Pharmaceutical dosage forms can be classified based on their route of administration, physical form, or both. The main types include oral, topical, parenteral, rectal, vaginal, inhalational, ophthalmic, otic, and nasal dosage forms. Oral dosage forms include liquids such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, and mixtures. They also include solids such as tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Topical dosage forms include semisolids like ointments, creams, pastes, and jellies. Parenteral dosage forms are sterile preparations meant for injection or infusion.
Gaseous dosage forms are packed in a container which gets released upon applying pressure. The gas inside contains therapeutically active medicaments. The containers have valve systems with continuous or limited delivery. They are used for topical application on skin and as local application into nose and mouth.
Sprays
Vaporizer
Aerosols
Nebulizer or atomizer
Inhalers
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical dosage forms. It defines a dosage form as the physical form that a drug takes, such as solid, liquid, or gas, to deliver the drug to a particular site in the body. Dosage forms are classified based on route of administration and physical form. The key functions of dosage forms are to protect drugs, improve therapeutic activity, and enhance patient compliance. Various types of solid, liquid, semisolid, and gaseous dosage forms are described along with their characteristics and examples.
This document discusses various dosage forms used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It begins by defining active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and excipients. It then describes different types of solid, liquid, and semisolid dosage forms including tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams, ointments, pastes, elixirs, and syrups. Specific details are provided about tablet ingredients and manufacturing processes like compression and coating. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of common dosage forms and how drugs are formulated into products for administration.
1. The document discusses different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal dosage forms.
2. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
3. The document provides examples of each dosage form and explains their composition, use, advantages, and route of administration. The classification of dosage forms is also described based on physical form and route of administration.
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
This document provides information on various liquid dosage forms including their descriptions, advantages, disadvantages and examples. It discusses liquid forms such as otic preparations, nasal preparations, syrups, elixirs, tinctures, fluid extracts, douches, enemas, liniments, collodion, aromatic waters, spirits/essences, mouthwashes, gargles and astringents. For each type, it outlines what they are, how they are administered and common examples. The document is an informative reference for the different types of liquid dosage forms used in pharmaceutical preparations.
This document discusses various dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action within the body. It defines dosage forms and describes their classification based on route of administration and physical form. Several oral dosage forms are described in detail, including tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. Topical, rectal, vaginal, parenteral, inhaled, and other dosage forms are also summarized. The purpose, composition, and examples of each type of dosage form are provided.
This document defines and classifies pharmaceutical dosage forms. It discusses that dosage forms contain active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients formulated into solid, semi-solid, liquid or gaseous forms for administration. Solid dosage forms are classified as unit (e.g. tablets, capsules) or bulk (e.g. powders). Semi-solid forms include creams, ointments, and gels for topical use. Liquid forms comprise solutions, syrups, elixirs, emulsions and suspensions for oral or other internal use. Gaseous forms like inhalants and aerosols are administered via respiratory routes. Various types of these dosage forms are described based on their formulations and routes of administration.
This document discusses different types of dosage forms including oral and topical dosage forms. Oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. Tablets can be coated, sublingual, effervescent, chewable and more. Capsules are either hard or soft shelled. Topical dosage forms include ointments, creams, gels, pastes, liniments and others that are applied to the skin or mucous membranes for local effects. Dosage forms are designed to deliver drugs to sites of action in the body in a way that protects, masks tastes, and controls drug release.
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
This document discusses pharmaceutical suspensions. A suspension is a coarse dispersion where an insoluble solid drug is dispersed throughout a liquid medium. Suspensions are formulated when drugs are insoluble, to mask bitter taste, increase stability, or allow controlled drug release. Common types include oral, topical, and injectable suspensions. Key factors in suspension quality include particle size, stability, redispersibility, and uniform dosing. Evaluation methods examine sedimentation, viscosity, zeta potential, particle size distribution, and response to freeze-thaw cycles. Proper formulation involves selection of suspending agents, preservatives, buffers, and packaging in containers allowing for redispersion.
The document discusses various types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules which provide accurate dosing and protection of drugs. Liquid forms like syrups provide quick absorption but stability can be an issue. Semi-solids like ointments and creams are used for external application. Dosage forms aim to deliver drugs safely and effectively based on factors like taste-masking, sustained release, and site of action within the body.
This document discusses various types of solid dosage forms, with a focus on tablets and capsules. Tablets can be film coated, enteric coated, effervescent, sublingual, buccal, troches, chewable, or modified/slow release. Capsules can be hard or soft shell and contain solids or oils. Powders can be simplex, complex, indivisi or divisi. The document provides examples and describes how to write prescriptions for different solid dosage forms.
This document provides information on various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms, including their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, examples, and typical formulation methods. It discusses gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops, syrups, elixirs, liniments, and lotions. For each type, it provides a brief description of its use and purpose as well as an example formulation and method.
This document provides an introduction to dosage forms, which are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. It discusses the need for dosage forms due to challenges with direct clinical use of active drug substances. The document then classifies and describes various types of solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and parenteral dosage forms including tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, suppositories, injections and more. Excipients are also discussed as inactive ingredients that aid drug delivery without affecting therapeutic action.
This document provides information on various monophasic liquid dosage forms including gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, and syrups. It discusses the components, advantages, disadvantages, and methods of preparation for each type. Gargles are aqueous solutions used to treat throat infections that are prepared by dissolving ingredients in solvents. Mouthwashes are solutions used for oral hygiene that can be cosmetic or therapeutic. Throat paints are viscous liquids applied to the mouth and throat to treat infections. Syrups are concentrated sugar solutions that can also contain medication, providing a pleasant way to administer liquid drugs. The document outlines the typical ingredients and formulations for each monophasic liquid dosage form.
Semisolid dosage forms: Definitions, classification, mechanisms and factors influencing dermal penetration of drugs. Preparation of ointments, pastes, creams and gels. Excipients used in semi solid dosage forms. Evaluation of semi solid dosages forms
This document provides an overview of semi-solid dosage forms. It defines semi-solids as products that tend to alleviate or treat pathological conditions when applied to the skin or mucous membranes. Ideal properties include a smooth texture, elegant appearance, and non-irritating qualities. Common types are ointments, creams, pastes, gels, and suppositories. Formulation involves selecting appropriate bases, preservatives, and other excipients. Methods of preparation include size reduction, levigation, mixing, homogenization, and filling. Evaluation tests physical properties, drug release, and stability.
1. Dosage forms can be classified in several ways including by route of administration, physical form, sterility, and dose accuracy.
2. Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while common liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and elixirs.
3. Semi-solid dosage forms for external use include ointments, creams, gels, and suppositories which are administered via different routes such as oral, topical, rectal, etc.
The document defines drugs and dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms transform pure drug compounds into predetermined forms mixed with non-drug components to aid drug delivery. Dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection, masking of taste/odor, and controlled release. There are various types of dosage forms classified by route of administration and physical form including solids, liquids, semi-solids, and gases. Common solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquids include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, elixirs and linctuses. Semi-solid forms for external use are ointments, creams, pastes and jellies.
The means (or the form) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.
The drugs are rarely administered in their original pure state. They are administered in different dosage forms after converting them into a suitable formulation.
The dosage form is a combination of the drug and different kinds of non-drug compounds called “additives”.
This document provides an overview of different dosage forms including solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders for internal or external use. Liquid forms include monophasic liquids like syrups, drops, and biphasic liquids like emulsions and suspensions. Semi-solid forms include ointments, creams, and suppositories. The document discusses the classification, examples, and key properties of different dosage forms for safe delivery of drugs.
This presentation provides an overview of different dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It discusses solid dosage forms like tablets and capsules, liquid forms like syrups and suspensions, and semisolid forms like ointments and creams. The key points are:
- A dosage form refers to the physical form of a drug, such as a tablet, capsule, or liquid, and how it is administered.
- Dosage forms are classified by their physical form (solid, liquid, semisolid), route of administration (oral, topical, parenteral), and release rate (immediate or sustained release).
- Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, and powders. Liquid
Various routes are used not only for the therapeutic purpose but also for the diagnosis purpose.
The various routes can be classified as follows into:
Enteral
Parenteral
Topical
The following dosage forms are commonly used for oral route of administration of a drug.
Solid oral dosage forms
Tablets, Capsules, Powders, Granules
Liquid dosage forms
Suspensions, Aqueous solutions
Both solid and liquid dosage forms can be administered via oral route.
Oral route or enteral route of drug administration is the most commonly employed route for drug administration
They provide a correct compact dosage, are portable, usually bland to taste and are convenient to market, store and administer
Solid oral dosage forms
Advantages
Available in correct compact dosage
Portable
Usually bland to taste
Convenient to market, store and administer
Disadvantages
Onset of action is tardy
Irritant and unpalatable drugs cannot be administered by oral route
Absorption of certain drugs can be irregular or negligible e.g. aminoglycoside.
This route may not be useful in presence of vomiting and diarrhea
This route cannot be employed in unconscious or uncooperative patients nor in emergency
Drugs destroyed by digestive juices cannot be administered orally. E.g. insulin
Liquid dosage forms
Advantages
Easy to administer in children and elderly.
Better absorbed and quickly effective.
Certain drugs may cause gastric pain when given in the dry form and hence are safer when administered as solution e.g. salts of potassium iodide and bromide.
Disadvantages
They are less stable.
They have unpleasant taste.
They are bulky and inconvenient to store and transport. Accidental breakage causes loss of drug.
Dose administered may not be accurate, especially when household measures are used.
Liquid dosage forms may contain one or more of the following:
Vehicle
It is used to dissolve or suspend the drugs. Commonly used vehicles are water, syrups and elixirs. An ideal vehicle should have the following properties:
Solvent action: A maximum number of substances should be dissolved to an optimum degree.
Chemically and pharmacologically inert.
Flavoring property: e.g. aromatic waters, rose water, menthol.
Sweetening property: e.g. syrup, glycerin.
Preservative property: e.g. syrup, chlorobutanol.
Should be economical
Many of these requirements are fulfilled by water. Hence, it is called an ideal vehicle
. Coloring agents
They are harmless substances used for lending color to the preparation to make them more acceptable to the patient e.g. amaranth-red, caramel-brown, cochineal-bright red, tartrazinegreen, titanium dioxide-white, indigo carmin-blue.
Sweetening agents
They are added to mask the bitter or unpleasant taste of the drug and make it more palatable e.g. sugar, saccharin, aspartame, sorbitol, sucrose.
Flavoring agents
They mask the bad taste of medicines e.g. raspberry syrup, orange syrup.
Drug dosage forms can be liquid, solid, or semisolid. Common solid dosage forms include capsules, tablets, and powders. Capsules contain medications inside a gelatin shell while tablets are compressed powders. Powders can be divided into individual doses or bulk. Liquid dosage forms include solutions, suspensions, drops, emulsions, and injections. Semisolid forms such as ointments, creams, gels, and pastes are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes.
5. Introduction to different dosage form part 5.pptParimal Hadge
This document provides an overview of different monophasic liquid dosage forms for internal and external use, including linctuses, drops, liniments, lotions, gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, sprays, inhalations, nasal drops, eye drops, eye lotions, and ear drops. It describes the composition, uses, and important characteristics of each dosage form. For example, it notes that linctuses are viscous liquids for treating cough that contain demulcent, sedative, and expectorant medicines and are taken without water. Drops are precisely measured liquids often containing vitamins. Liniments are applied topically with friction for rubefacient or protective effects.
1. Dosage forms are means to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body to produce optimal effects and minimize adverse effects.
2. Dosage forms provide safe delivery of accurate dosages, protect drugs from degradation, and conceal unpleasant tastes or odors.
3. Dosage forms are classified based on their route of administration, physical form, or drug release mechanism and include tablets, capsules, liquids, semi-solids, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal preparations.
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It defines dosage forms as combinations of drugs and excipients that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. Dosage forms come in solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms and are classified based on their route of administration and drug release properties. The document discusses various types of solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders as well as liquid forms like solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It provides examples of how dosage forms are tailored to meet specific drug delivery needs like sustained release or targeted delivery to tissues.
The document discusses various dosage forms and drug delivery systems. It begins by defining dosage forms as means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action. It then covers different types of solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, rectal and vaginal dosage forms. Key points include classifications based on route of administration (oral, parenteral, etc.) and physical form (solid, liquid, semi-solid). Common examples are provided for different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams, inhalers, and suppositories.
This document discusses various pharmaceutical preparations and dosage forms. It defines pharmaceutical preparations as forms in which drugs are administered. It classifies dosage forms according to route of administration such as oral, topical, ophthalmic, parenteral, inhalation, otic, rectal, and vaginal. It further classifies dosage forms according to their physical state such as solid, liquid, semi-solid, and gaseous forms. Examples of common dosage forms are provided such as tablets, capsules, syrups, ointments, creams, injections, aerosols, and suppositories. Key characteristics and types of some common dosage forms like tablets and capsules are described in more detail.
Dosage Forms or Pharmaceutical Prepreparation Rajeev Sahai
This document discusses drug formulation and different dosage forms. It explains that drug formulation considers factors like the physical nature, size, solubility, taste and absorption of the drug. The main dosage forms covered are solid (tablets, capsules, lozenges, powders), liquid (solutions, syrups, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs) and semi-solid (ointments, creams, gels, pastes, suppositories). Each dosage form is described in terms of its composition, use and examples. Sustained release formulations are also mentioned as providing gradual drug release over time.
The document discusses different types of tablets including orally ingested tablets such as compressed, layered, enteric coated, and sugar coated tablets. It also describes tablets used in the oral cavity like buccal, sublingual, and lozenges. Tablets administered by other routes like implantation and vaginal tablets are mentioned. Finally, it covers tablets used to prepare solutions such as effervescent, dispensing, and tablet triturates tablets. The document provides details on the composition, use, and manufacturing process of various tablet types.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients and provide various benefits like accurate dosing, stability, masking tastes etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical form like solids, semisolids and liquids. It also classifies them based on their route of administration like oral, topical etc. Finally, it provides details about various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, ointments, creams etc. and discusses their composition, advantages and examples.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients to overcome difficulties like accurate dosing, stability issues, taste/smell masking etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on route of administration and physical form. Several common oral dosage forms are described in detail like tablets, capsules, liquids. It also discusses topical dosage forms like ointments, creams, gels used to deliver drugs to the skin and mucous membranes. In summary, the document introduces the concept of dosage forms and provides examples of various oral and topical dosage forms
ORAL ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION_Dr. Jeenal Mistry.pdfDr Jeenal Mistry
Oral Dosage Form practical session mainly for undergraduate students, those are learning competency based with PH 2.1: Demonstrate an understanding of use of various dosage forms(Oral/Local/Parenteral ;Solid/Liquid)
Specific Learning Objectives:
The student should be able to:
•Enlist the common dosage forms used for oral route of administration
•Instruct the patient about the correct method of using an oral dosage form
•Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various dosage forms
A brief description of pharmaceutical dosage forms and their route of administration and typical process flow and manufacturing details. It may help new aspirants who wnts to knoiw aboute dosageforms and their administration routes.
Introduction to dosage forms.pptx power pointafsanamamedova
This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It begins by defining dosage forms as the means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical state (solid, liquid, semi-solid), route of administration (oral, parenteral, topical), and other characteristics. The main body of the document describes various common solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams and ointments. It provides examples of excipients used and how different dosage forms are designed to improve drug delivery or mask unpleasant characteristics. In closing, the document emphasizes dosage forms are needed to safely and conveniently deliver accurate drug
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1. Presented By
NARESH GORANTLA, M.Pharm.., (Ph.D)
Assoc. Professor,
Balaji college of Pharmacy,
Anantapuramu
PHARMACEUTICA
L DOSAGE FORMS
2. What is a Dosage form?
Pharmaceutical dosage form
can be defined as a physical form
of a drug such as a solid, liquid or
gas by which it can be delivered
in proper form to particular sites
within the body.
3. What is the need of a dosage form ?
Protection
1. Protection from external environment eg. coated tablets and
sealed ampoules.
2. Protection from degradation because of gastric juice.
To improve therapeutic activity
1.To provide optimal drug action directly to the site of action eg
ointments.
2. To place the drug directly in to the orifices eg. Rectal and
vaginal dosage forms
3. To provide optimal drug action in the blood stream eg Injections
4. To provide rate controlled drug action eg modified release
dosage forms
5. To improve Bioavailability of drugs with narrow absorption
window eg. Gastro retentive dosage forms
4. To improve patient compliance
1. To maintain accuracy of dose eg. Unit dosage forms
2. Reduction in frequency of dosing eg Sustained Release and
Controlled Release.
3. To improve the physical properties of drugs eg coated dosage
forms
4. Ease of handling & administration
5. Classification of Dosage forms
Dosage forms can be classified according to
Route of administration Physical form
Oral Liquids
Topical Semisolids
Parenteral Solids
Rectal Gases
Vaginal
Inhalational
Opthalmic
Otic
Nasal
6. Classification of Liquids
Liquid dosage forms can be classified into 2
major classes i.e.
Monophasic liquids
Biphasic liquids
7. *Monophasic dosage form refers to liquid
preparation containing two or more components
in one phase system, it is represented by true
solution.
8. *Solutions are clear homogenous Liquid
preparations intended for internal or external
use containing one or more active ingredients
dissolved in a suitable vehicle.
*The component of the solution which is
present in a large quantity is known as
“SOLVENT” where as the component present
in small quantity is termed as “SOLUTE”.
10. *Syrups are Aqueous preparations containing 60% to
85% sucrose with or without flavoring agents and
medicinal substances. e.g. Chlorpheniramine
maleate syrup, Chloral hydrate .
*Flavored syrups and medicated syrups
11. * A Mixture is a liquid preparation meant for oral
administration in which medicament or
medicaments are dissolved or suspended in a
suitable vehicle.
* Not used for long period of time.
* Prescribed for acute conditions like cough,
indigestion, diarrhoea, constipation etc.
12. * Elixirs are clear, aromatic, sweetened, hydro alcoholic
solutions with or without medicinal substances, intended
for oral use. Eg: Dexamethasone elixir .
* The vehicle may contain a high proportion of ethanol or
sucrose together with antimicrobial preservatives which
confers the stability of the preparation.
13. * Linctuses are viscous, liquid oral preparations that are generally
prescribed for the relief of cough. Eg: Codeine Linctus.
*Linctus contain medicaments which have a demulcent, sedative
and expectorant action on the membranes of the throat.
*The dose volume is small (5ml) and, to prolong the demulcent
action, they should be taken undiluted, sipped and swallowed
slowly .
14. *Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external application
without friction.
*Local action as cooling, soothing or protective purposes.
*Aqueous and non aqueous lotions (Alcoholic lotions).
*Cleansing, moisturizing and antiseptic lotions.
15. *Liniments are liquid preparations meant for external application
on to the skin with friction and rubbing.
*Alcoholic or oily solutions and emulsions.
*Analgesic, Rubefacient, soothing and counter irritant actions.
16. * Collodions are liquid preparations for external use
containing pyroxylin in a mixture of ethyl ether and
alcohol.
* To protect the wounds and cuts.
17. *Gargles are aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat
throat infections.
*Available in concentrated form and are to be diluted with
warm water before use.
18. * These are aqueous solutions with pleasant taste and odour
used to make clean and deodorise the buccal cavity.
* Antibacterials, alcohol, glycerin, sweetening agents,
flavoring agents and coloring agents.
19. * Throat paints are viscous liquid preparations used for mouth
and throat infections to adhere to the mucous membranes
for long period.
* Glycerin as base.
20. *A Douche is a medicated solution meant for rinsing body cavity
containing Antiseptic or Astringents.
* Vaginal cavity, eyes, ear or nasal cavity for cleaning or
removing foreign particles or discharges from them.
*Powder or tablet form or concentrated solution form.
21. * Ear drops are the aqueous solutions that are instilled into
the ear with a dropper.
* Cleaning the ear, softening the wax and for treating
infections.
22. *These are the aqueous solutions that are instilled into the
nose with a dropper.
*No oily vehicles – lipoid pneumonia.
23. *Eye drops are the sterile aqueous preparations that are
intended to be instilled into the eyes.
*Isotonic and suitable pH.
24. * Enemas are aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions that
are introduced into the rectum for cleansing, therapeutic
or diagnostic purposes.
25. Biphasic Liquids
* Emulsions are the biphasic liquid dosage forms containing two
immiscible liquids that are made miscible by the addition of a
surfactant.
*o/w emulsions
*w/o emulsions
26. Suspensions are the biphasic liquid dosage forms of
medicaments in which the finely divided solid particles are
dispersed in a liquid vehicle.
*Oral
*Parenteral
*Topical
*Opthalmic
28. *Ointments are semisolid preparations meant for
external application to the skin or mucous
membrane.
*They usually contain medicament or medicaments
dissolved, suspended or emulsified in an ointment
base.
29. *Creams are viscous semi solid emulsions which are
meant for external application.
*Softer consistency and light in weight.
*Aqueous creams and Oily creams
30. *Pastes are semisolid preparations intended for
external application to the skin.
*Usually very stiff and thick.
*Protective, absorptive and antiseptic.
31. *Jellies are transparent or translucent non greasy,
semi solid preparations meant for external
application to the skin.
*Medicated, Lubricating jellies.
32. *Suppositories are semi solid shaped dosage forms
of medicaments intended for insertion into body
cavities other than mouth.
*Dissolves at body temperature.
*Rectum, vagina, nose and ear.
33. *Poultices are soft, viscous wet masses of solid substances
applied to the skin for their fomentation action in order to
provide relief from pain or reduce inflammation or to act
as counter irritant.
*Applied to affected part after heating with occasional
stirring.
34. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
*Tablets and Capsules
*Powders and Granules
*Tablets: A tablet is a solid unit dosage form
containing medicament or medicaments
compressed to form round, oval or square
shape.
*Uncoated or coated tablets
*Buccal and Sublingual tablets
*Effervescent tablets
*Chewable tablets
*Lozenges and Pastilles
*Pills
36. *Sublingual and buccal medications are administered by placing
them in the mouth, either under the tongue (sublingual) or
between the gum and the cheek(buccal).
*The medications dissolve rapidly and are absorbed through the
mucous membranes of the mouth, where they enter into the
blood stream.
37. *Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets that generally
contain acid substances(citric and tartaric acids)and
carbonates or bicarbonates and which react rapidly in the
presence of water by releasing carbon di oxide.
*They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water
before use providing:
*Very rapid tablet dispersion and dissolution.
*Pleasant tasting carbonated drink.
38. *They are tablets that chewed prior to swallowing.
*They are designed for administration of drugs to children
e.g. vitamin products.
*Antacid formulations.
39. * Lozenges are solid preparations consisting of sugar and
gum, the latter giving strength and cohesiveness to the
lozenge and facilitating slow release of the medicament.
* It is used to medicate the mouth and throat for the slow
administration of indigestion or cough remedies.
40. * Pastilles are solid medicated preparations designed to
dissolve slowly in the mouth.
*They are softer than lozenges and their bases are either
glycerol and gelatin, or acacia and sugar.
41. *Pills are solid oral dosage forms of spherical shape prepared
from one or more medicaments incorporated with inert
excipients.
*Pills are now rarely used.
42. *Capsules are self contained solid oral dosage forms in which
the medicament or medicaments along with suitable
excipients is enclosed in a empty gelatin shell.
*Hard and Soft gelatin capsules
43. * Pharmaceutical powders are intimate mixtures of dry
finely divided drugs or chemicals intended for internal or
external use.
* The mixed powders may be stored in dry form and mixture
prepared by the pharmacist when required for dispensing,
by suspending the powders in the appropriate vehicle.
44. * Granules are free flowing powder aggregates consisting of
drugs and suitable excipients and often supplied in single
dose sachets.
* Some granules are placed on the tongue and swallowed with
water, others are intended to be dissolved in water before
taking.
* Effervescent granules evolve carbon di oxide when added to
water.
45. GASES
* Pharmaceutically gaseous dosage forms can be defined as
any elastic aeroform fluids in which the molecules are
separated from one another and so have free paths.
*Pressurized Aerosols
*Inhalers
46. * A product that is packaged under pressure and contains
therapeutically active ingredients that are released upon
activation of an appropriate valve system in the form of spray,
mist, foam etc.
* These are intended for topical application to the skin as well as
local application into the nose (nasal aerosols), mouth (lingual
aerosols), or lungs (inhalation aerosols)
47. *A special class of dosage forms consisting of a drug or
combination of drugs, that by virtue of their high vapor
pressure can be carried by an air current into the nasal
passage where they exert their effect.
*Anti asthmatics & steroidal drugs
49. PARENTERALS
Cont…
*Parenterals are defined as sterile dosage forms meant for
administration into body by means of injection, infusion or
implantation.
* Majorly through Intravenous, Intra muscular and Subcutaneously
subcutaneously
intramuscularly
intravenously
50. * SVP – Small Volume Parenterals
* lVP – Large Volume Parenterals
* Dosage forms like
* Powders
* Solutions
* Suspensions
* Emulsions