The document defines drugs and dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms transform pure drug compounds into predetermined forms mixed with non-drug components to aid drug delivery. Dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection, masking of taste/odor, and controlled release. There are various types of dosage forms classified by route of administration and physical form including solids, liquids, semi-solids, and gases. Common solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquids include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, elixirs and linctuses. Semi-solid forms for external use are ointments, creams, pastes and jellies.
This document discusses ophthalmic preparations, which are sterile liquid or semi-solid preparations intended for application to the eye. It defines ophthalmic preparations and lists the main types, which include eye drops, eye lotions, eye ointments, eye suspensions, and contact lens solutions. It then discusses the key requirements for ophthalmic preparations, such as being free of foreign particles, having appropriate viscosity and tonicity, a suitable pH, and maintaining sterility. The document provides details on administering eye drops properly and packaging and caring for contact lenses and their solutions.
Pharmaceutical syrups are concentrated aqueous preparations containing 85% sugar or sugar substitute, with or without flavorings and active medicinal substances. They provide an easy to administer oral liquid dosage form. Syrups are prepared through various methods including solution with heat, agitation without heat, addition of sucrose to liquid medicaments, or percolation. They contain components like sweeteners, preservatives, viscosity modifiers, flavorings, and colorants. Syrups offer advantages like suitability for all ages and easy administration but have disadvantages like delayed onset of action and unsuitability for some patients. Proper packaging is also required to ensure the quality and safety of syrup products.
This document discusses solid dosage forms, specifically powders. It defines powder as a solid dosage form containing finely divided drugs or chemicals that can be administered internally or externally. Powders are classified based on their intended use and form, such as bulk powders, simple/compound powders, powders in capsules/cachets, and compressed powders (tablets). Preparation methods like mixing, packing, and labeling are also outlined. Common bulk powders for external use include dusting powders, snuffs, and dentifrices. Powders provide advantages like stability and ease of administration but also have disadvantages like unpleasant taste and instability of some drugs.
Powders are solid dosage forms where drugs are dispensed in a finely divided state, with or without excipients. They have advantages like faster onset of action compared to other forms but also disadvantages like bitter drugs not being suitable. Powders are prepared through processes like size reduction, weighing ingredients, mixing through methods like spatulation or geometric dilution, and packaging. They are classified based on use and include bulk powders, simple/compound powders, and compressed powders.
1. The document discusses different types of dosage forms including solid, liquid, semi-solid, inhaled, and rectal/vaginal dosage forms.
2. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. Liquid forms include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Semi-solid forms include ointments, gels, creams and pastes.
3. The document provides examples of each dosage form and explains their composition, use, advantages, and route of administration. The classification of dosage forms is also described based on physical form and route of administration.
The document discusses parenteral formulations, which are sterile dosage forms administered directly into the body rather than orally. It defines parenterals and describes various types including small and large volume injections, powders, and implants. Key factors in parenteral design are discussed such as drug solubility, vehicle selection, dosage form, ingredients, pH, and color. Common vehicles like water and buffers are outlined. The document also covers routes of administration, isotonicity, production facilities and procedures, and quality control testing for parenteral products.
This document discusses powders and granules used in pharmaceutical preparations. It begins by defining powders as mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals for internal or external use. The advantages of powders include stability, flexibility in dosing, and low cost of preparation. Challenges include unpleasant taste, instability of hygroscopic drugs, and difficulty dispensing small doses. Powders are generally prepared through comminution to reduce particle size and blending. The document then classifies and describes methods for different types of powders including bulk powders, simple/compound powders, powders in capsules/cachets, and those addressing special stability issues.
1. Dosage forms can be classified in several ways including by route of administration, physical form, sterility, and dose accuracy.
2. Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while common liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and elixirs.
3. Semi-solid dosage forms for external use include ointments, creams, gels, and suppositories which are administered via different routes such as oral, topical, rectal, etc.
This document discusses semisolid dosage forms including ointments, creams, and gels. It defines these forms, describes common ingredients used in their preparation such as bases, preservatives, and gelling agents. Methods of preparation including fusion and emulsification are outlined. The document also discusses ideal properties and how these forms are evaluated based on parameters like penetration, release of active ingredients, and irritation potential.
This document provides an overview of suspensions, including their classification, properties, formulation, and stability. Key points include:
- Suspensions are heterogeneous systems with an insoluble dispersed phase distributed throughout a continuous phase. They can be classified based on their intended use, concentration of solids, particle size, and electrokinetic properties.
- Interfacial properties like surface tension affect particle flocculation and sedimentation. Surfactants can reduce surface tension to promote deflocculation.
- Particle size, concentration, and Brownian motion influence sedimentation rates. Flocculated particles settle faster but are easier to redisperse than deflocculated particles.
- Stable suspensions are formulated using vehicles to
Liquid dosage forms: Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms. Excipients used in formulation of liquid dosage forms. Solubility enhancement techniques
This document discusses tablets as a type of solid oral dosage form used for drug delivery. It defines tablets as compressed powders or granules containing medicinal ingredients. The document outlines the advantages of tablets such as ease of administration and accurate dosing. It also discusses different types of tablets including compressed, enteric coated, and chewable tablets. The document provides details on the manufacturing process for compressed tablets including preparation of granules, compression, and coating. It also lists common excipients used in tablet formulations such as diluents, binding agents, and disintegrating agents.
Powders are solid dosage forms meant for internal or external use, available in crystalline or amorphous forms. They are more stable than liquids but less convenient than liquids. Powders can be simple, containing one ingredient, or compound, containing multiple ingredients. They are prepared through geometric dilution or direct weighing and mixing of ingredients before portioning into individual doses. Effervescent granules are powders meant to be dissolved in water, containing acid substances that react with carbonates to release carbon dioxide.
This document discusses different types of powder dosage forms including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes bulk powders for internal and external use which contain multiple doses of powder in containers. Simple and compound powders for internal use contain individually dosed powders wrapped in paper. Powders can also be enclosed in cachets or capsules. Compressed powders refer to tablets which are made by compressing powder mixtures into flat discs. The document provides examples of different types of powders and details on their preparation and use.
This document provides information on tablet formulation and manufacturing. It defines what a tablet is and lists some key advantages such as stability, portability, accuracy of dosing, and low cost. It then describes different types of tablets including those ingested orally, used in the oral cavity, administered via other routes, and those used to prepare solutions. The document discusses excipients commonly used in tablet formulations and provides details on granule preparation methods, compression of granules into tablets, and potential defects that can occur during tablet manufacturing.
Powders are intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs that range in size from 0.1 to 10 microns. Uniform particle size distribution ensures uniform dissolution, sedimentation, and minimizes stratification. Granules are made by blending powders and moistening to form a pasty mass that is dried. Capsules are solid oral dosage forms consisting of a shell and filling, while tablets are solid dosage forms containing medicinal substances with or without diluents. Other solid oral dosage forms include lozenges, troches, and pills.
This document discusses nasal drug delivery formulations and applications. It begins with an introduction to nasal drug delivery, noting its advantages over invasive methods. Key factors that influence nasal drug absorption like drug properties, pH, and permeability enhancers are summarized. Common nasal dosage forms such as drops, sprays, gels and powders are described along with examples of marketed nasal products. Methods for evaluating nasal formulations in vitro and in vivo are also outlined. The document provides an overview of concepts relevant to nasal drug delivery systems.
This document summarizes key aspects of liquid dosage forms. It defines liquid dosage forms as solutions or suspensions for oral or injectable administration. It describes various types of liquid formulations including syrups, elixirs, tinctures, and discusses advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses important excipients used in liquid formulations such as vehicles, solubilizers, preservatives, stabilizers and how they impact properties. Finally, it provides examples of specific liquid dosage forms including ear drops, nasal sprays, mouthwashes and their intended use and advantages.
The document discusses various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms including solutions, gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops and sprays, enemas, syrups, and elixirs. It provides details on the composition, uses, formulations, preparation methods, packaging, storage, and labeling of these different dosage forms. Monophasic liquid dosage forms consist of a single phase and are used for local effects in the mouth, ears, nose, or rectum or for systemic effects when taken orally or parenterally.
The means (or the form) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.
The drugs are rarely administered in their original pure state. They are administered in different dosage forms after converting them into a suitable formulation.
The dosage form is a combination of the drug and different kinds of non-drug compounds called “additives”.
This document provides an overview of different dosage forms including solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders for internal or external use. Liquid forms include monophasic liquids like syrups, drops, and biphasic liquids like emulsions and suspensions. Semi-solid forms include ointments, creams, and suppositories. The document discusses the classification, examples, and key properties of different dosage forms for safe delivery of drugs.
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical dosage forms. It defines a dosage form as the physical form that a drug takes, such as solid, liquid, or gas, to deliver the drug to a particular site in the body. Dosage forms are classified based on route of administration and physical form. The key functions of dosage forms are to protect drugs, improve therapeutic activity, and enhance patient compliance. Various types of solid, liquid, semisolid, and gaseous dosage forms are described along with their characteristics and examples.
1. Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body and consist of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients.
2. Dosage forms are classified as solid, liquid, or semi-solid and include tablets, capsules, powders, liquids, emulsions, suspensions, ointments, and creams.
3. The purpose of dosage forms is to provide accurate dosing of drugs, protect drugs, mask tastes, control drug release profiles, and allow placement of drugs in the body.
This document provides information about pharmacy internship programs and pharmaceutical dosage forms. It describes minor and major internships in community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, and manufacturing pharmacy. It also outlines the specific objectives of community pharmacy internships. The document then discusses various pharmaceutical dosage forms including liquids, emulsions, suspensions, gels, and oral solid dosage forms like tablets and capsules. It provides examples of different dosage forms.
dosage forms and route of drug administrationAbubakar Fago
The document discusses different dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It describes how drugs are formulated with excipients into various dosage forms for efficacious delivery. The main dosage forms covered are solid forms like powders, granules, tablets, capsules; semi-solid forms like ointments, creams; and liquid forms like syrups, suspensions, emulsions. Each dosage form has unique characteristics depending on factors like physical appearance, how it is administered, and frequency of dosing. Common routes of administration include oral, topical, and injectable forms.
This document discusses different types of dosage forms, which are means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It describes various oral dosage forms including tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. It also covers topical dosage forms such as ointments, creams, gels, and more. Oral dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection from gastric acid, and masking of taste, while topical forms are used on the skin or mucous membranes to deliver drugs locally. The document provides details on the composition, use, and advantages of many common dosage forms.
Drug dosage forms can be liquid, solid, or semisolid. Common solid dosage forms include capsules, tablets, and powders. Capsules contain medications inside a gelatin shell while tablets are compressed powders. Powders can be divided into individual doses or bulk. Liquid dosage forms include solutions, suspensions, drops, emulsions, and injections. Semisolid forms such as ointments, creams, gels, and pastes are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes.
This document describes various types of dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It discusses oral dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. It also covers topical forms like ointments, creams, gels and more. Rectal forms like suppositories and enemas are outlined. Vaginal forms such as pessaries and rings are defined. Finally, it briefly discusses parenteral forms including intravenous and intramuscular injections. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics and uses of different dosage forms for drug delivery.
This document defines and classifies different types of dosage forms. It discusses oral solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, granules and powders. It also covers oral liquid forms such as solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. Finally, it summarizes topical dosage forms including ointments, creams, gels, pastes and dusting powders which are applied externally to the skin or mucous membranes. The purpose of different dosage forms is to deliver drug molecules accurately to sites of action in the body while protecting, masking taste and ensuring sustained or controlled release of medication.
This document describes various types of dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It discusses oral dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. It also covers topical forms like ointments, creams, gels and more. Rectal forms like suppositories and enemas are outlined. Vaginal forms such as pessaries and rings are defined. Finally, it briefly discusses parenteral forms including intravenous and intramuscular injections. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics and uses of different dosage forms for drug delivery.
This document discusses various types of dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It covers solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders as well as liquid forms like solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It also discusses semi-solid forms like ointments, creams, gels and pastes. Additionally, it covers various routes of administration such as oral, topical, rectal, parenteral, inhaled and others. It provides details on the composition, use and examples of different dosage forms based on their physical properties and intended route of delivery.
This presentation provides an overview of different dosage forms including their definitions, classifications, and examples. It discusses solid dosage forms like tablets and capsules, liquid forms like syrups and suspensions, and semisolid forms like ointments and creams. The key points are:
- A dosage form refers to the physical form of a drug, such as a tablet, capsule, or liquid, and how it is administered.
- Dosage forms are classified by their physical form (solid, liquid, semisolid), route of administration (oral, topical, parenteral), and release rate (immediate or sustained release).
- Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, and powders. Liquid
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients and provide various benefits like accurate dosing, stability, masking tastes etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical form like solids, semisolids and liquids. It also classifies them based on their route of administration like oral, topical etc. Finally, it provides details about various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, ointments, creams etc. and discusses their composition, advantages and examples.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients to overcome difficulties like accurate dosing, stability issues, taste/smell masking etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on route of administration and physical form. Several common oral dosage forms are described in detail like tablets, capsules, liquids. It also discusses topical dosage forms like ointments, creams, gels used to deliver drugs to the skin and mucous membranes. In summary, the document introduces the concept of dosage forms and provides examples of various oral and topical dosage forms
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It begins by defining drugs and explaining that drugs are rarely administered in their crude forms, but rather are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It then discusses several key points about drug substances and active pharmaceutical ingredients. The remainder of the document is dedicated to describing various oral and topical dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, liquids, ointments, creams and more. It provides details on the composition, characteristics and examples of different dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body.
This document discusses different types of dosage forms including oral and topical dosage forms. Oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, liquids, and others. Tablets can be coated, sublingual, effervescent, chewable and more. Capsules are either hard or soft shelled. Topical dosage forms include ointments, creams, gels, pastes, liniments and others that are applied to the skin or mucous membranes for local effects. Dosage forms are designed to deliver drugs to sites of action in the body in a way that protects, masks tastes, and controls drug release.
This document provides an overview of different dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action within the body. It discusses both oral and topical solid and liquid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, ointments, creams, and more. It also covers parenteral forms like injections as well as inhaled, rectal, and vaginal dosage forms. The document classifies dosage forms based on their physical form and route of administration and provides examples and descriptions of common forms.
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It defines dosage forms as combinations of drugs and excipients that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. Dosage forms come in solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms and are classified based on their route of administration and drug release properties. The document discusses various types of solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders as well as liquid forms like solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It provides examples of how dosage forms are tailored to meet specific drug delivery needs like sustained release or targeted delivery to tissues.
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2. DEFINITION:
*Drug: Substances and specified devices meant for treatment, mitigation or
prevention of diseases or disorders in human being or animals, intended to affect any
function or any structure of human body are termed as drug. E.g., Paracetamol,
pantoprazole.
*Dosage form: It is a transformation of pure chemical compound into predetermined
form of admixing drug compound with different types of non-drug components.
e.g., Tablets, capsules, creams etc.
Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecule are derived to sites of action
within the body.
The need for the dosage form:
1.Accurate dose.
2. Protected e.g., capsules, ampules.
3. Protects form the gastric juice.
4. Masking the taste and odour.
5. Placement of the drug into the body tissue.
6. Sustained release medication.
7. Controlled released medications.
8. Optimal drug action.
9. Insertion of drugs into the body cavities (vaginal, rectum).
10. Use of the desired vehicle for the insoluble drugs.
3. Need for different dosage form of the same drug:
To minimize the discomfort and instant relief and improve the
patient compliance.
Desirable properties of dosage form
Should:
1.Convenient to handle, use and store.
2. Stable during storage and use.
3. Withstand machinal shock during transport.
4. Flexibility in different drug strength.
5. Provided excepted therapeutic effect.
6. Extent, drug release, onset, intensity, duration of action predictable.
7. Economical and elegant.
4. TYPES OF DOSAGE FORMS
They are classified according to:
• Route of Administration * Physical Form
-Oral - Solid
- Topical - Semi-solid
- Rectal - Liquid
- Parenteral -Gaseous
- Vaginal
- Inhaled
- Ophthalmic
- Otic
5. CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS
Dosage forms may be classified on the basis of physical form of the final
product which are
as follows:
1. Solid dosage forms.
2. Liquid dosage forms.
3. Semi-solid dosage forms.
4. Gaseous dosage forms.
7. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
The solid dosage forms are mostly available in the unit dose form, such as tablets, capsules,
pills, powders.
• When drugs are administered orally in dry state, tablets and capsules are more convenient
forms.
• They, are effective and patients have no problem in their handling, identification and
administration.
• The bulk forms meant for internal use are supplied either as granules or fine powder.
• The bulk powders is meant for external use are dusting powders, insufflations, snuffs and
the tooth powders.
C
8. *Powders are the solid dosage form of medicament, which are meant for
internal or external use. They are available in crystalline or amorphous
form.
- The powders are generally used in the following forms:
1. Bulk powder for internal used e.g., fine powders or granules.
2. Bulk powders for external use e.g., Snuffs, dusting powders and tooth
powders.
3. Simple and compound powders for internal use.
4. Powders in the form of compressed tablets and tablet triturates.
5. Powders enclosed in cachets and capsules.
9. DUSTING POWDERS
• These are meant for external application to the skin and generally
applied in a very fine state of subdivision to avoid local irritation.
• Hence, dusting powders should be passed through a number 80 sieve
to enhance their
effectiveness.
Dusting powders are of two types:
* Medical
* Surgical
10. Medical dusting powders are used mainly for superficial skin conditions.
• Surgical dusting powders are used in the body cavities and also on major
wounds as a result of burns and umbilical cords of infants.
• Surgical dusting powders must be sterilised before their use, whereas
medical dusting powders must be free from dangerous pathogenic
microorganisms.
• Dusting powders are generally prepared by mixing of two or more
ingredients.
• One of which must be either starch, kaolin, or talc as one of the
ingredients of the formulations.
11. • Talc, and kaolin are more commonly used because these are
chemically inert.
• However, since such ingredients are really contaminated with
pathogenic bacteria they must be sterlised before their use.
• The dusting powders are mainly used for their antiseptic,
astringent, absorbent, antiperspirant and antipuritic (anti-itching)
action.
12. • Insufflations: These are medicated dusting powders meant for introduction into the body
cavities such as nose, throat, ears and vagina with the help of an apparatus known as
“Insufflations”.
- It sprays the powders into a stream of finely divided particles all over the site of
application.
• Snuffs: These are finely divided solid dosage forms of medicament which are inhaled into
nostrils for its antiseptic, bronchodilator and decongestion action.
* Dentifrices (Tooth powders): These are applied with the help of a tooth brush for cleaping the
surface of the teeth.
13. GRANULES
• The bitter, nauseous and unpleasant powders cannot be given in the tablet or in a
capsules because a large number of them are required to be taken as a single dose.
• These powders are not given in liquid form because of stability problem. Such
medications are given in the form of granules.
• The drug is mixed with sugar, a flavouring agent and a granulating agent to
prepare a coherent mass which is passed through a sieve to convert it into granules
and then dried.
• There are two preparations of granules which are official in I.P.
- Bephenium hydroxynaphthate granules.
- Sodium aminosalicylate granules.
14. Effervescent Granules
*The effervescent granules are specially prepared dosage form of medicament, meant for
internal use. They contain a medicament mixed with citric acid, tartaric acid and sodium
bicarbonate.
• Saccharin or sucrose may be added as sweetening agent.
• Before admistrstration, the desired quantity is dissolved in water, the acid and
bicarbonate react together producing effervescence.
• Method of preparation. There are two methods of preparations of effervescent
granules:
1. HEAT METHOD
2. WET METHOD
15. These are solid unit dosage forms of medicament or medicaments which are
prepared by moulding or by compression.
• Certain excipients are also added to the medicaments in the formulation of
tablets.
• The compressed tablets are prepared in the bulk by the large-scale
production methods.
16. * The capsule are solid unit dosage form in which one or more
medicaments and inert substances are enclosed within a small shell.
* Generally, prepared from a suitable form of gelatin. Depending on
their formulations, the gelatin capsule shell may be hard or soft.
17. • Pills are small, round solid dosage forms containing medicament and are intended to
be administered orally.
• The medicaments are mixed with excipients to form a firm plastic mass.
• In the older days, pills were preferred because of their spherical shape which can be
easily swallowed.
• The pills are sometimes coated with varnish, silver leaf, gold leaf to improve the finish,
mask the unpleasant tastes and increase stability.
18. MERITS DEMERITS
Unit dose system Swallowing is difficult for
children
Physical, Chemical,
Physiological stability &
hence long shelf life
Onset of action is slow and
depends on
disintegrating and dissolution.
Economic
Ease of Transportation
Tasteless & elegance
19. LIQUID DOSAGE FORM
• Liquid stage forms are meant for internal, parenteral or external use.
• They are available in : 1. Monophasic
2. Biphasic forms.
20. • Monophasic liquid dosage forms are represented by true or colloidal
solution.
• The component of the solution which is present in a large quantity known
as “solvent”. Water is mainly used as solvent.
• A solution is homogenous because the solute is in ionic or molecular form
of subdivision. In case of colloidal solutions, the solute are present as
aggregates although they cannot be seen by the naked eye or under
ordinary microscope.
21. Simple syrups is a saturated solution of sucrose in purified water. The
concentration of sugar is 66% w/w. The syrups are sweet viscous
preparations.
• The syrups containing medicinal substance are called “ Medicated syrups”.
• Those containing aromatic or flavoured substances are known as
“Flavoured syrups”.
- Syrups are very common used for the following reasons:
1. Syrups retards oxidation because it is partly hydrolysed into reducing
sugars, such as lavulose and dextrose.
2. It prevents decomposition of many, vegetable substances. Syrups have
high osmotic pressure which prevents growth of bacteria, fungi and
moulds which are the chief causes of decomposition in solutions of
vegetable matter.
3. They are palatable. Due to the sweetness of sugar it is a valuable vehicle
22. 1. Elixir are sweet aromatic preparations and are usually coloured.
2 hey are ethyl alcohol (4-40%), water, glycerin or propylene glycol, flavoring
agents, syrup and preservatives.
3. The medicated elixirs usually containing very potent drug such as
antibiotics, antihistamines or sedatives.
4. The flavoring elixirs are used as flavors and vehicles.
23. 1. Linctures are viscous liquid and oral preparations that are generally
prescribed for the relief of cough. They contain medicaments which
demulcent, sedative or expectorant action.
2. They should be taken in small doses as well as it should be taken without
diluting them with water for maximum and prolonged effect of
medicatios.
3. Simple syrups is used generally as a vehicle for the most of linctuses.
4. Tolu syrup is preferred in certain cases because of its aromatic odour and
flavor. Moreover, it is believed to have a mild expectorant action.
24. - These are liquid preparations meant for oral administrations. The oil soluble
vitamins and fish liver oil are presented as drops for the administration.
- They are liquid and semi-liquid preparations meant for application to
the skin.
- They are usually applied to the skin with friction and rubbing of the skin.
25. • The liquids which consist of two phases are known as Biphasic liquids e.g.,
Emulsions & Suspensions.
• In general both the phase are liquid, while in suspensions the finely divided
solids are dispersed in a liquid which acts as a continuous phase.
26. * An emulsions is a biphasic liquid preparations containing two
immiscible liquids, one of which is dispersed as minute globules into
the other.
* The liquid which is converted into minute globule is called the
‘dispersed phase’ and the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is
called the ‘continuous phase’.
• In this preparation, an emulsifying agent is added.
• The emulsions are of two types:
1. Oil in Water type (o/w) emulsions: In which oil is the dispersed phase
whereas water is the continuous phase. It is preferred for the internal
use.
2. Water in Oil type (w/o) emulsions: In which water is the dispersed
phase whereas oil is in the continuous phase. It is preferred for the
external use.
27. • The suspensions are the biphasic liquid dosage form of medicament in
which finely divided solid particles are dispersed in a liquid or semisolid
vehicle.
• The solid particles act as disperse phase whereas liquid vehicle acts as the
continuous phase. Suspensions are generally taken orally or by parenteral
route. They are also used for external applications.
• These days many suspensions are supplied as dry powders which are
converted into suspensions by adding the specified amount of a vehicle
before the use.
28. An ideal suspensions must posses the following properties:
• It should settle slowly and should be readily re-dispersed on gentle
shaking of the container.
• The particle size of the suspensions remains fairly constant throughout its
long period of undisturbed standing.
• The suspensions should pour readily and evenly from its container.
• It should be free from large particles which spoil its appearance, give a
gritty taste to oral preparations and also cause irritation to sensitive tissue
when applied externally.
29. MERITS DEMERITS
Onset of action is quick as
compare to tablets, pills,
capsules.
Dose has to be measured.
Certain medicinal substances
can only be given in liquid
form like Castor-oil and
paraffin.
Stability & preservation
presents a problem.
They are to be suspended or
diffused form to produced
maximum surface area like
Kaolin.
Storage & transportation
hazards.
Few drugs if taken in dry form
may cause pain and irritation.
E.g., Potassium bromide.
30. SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORM
• Semi-solid dosage forms are mainly meant for
external application. E.g., ointments, creams,
pastes jellies.
• The suppositories are also included in this
category although these are unit dosage
forms.
31. 1. Ointments are semi-solid preparations meant for application to
the skin or mucous membrane.
2. They usually contain a medicament or medicaments dissolved,
suspended or emulsified in the ointment base.
3. They may contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative.
1. These are viscous semi-solid emulsions which are meant for external
use. The creams are of two types, aqueous and oily creams.
2. In case of aqueous creams, the emulsions are oil-in-water type and in
case of oily emulsions are water in oil type.
3. The oil-in-water type cream is relatively non-greasy.
32. PASTES
- Pastes are semi-solid preparations intended for external use
application to the skin. They differ from ointment as they
contain a high proportion of finely powdered medicaments such
as zinc oxide, calcium carbonate etc. These substances make
the paste very thick and stiff.
- Jellies are transparent or translucent, non-greasy, semi-solid
preparations mainly used for external application to the skin.
- These are also used for lubricating catheters, surgical gloves
and rectal thermometers.
33. - ADVANTAGES:
1. Site specific application.
2. Convenient for unconscious patients.
3. Chemically stable.
4. Suitable for the bitter taste drugs.
-DISAVANTAGES:
1. Staining by oily ointments.
2. Less dose accuracy.
3. Contamination when applied by finger tip.
4. Bulky to handle than solids.
34. -INHALER:
1. They are solutions, suspensions or emulsions of
drugs in a mixture of inert prepollents.
2. Release of dose of the medicament under pressure
in an aerosols dispenser in the form of droplets of
50um diameter or less from the container through a
spring loaded valve incorporating a metering device.
3. It is commonly used in the treatment of asthma and
other respiratory disorders.