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- 1. Lecture-6 Question:- Define dosage form with flow chart. Define powder. What is Hygrocopy, deliquescent, Effervescent and efflorescent. Drug:- The word “drug” is derived from the old French word “drogue” which means a “dry herb”; Drug is a substance used for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention of disease in the human beings or animal and they may be used for internal and external. DOSAGE FORM The term “dosage forms” refers to pharmaceutical preparations or formulations in which a specific mixture of drug substances (active pharmaceutical ingredients) and inactive components (excipients). Dosage form = Drug(API) + Excipients Dosage forms Solid Dosage Form Liquid Dosage Form Semi solid Dosage Form Gaseous Unit Dosage Bulk Mono Phasic Bi phasic External Internal Aerosol Form External Internal Suspensions Ointments Suppositories Inhaler Tablet Liniments Syrup Emulsions Creams Pessaries Capsules Lotions Elixirs Pastes Powders Gargles Linctus Jellies Pills Throat paints Drops Mouth washes Eye Lotion Sprays Eye Drops Nasal Drops Internal External Dusting Powder Fine powders Granules & effervescent Granules Insufflations Dentifrice (Tooth Powder) Snuffs Solid dosage forms The solid dosage forms, which are solid in nature which contains one or more drugs for therapeutic effects and excipients like Binders, Sweeteners, colouring agents, etc. Powder Powder is a homogeneous mixture of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form. Powders are bulk solid dosage form of medicament which are meant for internal and external use. They are available in crystalline or amorphous form. Powder are generally used in following forms 1) Bulk powder for internal use example fine powder or granules.
- 2. 2) bulk powder for external use example snuffs, dusting powders, tooth powder and Insufflations. 3) Simple and compound powder for internal use. 4) Powder in form of compressed tablets. 5) Powder enclosed in capsules. Advantage Many drugs are more stable in powder form as compared to liquid form, e.g., aspirin, penicillin. Orally administered powders have faster dissolution rate than tablets or capsules. Thus, drug absorption from powders will be faster than tablet or capsule. They can be used externally and internally. Disadvantages (1) Preparation of powder is time consuming and expensive. (2) Decomposition of powder by oxidation and moisture is more. Making it difficult to protect hygroscopic, deliquescent or volatile components (3) Unpleasant taste of drugs makes it difficult to administer in powder dosage form. Dusting powders:- For external applications to the skin and are generally applied in a very fine state use to avoid local irritation. Dusting powder should be passed through 80 sieve enhance their effectiveness. Dusting powder is two types- Medicated Surgical Medicated dusting powders are used mainly for superficial skin condition. Surgical dusting powders are used in body cavity. Dusting powders are generally prepared by mixing two or more ingredients starch, Kaolin or talc is most commonly used because these are chemically inert. Dusting powder mainly used for an antiseptic absorbents and antiperspirant. Snuffs These are finely divided solid dosage forms of medicament which are inhaled into Nostril for its antiseptic, bronchodilator and decongestion action. Insufflations These are medicated dusting powders made to introduce into the body cavity such as nose throat ears and vagina with the help of an apparatus known as “Insufflators”. The following difficulties come when using insufflators. It is difficult to obtain a measured quantity of the drug as a uniform dose. It get blocked when slightly wet powder use. Now day insufflations are available in the form of pressure aerosol. These are used for the administration of potent drug. This method has advantage of excellent control of dose through meted valves. Douche powders These powders are used as antiseptics or cleansing agents into the body cavity; Used for vaginal, nasal, and ophthalmic use also. Dental powders Dental powders are meant for cleaning the teeth. Dental powders contain detergents, abrasives, antiseptics and colouring and flavouring agents fused in a suitable base. Generally the base is calcium carbonate. The detergent is in the form of soap.
- 3. LECTURE-07 Simple and compound powder for internal use These are unit dose powders normally packed in folded papers and dispensed in envelopes, metal foils, small heat-sealed plastic bags or other containers. Usually for the preparation of simple powders, the ingredients are weighed correctly and blend geometrical mixing in ascending order. Effervescent Granules The effervescent granules are solid dosage form of medicament, meant for internal use. They contain a medicament mixed with citric acid, tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate. Sometimes saccharin or sucrose may be added as a sweetening agent. Before administration, the desired quantity is dissolved in water; the acid and bicarbonate react together producing effervescence. Carbon dioxide stimulates the flow of gastric juice and helps in the absorption of medicament. Hygroscopy:- Certain substance absorb moisture from atmosphere but do not dissolve in it. These are called hygroscopy substance. Eg. Zinc Chloride, Sodium chloride. Efflorescent:- Hydrated crystalline salts where expose to the atmosphere at ordinary temperature Loose their water either partially or completely and become anhydrous. Eg. Washing soda. Deliquescent:-They absorb water and moisture from the atmosphere and dissolve in it. They are crystalline water soluble substance. Eg. NaOH, KOH. Unit dosage form. Tablet: Tablets are unit solid dosage form made either compression or molding. Contain active ingredients and excipients. Capsules: Capsules are solid dosage forms where the active ingredient enclosed within a hard or soft gelatin. Granules: Granules are solid dosage forms made up of agglomeration of smaller particles of pow- ders. Sachets: Sachets are solid dosage forms containing therapeutic ingredients. Small size spherical granules packed into a small bag or pouch packet. Lozenges: It is a solid preparation consisting of sugar and gum, giving strength and cohesiveness to the lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament. - It is used to medicate the mouth and throat for the slow administration of indigestion or cough remedies. Natural polymers: Starch, gelatin, acacia, tragacanth. Synthetic polymer: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), Methyl cellulose, Ethyl cellulose, Polyethylene glycol (PEG). 2. Coating Agents: This is used in tablet preparation. To protect the drug from environmental moisture, light, and it also masks the bitter taste of many drugs. Sugar Coating Film Coating Enteric coating Excipients needed for solid dosage form: 1. Binding Agents:
- 4. 3. Preservatives: Preservatives are used to protect the formulation from the attack of microorganisms. Such as bacterial growth, fungus growth, etc. Examples of preservative: Phenol, parabens, aryl and alkyl acids, etc. 4. Coloring Agents: Coloring agents are used to giving an attractive outlook for the patients. natural colors: Turmeric, Titanium Dioxide, etc. Examples of Synthetic colors: Erythrosine, Tartrazine, etc. 5. Sweetening Agents: : Sucrose, fructose, etc Assignment 1) Define Hygroscopy 2) Define Deliquescent 3) Define effervescent 4) Define Efflorescent 5) Define Powder. 6) Define Tablet 7) Define Capsules 8) What is medicated Dusting powder 9) What is surgical dusting powder