial tears. It provides details on:
1) The components that make up artificial tears including demulcents, emollients, and preservatives and how they work to treat dry eye.
2) Diagnostic tests for dry eye including OSDI questionnaires, NIBUT, osmometry, vital staining, meibography, and Schirmer's test.
3) Treatment options for dry eye including artificial tears as first-line treatment along with environmental and anti-inflammatory interventions.
This document provides an overview of vehicles used in skin cosmetics and their functions. It discusses main vehicle types including emulsions, gels, microemulsions and nanoparticles. Emulsions are the most commonly used vehicle and can be oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions. The document describes the composition and properties of different emulsion types. It also covers hydrogels, lipogels, multiple emulsions and emerging vehicles like solid lipid nanoparticles. The vehicle plays a key role in delivering active ingredients and achieving the desired cosmetic effect.
Equipments used for semi solid dosage formAli Hamza
This document discusses equipment used for manufacturing semi-solid dosage forms such as ointments, pastes, gels and jellies. It describes mills such as fluidized energy mills and roller mills that are used to mill ingredients. It also mentions mixers that are used for mixing, emulsification and deaeration in the production of ointments and creams. The document provides details on the manufacturing process and requirements for packaging and labeling of semi-solid dosage forms.
This is the 3rd part of the series on Impression materials. It delves deeper into the non-rigid impression materials. They are broadly classified as aqueous and non-aqueous. The aqueous includes the alginates, which is irreversible and agar, which is reversible. Under the non-aqueous, we have polysulfides, polysilicones and polyether. The polysilicones are further classified into addition silicones and condensation silicones while polyethers are classified based on whether they are chemically activated or light activated. Do go through the presentation for a better understanding of the properties of agar and alginate impression materials.
This document provides an overview of coating technology and problems encountered in coating processes. It discusses the objectives of coating, including masking taste and odor, providing physical and chemical protection for drugs, and protecting drugs from gastric environments. The key coating techniques of film coating, sugar coating, and enteric coating are described. Common coating equipment like coating pans and fluidized bed coaters are also outlined. Finally, potential coating defects are defined and causes and remedies are provided.
This document discusses ocular inserts, which are thin, multilayered devices placed in the eye to provide sustained release of drugs for ocular diseases. It describes how ocular inserts are made of biodegradable polymers and can achieve increased bioavailability. The document outlines different types of ocular inserts including insoluble inserts like reservoir and matrix systems, and soluble inserts made from natural or synthetic polymers. It also discusses advantages of ocular inserts like reduced systemic side effects and improved patient compliance compared to traditional eye drop delivery.
Programmed Assembly of Synthetic Protocells into Thermoresponsive PrototissuesZohaib HUSSAIN
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Programmed assembly of synthetic protocells into thermoresponsive prototissues
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology of bone
Bone Tissue Engineering
Recent studies related to bone tissue engineering
Commercialized products and ongoing clinical trials
Biomedical start-ups
Concluding remarks
Large-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersZohaib HUSSAIN
Large-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing MicrocarriersLarge-scale Production of Stem Cells Utilizing Microcarriers
Characterization of Supramolecular PolymersZohaib HUSSAIN
This document discusses several methods for characterizing supramolecular polymers, which are challenging to characterize due to their dynamic nature. Vapor pressure osmometry uses Raoult's law to relate vapor pressure to molecular weight. Theoretical estimation of molecular weight can be obtained from binding constants using equilibrium models. Size exclusion chromatography separates polymers by hydrodynamic radius. Viscometry uses the Mark-Houwink equation to relate intrinsic viscosity to molecular weight. Mass spectrometry, scanning probe microscopy, electron microscopy, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry also provide characterization of supramolecular polymers.
Translation initiation in eukaryotes is a highly regulated and rate-limiting process that involves the assembly of numerous transient complexes containing over a dozen eukaryotic initiation factors. This process culminates in the accommodation of a start codon at the appropriate ribosomal site. Structural biology has provided insights into the mammalian mitochondrial translation initiation complex and other key complexes and factors involved in the process, such as eIF3, the eIF2 ternary complex, and the DHX29 helicase. Dysregulation of translation initiation can contribute to diseases like cancer and metabolic disorders.
The document discusses mitochondrial respiratory complexes and respirasomes. It notes that the complexes assemble into larger structures called respirasomes, which are necessary for stable respiratory function. There are four main complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The complexes work together to establish a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. Dysfunction can lead to diseases. Recent cryo-EM studies have provided structural information on respiratory supercomplexes in various organisms, revealing details of protein interactions and organization principles.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: What we have learned so far? Zohaib HUSSAIN
This document summarizes key information about photosynthesis. It discusses that photosynthesis captures light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose through chloroplasts in plant leaves. It describes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the Calvin cycle where glucose is produced. It also discusses C3, C4, and CAM pathways and how plants with different pathways may be impacted by increasing carbon dioxide levels. Potential targets for improving plant photosynthesis through genetic engineering or other methods are also outlined.
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
Oxidation & Reduction involves electron transfer & How enzymes find their sub...Zohaib HUSSAIN
Oxidation is loss of electrons
Reduction is gain of electrons
Oxidation is always accompanied by reduction
The total number of electrons is kept constant
Oxidizing agents oxidize and are themselves reduced
Reducing agents reduce and are themselves oxidized
Cellulase (Types, Sources, Mode of Action & Applications)Zohaib HUSSAIN
Cellulase is an enzyme system consisting of endo- and exo-glucanases and cellobiase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellulose. There are three major types of cellulases - endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and beta-glucosidase. Cellulase-producing microbes employ one of three mechanisms: free cellulase systems using individual enzymes, cellulosome complexes, or endoglucanases without other domains. The synergistic action of endo- and exoglucanases supplemented by beta-glucosidase completely degrades cellulose to glucose. Cellulases find applications in food, animal feed, textiles, biofu
Amylases (Types, Sources, Mode of Action & Applications)Zohaib HUSSAIN
Amylases are important hydrolase enzymes which have been widely used since many decades. These enzymes randomly cleave internal glycosidic linkages in starch molecules to hydrolyze them and yield dextrins and oligosaccharides. Among amylases α-Amylase is in maximum demand due to its wide range of applications in the industrial front. α-Amylase can be produced by plant or microbial sources. The ubiquitous nature, ease of production and broad spectrum of applications make α-Amylase an industrially important enzyme.
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak) Summary (By Zohaib Hus...Zohaib HUSSAIN
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Life on Earth (By Alonso Ricardo and Jack W. Szostak)
Summary (By Zohaib Hussain)
Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room Layout of the Cell Culture Room
1. Levels of gene regulation
The observation that differences in the RNA and protein content of different tissues are not paralleled by significant differences in their DNA content indicates that the process whereby DNA produces mRNA must be the level at which gene expression is regulated in eukaryotes. In bacteria this process involves only a single stage, that of transcription, in which RNA copy of the DNA is produced by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Even while this process is still occurring, ribosomes attach to the nascent RNA chain and begin to translate it into protein. Hence cases
of gene regulation in bacteria, such as the switching on of the synthesis of the enzyme β-galactosidase in response to the presence of lactose (its substrate), are mediated by increased transcription of the appropriate gene. Clearly, a similar regulation of gene transcription in different tissues, or in response to substances such as steroid hormones which induce the synthesis of new proteins, represents an attractive method of gene regulation in eukaryotes.
In contrast to the situation in bacteria, however, a number of stages intervene between the initial synthesis of the primary RNA transcript and the eventual production of mRNA (Fig. 1).
The initial transcript is modified at its 5′ end by the addition of a cap structure containing a modified guanosine residue and is subsequently cleaved near its 3′ end, followed by the addition of up to 200 adenosine residues in a process known as polyadenylation. Subsequently, intervening sequences or introns, which interrupt the protein-coding sequence in both the DNA and the primary transcript of many genes. Although this produces a functional mRNA, the spliced molecule must then be transported from the nucleus, where these processes occur, to the cytoplasm where it can be translated into protein.
Telomere, Functions & Role in Aging & CancerZohaib HUSSAIN
Telomeres cap the ends of chromosomes and protect them from degradation during cell division. As cells divide, telomeres shorten due to the inability of DNA replication enzymes to fully copy chromosome ends. This limits a cell to around 50-70 divisions before entering senescence. Cancer cells activate telomerase to maintain telomere length, allowing unlimited division. Telomeres play a key role in both aging and cancer - their shortening limits the lifespan of normal cells but cancer cells overcome this via telomerase to achieve immortality and uncontrolled growth. Measuring and targeting telomerase may provide new strategies for cancer detection and treatment.
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Chromosomes
Chromosomes are bundles of tightly coiled DNA located within the nucleus of almost every cell in our body. A chromosome is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism. Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only when the cell is undergoing the metaphase of cell division. Before this happens, every chromosome is copied once (S phase), and the copy is joined to the original by a centromere, resulting in an X-shaped structure. The original chromosome and the copy are now called sister chromatids. During metaphase, when a chromosome is in its most condensed state, the X-shape structure is called a metaphase chromosome.
Chemical Modifications of Protein and its Applications Zohaib HUSSAIN
This document discusses chemical modifications of proteins. Chemical modifications can be done intentionally to study structure-function relationships, develop new products, or improve existing ones. Modifications are used in fields like pharmacology, food production, and industry. Specific modifications discussed include sulfhydryl and disulfide modifications by oxidation, and reduction of disulfide bonds. Applications mentioned are in basic protein chemistry, food and nutrition to prevent deterioration or alter properties, and pharmaceuticals to alter biological properties, target drug delivery, or influence drug lifetime in the body.
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,*$/?!~00971508021841^(سعر حبوب الإجهاض في دبي)حبوب سايتوتك في ام القيوينالاجهاض للبيع في الامارات اسقاط الجنين بدبي حبوب الحمل للبيع # بيع؟ ؟ #شراء؟ ؟ #حبوب؟ ؟ #الاجهاض؟ #سايتوتك؟ #في؟ ؟ #دبي؟ ؟ #الشارقه؟ ؟ #عجمان؟ ؟ #العين؟ ؟ #ابوظبي؟ #الجنين؟ #سايتوتك؟ ؟ #للبيع؟ Cytotec # # الامارات # في؟ #دبي؟ # سايتوتك للبيع من داخل # دبي # شارقه # عجمان للطلب من باقي الدول في الخل #Data Opennesيتضمن قرار الإجهاض في عيادة الإجهاض في أبو ظبي ، الإمارات العربية المتحدة ، اعتبارات أخلاقية وأخلاقية ودينية وعائلية ومالية وصحية وعصر. شراء حبوب الإجهاض في دبي ، شراء حبوب الإجهاض في عمان ، شراء حبوب الإجهاض في أبو ظبي ، شراء حبوب الإجهاض في الشارقة ، شراء حبوب الإجهاض في رأس الخيمة ( RAK ), شراء حبوب الإجهاض في # عجمان ، شراء حبوب الإجهاض في العين ، شراء حبوب الإجهاض في أم القيوين حبوب الإجهاض الحصرية للبيع في دبي.
أين يمكنني شراء حبوب الإجهاض في دبي / الإمارات العربية المتحدة?
هل يمكنني الحصول على حبوب الإجهاض في دبي?
عيادة إجهاض النساء في الإمارات / دبي
أين يتم الإجهاض في الإمارات / دبي / أبو ظبي
عيادة الإجهاض الآمن في الإمارات / دبي / أبو ظبي.
أفضل عيادة إجهاض في الإمارات / دبي / قطر
حبوب الإجهاض عبر الإنترنت AMAZON / DUBAI / الإمارات العربية المتحدة.
حبوب الإجهاض في DISC HEM في دبي.
تكلفة حبوب الإجهاض في أبو ظبي / الإمارات.
حبوب الإجهاض بسعر الخصم الإمارات / دبي.
حبوب الإجهاض تظهر في دبي.
سعر حبوب الإجهاض في دبي.
حبوب الإجهاض في قطر.
حبوب الإجهاض آثار جانبية.
أنا حبوب الإجهاض في أبو ظبي.
أطقم أطقم غير مرغوب فيها في دبي / الإمارات العربية المتحدة
أطقم أطقم غير مرغوب فيها في أبو ظبي
أطقم أطقم غير مرغوب فيها في أجمان
أطقم أطقم غير مرغوب فيها في الكويت
أطقم أطقم غير مرغوب فيها في قطر / الدوحة
حبوب الإجهاض الإماراتية.
حبوب الإجهاض 1MG KUWAIT.
حبوب الإجهاض لمدة 12 أسبوعًا في دبي.
حبوب الإجهاض 24 ساعة في الإمارات / دبي.
حبوب الإجهاض بعد شهرين في هندي.
حبوب الإجهاض بعد شهرين في دبي.
حبوب الإجهاض تصل إلى 3 أشهر في دبي.
486 حبوب الإجهاض.
أفضل مجموعة في دبي / الإمارات.
حبوب الإجهاض 500.الإمارات العربية المتحدة
حبوب الإجهاض غير مرغوب فيها 72 دبي
If we're running two pumps, why aren't we getting twice as much flow? v.17Brian Gongol
A single pump operating at a time is easy to figure out. Adding a second pump (or more) makes things a bit more complicated. That complication can deliver a whole lot of additional flow -- or it can become an exercise in futility.
Kerong Gas Gas Recovery System Catalogue.pdfNicky Xiong熊妮
We provide carbon-free and energy-saving solutions for industrial waste gas recovery, including hydrogen, nitrogen, argon, helium, and more. Our advanced technology ensures efficient and sustainable management of waste gases, contributing to a cleaner environment and reduced energy consumption.
6. a. sodium alginate b. Chitosan c. Dextran d. N-O-carboxymethyl chitosan
e. Hydroxyethyl starch f. Glucan g. Hyaluronic acid h. Poly-N-acetylglucosamine
i. Silk j. Gelatin
Natural Polymers
6
7. a. polyvinyl alcohol
b. poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)
c. poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone)
d. polyethylene glycol
e. polyurethane)
Synthetic Polymers
7
8. Hydrocolloid Dressings
• The gel forming agents are combined with elastomers and adhesives
and applied to a carrier
• A variety of constituents including gelatin, pectin and sodium
carboxymethylcellulose in an adhesive polymer matrix.
• Forms a gel when their inner layer comes into contact with exudate
• Examples of a hydrocolloid dressing include Comfeel (Coloplast) and
DuoDerm (ConvaTec).
8
10. Comfeel® Plus
It consists of a semipermeable polyurethane film coated with a
flexible, cross-linked adhesive mass containing sodium
carboxymethylcellulose and calcium alginate
DuoDERM® Dressings
First to incorporate hydrocolloid technology
BETAplast®
It consists of polyurethane foam dressing impregnated with 3%
PVP-I, which has powerful antimicrobial properties
Medifoam®
A korea leading company in biomaterials especially wound
dressings 10
13. Polyurethane Films Based Dressings
• Polyurethane films are transparent, adhesive-coated sheets
• Permeable to water vapour, oxygen and carbon dioxide but
not to liquid water or bacteria.
• Film dressings are suitable for lightly exuding wounds
• OpSite (Smith & Nephew) or Tegaderm(3M Company),
Finesse PU Film,
13
14. Polyurethanes
• Composed of urethane linkages in their main chains.
• Properties can be tuned-chemical structure, the molecular
weight of polyol, contents of hard and soft segment, or a
synthetic method.
• Fibers, elastomers, adhesives, coatings, synthetic leathers and
construction materials.
• Hydrophilic (PEG)
14
15. Hydrogel Dressings
• High water content gels containing insoluble polymers d by crosslinking of
polymers (PVA, PEO)
• Modified carboxymethylcellulose, hemicellulose, agar, glycerol and pectin.
• More capacity to absorb fluid-higher levels of wound exudate-Autolytic
debridement
• Amorphous form (a loose gel)
• such as IntraSite (Smith & Nephew) and Solugel,
• Sheet form where the gel is presented with a fixed three-dimensional macro
structure.
• Aqua clear and Nu-gel (Johnson & Johnson) 15
16. INTRASITE Gel
• Amorphous hydrogel-contains propylene glycol
• SOLUGEL™
Wound Care Gel is a clear hydrogel
• Purilon® gel
Consists of purified water, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and
calcium alginate. Natural ingredients-No additives
16
18. Alginate Dressings
• Calcium or sodium/calcium salts of alginate acid-seaweed
• Sodium salts present in the wound exchange with the calcium in the alginate
to form sodium alginate, a hydrophilic gel
• Ability to absorb exudate into itself while maintaining a moist environment.
• Highly absorbent, form gel with exudates, provide a moist interface, are
easily removed-Rinsed away with saline irrigation
• (Algisite M™, Sorbsan™, Algosteril (Johnson & Johnson), Comfeel Alginate
Dressing (Coloplast), Carrasorb H (Carrington Laboratories), Kaltostat
(ConvaTec), quacel®, Aquacel Extra® and Aquacel Foam®.
18
20. Silk Fibroin
• Poor mechanical strength of collagen that restricts its applications
for wound dressings
• SF is a flexible polymer with excellent mechanical properties,
including tensile strength (0.5 GPa), breaking elongation (15%), and
elasticity (<35%)
• Cross-linked structure of elastin hinders its processability and
decreases its solubility. Additionally, available supplies of elastin are
more limited
• SF has high solubility in aqueous salt solutions
• nanofibers, sponges, films, and hydrogels.
• Synthetic polymers, such as soft silicon are not biodegradable,
Polyurethanes-toxicity of the degradation products
• SF is categorized as a non-degradable material based on the US
Pharmacopeia’s definition 20
21. Chouhan, D., Lohe, T. U., Samudrala, P. K., & Mandal, B. B. (2018). In situ forming injectable silk
fibroin hydrogel promotes skin regeneration in full thickness burn wounds. Advanced healthcare
materials, 7(24), 1801092.
Silk Fibroin
21
22. Foam Dressings
• Soft, open-celled hydrophobic/hydrophilic non-adherent dressings that may
be single or multiple layered and meet many of the properties of an ideal
dressing
• Exudry™ Zetuvit™ and Mesorb® are examples of products with a highly
absorbent pad and a non-stick, non-shear surface.
• As a secondary dressing over moderate to highly exudating wounds and over
hydrocolloid paste, cadexomer iodine, alginate and other primary dressings.
• Zetuvit E is a non-irritant absorbent dressing pad. The covering layer consists
of hydrophobic, non-woven polypropelene material.
22
23. Nanofiber-based Wound Dressings
An electrospun-nanofibrous layer is applied to a basic support
fabric material
• Haemostasis
• High filtration & liquid absorption efficiency
• Semi-permeability: Facilitate cell respiration due to their porosity
• Conformability
• Functional ability
• Scar free
23
25. Hydroactive Dressings
• Hydroactive dressings are multi-layered highly absorbent polymer
dressings with a surface adhesive and a waterproof outer layer are
similar to hydrocolloids, however, instead of forming a gel in
contact with exudate, the fluid is trapped within the product itself,
to maintain a moist environment.
• highly absorbent polymer dressings
• waterproof
• non-residual
• semi-permeable
Cutinova Hydro™, Tielle™, Biatain™Cavity dressing, PolyMem® 25
26. Conclusion
A wound dressing thus approaching ideal characteristics should
conform to the site of the wound, offer alleviation of pain
symptoms, promote faster wound-healing time and attempt to
restore the patients’ normal daily activities
The need for a more holistic approach towards wound healing and
management so that while selecting the appropriate dressing for a
wound, the physiological and biochemical requirement of the
wound and the patient are also taken into account.
26
Editor's Notes
A review on polymeric hydrogel membranes for wound dressing applications: PVA-based hydrogel dressings
A review on polymeric hydrogel membranes for wound dressing applications: PVA-based hydrogel dressings
Chemical structures of synthetic polymers which were employed formerly as hydrogel membranes for wound dressings or skin substitutes, (a. polyvinyl alcohol, b. poly (N-isopropylacrylamide), c. poly (N-vinylpyrrolidone), d. polyethylene glycol, e. polyurethane).
the term hydrocolloid will therefore be applied to the adhesive sheet formulation in which, typically, the gel forming agents are combined with elastomers and adhesives and applied to a carrier – commonly consisting of a sheet of polyurethane foam or film, to form an absorbent, self adhesive, waterproof dressing.
hydrogels are in fact true colloidal dispersions and that the CMC fibres form a colloidal dispersion in the presence of liquid
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002106.pub4/epdf/full
consists of a semipermeable polyurethane film coated with a flexible, cross-linked adhesive mass containing sodium carboxymethylcellulose and calcium alginate as the principal absorbent and gel forming agents. The dressing is permeable to water vapour but impermeable to exudate and microorganisms. In the presence of exudate, the absorbent components absorb liquid and swell to form a cohesive gel.
Managing burn wounds with SMARTPORE Technology polyurethane foam: two case reports
Hydrocolloid dressings for moist wound healing
An ‘in-vitro’ comparison of the physical characteristics of hydrocolloids, hydrogels, foams, and alginate/cmc fibrous dressings.
https://www.convatec.com/wound-skin/duoderm-dressings/
http://medifoam.co.kr/
http://www.dressings.org/Dressings/comfeel-plus.htmlhttp://www.genewel.com/en/
Retrospective case studies evaluation: BETAplast‰ PRO-N dressing
Evaluation of AgHAP-containing polyurethane foam dressing for wound healing: synthesis, characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies†
Autolytic debridement uses the body's own processes (enzymes and moisture) to break down tough eschar and slough. It does not damage healthy skin, but breaks down dead and devitalized tissue over time quite effectively.
Biocompatible Hydrogel Film of Polyethylene Oxide-Polyethylene Glycol Dimetacrylate for Wound Dressing Application
Full‐thickness skin wounds, associated with deep burns or chronic wounds pose a major clinical problem. Herein, the development of in situ forming hydrogel using a natural silk fibroin (SF) biomaterial for treating burn wounds is reported. Blends of SF solutions isolated from Bombyx mori and Antheraea assama show inherent self‐assembly between silk proteins and lead to irreversible gelation at body temperature. Investigation of the gelation mechanism reveals crosslinking due to formation of β‐sheet structures as examined by X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The SF hydrogel supports proliferation of primary human dermal fibroblasts and migration of keratinocytes comparable to collagen gel (Col) as examined under in vitro conditions. The SF hydrogel also provides an instructive and supportive matrix to the full‐thickness third‐degree burn wounds in vivo. A 3‐week comparative study with Col indicates that SF hydrogel not only promotes wound healing but also shows transitions from inflammation to proliferation stage as observed through the expression of TNF‐α and CD163 genes. Further, deposition and remodeling of collagen type I and III fibers suggests an enhanced overall tissue regeneration. Comparable results with Col demonstrate the SF hydrogel as an effective and inexpensive formulation toward a potential therapeutic approach for burn wound treatment.