1. Dosage forms can be classified in several ways including by route of administration, physical form, sterility, and dose accuracy.
2. Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while common liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and elixirs.
3. Semi-solid dosage forms for external use include ointments, creams, gels, and suppositories which are administered via different routes such as oral, topical, rectal, etc.
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
This document discusses different types of dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It defines dosage forms and lists their purposes, which include accurate dosing, protection, masking taste, and targeted drug delivery. The document then categorizes dosage forms based on physical form (solid, semisolid, liquid, gaseous) and route of administration (oral, topical, rectal, etc.). Several examples are provided for each category, such as tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, enemas, and others. Excipients commonly used in different dosage forms are also outlined.
This document discusses various dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action within the body. It defines dosage forms and describes their classification based on route of administration and physical form. Several oral dosage forms are described in detail, including tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. Topical, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, inhaled, and other dosage forms are also summarized. The purpose, composition, and examples of each type of dosage form are provided.
The document discusses liquid dosage forms (LDFs), which are pharmaceutical products intended for oral or external administration. LDFs can be solutions, suspensions, emulsions, or other forms prepared by dissolving, suspending, or incorporating a drug into a liquid. They offer advantages like ease of dosing and faster absorption but also have disadvantages like short shelf life and accuracy issues. Common LDFs include syrups, elixirs, tinctures, otic/nasal preparations, suspensions, emulsions, and liniments. Additives are often included to improve stability, taste, or antimicrobial properties.
This document discusses different types of dosage forms including oral and topical dosage forms. Oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. Tablets can be coated, sublingual, effervescent, chewable and more. Capsules are either hard or soft shelled. Topical dosage forms include ointments, creams, gels, pastes, liniments and others that are applied to the skin or mucous membranes for local effects. Dosage forms are designed to deliver drugs to sites of action in the body in a way that protects, masks tastes, and controls drug release.
This document discusses powders and granules used in pharmaceutical preparations. It begins by defining powders as mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals for internal or external use. The advantages of powders include stability, flexibility in dosing, and low cost of preparation. Challenges include unpleasant taste, instability of hygroscopic drugs, and difficulty dispensing small doses. Powders are generally prepared through comminution to reduce particle size and blending. The document then classifies and describes methods for different types of powders including bulk powders, simple/compound powders, powders in capsules/cachets, and those addressing special stability issues.
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
This document discusses drugs, dosage forms, and their importance. It begins by defining a drug as a chemical agent for treating disease in humans or animals. Dosage forms are means of delivering drugs to the body. Proper dosage forms are needed for accurate dosing, ease of administration, protection from degradation, and modifying drug effects. The document then covers various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, ointments and creams. It describes their composition, characteristics and purposes. The goal is to educate students on preparation techniques and dosage form selection.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original form and are instead converted into suitable formulations through various dosage forms. It defines dosage forms as carriers that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. Dosage forms contain both drug substances and non-drug excipients. The document then discusses several common oral and topical dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, ointments, and creams. It explains the purpose and composition of different dosage forms.
The document discusses various types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules which provide accurate dosing and protection of drugs. Liquid forms like syrups provide quick absorption but stability can be an issue. Semi-solids like ointments and creams are used for external application. Dosage forms aim to deliver drugs safely and effectively based on factors like taste-masking, sustained release, and site of action within the body.
Pharmaceutical dosage forms can be classified based on their route of administration, physical form, or both. The main types include oral, topical, parenteral, rectal, vaginal, inhalational, ophthalmic, otic, and nasal dosage forms. Oral dosage forms include liquids such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, and mixtures. They also include solids such as tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Topical dosage forms include semisolids like ointments, creams, pastes, and jellies. Parenteral dosage forms are sterile preparations meant for injection or infusion.
This document defines and classifies different types of dosage forms. It discusses oral solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, granules and powders. It also covers oral liquid forms such as solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Finally, it summarizes topical dosage forms including ointments, creams, gels, pastes and dusting powders which are applied externally to the skin or mucous membranes. The purpose of different dosage forms is to deliver drug molecules accurately to sites of action in the body while protecting, masking taste and ensuring sustained or controlled release of medication.
This document provides an introduction to dosage forms, which are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. It discusses the need for dosage forms due to challenges with direct clinical use of active drug substances. The document then classifies and describes various types of solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and parenteral dosage forms including tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, suppositories, injections and more. Excipients are also discussed as inactive ingredients that aid drug delivery without affecting therapeutic action.
A pharmaceutical suspension is a dispersed system where insoluble particles are uniformly distributed throughout a liquid medium. Key aspects of suspensions include the particle size, shape, interactions, and use of suspending agents to decrease aggregation. Suspensions are used to deliver insoluble drugs and control drug release while masking unpleasant tastes. Quality is ensured through tests of sedimentation, rheology, stability, and redispersibility.
Pharmaceutical powders are solid dosage forms containing one or more drugs in finely divided form, with or without excipients. They have advantages like faster onset of action compared to other oral solid dosage forms. Powders are classified based on their intended use and formulation. They include bulk powders, simple/compound powders enclosed in papers or capsules, and compressed powders made into tablets. Proper mixing and packaging is important for powder formulations to ensure uniform drug content and stability.
The document describes different types of tablets classified by method of administration and mechanism of action. Tablets can be ingested orally and include standard, enteric coated, chewable and effervescent varieties. Others are used in the oral cavity as buccal, sublingual or lozenges. Implantation and vaginal tablets are administered by other routes. Tablet types aim to protect drugs, modify release timing, or produce solutions for various therapeutic effects.
1. The document discusses liquid dosage forms, which provide advantages over solid forms like faster absorption.
2. Liquid dosage forms are classified as monophasic containing one phase like syrups, or biphasic containing two phases like suspensions and emulsions.
3. Key liquid dosage forms are described including their composition, preparation, and uses both internally and externally. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms are also outlined.
The document defines drugs and dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms transform pure drug compounds into predetermined forms mixed with non-drug components to aid drug delivery. Dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection, masking of taste/odor, and controlled release. There are various types of dosage forms classified by route of administration and physical form including solids, liquids, semi-solids, and gases. Common solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquids include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, elixirs and linctuses. Semi-solid forms for external use are ointments, creams, pastes and jellies.
PH 1.3 Drug formulations & drug delivery systems_1.1 - Copy.pptxVikramSharma288
This document discusses drug dosage forms, formulations, and delivery systems. It begins by defining the difference between a dosage form and a formulation. Various common dosage forms are described including tablets, capsules, liquids, and semisolids. Formulations include the specific drug, strength, and dosage form. The document then discusses excipients and how they are included in dosage forms but do not produce therapeutic effects. Various drug delivery systems aim to optimize drug action by ensuring accurate dosing, protecting drugs, and controlling drug release over time. The summary concludes that drug delivery systems aim to deliver pharmaceuticals to the body in a controlled manner to achieve therapeutic effects while reducing unwanted side effects.
This document provides an overview of different dosage forms including solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders for internal or external use. Liquid forms include monophasic liquids like syrups, drops, and biphasic liquids like emulsions and suspensions. Semi-solid forms include ointments, creams, and suppositories. The document discusses the classification, examples, and key properties of different dosage forms for safe delivery of drugs.
The document discusses drug dosage forms, which are the various ways that pharmaceutical products are administered to patients. Some key points made:
- Dosage forms provide accurate dosing of drugs and allow for administration through different routes. Common forms include tablets, capsules, injections, etc.
- Formulations specify the name, strength and dosage form of the drug product. Excipients are inactive ingredients that don't affect the drug's therapeutic action.
- The dosage form determines how drug molecules are delivered to sites of action in the body. It must provide protection, accurate dosing, and optimize drug effects.
The means (or the form) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.
The drugs are rarely administered in their original pure state. They are administered in different dosage forms after converting them into a suitable formulation.
The dosage form is a combination of the drug and different kinds of non-drug compounds called “additives”.
1. Introduction to different dosage form part 1.pptParimal Hadge
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses how drugs are administered through various dosage forms after being converted into suitable formulations. Solid dosage forms are one of the oldest and most common, including unit dosage forms like tablets, capsules, pills, and powders. These solid forms provide accurate dosing and protection for drugs. Excipients are added to solid dosage forms to give them shape and stability and make them more palatable. Some solid dosage forms are supplied in bulk quantities while others are unit doses. Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, granules, and various powders for internal or external use.
This presentation provides an overview of different dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It discusses solid dosage forms like tablets and capsules, liquid forms like syrups and suspensions, and semisolid forms like ointments and creams. The key points are:
- A dosage form refers to the physical form of a drug, such as a tablet, capsule, or liquid, and how it is administered.
- Dosage forms are classified by their physical form (solid, liquid, semisolid), route of administration (oral, topical, parenteral), and release rate (immediate or sustained release).
- Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, and powders. Liquid
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It defines dosage forms as combinations of drugs and excipients that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. Dosage forms come in solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms and are classified based on their route of administration and drug release properties. The document discusses various types of solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders as well as liquid forms like solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It provides examples of how dosage forms are tailored to meet specific drug delivery needs like sustained release or targeted delivery to tissues.
dosage forms and route of drug administrationAbubakar Fago
The document discusses different dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It describes how drugs are formulated with excipients into various dosage forms for efficacious delivery. The main dosage forms covered are solid forms like powders, granules, tablets, capsules; semi-solid forms like ointments, creams; and liquid forms like syrups, suspensions, emulsions. Each dosage form has unique characteristics depending on factors like physical appearance, how it is administered, and frequency of dosing. Common routes of administration include oral, topical, and injectable forms.
doses forms.pptx used in pharmaceutical formulationsRakesh Barik
This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It discusses the classification of dosage forms based on their route of administration (oral, parenteral, etc.), physical form (solid, liquid, semi-solid), and other characteristics. The main types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms are described including tablets, capsules, oral solutions, suspensions, ointments, and others. The document emphasizes that dosage forms are designed to safely and effectively deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body.
Introduction to dosage forms.pptx power pointafsanamamedova
This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It begins by defining dosage forms as the means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical state (solid, liquid, semi-solid), route of administration (oral, parenteral, topical), and other characteristics. The main body of the document describes various common solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams and ointments. It provides examples of excipients used and how different dosage forms are designed to improve drug delivery or mask unpleasant characteristics. In closing, the document emphasizes dosage forms are needed to safely and conveniently deliver accurate drug
Dosage forms refer to pharmaceutical preparations that contain one or more active drug substances along with inactive excipients. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquid forms include syrups, suspensions, and emulsions. Powders are a bulk solid dosage form that can be used internally or externally and include dusting powders, snuffs, and insufflations, with properties like hygroscopic, deliquescent, efflorescent, and effervescent substances affecting their use and stability.
Drug dosage forms can be liquid, solid, or semisolid. Common solid dosage forms include capsules, tablets, and powders. Capsules contain medications inside a gelatin shell while tablets are compressed powders. Powders can be divided into individual doses or bulk. Liquid dosage forms include solutions, suspensions, drops, emulsions, and injections. Semisolid forms such as ointments, creams, gels, and pastes are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes.
This document discusses different types of dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body. It begins with an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It then covers the classification and examples of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms. Solid dosage forms discussed include tablets, capsules, powders, and others. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions and others. Semi-solid forms include creams, ointments, gels and suppositories. The document provides details on the composition, properties and examples of various oral and other administration route dosage forms.
1. The document introduces different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms. Solid forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
2. Dosage forms deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body and provide benefits like accurate dosing, protecting drugs, and masking tastes. They are classified based on route of administration, physical form, and whether they are for oral, topical, inhaled or other uses.
3. Common excipients used in dosage forms are discussed
PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS : an overall introduction .pptxAdinathSangale2
Dosage forms are the mechanism by which drug molecules / APIs are administered to areas of action inside the body to generate maximum intended benefits and the lowest unwanted effects.
OR The Dosage form is the combination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and Excipients in the formulation.
This document discusses classical dosage forms, which include pills, lozenges, mixtures, inhalations, powders, glycerites, throat paints, elixirs, draughts, granules, solutions, pessaries, tinctures, and syrups. It provides details on the composition, preparation, uses, and examples of each type of classical dosage form. Classical dosage forms were commonly used in ancient times but have been replaced by more advanced forms in modern times due to various disadvantages like poor stability or ease of administration.
The document discusses various dosage forms and drug delivery systems. It begins by defining dosage forms as means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action. It then covers different types of solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, rectal and vaginal dosage forms. Key points include classifications based on route of administration (oral, parenteral, etc.) and physical form (solid, liquid, semi-solid). Common examples are provided for different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams, inhalers, and suppositories.
The document discusses different types of pharmaceutical dosage forms including solid, semi-solid, liquid, and gas forms. Solid forms include unit doses like tablets and capsules as well as bulk powders. Semi-solid forms include creams, ointments, gels, and suppositories. Liquid forms include monophasic liquids like syrups and solutions as well as biphasic liquids like emulsions and suspensions. Gas forms include inhalations and aerosol sprays for respiratory administration. The document provides examples and descriptions of different dosage forms within each category.
The document discusses parenteral formulations, which are sterile dosage forms administered directly into the body rather than orally. It defines parenterals and describes various types including small and large volume injections, powders, and implants. Key factors in parenteral design are discussed such as drug solubility, vehicle selection, dosage form, ingredients, pH, and color. Common vehicles like water and buffers are outlined. The document also covers routes of administration, isotonicity, production facilities and procedures, and quality control testing for parenteral products.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSION OF PHARMACYTeny Thomas
The following presentation deals with what the course of pharmacy is and what a pharmacist is. Also a short brief on the historical growth of the profession of pharmacy when related to education and industry is also discussed here. A detailed view on career in pharmacy is described lastly.
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, encapsulation refers to a range of dosage forms—techniques used to enclose medicines—in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing them to, for example, be taken orally or be used as suppositories. The two main types of capsules are:
Hard-shelled capsules, which contain dry, powdered ingredients or miniature pellets made by e.g. processes of extrusion or spheronization. These are made in two halves: a smaller-diameter “body” that is filled and then sealed using a larger-diameter “cap”.
Soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil.
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
The document describes preparing and evaluating paracetamol granules using the wet granulation method. Key steps in the wet granulation process are outlined, including weighing and sifting powders, blending, wet granulation, drying, dry screening, and lubrication. Granules containing 500mg of paracetamol per tablet are prepared and submitted. The granules are then evaluated for bulk density, tapped density, Hausner's ratio, Carr's compressibility index, and angle of repose to determine flow properties before compression into tablets.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
Everyone requires a product of the best quality, be it in case of medicines or any other edibles or services. Hence, the presentation deals with the quality control of tablets
This document discusses tablet coating, which involves covering tablet surfaces with a polymeric film to provide benefits like masking taste, protecting drugs, and controlling drug release. It describes the main types of tablet coating - sugar coating, film coating, enteric coating, vacuum film coating, electrostatic coating, and dip coating. For each coating type, it outlines the basic process and materials used. The document also explains the need for tablet coating and lists the ideal characteristics of coating materials.
A detailed study on Tablets which describes about tablets, coating of tablets and then a study on the quality control of tablets. The chapter deals with the minute aspects of tablets and gives us an enlightenment of the solid dosage form which is commonly used all around the world
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
The document discusses preformulation studies, which involve characterizing the physical and chemical properties of a drug substance before developing a dosage form. The goals are to generate stability-indicating parameters and select an appropriate dosage form. Key topics covered include the physical properties tested (such as solubility, polymorphism, particle size), chemical degradation pathways (such as hydrolysis, oxidation), and how these properties influence dosage form design and drug performance. Understanding a drug's preformulation behavior is critical for developing a safe, effective, and stable drug product.
The document provides an introduction to ICH guidelines and stability testing guidelines. It discusses that ICH aims to harmonize technical requirements for pharmaceuticals across regions to eliminate unnecessary delays and ensure safety. ICH has six participants representing regulatory bodies and industry. Guidelines are developed on quality, safety, efficacy and other topics. Quality guidelines (Q series) focus on chemical and pharmaceutical quality assurance. Stability testing guidelines provide guidance on conducting stability studies to ensure quality, safety and efficacy of drug products over time under various environmental conditions.
This document provides an overview of equipments and raw materials used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It discusses the selection, purchase specifications, maintenance, and storage of both equipments and raw materials. Key points covered include cleaning and calibration of equipments, purchasing raw materials from approved vendors against specifications, and storing materials under proper conditions to prevent degradation.
Premises - Part of Good Manufacturing PracticesTeny Thomas
This document discusses good manufacturing practices for pharmaceutical premises. It covers factors to consider for location, design, construction, sanitation, maintenance, utilities, and environmental control of premises to prevent contamination. The premises must have defined areas for receiving, sampling, storage, production, packaging, and quality control. Cleaning procedures and environmental monitoring programs are important to control contamination. Grade A or B areas for sterile products require additional controls like air quality standards and maintenance of sterile conditions.
A detailed study of the organisation and personnel involved in the pharmaceutical industry. These are involved in the guidelines of Good Manufacturing Practices.
A Study on Documentation Maintenance in the Pharmaceutical Industry which includes the main records to be maintained and the quality attributes to be studied about the Quality Management System. Quality attributes include the study of quality audit, quality review, and quality documentation.
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
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Odoo allows users to split long shifts into multiple segments directly from the Gantt view.Each segment retains details of the original shift, such as employee assignment, start time, end time, and specific tasks or descriptions.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
Still I Rise by Maya Angelou
-Table of Contents
● Questions to be Addressed
● Introduction
● About the Author
● Analysis
● Key Literary Devices Used in the Poem
1. Simile
2. Metaphor
3. Repetition
4. Rhetorical Question
5. Structure and Form
6. Imagery
7. Symbolism
● Conclusion
● References
-Questions to be Addressed
1. How does the meaning of the poem evolve as we progress through each stanza?
2. How do similes and metaphors enhance the imagery in "Still I Rise"?
3. What effect does the repetition of certain phrases have on the overall tone of the poem?
4. How does Maya Angelou use symbolism to convey her message of resilience and empowerment?
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Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
AI Risk Management: ISO/IEC 42001, the EU AI Act, and ISO/IEC 23894PECB
As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, understanding the complexities and regulations regarding AI risk management is more crucial than ever.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 42001 standard, which provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems within organizations
• insights into the European Union's landmark legislative proposal aimed at regulating AI
• framework and methodologies prescribed by ISO/IEC 23894 for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with AI systems
Presenters:
Miriama Podskubova - Attorney at Law
Miriama is a seasoned lawyer with over a decade of experience. She specializes in commercial law, focusing on transactions, venture capital investments, IT, digital law, and cybersecurity, areas she was drawn to through her legal practice. Alongside preparing contract and project documentation, she ensures the correct interpretation and application of European legal regulations in these fields. Beyond client projects, she frequently speaks at conferences on cybersecurity, online privacy protection, and the increasingly pertinent topic of AI regulation. As a registered advocate of Slovak bar, certified data privacy professional in the European Union (CIPP/e) and a member of the international association ELA, she helps both tech-focused startups and entrepreneurs, as well as international chains, to properly set up their business operations.
Callum Wright - Founder and Lead Consultant Founder and Lead Consultant
Callum Wright is a seasoned cybersecurity, privacy and AI governance expert. With over a decade of experience, he has dedicated his career to protecting digital assets, ensuring data privacy, and establishing ethical AI governance frameworks. His diverse background includes significant roles in security architecture, AI governance, risk consulting, and privacy management across various industries, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: June 26, 2024
Tags: ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894
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Training: ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
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How to Add Colour Kanban Records in Odoo 17 NotebookCeline George
In Odoo 17, you can enhance the visual appearance of your Kanban view by adding color-coded records using the Notebook feature. This allows you to categorize and distinguish between different types of records based on specific criteria. By adding colors, you can quickly identify and prioritize tasks or items, improving organization and efficiency within your workflow.
1. DOSAGE FORMS
Ms. TENY SARA THOMAS
MOUNT ZION COLLEGE OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND
RESEARCH, ADOOR, KERALA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
B.PHARM FIRST SEMESTER
PHARMACEUTICS – I (DISPENSING PHARMACY)
2. INTRODUCTION
A drug may be defined as an agent, intended for use in the diagnosis,
mitigation (minimize degree of loss), treatment, cure, or prevention of
disease in man or in other animals. A drug is rarely administered in its
pure form. They are administered in different dosage forms after
converting them in to a suitable formulation.
Every dosage form is combination of the drug and different kinds of non –
drug components called additives. The additives are used to give a
particular shape to the formulations, to increase its stability and also to
increase its stability an also to increase its palatability (approvable to taste)
as well as to give more elegance to the preparation.
3. Importance of Dosage Forms
• Many dosage forms can be easily identified from their distinct colour, shape or identifying markings.
• Provide safe and convenient delivery of accurate dosage.
• Protect drug substances from oxidation, hydrolysis, an reduction. E.g., coated tablets.
• Protect drugs from destructive effect of gastric juice of the stomach after oral administration. E.g.
Enteric coated tablets.
• Conceal bitter, salty, obnoxious, taste or odour of a drug substance. E.g. capsules
• Provide optimum drug action through inhalation therapy.
• Provide for the insertion of the drug in to one of the body cavities. E.g. rectal or vaginal suppositories.
• Provide maximum drug action from topical administration sites. E.g. creams, ointments.
• Provide sustained release action through E.g. sustained tablets, sustained capsules.
• Provide liquid dosage form of the drugs soluble in a suitable vehicle. E.g. solutions
• Provide drugs within body tissues. E.g. injections
• Provide liquid preparations of drugs which are insoluble in different vehicles. E.g. suspensions
4. CLASSIFICATION
According to
Sterility
According to
Dose Accuracy
According to
Physical Form
According to Route
of Administration
Sterile
dosage
forms
Non -
Sterile
dosage
forms
Unit
dosage
forms
Multidose
dosage
forms
Solids
Liquids
Semi –
Solids
Oral
External
Rectal
Vaginal
Parenteral
Ocular and
Optic
Nasal
5. According to Sterility
• Sterile Dosage Forms :- are completely free from viable microorganisms. E.g.
Injections.
• Non – Sterile Dosage Forms :- are conventional dosage forms like tablets,
capsules, liquids, ointments etc. These are free from pathogenic microorganisms.
According to Dose Accuracy
• Unit Dosage Forms:- which contain unit amount of drug, mostly a single dose is
termed as unit dosage form. Such dosage forms guarantee the administration of
accurate dosage.
• Multidose / Bulk Dosage Forms :- include bulk powders, granules, liquids,
semisolid topical preparations etc. The drug is not potent an slight variation in
dose is permitted.
6. According to Physical Forms
Solid Dosage Forms :- are available mostly in unit dosage forms, such as tablets,
capsules, pills, cachets, powders. When drugs are to be administered orally in dry
state, tablets capsules are the most convenient dosage form. They are effective and
patients have no problem in their handling, identification, and administration.
• Some solids are packed an supplied in bulk. The bulk forms meant for internal
use are supplied either as granules or fine powder. The bulk powders meant for
external use are dusting powders, insufflations, snuffs, an tooth powders.
Solid dosage forms
Powders Granules Tablets Capsules Pills
Dusting and
Tooth Powders
Snuffs Insufflations Effervescent Granules
7. Powders :- are solid dosage forms of medicament, which are meant for internal or
external use. They are available in crystalline or amorphous form. Powders are
generally used in following forms :-
• Bulk powders for internal use. E.g. fine powders or granules
• Bulk powders for external use. E.g. snuffs, dusting powders, tooth powders.
• Simple and compound powders for internal use.
• Powders in the form of compressed tablets and tablets triturates.
• Powders enclosed in cachets and capsules.
8. Dusting Powders :- are meant for external
application to the skin and are generally applied in a
very fine state of subdivision to avoid local irritation.
Hence, dusting powders should be passed through a
80 sieve to enhance the effectiveness.
Dusting powders are of two types :-
• Medical Dusting Powders – used mainly for
superficial skin conditions. It should be free from
dangerous pathogenic microorganisms.
• Surgical Dusting Powders – used in body cavities
and on major wounds as result of burns and
umbilical cords of infants. They must be sterilized
before use.
Dusting powders are mainly used for their antiseptic,
astringent, absorbent, antiperspirant and antipruritic
(used to relieve itching) action.
9. Insufflations :- medicated dusting powders meant for
introduction into the body cavities such as nose,
throat, ears, and vagina with the help of an
apparatus called insufflator. It sprays the powder
into a stream of finely divided particles all over the
site of application.
Nowadays the insufflations are available in the form
of pressure aerosols, used for the administration of
potent drugs. They are used to produce a local effect,
as in the treatment of ear, nose and throat infections
with antibiotics or to produce a systemic effect from
a drug that is destroyed in the gut.
Snuffs :- are finely divided solid dosage forms of
medicament which are inhaled into nostrils for its
antiseptic, bronchodilator and decongestion action.
10. Dentifrices (Tooth Powders) :- are applied with the help of a tooth brush for cleaning the
surface of teeth. They contain a suitable detergent or soap, some abrasive substance, an a
suitable flavour. Abrasive agents such as Calcium sulphate, Magnesium carbonate, Sodium
carbonate are used in fine powders. A strong abrasive agent should not be used as it may
damage the tooth structure.
11. Granules :- bitter, nauseous and unpleasant powders cannot be
given in tablet form or in a capsule form because a large
number of them are required to be taken as a single dose. These
powders are not given in liquid form because of stability
problem. Such medicaments are given in the form of granules.
The solid medicaments are mixed with sweetening,
flavouring and colouring agent. A suitable granulating agent is
added to moisten the powder so as to form a coherent mass,
which is then passed through suitable sieves to form granules.
Then the granules are dried at temperature not exceeding 60˚C.
The dried granules are supplied in single dose sachets
which are dissolved in water before taking.
Various antibiotics which are unstable in solution are
prepared in dry granular form, packed in special type of
bottles. Before taking, these granules are mixed in a specific
amount of boiled and cooled water to form a homogenous
solution.
12. Effervescent Granules :- are the specially prepared
solid dosage form of medicament, meant for internal
use.
They contain a medicament mixed with citric
acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate.
Sometimes, saccharin or sucrose may be added as
sweetening agent. Before administration, the desired
quantity is dissolved in water, the acid and
bicarbonate react together producing effervescence.
The carbonated water produced from the release of
carbon dioxide serves to mask the bitter and saline
taste of drugs. Carbon dioxide stimulates the flow of
gastric juice and helps in the absorption of
medicament.
13. Tablets :- are solid dosage forms of medicament
which are prepared by moulding or compression.
Certain additives are also added to the
medicaments in the formulation of tablet
Capsules :- are solid dosage forms in which one or
more medicaments and inert substances are
enclosed within a small shell, generally prepared
from a suitable form of gelatin. They can either be
hard or soft gelatin shell capsules.
Pills :- are small rounded solid dosage forms
containing medicament and are intended to be
administered orally. Medicaments are mixed with
additives to form a mass which is rolled to uniform
pill pipe and then cut into a number of pills.
14. Liquid Dosage Forms
Monophasic dosage forms Biphasic dosage forms
Liquid dosage forms :- pharmaceutical liquid dosage forms are solutions and dispersions of
drug in a suitable liquid vehicle. They are further classified as monophasic dosage forms and
biphasic dosage forms.
• Monophasic dosage forms :- refers to liquid preparation in which there is only one phase.
A true solution is clear homogenous mixture that is prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid,
or gas in a liquid.
• Biphasic dosage forms : are liquid preparations that contain two phases, ie. the internal
phase and external phase.
15. Monophasic Liquid
dosage forms
Internal use
Biphasic Liquids
Mixture
Syrup
Elixir
Linctus
Applied on Skin
Linimen
t
Lotion Applied on Skin
Gargles Mouth
Wash
Throat
Paint
Instilled into Body
Cavities
Douches
Nasal Drops
& Spray
Eye Drops &
Lotions
Douches
16. Monophasic Liquids – further classified as liquids for internal use and liquids
for external use
• Syrups – simple syrup is a viscous, saturated solution of sucrose in purified
water. The concentration of sugar is 66%w/w. The syrups containing
medicated substances are called medicated syrups and those containing
aromatic substances are called as flavoured syrups.
• Elixirs - are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hydro alcoholic liquids
intended for oral use. The main ingredients of elixirs are ethyl alcohol (4-
40%), water, glycerin, or propylene glycol, flavouring agent, syrup and some
suitable preservative.
• Linctuses – are viscous liquid and oral preparations that are generally
prescribed for the relief of cough. They contain medicaments which have
demulcent (relive inflammation), sedative, expectorant actions. Taken in
small doses, sipped and swallowed slowly.
• Drops – are preparation s meant for oral use. These preparations contain
potent medicaments (shows response at lower concentrations), hence, the
dose must be measured accurately. This is achieved with the help of
dropper.
• Mixtures – are preparations meant for oral administration which
medicaments are dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle. Mixtures are
not prepared to keep them for a long time because they are prepared for
17. • Liniments – meant for application on the
skin, that are usually applied to the skin
with friction or rubbing of the skin.
• Lotions – meant for external application
without friction. They are applied direct
to the skin with the help of absorbent
material, such as, cotton wool or gauze
soaked in it. They are used for local action
as cooling, soothing, or protective
purposes.
• Gargles – are aqueous solutions to be used
in the mouth to prevent or treat throat
infections.
• Mouthwashes – are aqueous solutions
with a pleasant taste and odour use to
make clean and deodarise the buccal
cavity.
• Throatpaints – are viscous liquid
preparations used for mouth and throat
infections. Glycerin is commonly used as
a base because being viscous, it adheres to
mucous membrane for a long period.
18. • Douches – is a medicated solution meant
for rinsing body cavities like ear, eyes,
nasal or vaginal cavities.
• Ear drops – are solutions of drops that are
instilled into the ear with a dropper.
• Nasal drops – are solutions of rops that are
instilled into the nose with a dropper.
• Nasal sprays –are used to reduce nasal
congestion and to treat infections. The
main aim is to retain the nasal solution in
the droplet form in the nasal tract.
• Eye drops – are sterile solutions or
suspensions of drugs that are instilled into
the eye with a dropper.
• Eye lotions – are aqueous solutions used
for washing the eyes.
19. Biphasic Liquids –
• Emulsions – is a biphasic liquid preparation containing two immiscible liquids,
one of which is dispersed as minute globules into another, with the help of an
emulsifying agent. The liquid which is converted into minute globule is called the
dispersed phase, and the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is called
continuous phase.
• Suspensions – are biphasic liquid dosage form of medicament in which finely
divided solid particles are dispersed in a liquid or semisolid vehicle.
Biphasic Liquid Dosage Forms
Internal use – Suspensions External use – Emulsions
20. Semisolid Dosage Forms :- are dermatological preparations intended to apply
externally on the skin to produce local or systemic effect (effecting the entire
body).
Semisolid dosage forms
Ointments Pessaries
Creams
Pastes
Suppositories
Topical Gels
Poultices
21. • Ointments – are semisolid preparations made
with or without medicaments intended for
external applications. Ointments spread
under applied pressure and adhere to the
skin.
• Creams – are semisolid emulsions intended
for application on the skin with better
spreading ability. Creams are mainly of two
types :- oil based creams and aqueous creams.
• Pastes – are basically ointments containing
high percentage of insoluble solids. When
packed they should be soft enough to extrude
from the tube and firm enough to retain their
form when extruded.
• Topical Gels – are transparent or translucent
non – greasy, semisolid preparations meant
for external application to the skin or mucous
membrane.
22. • Poultices – are viscous pasty preparations
applied hot to the skin to treat an aching,
inflamed, or painful part of the body.
• Suppositories – are stiffened semisolid
dosage form for inserting into body
cavities like rectum, vagina or urethral
tract. They melt at body temperature or
soften, disintegrate or dissolve in the fluid
of the body cavity after being inserted.
• Pessaries – are meant for introduction in
to the vagina. They are larger than
suppositories and may be conical, wedge
shaped or rod shaped.