Pharyngeal Demulcents .pptx
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Demulcent is derived from the Latin word demulcēre, meaning “to soothe” Pharyngeal Demulcents coat the pharynx and soothe the throat and reduce afferent impulses from inflammed/irritated pharyngeal mucosa, thus provide symptomatic relief in dry cough. They include Lozenges, Syrup, Glycerine, Liquorice.
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Allopurinol (Anti-gout drug).pptx
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Selective α1-Blocker.pptx
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
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Hepatocarcinoma today between guidelines and medical therapy. The role of sur...
Today more than ever, hepatocellular carcinoma therapy is experiencing profound and substantial changes.
The association atezolizumab (ATEZO) plus bevacizumab (BEVA) has demonstrated its effectiveness in the post-operative treatment of patients, improving the results that can be achieved with liver resections. This after the failure of the use of sorafenib in the already historic STORM study.
On the other hand, the prognostic classification of BCLC is now widely questioned. It is now well recognized that the indications for surgery for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are certainly narrow in BCLC and no longer reflect what is common everyday clinical practice.
Today, the concept of multiparametric therapeutic hierarchy, which makes the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma much more flexible and allows the best therapy for the individual patient to be identified based on their clinical characteristics, is gaining more and more importance.
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chemical kinetics part 1 mkv ppt pharmacy
Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates at which chemical reactions occur and the factors that influence these rates.
Importance in Pharmaceuticals: Understanding chemical kinetics is essential for predicting the shelf life of drugs, optimizing storage conditions, and ensuring consistent drug performance.
Rate of Reaction: The speed at which reactants are converted to products.
Factors Influencing Reaction Rates:
Concentration of Reactants: Higher concentrations generally increase the rate of reaction.
Temperature: Increasing temperature typically increases reaction rates.
Catalysts: Substances that increase the reaction rate without being consumed in the process.
Physical State of Reactants: The surface area and physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of reactants can affect the reaction rate.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Scope of the study:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) progenitor and fibroblasts generation in IPF
MSCs and the presence in IPF reticulum
Pharmacotherapy of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
This PowerPoint presentation provides an in-depth overview of the pharmacotherapy approaches for managing asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It covers the pathophysiology of these respiratory conditions, the various classes of medications used, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and the latest treatment guidelines. Designed for students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory pharmacology, this presentation offers a comprehensive understanding of current therapeutic strategies and advancements in the field.
Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease_AntiCopy.pdf
In this lecture, we delve into the intricate anatomy and physiology of the coronary blood supply, a crucial aspect of cardiac function. We begin by examining the physiological anatomy of the coronary arteries, which lie on the heart's surface and penetrate the cardiac muscle mass to supply essential nutrients. Notably, only the innermost layer of the endocardial surface receives direct nourishment from the blood within the cardiac chambers.
We then explore the specifics of coronary circulation, including the dynamics of blood flow at rest and during strenuous activity. The impact of cardiac muscle compression on coronary blood flow, particularly during systole and diastole, is discussed, highlighting why this phenomenon is more pronounced in the left ventricle than the right.
Regulation of coronary circulation is a complex process influenced by autonomic and local metabolic factors. We discuss the roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, emphasizing the dominance of local metabolic factors such as hypoxia and adenosine in coronary vasodilation. Concepts like autoregulation, active hyperemia, and reactive hyperemia are explained to illustrate how the heart adjusts blood flow to meet varying oxygen demands.
Ischemic heart disease is a major focus, with an exploration of acute coronary artery occlusion, myocardial infarction, and subsequent physiological changes. The lecture covers the progression from acute occlusion to infarction, the body's compensatory mechanisms, and the potential complications leading to death, such as cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, fibrillation, and cardiac rupture.
We also examine coronary steal syndrome, a condition where increased cardiac activity diverts blood flow away from ischemic areas, exacerbating the condition. The long-term impact of myocardial infarction on cardiac reserve is discussed, showing how the heart's capacity to handle increased workloads is significantly reduced.
Angina pectoris, a common manifestation of ischemic heart disease, is analyzed in terms of its causes, presentation, and referred pain patterns. We identify factors that exacerbate anginal pain and discuss both medical and surgical treatment options.
Finally, the lecture includes a case study to apply theoretical knowledge to a practical scenario, helping students understand the real-world implications of coronary circulation and ischemic heart disease. The role of biochemical factors in cardiac pain and the interpretation of ECG changes in myocardial infarction are also covered.
TEST BANK For Urinalysis and Body Fluids, 7thEditionbyStrasinger.pdf
TEST BANK For Urinalysis and Body Fluids, 7thEditionbyStrasinger.pdf
A comparative study on uroculturome antimicrobial susceptibility in apparentl...
The uroculturome indicates the profile of culturable microbes inhabiting the urinary tract, and it is often required to do a urine culture to find an effective antimicrobial to treat UTIs. This study targeted to understand the profile of culturable pathogens in the urine of apparently healthy (128) and humans with clinical UTIs (161). In urine samples from UTI cases, microbial counts were 1.2×104 ± 6.02×103 colony-forming units (cfu)/ mL, while in urine samples from apparently healthy humans, the average count was 3.33± 1.34×103 cfu/ mL. In eight samples (six from UTI cases and two from apparently healthy people) of urine, Candida (C. albicans 3, C. catenulata 1, C. krusei 1, C. tropicalis 1, C. parapsiplosis 1, C. gulliermondii 1) and Rhizopus species (1) were detected. Candida krusei was detected only in a single urine sample from a healthy person and C. albicans was detected both in urine of healthy and clinical UTI cases. Fungal strains were always detected with one or more types of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more commonly (OR, 1.98; CI99, 1.01-3.87) detected in urine samples of apparently healthy humans, and Gram -ve bacteria (OR, 2.74; CI99, 1.44-5.23) in urines of UTI cases. From urine samples of 161 UTI cases, a total of 90 different types of microbes were detected and, 73 samples had only a single type of bacteria. In contrast, 49, 29, 3, 4, 1, and 2 samples had 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 types of bacteria, respectively. The most common bacteria detected in urine of UTI cases was Escherichia coli detected in 52 samples, in 20 cases as the single type of bacteria, other 34 types of bacteria were detected in pure form in 53 cases. From 128 urine samples of apparently healthy people, 88 types of microbes were detected either singly or in association with others, from 64 urine samples only a single type of bacteria was detected while 34, 13, 3, 11, 2 and 1 samples yielded 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and seven types of microbes, respectively. In the urine of apparently healthy humans too, E. coli was the most common bacteria, detected in pure culture from 10 samples followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (9), S. intermedius (5), and S. aureus (5), and similar types of bacteria also dominated in cases of mixed occurrence, E. coli was detected in 26, S. aureus in 22 and S. haemolyticus in 19 urine samples, respectively. Gram +ve bacteria isolated from urine samples' irrespective of health status were more often (p, <0.01) resistant than Gram -ve bacteria to ajowan oil, holy basil oil, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamon oil, but more susceptible to sandalwood oil (p, <0.01). However, for antibiotics, Gram +ve were more often susceptible than Gram -ve bacteria to cephalosporins, doxycycline, and nitrofurantoin. The study concludes that to understand the role of good and bad bacteria in the urinary tract microbiome more targeted studies are needed to discern the isolates at the pathotype level.
Accelerating Therapeutic Progress in HER2+ and HER2-Low Breast Cancer: State ...
Accelerating Therapeutic Progress in HER2+ and HER2-Low Breast Cancer: State ...PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education
Chair and Presenters, Komal Jhaveri, MD, FACP, Javier Cortes, MD, PhD, Prof. Giuseppe Curigliano, MD, PhD, and Ian Krop, MD, PhD, discuss breast cancer in this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Accelerating Therapeutic Progress in HER2+ and HER2-Low Breast Cancer: State of the Science and Guidance for Individualized Clinical Decisions.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/42EzL7g. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until June 30, 2025.Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide ...
Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide ...PVI, PeerView Institute for Medical Education
Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, discuss NSCLC in this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.
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Buy crystal meth online at chemworldstore.net
Buy crystal meth online at chemworldstore.net or WhatsApp us at +1(732-595-2137
What Is Methamphetamine (Meth)?
Methamphetamines are stimulants, a type of drug that lets people stay awake and do continuous activity with less need for sleep.
These drugs are made as pills, powders, or chunky crystals called ice. Ice, nicknamed crystal meth, is a popular drug, especially with young adults and for those who go to lots of dance clubs and parties.
What Else Is Methamphetamine (Meth) Called?
speed, uppers, meth, crystal meth, chalk, ice, glass, Christmas tree, crank (especially when injected)
How Is Methamphetamine (Meth) Used?
Methamphetamines are swallowed, inhaled, smoked, or injected into a vein.
Giant Breast Lipoma Masquerading as Breast Enlargement ورم شحمي عملاق للثدي م...
Giant Breast Lipoma Masquerading as Breast Enlargement ورم شحمي عملاق للثدي م...Mohamad محمد Al-Gailani الكيلاني
Case presentation of a 14-year-old female presenting as unilateral breast enlargement and found to have a giant breast lipoma. The tumour was successfully excised with the result that the presumed unilateral breast enlargement reverting back to normal. A review of management including a photo of the removed Giant Lipoma is presented.Adenomyosis Treatment with Birth Control Pills- Potential Side Effects to Con...
Adenomyosis patients may have some potential side effects when they take birth control pills for a long time. Fortunately, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can provide a safe and effective results.
Ventilation Perfusion Ratio, Physiological dead space and physiological shunt
In this insightful lecture, Dr. Faiza, an esteemed Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the essential concept of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙), which is fundamental to understanding pulmonary physiology. Dr. Faiza brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to the table, with qualifications including MBBS, FCPS in Physiology, and multiple postgraduate degrees in public health and healthcare education.
The lecture begins by laying the groundwork with basic concepts, explaining the definitions of ventilation (V˙) and perfusion (Q˙), and highlighting the significance of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙). Dr. Faiza explains the normal value of this ratio and its critical role in ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs.
Next, the discussion moves to the impact of different V˙/Q˙ ratios on alveolar gas concentrations. Participants will learn how a normal, zero, or infinite V˙/Q˙ ratio affects the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. Dr. Faiza provides a detailed comparison of alveolar gas concentrations in these varying scenarios, offering a clear understanding of the physiological changes that occur.
The lecture also covers the concepts of physiological shunt and dead space. Dr. Faiza defines physiological shunt and explains its causes and effects on gas exchange, distinguishing it from anatomical dead space. She also discusses physiological dead space in detail, including how it is calculated using the Bohr equation. The components and significance of the Bohr equation are thoroughly explained, and practical examples of its application are provided.
Further, the lecture examines the variations in V˙/Q˙ ratios in different regions of the lung and under different conditions, such as lying versus supine and resting versus exercise. Dr. Faiza analyzes how these variations affect pulmonary function and discusses the abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios seen in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and their clinical implications.
Finally, Dr. Faiza explores the clinical implications of abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios. She identifies clinical conditions associated with these abnormalities, such as COPD and emphysema, and discusses the physiological and clinical consequences on respiratory function. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts for medical professionals and students, highlighting their relevance in diagnosing and managing respiratory conditions.
This comprehensive lecture provides valuable insights for medical students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory physiology. Participants will gain a deep understanding of how ventilation and perfusion work together to optimize gas exchange in the lungs and how deviations from the norm can lead to significant clinical issues.
A Brief Introduction About Holly Purdy
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Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease_AntiCopy.pdf
Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease_AntiCopy.pdf
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TEST BANK For Urinalysis and Body Fluids, 7thEditionbyStrasinger.pdf
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A comparative study on uroculturome antimicrobial susceptibility in apparentl...
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Accelerating Therapeutic Progress in HER2+ and HER2-Low Breast Cancer: State ...
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Hepcidin - Regulation and its role in Iron metabolism
Hepcidin - Regulation and its role in Iron metabolism
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Giant Breast Lipoma Masquerading as Breast Enlargement ورم شحمي عملاق للثدي م...
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Ventilation Perfusion Ratio, Physiological dead space and physiological shunt
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Immature platelet fraction (IPF)(Reticulated Platelets)
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Pharyngeal Demulcents .pptx
- 1. B y - D r . M a d h u m i t a D i x i t J R - 1 D e p a r t m e n t o f P h a r m a c o l o g y M L N M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , P r a y a g r a j , U . P . Pharyngeal Demulcents
- 2. Introduction Demulcent is derived from the Latin word demulcēre, meaning “to soothe” Pharyngeal Demulcents coat the pharynx and soothe the throat and reduce afferent impulses from inflammed/irritated pharyngeal mucosa, thus provide symptomatic relief in dry cough. They include Lozenges, Syrup, Glycerine, Liquorice.
- 3. Lozenges A throat lozenge (also known as a cough drop, troche, cachou, pastille or cough sweet) These are tablet-like bodies of various shapes containing the drug along with a suitable gum, sweetening and flavoring agents. They are to be retained in the mouth and allowed to dissolve slowly, providing the drug for local action in the mouth and throat.
- 4. Types of lozenges Hard lozenges are formed using sucrose or other sugars that produce a hardened amorphous glassy material. Another type of hard lozenge may be made of compressed powder, eg- clotrimazole troches (lozenges) made as a large compressed tablet that is slowly dissolved in the mouth. Soft lozenges are often made using PEGs of sufficient molecular weight to provide slow dissolution in the saliva. Chewable lozenges are based on glycerinated gelatin; a base of glycerin, gelatin, and water. This base can be mixed with drug, acacia, and suitable flavoring and sweeting agents.
- 5. Glycerol/Glycerine Mode of action- Owing to the presence of 3 hydroxyl groups, it is miscible in water, and possesses hygroscopic and lubricating properties. It causes movement of water into the plasma from extravascular spaces via osmosis
- 6. Uses In food and beverages, Glycerol serves as a humectant, solvent and sweetener and helps to preserve food. In medical, pharmaceutical and personal care preparations as a means of improving smoothness, providing lubrication and as a humectant.(in allergen immunotherapies, cough syrup, elixirs, expectorants, toothpaste, mouthwashes ,shaving cream, haircare products, soap etc) It is used as a laxative when introduced into the rectum in suppository form
- 7. Electronic cigarette liquid-Glycerin, along with propylene glycol, is a common component of e-liquid, a solution used with electronic vaporizers (electronic cigarettes). This glycerol is heated with an atomizer, producing the aerosol that delivers nicotine to the user. As an adjunct in Acute Glaucoma: Short term reduction of Vitreous Volume and Intraocular Pressure before and after Ophthalmic surgery. Glycerol is used to produce nitroglycerin, commonly used to relieve Angina Pectoris
- 8. Adverse drug reactions Oral-Headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, thirst, dizziness, mental confusion, severe dehydration i/v- Hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, acute renal failure, local irritation Potentially fatal-Cardiac arrhythmias, circulatory overload, pulmonary oedema and CHF
- 9. Contraindicated in decreased renal and liver function patients Use with caution in patients with hypervolemia, Cardiac failure or renal disease, dehydrated patients Pregnancy-Category ‘C’
- 10. Liquorice Liquorice, is the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae Mode of action-It is a known inhibitor of 11 beta-HSD2 and thus prevents the inactivation of cortisol, thereby causing excess mineralocorticoid activity or pseudo hyperaldosteronism
- 11. Uses It has demulcent and expectorant properties and has been used in cough preparations. It has ulcer healing properties that may result from stimulation of mucus synthesis. It also possess antispasmodic and laxative properties.