The document discusses intermittent fasting, which involves consciously skipping meals or restricting eating to specific time windows. It describes several intermittent fasting protocols, such as 16/8 where eating is restricted to an 8-hour window daily. The document then discusses the history of intermittent fasting and how modern lifestyles differ from when our genes evolved. Intermittent fasting is said to help regulate metabolism, increase resistance to stress, convert white fat to brown fat, improve brain function, protect against diseases, and reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors.
This document discusses intermittent fasting as a way to improve health and longevity. It notes that calorie restriction and fasting can delay disease onset, increase longevity, and reduce age-related diseases. There are different types of intermittent fasting discussed, including time-restricted feeding that limits eating to a 4-12 hour window each day and periodic or intermittent full or partial fasting. The document also covers some of the challenges of intermittent fasting, such as difficulty adhering to it and managing social aspects, and provides alternatives like low-carb, high-fat diets or bespoke personalized fasting patterns.
The document discusses intermittent fasting as an alternative to traditional breakfast-focused diets. It notes that searches for intermittent fasting have increased 10,000% since 2010. The document then outlines some of the proposed health benefits of intermittent fasting, including promoting fat burning and autophagy. However, it also cautions that intermittent fasting may not be suitable for everyone and more long-term research is still needed on its effects and safety.
The document discusses the importance of nutrition in diabetes management. It states that diabetes treatment involves controlling factors like diet, drugs, and daily activity. Proper nutrition therapy is an integral part of diabetes management. The document then compares the effects of high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets on various health markers in diabetics. It proceeds to describe Balance-D diabetes medical nutrition therapy, highlighting its balanced macronutrient profile, glycemic control benefits, improved compliance, and other advantages.
The document discusses evidence from studies on the effect of lifestyle modifications such as caloric restriction, physical activity, and weight loss on health outcomes. It summarizes key findings from several studies:
1) The Diabetes Prevention Program clinical trial found that intensive lifestyle intervention reduced the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 58% compared to 31% for treatment with metformin.
2) Studies on caloric restriction in primates showed decreased fasting glucose and insulin levels as well as reduced risk of age-related diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
3) Physical activity has been shown to increase lifespan in animal models, and a study of over 1300 male rats found a 10% reduction in body weight led to a 13.5
This document debunks common myths about the diabetic diet and provides guidance on healthy eating for diabetes management. It discusses that a diabetic diet is not separate from a healthy diet for all, and focuses on choosing carbohydrates from whole grains, vegetables and fruits. While foods like honey and rice can be included, portion size matters and substitutes should not have more calories than sugar. The guidelines emphasize eating a variety of nutritious foods while monitoring blood sugar levels.
1) Low glycemic index (GI) diets can help with weight management and reducing risk of heart disease by increasing satiety and reducing subsequent food intake.
2) Studies found that low GI breakfasts led to lower lunch energy intake in children and reduced appetite and increased satiety over 6 days compared to high GI meals.
3) Glycemic index is a key factor in diabetes management as it classifies carbohydrates based on their effects on blood glucose levels, and prescribing low GI diets can help with tight blood glucose control.
Simple Weight Loss Tips - Secrets and Strategies of Losing and Maintaining We...Tanveer Padder
• This presentation will give you some of the best-known weight loss tips, which really work.
• I have made this presentation for my patients and has been very helpful.
• Not only will you lose weight but also you will be able to maintain the lost weight.
• These are simple day-to-day choices which will work with everybody.
• The presentation focuses on balance between healthy diet, regular exercise, watching calories and above all life style changes.
• I am also providing a list of lowest calorie foods, vegetables and fruits that should be part of your balanced diet.
The document discusses the Glycemic Index, which ranks foods based on how quickly they raise blood sugar levels after consumption. A high GI means blood sugar rises quickly, while a low GI means it rises slowly and stays steady. High GI foods break down rapidly, causing blood sugar fluctuations, while low GI foods break down slowly for stable blood sugar levels. However, a low GI food is not necessarily nutritious if it contains unhealthy ingredients like saturated fat or lacks nutrients. An overall balanced diet and exercise are most important for health.
The document discusses definitions and classifications of obesity according to various medical references and the WHO. It provides the WHO classification of BMI ranges from underweight to super obese. It also discusses factors that contribute to obesity including genetics, lifestyle, environment and various hormones and brain regions involved in regulating appetite and energy balance. Surgical procedures for treating obesity such as gastric bypass are also mentioned.
Many popular diets and weight loss regimens promote myths and fallacies. They often blame certain foods or hormones for weight control and promise quick results without evidence. Low carbohydrate diets can cause constipation, weakness and are not superior to conventional diets in the long run. High protein, low carbohydrate diets double fatty acid levels and lower endothelial cell numbers, increasing heart disease risk. No single diet fits everyone, and sustainable weight loss is best achieved through balanced nutrition, portion control, reduced calories and regular exercise rather than restrictive or elimination diets.
This document provides tips and activities for losing weight effectively through diet and exercise. It recommends including swimming, Zumba, and cycling in a weight loss routine, as they are good forms of cardiovascular exercise that burn calories and build muscle. A vegetarian diet is also suggested as it provides nutritional benefits and typically reduces calorie intake, helping with weight loss. Specific foods highlighted for a weight loss diet are sweet potatoes, nuts, and yogurt, as they support weight goals while providing fiber, energy, and other health benefits.
Diabetes is a disorder where the body cannot properly process sugar, and it affects over 170 million people worldwide. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is an autoimmune disease where the immune system destroys insulin-producing cells, type 2 occurs when cells do not properly absorb sugar despite enough insulin production, and gestational diabetes affects pregnant women. Untreated diabetes can damage organs and systems throughout the body. Weight loss and exercise have been shown to help regulate blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
This presentation deals with the various approaches of medical nutrition therapy in Diabetes, comparison of the ADA, RSSDI and ICMR guidelines. It also talks about the various calorie counting apps as well.
This document discusses nutrition awareness and malnutrition in India. It was created by five students to distinguish six types of nutrients, identify each type and their value, explain nutritional deficiencies, and raise awareness of malnutrition in India. The objectives, classes of nutrients like carbohydrates and proteins, nutrient deficiencies, malnutrition, and ways to spread awareness are described over several pages in detail.
The Mediterranean diet is inspired by eating patterns of countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea like Italy, Greece, Spain and Morocco. It focuses on plant-based foods like olive oil, fruits and vegetables, cereals, legumes, eggs and dairy in moderation, along with fish and meat consumed sparingly. The Mediterranean diet has been shown to improve health and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurological disorders. It emphasizes daily exercise and consuming a variety of healthy foods as depicted in the Mediterranean food pyramid.
This document discusses fad diets and their shortcomings. It defines fad diets as those that are temporarily popular but lack long term goals and scientific backing. The document categorizes common fad diets like Atkins, Paleo, and 5:2 into groups based on whether they exaggerate or restrict food groups, eliminate certain foods, emphasize supplementation, or promote a particular lifestyle. It notes potential risks of nutrient deficiencies, medical issues, and weight regain when diets end. In contrast, the document advocates sustainable lifestyle changes like balanced diets, moderate exercise, and happiness for long term healthy weight loss.
Common neurological problems that interfere with nutrition and strategies for...Shweta Sharma
This document discusses common neurological problems that can interfere with nutrition and strategies to meet nutritional needs. It covers several neurological conditions including ALS, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, dementia, and Huntington's disease. For each condition, it discusses factors that can lead to malnutrition and provides nutritional strategies such as monitoring intake, modifying food textures, addressing swallowing difficulties, and considering tube feeding when needed. The document also covers general topics like types of feeding, nutritional assessment tools, and how medications can impact nutrition.
Practical management of type 2 diabetes during the holy month of ramadanJEWEL BILLAH
This document provides guidance for managing type 2 diabetes during Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting. It discusses that fasting is generally safe for those with type 2 diabetes if they receive proper education and management. This includes adjusting medications, monitoring blood sugar, maintaining diet and exercise, and being aware of risks like hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia. It provides recommendations on when and how much to take various diabetes medications during fasting hours. With education and individualized care, the majority of uncomplicated type 2 diabetes patients can observe the Ramadan fast safely.
Genetically Compatible Weight Loss FormulaJulie Hewett
The document describes a weight loss formula that claims to:
1. Maintain healthy cholesterol, triglyceride, and blood glucose levels.
2. Promote weight loss and fat reduction by supporting DNA health and increasing lean body mass.
3. Boost energy and metabolism through supporting mitochondrial function and regeneration.
It contains various plant-based ingredients like bitter melon, guar gum, and ashwagandha chosen for their nutritional properties like increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing blood sugar levels. The formula aims to optimize nutrient absorption at the cellular level for effective weight management and overall health.
There are a lot of "myths" about plant based nutrition. In this light hearted review of some of the most common myths learn more how plant based nutrition can improve your health.
In the Public Health Nutrition course, I was part of a group that evaluated Dr. Jason Fung's "Obesity Code," comparing the information provided to peer-reviewed nutritional research.
Obesity is rising globally despite increased knowledge about diet and exercise. Risks include heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and some cancers. Factors causing obesity include an evolutionary tendency to efficiently store calories combined with current low activity, high calorie diets. Appetite is regulated by hormones that signal fullness or hunger. Gut hormones like GLP-1 and leptin help regulate food intake while ghrelin stimulates appetite. Adipose tissue also secretes hormones that impact metabolism.
The document discusses homeostasis and how the body maintains a balanced internal environment. It specifically focuses on blood glucose levels and how hormones like insulin and glucagon work to regulate glucose. When blood glucose levels are too high, it can lead to diabetes. The document also discusses balanced diets, malnutrition from undernutrition or overnutrition, and different diet types like vegetarianism and sports diets.
Biochemical aspects of Obesity and its complications.pptRevathy Gunaseelan
Obesity occurs when excess body fat accumulates due to increased caloric intake and decreased energy expenditure. It is commonly measured using body mass index (BMI), which is weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. A BMI over 27.8 for men and 27.3 for women indicates obesity. Obesity increases the risk of numerous health conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. Lifestyle modifications including reduced calorie intake, increased physical activity, and frequent small meals can help treat obesity.
This document provides information about intermittent fasting. It discusses what intermittent fasting is, including that it is a form of fasting where eating is restricted to certain hours of the day or certain days of the week. It notes some benefits of intermittent fasting such as enhanced ketosis, autophagy, weight loss, and decreased inflammation. It provides tips for starting an intermittent fasting routine and discusses potential side effects like hypoglycemia, hunger, and irritability. The document also discusses how intermittent fasting can help feed a healthy gut microbiome by providing periods of rest from eating. In summary, it promotes intermittent fasting as an effective strategy to enhance health and longevity.
Get Lean, Stay Lean by Dr Joanna McMillan www.weightlossinstitute.com.auSonja Bella
2013 Australian & New Zealand Weight Loss Leaders Summit (Sydney)
Dr Joanna McMillian is one of Australia’s best-known nutrition and healthy lifestyle experts, and is an author of several books including the award winning Inner Health Outer Beauty and the internationally published The Low GI Diet.
In her insightful presentation Dr Joanna will reveal:
The controversies in weight loss diets, the facts and the myths.
Food is more than the nutrients it contains – this information is a MUST for educating your clients.
A template for healthy eating, what does the doctor recommend?
Helping your clients take control of their own diet and lifestyle.
This document discusses nutrition and fasting in chronic liver disease. It outlines several metabolic changes that occur in chronic liver disease, including decreased glycogen stores and glucose intolerance. It provides general nutrition guidelines for patients with liver disease, recommending adequate calories, proteins, vitamins and minerals. It discusses the benefits of fasting, including detoxification, reduced inflammation, blood sugar and weight loss. However, it notes fasting can worsen conditions in some patients and is not advised for all cases of liver disease.
This document discusses the health benefits of dietary fiber. It defines fiber and categorizes it as insoluble or soluble. Sources of each type of fiber are provided. The document outlines recommended daily fiber intake and reviews studies showing fiber can help lower cholesterol, control blood sugar levels, reduce colon cancer risk, and promote weight control. Soluble fibers like konjac, beta-glucan and pectin are highlighted for their health benefits.
Nutritional Neuroscience: Thinking Twice about the Foods that Feed your Brain. Rachel V. Gow, PhD
This document discusses the links between nutrition and mental health. It begins by outlining the speaker's credentials and the topics to be covered, including how specific nutrients can impact brain function comparable to pharmaceutical drugs. It then discusses how modern Western diets have changed in ways that are evolutionarily novel and potentially harmful, with a focus on increased sugars and refined carbohydrates. The document examines several specific nutrients and dietary factors in depth, such as vitamin D, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber, and their implications for brain and mental health.
This document provides 10 tips for controlling blood sugar levels from experts in nutrition and endocrinology. The tips include losing weight if overweight, following a balanced diet with complex carbs and avoiding processed foods, including resistant starches and fiber from foods like barley and nuts, using spices like ginger and cinnamon to help control blood sugar, eating a larger breakfast and smaller dinner, maintaining a regular meal schedule with smaller frequent meals, and doing 30 minutes of physical activity daily.
Diabetes is caused by the body's inability to produce or effectively use insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to produce energy. In diabetes, beta cells in the pancreas do not produce enough insulin or cells do not respond properly to insulin, causing glucose to build up in the bloodstream instead of being used for energy. The main types of diabetes are type 1, an autoimmune disease where the immune system destroys beta cells, and type 2 where the body can no longer produce sufficient insulin to regulate blood glucose levels. Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to diabetes risk.
This document discusses yoga as a treatment for diabetes and obesity. It provides information on what diabetes and obesity are, their causes and symptoms, and existing treatments. It then explains how various yoga practices like asanas, sun salutations, and pranayama can help reduce weight and control blood sugar levels by strengthening the body and improving organ function. Regular yoga practice is said to help manage weight and diabetes in a permanent yet gentle manner.
Pregnant women need good nutrition to support fetal development and reduce health risks. A balanced diet provides enough protein, iron, calcium, vitamins and minerals. Increased needs include folic acid to prevent birth defects, and iron and calcium due to the baby's growth. Common issues like nausea and constipation can be managed through dietary changes. Exercise also benefits pregnancy by reducing discomforts, though risky activities should be avoided.
The document describes a study that developed a herbal mixture to study its effects on insulin resistance in diabetes patients. The mixture contained amla powder, clove powder, hing powder, and cinnamon. It was administered to an experimental group for 3 months, while a control group received no treatment. Results showed the mixture was accepted by patients. For males in the experimental group, there were significant decreases in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and BMI compared to the control group. However, females did not see significant changes. The herbal mixture thus had some beneficial effects on diabetic male patients.
Severely malnourished children are at greater risk of developing pneumonia for three main reasons:
1) They have deficient immune responses that make it harder to fight infections like bacteria and viruses that cause pneumonia.
2) When infections reach the lungs, the lack of a strong immune response allows bacteria to easily spread through the fluid-filled air spaces.
3) Several studies have found that the lack of nutrients like leptin due to severe malnutrition increases the risk of death from pneumonia through respiratory failure and shock.
This document discusses the relationship between yoga and cardiovascular disease. It begins with an introduction to cardiovascular disease, describing the main types and common causes like hypertension, obesity, stress, and diabetes. It then outlines how regular yoga practice, including various asanas, pranayama techniques, meditation, and an sattvic diet, can help treat and prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing risk factors. Specifically, it explores how yoga helps lower blood pressure and stress levels, manage weight, and improve heart health. The document concludes by discussing cardiac yoga, a style focused on cardiovascular benefits.
This study aims to examine the prevalence of anemia among stunted children aged 4-10 years and its impact on physical fitness. It will assess the nutritional status of 60 boy and girl samples through anthropometric measurements and 24-hour dietary recalls, analyze hemoglobin levels, and evaluate the effect on physical fitness using a 1-mile run test on 30 stunted children. Results and conclusions will then be drawn from statistical analysis of the collected data.
The study aimed to assess and compare the nutritional status, body composition, physical activity levels, and injury rates between karate students and non-karate students aged 13-17 years. It found that karate students generally had lower socioeconomic status and were underweight, while non-karate students had higher socioeconomic status and were overweight. Both groups had inadequate nutrient intakes compared to RDA values, but karate students' intake was more deficient due to their financial constraints. Significant correlations were also found between physical activity and BMI for both groups, as well as between fat intake and BMI for boys and protein intake and BMI for girls. The study highlights the vulnerability of karate students to nutritional deficiencies and injuries due to vigorous
This study assessed the nutritional status and knowledge of 60 post-operative coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients in India. The results showed that most patients had a poor nutritional status, as over 60% were overweight or obese. Many patients had medical histories of diabetes and hypertension. The dietary surveys found that over 65% of patients consumed below the recommended daily calorie intake, with low protein and fiber intake. Patients' diets relied on readily available and inexpensive foods like refined wheat products, with high fat and low fruit and vegetable consumption. The study concluded that patients lacked nutritional knowledge and consumed an unbalanced diet, suggesting the need for pre-surgical nutrition education and status assessments.
This document discusses the properties and health benefits of garlic. It notes that garlic is a bulbous plant used for seasoning and medicine. It provides a brief history of garlic use in ancient Greece, India, and China. The document outlines some of garlic's main bioactive compounds like allicin and discusses garlic's antimicrobial, antihypertensive, cardiovascular, and anticancer properties. It summarizes that garlic may help reduce blood pressure and the risk of diseases due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Brown rice has several health benefits over white rice. It is higher in nutrients like magnesium, fiber, and antioxidants. Studies show brown rice may help reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. The antioxidants and fibers in brown rice help lower blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Brown rice also acts as an antioxidant, helping reduce oxidative stress and potentially preventing cancer cell growth. Further research is still needed on the bioavailability of brown rice's beneficial components in humans.
This document discusses the health benefits of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), also known as holy basil. It provides information on tulsi's use in Ayurveda and Hinduism. The document then summarizes several studies that demonstrate tulsi's anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and other health benefits. These studies show that consuming tulsi or its extracts can help reduce blood sugar, cholesterol, symptoms of diabetes, asthma, ulcers, and more. In conclusion, tulsi has many medicinal properties and can help prevent and treat various diseases.
This document summarizes a study assessing the impact of lifestyle interventions on men and women aged 24-50 with prediabetes in Mumbai, India. The study involved 35 participants who received nutritional education and were encouraged to increase physical activity and make healthier diet choices. Biochemical parameters, eating habits, and physical activity levels were measured before and after the 2-month intervention. The results showed reductions in fasting blood sugar, post-lunch blood sugar, consumption of fried and junk foods, and sweetened products. Physical activity levels increased. The nutritional education and lifestyle changes had a positive impact on the health of prediabetic participants.
1) The study examined the effect of calcium status on 80 hypertensive patients aged 35-70 years.
2) Biochemical parameters and dietary intake were analyzed and found that serum calcium levels and dietary calcium intake were significantly lower in grade 1 hypertensive patients compared to normotensive patients.
3) Anthropometric measurements like age, hip circumference, and energy intake were positively associated with hypertension, while serum calcium and dietary calcium were inversely associated with hypertension.
This document discusses a study on metabolic syndrome among young adults in Mumbai, India. The study aims to identify risk factors for metabolic syndrome such as family history, lifestyle habits, nutrition status and dietary patterns. Anthropometric measurements were taken for 200 participants aged 18-24 years old from various areas in Mumbai. Questionnaires assessed physical activity, lifestyle and dietary intake. Results found higher prevalence of obesity in participants with a family history of diseases. Obese participants consumed more non-vegetarian diets and were less physically active. Significant factors for metabolic syndrome risk among young adults in Mumbai were identified.
The study aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity among young girls aged 18-22 years in the Dawoodi Bohra community in central Mumbai. A sample of 405 girls was assessed using anthropometric measurements, dietary recalls, and questionnaires. The results found a 5% prevalence of obesity and 15% prevalence of overweight individuals. Obese and overweight subjects had higher calorie and fat intake compared to recommendations. Neck circumference of 33.35cm or more accurately predicted obesity with high sensitivity and specificity. Overall, dietary patterns needed improvement and more physical activity was recommended to manage weight.
The study aimed to determine the impact of an 8-week nutrition education program on the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and lifestyle habits of 150 orphan girls aged 10-15 in Mumbai, India. Baseline assessments found the girls' diets to be deficient in some nutrients compared to recommendations. After the program, the girls' nutrition knowledge and attitudes increased significantly, though their practices did not fully change due to relying on institution-provided meals. Overall, the study suggests nutrition education can improve orphan girls' health literacy but that organized feeding and hygienic living conditions also need to be addressed for optimal nutrition status.
The document discusses a study that assessed the nutritional status and feeding practices of toddlers aged 12-24 months in Mumbai, India. 90 mothers participated in interviews about their child's feeding patterns, diet, and anthropometric measurements. Key findings included that working mothers were less likely to breastfeed, families with higher incomes preferred readymade foods, and toddlers' weight and height increased with age appropriately. The type of food fed did not significantly impact the toddlers' current nutritional status.
- Dietary fiber is classified as soluble or insoluble and comes from plant foods. Bananas are a good source of soluble fiber that can promote fullness.
- Childhood obesity has increased globally and contributes to health issues. The study aimed to evaluate if banana fiber intake affected weight loss in overweight Indian children aged 4-13 years.
- Over 3 months, anthropometric measures declined more for children supplemented with bananas compared to controls, indicating banana fiber aided weight loss. Banana fiber intake was associated with reduced food cravings and feeling full.
This study evaluated the effects of consuming a mixture of cinnamon, clove, and bay leaf powder on blood glucose levels in 100 type 2 diabetes patients aged 30-70. The experimental group (n=33) consumed 6g per day for 6 weeks, while the control group (n=31) did not. Fasting blood sugar significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to controls. Both fasting and post-prandial blood sugars also significantly decreased within the experimental group pre- and post-intervention. Protein intake increased and fat intake decreased significantly in the experimental group as well. The study concluded the herbal mixture can help control blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a nutrition and lifestyle education program on the nutritional status of 150 elderly adults (ages 50-95 years) living in two old age homes in Mumbai, India. The study assessed nutritional status, nutrient intake, nutrition knowledge, and happiness levels before and after the 2-month education program. The results showed slight improvements in BMI, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, and nutrition knowledge after the intervention. However, no significant differences were found in energy, protein, fat, or carbohydrate intake between BMI groups before and after the program. The study concluded the education program had a positive impact on behaviors and eating habits of the elderly participants.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of physical activity on clinical manifestations of dysmenorrhea in young women. The study involved 80 dysmenorrheic young women divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed yoga exercises for 8 weeks while the control did not. Results showed a reduction in pain intensity and medicine use in the experimental group, though changes in weight, BMI and waist circumference were minor. Limitations included a short study duration and small sample size. Recommendations included a longer study period and larger sample size.
Introduction to Meat Science and Technologyangelroseandoy
Include principles of meat science and technology, inspection, condemnation, HACCP system, grading and evaluation of meat and meat carcass, and poulty.
NAPi Advocacy Meeting with the CEO FSSAI.pptxarunibfan
This is a presentation NAPi made to CEO FSSAI to ask for tweaks in FSS Act and Regulation to check misleading ads and warning label on unhealthy ultra processed food products High in Sugar Salt and Fats (HFSS)
In Africa, about 70 percent of the population relies on domestic informal food markets for their daily sustenance. This highlights the urgent need to address food safety issues within this sector to protect public health and foster sustainable development.
Recognising this pressing need, the Africa Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD) and the African Union Commission’s Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (PACA), in collaboration with the Food Safety for Africa (FS4Africa) and UP-RISE projects funded by the European Union, organised a timely and crucial webinar titled “Bridging Gaps in the Informal Sector” on 27 June 2024.
The primary objectives of the webinar are multifaceted. It aims to highlight the importance of food safety in Africa’s informal food sector and the role of the FS4Africa and UP-RISE projects in developing co-created solutions. Additionally, the webinar seeks to disseminate effective strategies and interventions, establishing networks to support the informal sector in improving food safety practices.
Overview Presentation 2: The UP-RISE project – Prof. Sarah De
Saeger, Project Coordinator for UPRISE and Director of the Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, University of Ghent
Menthol is a widely used organic compound known for its distinctive minty taste and cooling sensation. It is utilized in various products, including pharmaceuticals, food, beverages, and cosmetics. Derived from peppermint or other mint oils, menthol can also be synthetically produced. This report delves into the menthol production process, examining the manufacturing techniques, raw material costs, and the latest developments in the industry.
The Versatility and Benefits of Chana.pdfCentury Foods
Chana, also known as chickpeas, is a versatile legume with significant cultural and culinary importance in many parts of the world, including Nepal. Chana recipe is a staple in many diets due to its high nutritional value and adaptability in various dishes.
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In Africa, about 70 percent of the population relies on domestic informal food markets for their daily sustenance. This highlights the urgent need to address food safety issues within this sector to protect public health and foster sustainable development.
Recognising this pressing need, the Africa Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD) and the African Union Commission’s Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (PACA), in collaboration with the Food Safety for Africa (FS4Africa) and UP-RISE projects funded by the European Union, organised a timely and crucial webinar titled “Bridging Gaps in the Informal Sector” on 27 June 2024.
The webinar, which coincides with World Food Safety Day 2024 and its theme “Prepare for the Unexpected,” serves as a platform to raise awareness, facilitate knowledge-sharing, and foster collaborations among various stakeholders.
The primary objectives of the webinar are multifaceted. It aims to highlight the importance of food safety in Africa’s informal food sector and the role of the FS4Africa and UP-RISE projects in developing co-created solutions. Additionally, the webinar seeks to disseminate effective strategies and interventions, establishing networks to support the informal sector in improving food safety practices.
Overview Presentation 1: The Food Safety for Africa (FS4Africa) project - Dr. Titilayo Falade, Project Coordinator for Food Safety for Africa, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
Efficient warehouse planning for electrical panel materials involves organizing and managing inventory to ensure timely availability, minimize waste, and optimize storage space for seamless production and maintenance processes.
Noodles are made using various types of flour, such as wheat, rice, and buckwheat, each contributing unique textures and flavors. The manufacturing process includes mixing, kneading, shaping, and drying to produce different noodle varieties.
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Food Security vs Food Safety-Factors of Food Security.pptxKhush Bakhat Razzaq
Food Security is a challenging area that affects both the authorities and locals of any country or state. Food Safety is one of the many factors that plays role in ultimate status of food security.
Food safety is a critical concern that significantly impacts human health, economic trade, and sustainable development worldwide. Each year, over 600 million people suffer from foodborne diseases, resulting in approximately 420,000 deaths, as reported by the World Health Organization. These figures are believed to be considerably underestimated, with populations in low- and middle-income countries bearing the brunt of this public health crisis due to inadequate food safety control systems. The World Bank estimates that these countries lose about USD 110 billion annually due to productivity losses and medical expenses stemming from foodborne illnesses.
In Africa, about 70 percent of the population relies on domestic informal food markets for their daily sustenance. This highlights the urgent need to address food safety issues within this sector to protect public health and foster sustainable development. Recognising this pressing need, the Africa Union Development Agency (AUDA-NEPAD) and the African Union Commission’s Partnership for Aflatoxin Control in Africa (PACA), in collaboration with the Food Safety for Africa (FS4Africa) and UP-RISE projects funded by the European Union, organised a timely and crucial webinar titled “Bridging Gaps in the Informal Sector” on 27 June 2024.
The webinar, which coincides with World Food Safety Day 2024 and its theme “Prepare for the Unexpected,” serves as a platform to raise awareness, facilitate knowledge-sharing, and foster collaborations among various stakeholders.
The webinar gathers a diverse group of stakeholders, including food safety mandate organisations across Africa and the European Union, Codex representatives from implementation countries, food regulatory bodies, and representatives of informal sector groups and associations.
Presentation 5: Strengthening Food Safety Standards in Africa - The Role of Private Sector and Other Stakeholders - Chiluba Mwape, SPS Coordinator, AUC
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2. INTERMITTENT FASTING
• Intermittent fasting is not a diet, but rather
a dieting pattern.
• it’s making a conscious decision to skip certain
meals on purpose.
• generally means that you consume your
calories during a specific window of the day,
and choose not to eat food for a larger
window of time.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
3. HISTORY OF INTERMITTENT FASTING
• Brad Pilon,Martin Berkhan or Ori Hofmekler
(Popularized it not invented)
• a reference leading back to the early 200’s AD
• the philosopher Plotinus (born in 205 AD) advised
one of his students Rogatianus, (a member of the
Roman senate) to only eat every second day
• Rogatianus regained his health and was cured of
his gout.
• IF should be viewed as a rediscovered way of
eating.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
4. 16/8 PROTOCOL
• Fasting for 16 hours and then only eating
within a specific 8-hour window
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
5. The 5:2 Diet: Fast for 2 days per week.
• The 5:2 diet involves eating normally 5 days of
the week, while restricting calories to 500-600
on two days of the week.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
6. 24 HOUR PROTOCOL:EAT STOP EAT
• Skipping two meals one day, where one is taking 24 hours off from
eating. For example, eating on a normal schedule (finishing dinner at 8PM)
and then not eating again until 8PM the following day
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
7. Alternate-Day Fasting: Fast every
other day.
• Most of the lab studies showing health
benefits of intermittent fasting used some
version of this.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
8. • Our genome was selected in the late Paleo lithio
era (50,000-10,000 BC) and it was selected on the
basis of fluctuations between the periods of feast
and famine which ensured survival in the
environment. 3
• Today, our lifestyle -direct contrast to this with
abundant food available all the time and
decrease in physical activity
• This may predispose our genes to misexpress
metabolic proteins resulting in chronic diseases
like Type 2 diabetes
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
9. • Overfeeding and fault in energy balance lead
to:
• Obesity
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Degenerative diseases
• CVD
• Other chronic metabolic disorders
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
10. Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
12. Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
13. Increases amount of circulating corticosterone-
Positive effect
decreases the activity of glucocorticoid
receptors and maintains minerelocorticoid
receptors in neurons- protects against neuronal
damage and death
during intermittent fasting the periods of
anabolism and catabolism are altered -help in
increasing cellular stress resistance and in the
repairing of the damaged proteins and cells
intermittent fasting shows increase
resistance to oxidative, metabolic stresses
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
14. Working of IF
• Ketone bodies ( Beta-hydroxybutyrate) –
increased resistance to seizures and epilepsy
• it has been proved that fasting results in
increase in the ketone bodies and especially
intermittent fasting results in twice the
increase of fasting serum levels of beta-
hydroxy butyrate.1
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
15. Working of IF
• organs especially CNS requires adequate
amount of glucose as a form of energy to work
on optimal levels.
reduces the
amount of
circulating insulin
better glucose
mobilization and
increased insulin
sensitivity
maintaining steady
supply of glucose to
vital organs
especially CNS. 1
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
16. intermittent fasting is effective in the
process of “browning”.
White fat
cells
store the excess energy
and releases lipids
whenever body
demands energy.
this fat is related with
obesity and Type 2
diabetes.11
Brown Fat
cells
burns energy
it has been suggested
that it can be used to
treat obesity and other
related metabolic
diseasesMs. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
17. • Recent studies have shown that by process of
‘browning’ white fat can be converted to brown
(beige) fat
• Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) plays
major role in White Adipose Tissue (WAT)
browning
• Sufficient vascularization is important for adipose
tissue development and function.
• IF causes increase in vascularization by increasing
adipose vegf a gene expression.14
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
18. • intermittent fasting promotes white adipose browning
by shaping gut bacteria.19
• Fasting deviation of fermented products like
acetate and lactate to selective upregulation of
monocarboxylate transporter 1 expression in beige
cells
• mice with depleted micro biota resistant to beiging
• whereas when micro biota from mice on intermittent
fasting were transferred in depleted mice it activated
beiging and metabolic homeostasis was improved.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
19. IF group
mice
Glucose metabolism
more stable
weighed significantly
less
Lower % White Fat more
converted to brown fat
Less fat build up
Healthier liver
Insulin sensitivity
increased
During fasting vascular growth factor increased
formation of blood vessels and trigger anti-inflammatory
macrophages fat cells to burn fat stores and create
heat reduces inflammation.11
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
20. • Early humans were hunter-gatherers who like
wolves alternated between periods of fasting
and feasting yet their brains still performed at
optimal levels
• The study says that there is a ‘metabolic
switch’ during fasting 15
• Body, instead of using glucose and sugar for
energy switches to fatty acids and their
byproducts- ketones.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
21. KETONES
source of energy for
brain during fasting
periods and exercise
cleaner source of energy
than glucose, proteins or
carbohydrates
produce fewer ‘metabolic
disrupters’
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
22. • Intermittent fasting taps into this fasting and
feasting state
• IF activates adaptive cellular stress
response signaling pathways enhance
mitochondrial health, DNA repair and
autophagy
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
23. Fasting
rise in alertness level
and mental acuity
elevation of
adiponectin levels
glucose levels are
maintained in the
normal range
glycogen stores
are depleted
fatty acids are
mobilized
reduction of
circulating leptin
generation of
ketones
it is this metabolic shift to ketone utilization and the
adaptive responses of brain and ANS to non-
availability of food that help in keeping diseases at bay
and promote fitness and health.16
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
24. IF and Brain.2
• In another study mice were fed with high fat diet
and were kept on intermittent fasting for 11
months and then their learning, memory, brain
structural changes were studied.
• Also, brain oxidative stress was studied.
• Overall results showed that the learning and
memory of these mice were improved.
• Intermittent fasting decreased
HNE(hydroxynonenal) and nitrotyrosine
containing proteins in the cerebral cortex which
are two oxidative stress indicators
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
25. IF and Brain
• stress is directly related to brain aging,
• so this shows that maybe this mechanism was
responsible for improved brain function and
structure in mice.
• This study also saw that the hippocampus
related learning and memory was also
improved in those mice that were on
intermittent fasting.2
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
26. IF can help protect brain from neurogenerative diseases like
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s and improve memory and mood. 13
during fasting brain responds by activating adaptive stress
responses that help it cope with diseases.
fasting helps improve neural connections in the hippocampus
and protects neurons from the accumulation of amyloid
plaques- a protein found in people with Alzheimer’s disease.
when we eat continuously glycogen is always available to the
body but during fasting, glycogen stores are depleted after 10-
12hrs
Then the body starts using fat which are converted to high
energy ketone bodies which are acidic chemicals
These ketones promote beneficial changes in the structure of
synapses which are imperative for learning, memory and brain
healthGada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
27. IF and Seizures
• In this one study it was shown that ketone
bodies like beta-hydroxybutyrate protect
against seizures and this is directly increased
during intermittent fasting. 5
• This could be possible mechanism by which
intermittent fasting helps in controlling
seizures
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
29. IF 4
lower plasma
glucose and
insulin levels
increase insulin
sensitivity by
suppressing
gluconeogenesis
and increasing
fatty acid oxidation
reduction in size
of adipocytes of
visceral and
subcutaneous fat
oscillation
between
anabolism
(gluconeogenesis
and lipogenesis)
and catabolism (
lipolysis).
reduces heart
rate and blood
pressure to
some extent.
increase in
adiponectin
levels-
cardioprotectiv
e action
All these help in managing symptoms of CVD
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
30. 77
In one study obese women
who were the subjects of the
study showed decrease in
plasma glucose and insulin
levels, adinokines like leptin,
weight loss, and reduction in
abdominal fat, LDL
cholesterol, trigycerides and
homocysteine.7 All this factors
help in lowering the risk of
CVD’s.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
31. IF and CVD
• There was one more study where the results
were similar supporting that the subjects on
intermittent fasting for 3 months lost 2.6 kg,
had lower blood pressure, body fat and waist
size.
• The researchers concluded that intermittent
fasting helped in controlling diabetes, blood
glucose levels and cholesterol.20
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
32. IF and CVD
• Other study supported the fact that
intermittent fasting increased the insulin
sensitivity approximately seven times and
decreased the occulence of diabetes.
• It was also found that plasma glucose levels
were decreased after the 20 hours fasting.3
• Hence IF has positive effects on diabetes thus
contributing in reducing the risk of CVD.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
33. • These findings show that there are favourable changes in
lipid profile which in turn help in reducing waist
circumference and reducing pro-atherogenic adipokines
• Reduction in circulating TNF-alpha may also be related to
reduction in triglycerides
• The above results show that intermittent fasting may help
in improvement in CHD by modulating various risk factors
especially adipokines.6
IF
TNF-alpha
concentrations
decrease
total and
LDL
cholesterol
levels were
reduced
levels of
leptin were
decreased
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
34. IF and Obesity
• When energy intake is greater than energy
expenditure-Obesity
• IF helps in obesity control as each day an entire
meal is cut so we consume fewer calories per
week even if the two meals eaten per day are a
little bigger than before.
• Also, our bodies react to consumption of food
with insulin production, the body is most
sensitive to insulin following a period of fasting.
This can help in weight loss.8
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
35. IF and Resistance trained individual12
IF
reduced
inflammation
reduced body
fat
maintained
muscle mass
reduced anabolic
hormones like
testosterone and
IGF-1
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
36. • There was decrease in fat mass increase in
adiponectin acts on brain causes
increase in energy expenditure weight loss
• there was decrease in testosterone and IGF-1,
it did not cause any major changes in body
composition or compromise muscular
strength.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
37. • Increase in adiponectin positively related with
insulin sensitivity IF reduces blood glucose
levels and insulin
• IF could improve health-related biomarkers
and decrease fat mass which can help achieve
athletes their main goal of maintaining muscle
mass while reducing fat mass.12
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
38. • IF calorie depletion a mild oxidative
stress activates genes responsible for
mechanisms of cell repairing and protection
shift of energy derivation from ketones
exert protective properties and control the
expression of genes that cause autophagy
beneficial to preserve muscle mass.17
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
39. IF and Reproduction
• When animals are under metabolic stress and
there is less energy available, they invest
energy for their survival rather than
reproduction, even the puberty is delayed and
ovarian and estrous cycles are suppressed
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
40. IF
serum LH
levels were
decreased
ovaries showed
large sized
corpora lutea and
fibrous tissues
and the corpora
lutea was
degenerated
disrupted
estrous
cycle
increased
the
estradiol
levels in
females
leptin
levels in
female rats
were
reduced
serum
testosterone
levels
lowered in
males
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
41. • The reproductive changes were observed more in
females as compared to males.
• That maybe because reproduction requires
higher energy expenditure in female animals than
males.
• The study suggests that when there is caloric
restriction the reproduction maybe adversely
affected and this may also help us to understand
nutritional infertility seen in patients.9
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
42. • Fasting leads to weakness, diarrhea, delirium,
headaches, fainting, dehydration and hunger
pangs.
• Excessive fasting can also lead to malnutrition,
eating disorders and susceptibility to
infectious diseases.
• But intermittent fasting is a systemic form of
fasting and hence it does not show these side
effects in potent forms.18
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
44. • IF has positive impact on cardiovascular health
and can be used as a lifestyle modification to
prevent as well as treat various cardiovascular
disorders and related risk factors like diabetes
mellitus 2, obesity, hypercholesterolemia,
glucose intolerance, insulin sensitivity.
• .It has shown positive effects on neurological
diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s
disease, Epilepsy and Seizures.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
45. • Intermittent fasting could be beneficial tool
for resistance trained individuals to improve
health-related biomarkers, decrease fat mass,
and at least maintain muscle mass.
• This kind of regimen can be adopted by
athletes during maintenance phases of
training in which the goal is to maintain
muscle mass while reducing fat mass
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
46. • The only negative effect seen is on the
reproductive health.
• IF causes disturbance of estrous cycle in female
mice and decreased serum testosterone in male
mice.
• This may help to understand the clinical basis of
nutritional infertility observed in patients of
anorexia nervosa and hypothalamic amenorrhea
due to metabolic stress, excessive exercise,
undernutrition etc
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
47. • However, most of these studies have been
conducted on mice and human studies of
intermittent fasting mainly have been short-term,
and involved small groups of selected subjects.
• These studies do not inform about any potential
longer-term adaptations and effects on disease
and health with longer-term intermittent fasting
that may occur.
• Longer-term studies on efficiency and safety of
intermittent fasting are required in obese,
overweight, and normal-weight subjects.
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga
48. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Martin B, Mattson MP, Maudsley S. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting: Two potential diets for
successful brain aging. Ageing research reviews. 2006;5(3):332-353. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2006.04.002.
2. Li L, Wang Z, Zuo Z. Chronic Intermittent Fasting Improves Cognitive Functions and Brain Structures in Mice. Xie Z,
ed. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(6):e66069. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0066069.
3. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005 Dec; 99(6):2128-36. Epub 2005 Jul 28.Effect of intermittent fasting and refeeding on
insulin action in healthy men.Halberg N(1), Henriksen M, Söderhamn N, Stallknecht B, Ploug T, Schjerling P,Dela F.
4. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2013 Mar-Apr; 59(2):167-73. doi:10.1016/j.ramb.2012.09.003.Effects of intermittent
fasting on metabolism in men.Azevedo FR (1), Ikeoka D, Caramelli B.
5. Hartman AL, Rubenstein JE, Kossoff EH. Intermittent fasting: A “new” historical strategy for controlling
seizures? Epilepsy research. 2013; 104(3):275-279. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.011.
6. Cynthia M Kroege, Monica C Klempel, Surabhi Bhutani, John F Trepanowski, Christine C Tangney and
Krista A Varady. Improvement in coronary heart disease risk factors during an intermittent fasting/calorie
restriction regimen: Relationship to adipokine modulations. Nutrition & Metabolism20129:98
7. Intermittent fasting combined with calorie restriction is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese
women.Monica C Klempel, Cynthia M Kroeger, Surabhi Bhutani,John F Trepanowski andKrista A Varady.Nutrition
Journal201211:98
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Science, Matunga
49. 8. Wilson RA, Deasy W, Stathis CG, Hayes A, Cooke MB. Intermittent Fasting with or without Exercise
Prevents Weight Gain and Improves Lipids in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients. 2018; 10(3):346. Doi:
10.3390/nu10030346.
9. Kumar S, Kaur G. Intermittent fasting dietary restriction regimen negatively influences reproduction in
young rats: a study of hypothalamo-hypophysial-gonadal axis. PLoS One. 2013; 8(1):e52416. doi:
10.1371/journal.pone.0052416. Epub 2013 Jan 29. PubMed PMID: 23382817; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC3558496.
10. Patterson RE, Sears DD. Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting. Annual Review of Nutrition 2017 Aug 21;
37:371-393. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634. Epub 2017 Jul 17. Review. PubMed PMID:
28715993.
11. Tim Newman.How intermittent fasting can increase weight loss. Medical News Today. Published Thursday
19 October 2017.
12. Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body
composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. Tatiana Moro
Grant Tinsley, Antonino Bianco, Giuseppe Marcolin, Quirico Francesco Pacelli, Giuseppe Battaglia,
Antonio Palma, Paulo Gentil, Marco Neri and Antonio Paoli Journal of Translational Medicine201614:290
13. Johns Hopkins Health Review. Spring/summer 2016 Volume 3 Issue 1.Are There Any Proven Benefits to
Fasting? Joe Sugarman
14. Kim, K.-H., Kim, Y. H., Son, J. E., Lee, J. H., Kim, S., Choe, M. S., Sung, H.-K. (2017). Intermittent fasting
promotes adipose thermogenesis and metabolic homeostasis via VEGF-mediated alternative activation of
macrophage. Cell Research, 27(11), 1309–1326. doi:10.1038/cr.2017.126
Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
50. 15. Intermittent fasting leads to significant weight loss, slows aging, UF research review finds.Published: Apr
26, 2018. Bill Levesque.
16. Mattson MP, Longo VD, Harvie M. Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes. Ageing
Res Rev. 2017 Oct; 39:46-58. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005. Epub 2016 Oct 31. Review. PubMed PMID:
27810402; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5411330.
17. Caramoci, Adela & Mitoiu, Brandusa & Pop, Mirela & Mazilu, Virgil & Vasilescu, Mirela & Ionescu, Anca &
Rosulescu, Eugenia. (2017). Is intermittent fasting a scientifically-based dietary method? Medicina
Sportiva. Journal of the Romanian Sports Medicine Society. XII. 2747-2755.
18. Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL. Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A
systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Aug; 102(2):464-70. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109553. Epub 2015 Jul
1. Review. PubMed PMID: 26135345.
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Patterson AD, Gonzalez FJ. Intermittent Fasting Promotes White Adipose Browning and Decreases Obesity
by Shaping the Gut Microbiota. Cell Metabolism. 2017 Oct 3; 26(4):672-685.e4. doi:
10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.019. Epub 2017 Sep 14. PubMed PMID: 28918936; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC5668683.
20. Five-day fasting diet could fight disease, slow aging. Mitch Leslie. Science .Feb. 15, 2017.
21.htps://www.google.com/search?q=intermittent+fasting&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj57b
6i0IDdAhVSfisKHZfaCJQQ_AUICygC&biw=1360&bih=631#imgrc=XW0GTKcjYaCcoM: Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. Colleg
Science, Matunga
51. Ms. Disha Gada Dr. B.M.N. College of Home
Science, Matunga