Dry processing and wet processing, Washed processing and Unwashed processing, Advantages and Disadvantages of Dry processing and wet processing, Advantages and Disadvantages of Washed processing and Unwashed processing
The document discusses the cocoa tree, cocoa varieties, cocoa processing, and fermentation. It provides details on:
- The cocoa tree can grow 15-25 feet tall and each tree produces 20-50 pods per year containing 20-50 beans.
- There are three main cocoa varieties - Forastero, Criollo, and Trinitario hybrid. Forastero has the strongest flavor.
- Cocoa processing involves harvesting, fermentation, drying, roasting, and grinding. Fermentation is key for developing chocolate flavor and takes 5-7 days.
- Fermentation involves yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and acetic acid bacteria breaking down the pulp and interacting with compounds in the bean to produce
1. Tea processing involves several steps including plucking, withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, sorting, and packing.
2. During plucking, two leaves and a bud are picked by hand for high quality teas during quality periods.
3. The plucked leaves undergo withering to reduce moisture content before rolling bruises the cells and exposes the sap.
4. Fermentation allows the rolled leaves to oxidize and change color before drying halts the process.
Vanilla beans originate from Mexico and are ready for harvest 6-9 months after pollination. The curing process consists of 4 steps: 1) killing or wilting, 2) sweating, 3) slow-drying, and 4) conditioning. Killing stops vegetative growth while sweating develops flavor and aroma over 7-10 days. Slow-drying further reduces moisture content while conditioning stores bundled beans to fully develop fragrance over 2 months. Vanilla is widely used as a flavoring in foods, beverages, ice cream, coffee, chocolate, and perfumes due to its flavor compound vanillin.
Powerpoint dealing with the processing of Pepper and Cardamom. It deals with the flowchart involving the processing of these spices. It also deals with the various unit operations involved and the kind of equipment which is used to for the unit operations. it deals with all the processing after harvesting to drying, cleaning, packaging, storage etc of the spices
Chocolate is made from cocoa beans that are harvested, fermented, dried, roasted, and processed. The cocoa beans are cracked to extract nibs which are then ground into a paste. The paste is blended with sugar and other ingredients like milk or cocoa butter to make different types of chocolate. Chocolate is tempered and conched to give it a smooth texture and taste. It is then used to make chocolate bars, confections, drinks, and desserts. Leading chocolate manufacturers include Mars, Mondelez, Nestle, Hershey, Ferrero and Cadbury.
Primary and minimal processing of fruits and vegetablesrani mamatha
primary processing and minimal processing of fruits and vegetables. (grading, sorting, cleaning, washing, peeling, minimal processing).
minimal processing flow chart , types of sorting, grading.
types of peeling.
blanching, types of blanching.
bio control agent, browning agent.
Coffee has been consumed for centuries and originated in Ethiopia. It is a popular beverage worldwide due to its flavor and the stimulating effects of caffeine. There are different varieties of coffee plants with Arabica and Robusta being the most common. The production process involves harvesting coffee cherries, processing them, drying, roasting, grinding, extracting caffeine and flavors, drying the extract, packaging, and distribution. Each step impacts the final quality and taste of the coffee beverage.
Introduction
History
Coffee plant
Coffee beans processing
Chemical constituents
Brewing of coffee
World production and exportation
Question/answers session
Fruit juices and drinks are produced through a process involving preparation of raw materials, juice extraction, filtration, blending, pasteurization, filling, sealing, and packaging. Key steps include washing and sorting fruit, juicing or pulping, clarification, addition of preservatives, hot-filling into sterilized bottles/containers, and labeling with required information before distribution. Pasteurization inactivates microbes and enzymes to improve shelf-life, with times varying depending on the type of fruit juice. Packaging materials include glass, PET, cans, and cartons.
It includes various types of tea i.e White tea (Unfermented and Unoxidised) ,
Green Tea (Unfermented and Unoxidised)
Oolang Tea (Semi-fermented)
Black Tea (fully Fermented and Oxidised)
It also includes all the steps involved in the processing of these teas.
Coffee production involves several steps from planting coffee trees to harvesting coffee cherries to processing and drying the beans. There are two main processing methods - the dry method where cherries are sun dried and the wet method where cherries are pulped and fermented before drying. The beans are then milled, sorted, roasted, ground, and brewed to produce various coffee drinks. Common coffee drinks include espresso, Americano, latte, mocha, cappuccino, Turkish coffee, and filter coffee which are made by varying the coffee grounds, brewing methods and addition of milk or other ingredients.
Coffea arabica is a species of coffee plant native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia. The coffee plant is a woody perennial that grows into a small tree or bush up to 3-3.5 meters tall. Coffee plants produce red fruits called cherries that contain two seeds called coffee beans. The Coffea arabica species is considered to produce the highest quality coffee beans. Coffee plants require warm temperatures between 19-25°C and substantial water to grow and produce coffee cherries.
This is an assignment i did for the course
AGP - 512: Beverages and Fermentation Technology
during my M. Sc. at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU).
Contains the following:
1. Determination of carbon dioxide volume of carbonated beverages available in local markets
2. Preparation of Cordials from Fruit Juice (Lime)
3. Preparation of Fruit Juice Drink (Mango)
4. Preparation of Squashes from Fruit Juice (Mango)
5. Preparation of Ready to Serve - RTS (Mango)
6. Preparation of Nectar from fruit Juice (Mango)
Coffee originated in Ethiopia and was discovered by a goatherd named Kaldi. It spread through the Middle East and Europe via travelers and traders and was introduced to America by Dutch colonists. There are three main types of coffee plants grown for commercial purposes, and coffee is now cultivated in Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Arabian Peninsula. The process of turning coffee beans into a beverage involves harvesting, curing, roasting, grinding, brewing and various methods at each stage can impact the flavor of the final coffee.
The document discusses the milling process of corn. It begins with an overview of corn composition and uses. It then describes the two main milling processes - dry milling and wet milling. Dry milling produces less refined starches for foods and animal feed. Wet milling is more complex but extracts the highest value from corn through separation of the germ, fiber, gluten, and starch. The key steps of each process and uses of byproducts like corn oil, gluten meal, and steep liquor are outlined.
The concentration of fruit juice involves significant removal of moisture. This process is beneficial for product preservation, utilization, storage, distribution and transportation. For more useful presentations, visit my blog at aakashgill1.wordpress.com
Production,Processing and packaging of CocoaAnuharsh Gaur
The document summarizes the process of cultivating and processing cocoa beans. It describes how cocoa beans grow on trees that are native to Central and South America. It then outlines the multi-step process used to extract the beans from pods, ferment and dry them to develop flavor, and roast them to produce cocoa powder. Key steps include fermenting the beans for 6-7 days, drying them, and transporting the dried beans in ventilated containers to maintain low moisture levels.
The document provides information on the harvesting and processing of cashew nuts. It can be summarized as follows:
1) Cashew apples are harvested approximately two months after fertilization when the fruits have ripened. The fallen fruits are then collected by hand.
2) After harvesting, the nuts need to be dried properly in the sun for 3-4 days to reduce the moisture content below 9% to prevent fungus growth.
3) The dried nuts then undergo processing which includes shelling, drying of kernels to remove the testa, grading of kernels by size and quality, and packing in airtight containers to extend the shelf life. Proper hygiene and safety measures are followed during each processing step.
This document discusses various methods for drying paddy rice after harvest. It begins by explaining why drying is important to prevent quality deterioration and allow for longer term storage. Improper drying can lead to mold, discoloration, and reduced milling yields. Traditional drying methods like sun, panicle, and mat drying are described along with their disadvantages. Mechanical drying systems like batch, continuous flow dryers and low-temperature drying are presented in more detail. Key parameters for drying like air temperature, velocity and moisture gradients are outlined. Drying strategies involving on-farm, centralized and two-stage drying are proposed to optimize quality and efficiency.
This document provides an overview of grain drying methods and dryer classification. It begins with an introduction to drying as a method for conditioning grains through moisture removal. Common drying methods are then described, including conduction, convection and radiation. Grain dryers are classified based on thin layer drying vs deep bed drying principles. Various mechanical dryer types are also outlined, including sack, rotary, continuous flow, tray, spray, freeze, vacuum, dielectric, electrical, infrared and fluidized bed dryers. Optimal moisture contents for storing different crops are listed. In conclusion, the document states that dryers play an important role in food security by allowing crops to be stored safely below their critical moisture levels.
DDPS filter/dryers are batch filtration and drying equipment used in pharmaceutical and chemical applications. They efficiently perform filtration, washing, reslurry, and drying processes. Filter/dryers are available in pilot, semi-works, and production sizes from 0.002 to 16 square meters. Special designs include cGMP, CIP, aseptic, and sterile configurations. The standard filtration and drying process involves filling, filtering, displacement washing, optional reslurry washing, smoothing, drying/cooling, and discharging. Vacuum drying is most common but convection drying is also possible. DDPS offers process engineering support and testing to optimize customers' filtration processes. Filter/dryers provide advantages like enclosure, low maintenance,
Filtration and drying are critical operations in a variety of industrial processes that require the separation of solid matter from a liquid. Here we list the 7 basic steps what happens during each one.
Cereal and Legume Technology lecture slides3.pdfPeterJofilisi
The document describes the composition and structure of rice grains. It states that rice grains consist of an outer hull and inner endosperm. The endosperm makes up 90-91% of the grain and is composed mainly of starch. It also discusses rice classification based on grain size and shape. Further, it provides details on cereal storage, including ideal moisture contents and facilities for long-term storage.
This document discusses various drying processes used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It begins by describing the objectives of drying and then discusses different evaporation methods like hot air drying, infrared drying, and vacuum drying. The main types of dryers covered are drum dryers, spray dryers, tray dryers, tunnel dryers, rotary dryers, fluidized bed dryers, vacuum dryers, and freeze dryers. Key factors that influence the selection of drying methods and equipment are also outlined.
The preparation method for Making Manioc Flour.pdfAmberZhao11
The dry preparation method for making manioc flour
Brief work flow:
cleaning-peeling-slicing-drying-milling
The wet preparation method for making manioc flour
Brief work flow:
cleaning(dry cleaning and washing)-peeling-cutting-grinding-dehydrating-drying-milling
The document summarizes the process of recycling PET bottles into textile material called PSF (polyester staple fiber). PET bottles are collected, cleaned, crushed into flakes, further separated and dried. The flakes are then processed through extrusion, spinning, quenching, winding and tow formation. The tow is arranged on a creel and passed through multiple drafting, heating and crimping stages to produce short cut fibers. These cut fibers can then be blended with cotton and used in spinning mills or for non-woven applications.
The document discusses various post-harvest handling techniques for fresh horticultural crops including precooling methods. It describes harvesting based on physiological and horticultural maturity. Key post-harvest steps discussed are sorting, grading, packaging, and different precooling techniques like room cooling, forced air cooling, hydrocooling, vacuum cooling and package icing. Maintaining quality during post-harvest handling is important to reduce losses between harvest and consumption.
The document provides a report on findings and recommendations from a consultation at Genius Coffee in Myanmar. Some key findings include:
- Wet and dry fermentation experiments showed 24h and 12-32h fermentation times produced good results.
- Honey processing worked best when allowing some mucilage degradation.
- Improvements were recommended for the processing center, drying area, sorting processes and storage.
- Roasting was found to work best for short durations to maintain brightness and acidity.
- Organic farming techniques and pest control methods were discussed.
- Coffee shops were evaluated and recommendations made to improve consistency.
This document is a presentation on drying and dehydration of fruits by Darshan Gohel, an agricultural engineering student. It begins with an introduction to drying and dehydration, then discusses principles, pre-treatments, techniques like sun drying and freeze drying, and factors that affect the drying rate. Literature on drying various fruits is reviewed. The benefits of dried fruits and research findings on composition changes during drying are also summarized. The presentation concludes with effects of drying on foods and benefits of dried fruits.
This document discusses rice harvesting methods and best practices. It covers:
1) The key steps in rice harvesting including cutting, hauling, threshing, cleaning, and drying.
2) Common harvesting systems ranging from fully manual to combine harvesting.
3) Factors to consider when determining when to harvest including grain moisture and straw color.
4) Details on harvesting technologies and their advantages/disadvantages such as reapers, threshers, winnowers, and combines.
5) Recommendations to minimize losses and maximize grain quality during harvesting through proper timing, equipment settings, and handling of the crop.
Minimal processing of fruits and vegetables (MPFV) involves physically altering fresh produce through sorting, cleaning, peeling, trimming, and cutting while maintaining fresh properties. Demand for MPFV has increased due to consumer focus on health and convenience. The MPFV process includes harvesting, receiving, pre-cooling, washing, peeling, cutting, sorting, rinsing, dipping, drying, packaging, and labeling to produce products like shredded lettuce, baby carrots, and fruit salads in a safe and wholesome manner. Treatments and additives are used to ensure safety and preserve quality during the short shelf life of fresh-cut produce.
POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTMahmudul Hasan
Tempering of parboiled paddy involves storing it for periods of 8 hours between drying passes to allow the moisture content to equalize throughout the grains. This shortens total drying time and helps prevent breakage during milling by minimizing internal stresses from uneven shrinking. Modern rice milling processes involve cleaning, shelling with rubber rollers, polishing, grading, and separation stages to produce milled rice and byproducts like bran and husks while minimizing breakage. Proper equipment selection, maintenance, and quality control are important for success.
This document summarizes a case study comparing direct compression and wet granulation methods for formulating stavudine tablets. Materials used include stavudine, acacia, PVP K30, lactose, crospovidone, talc, and magnesium stearate. Tablets were prepared by either directly compressing blended powders or wet granulating powders with water and drying the granules before compression. The resulting tablets from both methods were then evaluated for drug content, hardness, friability, and disintegration time.
This document discusses the production of milk powder. It begins by explaining that milk powder is produced through drying milk to remove water and prevent bacterial growth, extending shelf life. It then describes the main drying methods used, including spray drying and roller drying. The document provides details on the spray drying process, including atomization, drying, and powder separation stages. It also discusses storage and various uses of milk powder in food products and animal feed.
The document discusses the two main processes for milling corn - wet milling and dry milling. Wet milling is a more complex process that separates the corn kernel into its main components like germ, fiber, gluten, and starch. It uses steeping and grinding steps to extract these parts and produces co-products like corn oil, starch, and gluten meal. Dry milling is simpler as it only grinds the whole kernel into a meal but has lower capital costs than wet milling. Each process produces different co-products depending on the extraction and separation steps used.
Drying involves the removal of solvents like water or other liquids from a formulation using heat. It is done to stabilize moisture sensitive materials, aid preservation, and prepare granules for tablets and capsules. Common drying methods include hot air oven dryers, vacuum oven dryers, fluidized bed dryers, freeze dryers, drum dryers, and spray dryers. Hot air oven dryers operate by circulating hot air over solid materials spread on trays while vacuum oven dryers dry materials that are heat sensitive under low pressure. Spray dryers dry dilute solutions by spraying the liquid into a hot air stream where each droplet dries quickly.
The document discusses methods and processes for drying fruits, vegetables and grains. It explains that drying removes enough moisture to greatly decrease spoilage from microorganisms. Common traditional drying methods include open-air sun drying, however this can lead to contamination and poor quality. Solar drying provides a more hygienic alternative by using solar energy to heat and circulate dry air in drying chambers. The document compares direct and indirect solar drying systems and provides examples of different solar dryer designs, including cabinet, rack, tunnel and forced-air dryers. It also discusses pretreatment and drying processes for grapes.
Similar to Dry processing and wet processing of Coffee - Washed processing and Unwashed processing of Coffee (20)
How to Manage Internal Notes in Odoo 17 POSCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to leverage internal notes within Odoo 17 POS to enhance communication and streamline operations. Internal notes provide a platform for staff to exchange crucial information regarding orders, customers, or specific tasks, all while remaining invisible to the customer. This fosters improved collaboration and ensures everyone on the team is on the same page.
20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
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History of Information Design
Need of Information Design
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this slide shows husien hanafy portfolio 6-2024hessenhanafy1
Highly Motivated architectural engineer with 6 years of experience in interior, exterior, and landscape design, I'm self-motivated person and a competitive professional who is driven by goals with complete dedication and enthusiasm
Best Practices for Password Rotation and Tools to Streamline the ProcessBert Blevins
Securing sensitive data is crucial for both individuals and enterprises in the digital era. Password rotation, or regularly changing passwords, has long been a standard security practice. Despite some debate over its effectiveness, password rotation remains an important part of comprehensive security strategies. This guide will explore best practices for password rotation and highlight tools to streamline the process.
The history of rotating passwords dates back to early computer security guidelines, which aimed to reduce the time attackers could exploit stolen credentials by frequently changing passwords. This practice helps mitigate risks associated with credential stuffing, password reuse, and prolonged exposure of compromised passwords. By regularly changing passwords, the time a compromised password can be used is limited, old passwords exposed in breaches are rendered invalid, and regulatory compliance is maintained. Furthermore, frequent changes encourage security awareness among users, reminding them to stay vigilant against phishing and other threats.
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Cybersecurity breaches are a growing threat in today’s interconnected digital landscape, affecting individuals, businesses, and governments alike. These breaches compromise sensitive information and erode trust in online services and systems. Understanding the causes, consequences, and prevention strategies of cybersecurity breaches is crucial to protect against these pervasive risks.
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3. |Objectives
Dry processing Wet processing
• Keep whole cherry for drying • Sort the coffee cherries
• Removal of the pulp and mucilage
from the coffee bean
3
4. Dry processing Wet processing
Most Arabica in
Brazil
Robusta
Arabica
Coffee types |Robusta |Arabica
4
8. Selective Harvesting Stripping
-Often used for wet processing
-Picking ripe cherries only
-Often used for dry processing
-Removing all the cherries present on a
branch irrespective of their degree of ripeness.
Harvesting|Selective Harvesting |Stripping
8
9. Why do we have to harvest selectively ?
Harvesting|Selective Harvesting |Stripping
9
10. Harvesting|Selective Harvesting |Stripping
| Selective
Harvesting
|Stripping
Advantage Disadvantage
-Substantial gains in drying time,
labor and space (sun drying) fuel
and energy consumption
(mechanical drying)
-Even roasting
-Good quality, good flavor
-Need trained worker
Time consuming ( manual
harvesting )
- Convenient where there is not
enough available labour
- Time saving
-Unpleasant or harsh flavor
-Ununiform cherry batch
10
11. |Winnowing
- Leaves, stems and dust are removed
- Using air flow
|Sifting
- Heavy impurities smaller or bigger
than the cherries like sand, stones,
mud balls are removed
11
14. |Floating
-Problem: ripe and unripe cherries in the sinkers remains in mixture
Semi-dry processing: Separation of unripe and ripe cherries by letting the ripe
pass through a screen with long slotted holes, whereas the unripe cherries are
hard and cannot go through
Color Sorting: Using electronic device to scan color and remove undesired
cherries
14
15. |Pulping
Separate the pulp from the coffee bean.
Arabica cherries are easier to pulp than Robusta cherries
Pectin layer
15
16. |Pulping
Separate the pulp from the coffee bean.
Pulp is torn off by squeezing the
cherries in one of the following
ways:
• Between a pulping bar and a
rotating disk (disk pulper)
• Between a breast plate and
a rotating drum (drum
pulper)
• As they pass through the slots
of a screen (unripe cherry
separator and pulper, i.e.
screen pulper)
• Between a rotary drum and a
stationary screen case (Raoeng
pulper)
16
17. -High power consumption
-High water consumption
-Physical damage concerns
-Use drum pulper
-Use dry pulper, water re-circulation
-Use screen pulpers
g
Pulping |Problem|Solution
|Problem |Solution
17
18. Remove the residual part of the mesocarp (Mucilage)
Mucilage Removal |Objective
18
19. Fermentation
-Caused by enzymes (pectinases
and pectase) which are natu-
rally present in coffee cherries.
-Dry and Wet fermentation
-Dry fermentation: Fast , but
require protection by a roof.
-Wet fermentation: Slower,
homogenous, not require
covering stuff
-Time: 6 to 72 h
-Accelerated by adding yeast
(Saccharomyces) or hot water.
-Parchment should be washed after
fermentation
Mucilage Removal |Fermentation |Mucilage remover
Figure 2.39 Outlets of
fermentation tanks.
19
20. Mucilage remover
-Mechanical mucilage removers.
-Mucilage is removed by rub-
bing the beans against each
other and against the fixed and
mobile fingers as parchment
moves downwards by gravity.
-Water is injected to facilitate
washing and to help parchment
flow out of the machine.
-Integrated washer
Mucilage Removal |Fermentation |Mucilage remover
20
21. Mucilage Removal |Fermentation |Mucilage remover
Fermentation Mucilage remover
-High labor requirements
-The consumption of huge amounts
of water
-Strictly controlled
-Weight loss concerns and the risk
of further quality deterioration
-Less labor requirements
-Less water consumption
-Does not require any special
control
-Avoids weight loss and the less
risk of further quality deterioration
-The same organoleptic features
as those that are naturally
fermented.
21
22. Drying for both dry and wet processing
|Natural drying|Artificial drying
Natural drying
-Mostly used for dry processing
-Large areas are required
-Berries must be spread out ( 30-
40mm) to prevent fermentation
Dry processing
--Length of Drying – 3 to 4 weeks
-Final moisture content 12%
Wet processing
-Length of drying – 10 to 15 days
-Wet stage : 30-60% moisture content
-Hygroscopic stage <30%
22
23. Drying for both dry and wet processing
|Natural drying|Artificial drying
Artificial drying
-Using hot air to dry the cherries
( dry processing) or parchment
(wet processing )
-Optimum temperature : 55-
60oC
-Fuel: wood, husk from
winnowing and sifting, gas
- Final moisture content :
moisture of 20 to 12%
-
Figure 2.26 Simple static dryer
-Some examples:
23
24. Drying for both dry and wet processing
|Natural drying|Artificial drying
|Natural drying
|Artificial drying
Advantage Disadvantage
-Low cost
-Easy to carry out
-Independent to climate
condition
- Parameters can be controlled
-Can not control the temperature,
moisture,……
-Quality is not ensured ( overheat,
cracking,….)
-Weather dependent
-Need large areas
-Time consuming
-Risk of infection by microorganism
-Costly
24
25. Summary: Advantage and Disadvantage
|Dry processing|Wet proccesing
|Dry processing
|Wet processing
-Low cost
-Easy to carry out
-Less or no water is required
- Parameters can be controlled
- -Higher quality and lower
defects
-Quality is not ensured ( overheat,
cracking,….) evenly among
parchments.
-Cherries are easy to be oxidized
-Costly
-Require mechanical equipment
-Large amount of water
Advantage Disadvantage
25
26. |References
Wintgens, J. N. (2009). Coffee: growing, processing, sustainable
production. A guidebook for growers, processors, traders and
researchers. Wiley-Vch.
Clarke, R. J., & Macrae, R. (Eds.). (1988). Coffee: Technology (Vol.
2). Springer Science & Business Media.
Schwan, R. F., & Fleet, G. H. (Eds.). (2014). Cocoa and coffee
fermentations. CRC Press.
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