The document discusses a study that assessed the nutritional status and feeding practices of toddlers aged 12-24 months in Mumbai, India. 90 mothers participated in interviews about their child's feeding patterns, diet, and anthropometric measurements. Key findings included that working mothers were less likely to breastfeed, families with higher incomes preferred readymade foods, and toddlers' weight and height increased with age appropriately. The type of food fed did not significantly impact the toddlers' current nutritional status.
Effectiveness of pre delivery preparation on anxiety among Primigravida mothe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Pakistan to evaluate maternal knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding newborn care and breastfeeding. 218 mothers were interviewed using a questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis found that presence of a professional birth attendant, sterilization of feeding bottles, and knowledge about the reasons for vaccination were significantly associated with urban residence. Maternal education level was significantly associated with several appropriate newborn care practices and knowledge, such as correct timing of weaning, adequacy of breast milk, handwashing before breastfeeding, and knowledge about jaundice. The results suggest that young, literate mothers were more likely to initiate breastfeeding earlier than older, illiterate mothers. Traditional risky newborn care practices were common. Improving
A Longitudinal Study On Feeding Practices And Morbidity Patterns Of Infants I...iosrjce
Background: Feeding practices and illnesses during infancy are of critical importance for growth and
development of children .Though several programs have been implemented by WHO and UNICEF to improve
the health status of newborn and infant, child morbidity and mortality rates in rural area are still higher
compared to urban areas in India.
Objective: To assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area .
Methodology: A longitudinal study was undertaken in field practice area under community medicine
Department, Guntur from Jan 2013 to march 2014.A birth cohort of hundred children born during first 3
months of study period were assessed and followed up till they attained 1year age .Data collected on feeding
practices ,infant illnesses and socio-demographic factors.
Results: The incidence of episodes of morbidity was 2.78 per infant per year. Respiratory Tract Infections are
most common observed illness followed by diarrhea .Majority of the mothers (90%)
Were given colostrum ,50% were breast fed their babies with in 1 hour of delivery,60% were given
EBF(Exclusive Breast Feeding ). The illnesses are less common in first 6 months of infancy compared to
letter half of life .A Significant association between feeding practices and morbidities
Conclusion: Hence focusing education on faulty feeding practices and implementation of IMNCI(integrated
management of newborn and childhood illnesses ) at gross root level by health workers need to be emphasized
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowled...ijtsrd
Background UP, India’s most popular state recorded the most diarrhoeal deaths. 22.21 deaths nationwide over five year to 2017. Method A quantitative evaluative approach using questionnaire on diarrhoea. Pre experimental one group pre test and post test design was used. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 30 samples from the selected Anganwadi in Lucknow. Initially researcher got permission for study from concern authorities. Pre test done followed by structured teaching program on prevention and home management of diarrhoea for 50 min followed by 10 min session of question and answer. A post test was conducted after 2 weeks of structured teaching program. The tools used for data collection, part 1 demographic variables, part 2 assessing knowledge on home management of diarrhoea. Results the pre test mean value of knowledge 23±1.9 was lesser than post test mean value 23.62±1.75. The effectiveness of STP, the obtained, “t- test value is 9.469. which is found to be greater than the, “t- table value p=0.000 0.01 level at 29df. Since the obtained t value is significant at p 0.01 level, therefore research hypotheses H1 is accepted. It is inferred that, there is significant difference between pre test and post test knowledge regarding diarrhoea among mothers of under five year children. Conclusion The study concludes that the structured teaching program was very effective in providing knowledge prevention and home management of diarrhoea among mothers. Beena Sharma | Razia Sultan | Deeksha Verma | Purnima Goswami | Prity Verma | Sweta Gupta | Miss Sony Verma | Miss. Alka Gupta "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding Prevention and Home Management of Diarrhorea among the Mothers of Under Five Year Children in Selected Anganwadi Lucknow" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/46350/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-program-on-knowledge-regarding-prevention-and-home-management-of-diarrhorea-among-the-mothers-of-under-five-year-children-in-selected-anganwadi-lucknow/beena-sharma
Patterns and determinants of breast feeding among mother infant pairs in dera...Zubia Qureshi
Background: Proper breastfeeding practices are effective ways for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present study was to determine the patterns and explore the determinants associated with breast feeding practices among the nursing women in Dera Ghazi Khan. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on randomly selected lactating mother infant pairs in Dera Ghazi Khan. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Analysis was done by using SPSS, chi square test was applied to see the association between breast feeding practices and its determinants such as knowledge of breast feeding practices. Results: Majority 372 (93%) of mothers mentioned that they had ever breastfed the youngest child. About 292 (73%) mothers gave colostrum to the child, and 48 (12%) exclusively breastfed. Weaning babies before four month of age was practiced by 84 (21%) of the mothers, 120 (55%) mothers started weaning at 4-6 months of child age, while 72 (18%) started to give additional food after baby turned six months old. Out of total 276 (69%) mothers reported that they had knowledge regarding breast feeding. Significant association was found between knowledge of breastfeeding and initiation and Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) practices (p-values <0.05). Income, family type, mode of delivery and assistance for child were significantly associated with initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Breast feeding practices in the studied area were not up to the mark. There is a strong need to improve the breastfeeding practices by Behavior Change Communication. Keywords: Breast feeding; Early initiation; Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF); Colostrum; Supplementary feeding; Infants
The Influence of Family Background on the Academic Performance of Students Ec...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research study that examined the influence of family background on the academic performance of economics students in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. The study used a survey design and questionnaires to collect data from 80 students and 20 teachers. The results showed that family background, including parental education level, income, and motivation, had a significant positive influence on students' academic performance in economics. Specifically, higher parental education and income levels, and greater parental motivation, were linked to better student performance. The study recommends social and economic policies to support children from low-income families, and encourages parents to provide home environments that motivate learning.
This document provides guidelines for growth monitoring of children from birth to 18 years in India. It discusses the aims, rationale, recommended growth charts and parameters to monitor at different ages. Intervals for monitoring are recommended from birth to 3 years monthly to every 6 months, 6 monthly from 4-8 years, and yearly from 9-18 years. Criteria for referral to a pediatrician are provided for various age groups. Regular growth monitoring is recommended to identify undernutrition, overnutrition and diseases, and to guide child feeding and health.
Pregnancy Outcome Comparison in Elderly and Non Elderly Primigravida attending at Mahila Chikitsalay, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India-Pregnancy and child birth are normal physiological processes and outcomes of most of the pregnancies are good but sometimes because of some reasons it has bad outcomes; out of that one is supposed to be elderly primi. But nowadays it becomes essential to delay the pregnancy in changing social and economic trend. Simultaneously higher advanced technique and better supported maternal and neonatal care also exist. So to have an idea of balance between these this case-control study was done on 120 elderly and 120 non-elderly primigravida to compare the pregnancy outcomes. To find out the association Chi-Square and Unpaired‘t’ test was used. It was observed in this study that although there was no significant difference in antenatal maternal pregnancy outcomes but PPH, induction of labor, cervix dystocia were significantly more in elderly. Likewise time taken to start with breast feeding was also more in elderly. In case of newborn mean APGAR score and mean birth weight was significantly lesser in elderly than non-elderly.
This study examined newborn care practices in rural Nepal and factors associated with those practices. The study surveyed 296 mothers 4 months postpartum about cord care, breastfeeding, and thermal care of their newborns. The study found that only 25.7% practiced clean cord care while 51.35% initiated breastfeeding within 1 hour and 58.45% delayed bathing babies beyond 24 hours. Most deliveries (53.38%) occurred at home without assistance from skilled birth attendants. The study concluded that community interventions are needed to improve newborn care practices and reduce risks like unsafe cord care and early bathing.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL STATUS OF THE CHILDREN AGED 6 MONTHS TO 36 MONTHS Suraj Dhara
This document describes a study conducted on 140 children aged 6-36 months attending an immunization clinic in West Bengal, India. The study collected data on socio-demographic factors, nutritional status, developmental milestones, and their relationships. Most children were from rural areas, Hindu, and from joint families. Over half of mothers had secondary education or higher. The majority of children had normal nutritional status according to weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height. However, 32.14% were moderately underweight and 17.86% were severely underweight. 72.86% of children showed normal development on assessments of gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social skills.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Educ...ijtsrd
Adolescent age group is a very susceptible group. These children are in phase of transformation from children to adulthood. Most adolescence manages this transformation but many of them are indulged in behaviors like sexual experimentation, exploration and promiscuity, and through which lands in the problem of unmarried motherhood, abortions, STDs HIV infection, sexual abuse. India has the largest population of adolescents in the world about 243 million , among them 69.5 getting married before 20 years of age, about 2.47 cases of HIV infected persons in the country and with sexually transmitted diseases. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching program on education in selected Nursing College of Dehradun in Uttarakhand.The quantitative evaluative research approach was used. Setting Himalayan College of Nursing, Jolly grant, Dehradun, Sample consecutive sample of 44 General Nursing and Midwifery GNM students. Tool self structure questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding sex education was prepared. Intervention planned teaching programme on sex education.The finding of the study revealed that post test knowledge score is significantly higher than pre test knowledge score. The different between pre test and post test shows difference at the level of p 0.005. There was no significant association between pre test knowledge score and demographic variables. Rajesh Singh | Anjali Gupta | Deepika Badola | Poonam Chauhan | Anupriya Bisht | Upma George "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Sex Education among GNM First Year Students in a Selected College of Nursing in Dehradun Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47494.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/47494/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-sex-education-among-gnm-first-year-students-in-a-selected-college-of-nursing-in-dehradun-uttarakhand/rajesh-singh
Effect of Antenatal Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Postnatal Stress Urinary ...Crimsonpublishers-IGRWH
Effect of Antenatal Pelvic Floor Muscle Exercise on Postnatal Stress Urinary Incontinence in Primigravida - An Comparative Experimental Study by Rejisha TR in Womens health Journal
The Model Of The Effect Of Husband And Peer Support With Breastfeeding Educat...irjes
Innoncenti declaration in 1990 by the WHO aimed to support exclusive breastfeeding program.Peer
support will facilitate the sharing process where a process towards breastfeeding occurs, according to the theory
of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM). Mother has self efficacy. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of
husband and peer support with breastfeeding education class for pregnant women on knowledge, process of
change according to the theory of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM), self efficacy. The research is a quasiexperimental
research. The study design was Non - Equivalent Control Group. The sampling technique used in
this study was non-random with accidental sampling that met the inclusion criteria. Sample size was 20 cases
and 20 controls. Independent Variable: The intervention of husband and peer support with breastfeeding
education class for pregnant woman. Dependent Variable: Self efficacy. Bivariate analysis: Paired t test,
Independent t test, Regression. Multivariate Analysis: Multiple regresion. The results: knowledge on case -
control p = 0.001, process of change p = 0.002 and self-efficacy p = 0.007. Conclusion: there was an effect of
knowledge on the process of change and self efficacy. Suggestion: pregnant woman and husbandshare
experiences regarding breastfeeding in order to improve knowledge.
This study examined the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 1,189 secondary school children aged 12-14 in Mashhad, Iran. The overall prevalence of overweight was 17.2% and obesity was 11.9%. A higher proportion of male (30.7%) than female (27.4%) children were overweight or obese. The children's BMI was significantly associated with parental BMI, gender, birth order, parents' education level, father's employment status, and family income. Multiple regression analysis showed that the father's BMI was significantly associated with male and female BMI, while the mother's BMI was significantly associated with only female BMI. The high prevalence of overweight/obesity found in this study compared to previous studies in Iran may
Success Of Strategies For Combining Employment And BreastfeedingBiblioteca Virtual
1) The study examined strategies that mothers use to combine breastfeeding and paid employment, and the impact of these strategies on breastfeeding intensity and duration.
2) The strategies included: directly breastfeeding from the breast, pumping milk, a combination of pumping and direct breastfeeding, and neither pumping nor direct breastfeeding during work.
3) Pumping milk only and directly breastfeeding only were the most common strategies. These strategies as well as a combination of pumping and direct breastfeeding were associated with smaller decreases in breastfeeding intensity compared to neither pumping nor direct breastfeeding.
4) Directly breastfeeding from the breast, with or without pumping, was associated with longer breastfeeding duration compared to pumping only.
A Systematic Review Of Maternal Obesity And Breastfeeding Intention, Initiati...Biblioteca Virtual
This document summarizes a systematic review examining the relationship between maternal overweight/obesity and breastfeeding intention, initiation and duration. The review identified 27 studies on this topic. The studies generally found that obese women had shorter intended and actual breastfeeding duration compared to normal weight women. Specifically, obese women were less likely to intend to or initiate breastfeeding, and breastfed for shorter durations even after adjusting for confounding factors. The relationship between maternal obesity and delayed onset of lactation was also observed. However, the reasons for these relationships are not fully understood and require further qualitative research.
The school age period is nutritionally
significant because this is the prime time to build up body
stores of nutrients in preparation for rapid growth of
adolescence.1 Malnutrition remains the world’s most
serious health problem and the single biggest contributor to
child mortality, nearly one third of the children in the
developing world are either underweight or stunted and
more than 30% of the developing world’s population suffer
from micronutrient deficiencies. However the data available
from urban slums of Hyderabad in this age group is very
sparse and hence an attempt has been made to study the
same.
This document is a proposal for a study examining the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mental health status. It hypothesizes that people with higher BMI, classified as overweight or obese, may have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress than those with average weight. The study aims to investigate this association among students at the International Islamic University Malaysia. It will measure BMI and mental health status using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21. The proposal provides background on related previous research and operational definitions of key terms to be used in the study.
A Descriptive Study on the Knowledge Regarding Breast-Feeding Problems and it...ijtsrd
1. The study assessed the knowledge of breastfeeding problems and management among 100 postnatal mothers in a hospital in Dehradun, India.
2. It found that the overall mean knowledge score was 15±3.33 out of 31. Knowledge was highest about breastfeeding introduction and lowest about breast engorgement.
3. Most common breastfeeding problems reported were painful nipples (46%), engorgement (40%), and inflammation (28%). Few mothers reported inverted or cracked nipples.
4. The majority (60%) of mothers had average knowledge of breastfeeding problems and management, while 39% had good knowledge and only 1% had very good knowledge.
The study aimed to determine the impact of an 8-week nutrition education program on the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and lifestyle habits of 150 orphan girls aged 10-15 in Mumbai, India. Baseline assessments found the girls' diets to be deficient in some nutrients compared to recommendations. After the program, the girls' nutrition knowledge and attitudes increased significantly, though their practices did not fully change due to relying on institution-provided meals. Overall, the study suggests nutrition education can improve orphan girls' health literacy but that organized feeding and hygienic living conditions also need to be addressed for optimal nutrition status.
- Dietary fiber is classified as soluble or insoluble and comes from plant foods. Bananas are a good source of soluble fiber that can promote fullness.
- Childhood obesity has increased globally and contributes to health issues. The study aimed to evaluate if banana fiber intake affected weight loss in overweight Indian children aged 4-13 years.
- Over 3 months, anthropometric measures declined more for children supplemented with bananas compared to controls, indicating banana fiber aided weight loss. Banana fiber intake was associated with reduced food cravings and feeling full.
Le cas des services de garde et des responsabilités parentalesQuébec en Forme
Marie Marquis a soulevé cette délicate question lors du colloque du centre de recherches de l'ITHQ.
Lisez notre compte rendu et découvrez les résultats révélateurs d'un sondage mené auprès des parents.
The document summarizes a shelf life analysis of a fudge product made using ghee extracts and orange peel. Key points:
- The fudge is made using ghee residue, orange zest, chocolate powder and other ingredients. It has good nutritional value and shelf life of 15 days when stored in a cool place.
- Materials and methods details the ingredients and preparation process which involves making candy from orange zest and then combining all ingredients to make fudge portions.
- Sensory evaluation over 15 days showed the product had excellent overall acceptability for the first 10 days, followed by good acceptability on day 15. The fudge thus maintains quality for 15 days.
O aplicativo MyFitnessPal calcula as necessidades calóricas do usuário com base em informações como peso, altura e frequência de exercícios. Ele sugere metas de perda ou ganho de peso e monitora a ingestão de calorias diária do usuário para ajudá-lo a atingir suas metas, registrando refeições e exercícios.
A short presentation given in Sept 2009 to finish my masters degree. The project experiment found that evaluators working collaboratively could identify more usability problems and reach a significantly higher level of inter-evaluator agreement than using the traditional method of heuristic evaluation.
La diligencia procede del latín "diligere" que significa amar. Es una virtud que se da para expresar amor y dedicación a las personas. La diligencia implica coraje, valentía y entusiasmo y se practica en el trabajo, estudio y compromisos diarios para beneficiar las relaciones con Dios, los demás y uno mismo en los niveles personal, familiar y laboral/profesional.
Compliance in GST is much more complex and strict than in any of the present law. In GST it will be desired to have accurate filings as there is no provision of revising a return once filed. However, to err is human and this fact is recognised by the government.
So how does one rectify the errors in already filed returns? A taxpayer can "amend" details of returns already filed by providing relevant details in the next return to be filed.
Let us see what are the situations in which amendment will have to be done by the taxpayer.
This document provides background information on a research project studying factors influencing project performance in rural health development projects in Migori County, Kenya. It includes a declaration by the student and supervisor, dedication, acknowledgements, abstract, list of abbreviations, and table of contents. The literature review discusses previous studies on rehabilitation of rural health projects, factors that play roles in performance, health worker shortages and motivation, competence of implementation teams, availability of human resources, political commitment, and leadership capabilities and project planning. The theoretical framework discusses stakeholder theory.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of physical activity on clinical manifestations of dysmenorrhea in young women. The study involved 80 dysmenorrheic young women divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed yoga exercises for 8 weeks while the control did not. Results showed a reduction in pain intensity and medicine use in the experimental group, though changes in weight, BMI and waist circumference were minor. Limitations included a short study duration and small sample size. Recommendations included a longer study period and larger sample size.
L’équilibre nutritionnel de la personne âgée est plus précaire car tributaire des modifications physiologiques et de l’émergence de pathologies. Les personnes âgées ont tendance par ailleurs à diminuer leurs apports alimentaires sans que leurs besoins énergétiques ne soient significativement abaissés ; de plus leurs réserves étant amoindries, tout incident rompt le fragile équilibre et la dénutrition apparaît.
Cette présentation est un cours de gériatrie donné par le Dr Khadija Moussayer à l'Université Internationale de Casablanca en 2015
This document provides an atlas of medical parasitology. It contains 167 photographs of over 50 parasites of medical importance grouped into intestinal/urogenital parasites and blood/tissue parasites. For each parasite, there is a brief introduction and caption for each photograph. The photographs show the parasites at different life stages and in clinical samples. The goal is to provide medical students and practitioners with a visual guide to diagnosing parasitic diseases.
This study evaluated the effects of consuming a mixture of cinnamon, clove, and bay leaf powder on blood glucose levels in 100 type 2 diabetes patients aged 30-70. The experimental group (n=33) consumed 6g per day for 6 weeks, while the control group (n=31) did not. Fasting blood sugar significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to controls. Both fasting and post-prandial blood sugars also significantly decreased within the experimental group pre- and post-intervention. Protein intake increased and fat intake decreased significantly in the experimental group as well. The study concluded the herbal mixture can help control blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients.
Este documento presenta una introducción a la metodología de la investigación científica. Explica que la investigación científica requiere tanto la acumulación de hechos como un sistema de conocimientos para describir y explicar los fenómenos de interés. Luego describe las características de la ciencia, como la experimentación, el uso de teorías e hipótesis, y la búsqueda de leyes científicas. Finalmente, introduce conceptos clave como objeto de estudio, teoría, variables e hipótesis, que son elementos
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a nutrition and lifestyle education program on the nutritional status of 150 elderly adults (ages 50-95 years) living in two old age homes in Mumbai, India. The study assessed nutritional status, nutrient intake, nutrition knowledge, and happiness levels before and after the 2-month education program. The results showed slight improvements in BMI, fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity, and nutrition knowledge after the intervention. However, no significant differences were found in energy, protein, fat, or carbohydrate intake between BMI groups before and after the program. The study concluded the education program had a positive impact on behaviors and eating habits of the elderly participants.
This document discusses a study on metabolic syndrome among young adults in Mumbai, India. The study aims to identify risk factors for metabolic syndrome such as family history, lifestyle habits, nutrition status and dietary patterns. Anthropometric measurements were taken for 200 participants aged 18-24 years old from various areas in Mumbai. Questionnaires assessed physical activity, lifestyle and dietary intake. Results found higher prevalence of obesity in participants with a family history of diseases. Obese participants consumed more non-vegetarian diets and were less physically active. Significant factors for metabolic syndrome risk among young adults in Mumbai were identified.
Aleitamento materno e adiposidade adultaLaped Ufrn
Aleitamento materno e adiposidade adulta (JPed 2014) - Artigo apresentado em Reunião Científica da Liga Acadêmica de Pediatria da UFRN - LAPED UFRN - Natal - RN - Brasil.
Intergenerational Study Of Beliefs About Childcare PptNeeru Sharma
The document discusses a study comparing the beliefs of mothers and grandmothers from the Lobana community in rural Jammu regarding childcare practices. The study found some differences between the generations, with mothers having more modern views influenced by education. Grandmothers held more traditional beliefs and favored home birth with a traditional midwife. Both groups saw the importance of family and continuing cultural traditions in child development.
[[IAA JSR 10(1)49-60, 2023.Awareness and Practice of Breast Feeding among Mot...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Breastfeeding is a key tool for nourishing a baby, preventing childhood illnesses like obesity, and hypertension later on in life. In addition, it reduces the cost to the family and the entire country. Uganda to some extent faces a great deal of challenges, particularly in the health sector. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of exclusive breastfeeding in mothers with infants between 1 day to 2 years of age attending the immunization and the pediatric inpatient in Kiryandongo Hospital and to identify factors that affect exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). A cross-section descriptive survey design was used. 187 respondents were selected randomly. The data were collected using a questionnaire and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentages. The result of this study showed that 71.2 % knew the correct definition and duration of exclusive breastfeeding, 59.7% exclusively breastfeeds for the first six (6) months of life, 100% gave colostrum to their babies because they believed it provides nutrition and protection to their babies, 87% breastfed on demand. The result also showed that there is a positive attitude of mothers toward exclusive breastfeeding as 86.6% of them agreed that breast milk alone is sufficient to the baby during the first six (6) months of life as well as believed that EBF has benefits to both the infants and the mother. 51% of respondents weaned their babies between 15-18 months and 41% weaned between 19 months to 2 years. It was concluded that there was a high level of knowledge on breastfeeding among the respondents, more than half of the respondents practiced exclusive breastfeeding as recommended and relatively all the respondents had positive attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding.
Keywords: knowledge, attitude, practice, breastfeeding, mothers
This study analyzed infant feeding practices in ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) and non-ICDS urban slum areas in Lucknow, India. The study found that practices were generally better in the ICDS areas, which had received nutrition/health education, compared to non-ICDS areas. In ICDS areas, more mothers fed colostrum and initiated breastfeeding earlier. Introduction of complementary foods also differed between the areas. While practices were suboptimal in both areas, the results suggest that nutrition education programs can help improve infant feeding knowledge and behaviors.
A STUDY ON THE PRACTICE OF LACTATING MOTHERS IN THANJAVUR DISTRICTIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on breastfeeding practices of lactating mothers in Thanjavur District, India. The study aimed to understand breastfeeding cultural practices and the association between breastfeeding practices and socioeconomic factors. 50 mothers were surveyed using interviews. Key findings include that most mothers were below age 27, Hindu, and from backward castes. The majority (66%) breastfed exclusively while others supplemented with formula or solids. Most deliveries were in hospitals. Knowledge of optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding was low. The study concluded breastfeeding practices in rural areas were better but nutritional education programs are still needed to address issues like malnutrition and obesity.
1) The study assessed feeding practices of infants and young children aged 0-24 months in a peri-urban area of India.
2) Various WHO indicators were used to evaluate rates of early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months, continued breastfeeding from 12-15 months, and introduction of solid foods from 6-8 months.
3) The results found that 56.4% of children were put to the breast within 1 hour of birth, 37% of infants were exclusively breastfed, continued breastfeeding was found in 70% of children aged 12-15 months, and 36% of infants were introduced to solid foods at the appropriate time of 6-8 months.
1) The study assessed feeding practices of infants and young children aged 0-24 months in a peri-urban area of India.
2) Various WHO indicators were used to evaluate rates of early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months, continued breastfeeding from 12-15 months, and introduction of solid foods from 6-8 months.
3) The results found that 56.4% of children were put to the breast within 1 hour of birth, 37% of infants were exclusively breastfed, continued breastfeeding was found in 70% of children aged 12-15 months, and 36% of infants were introduced to solid foods at the appropriate time between 6-8 months.
Prevalence of diarrhea among severely malnourished children admitted in Gover...Open Access Research Paper
Mortality rate of children under the age of five has reduced worldwide, but still the probability of a child dying before the age of five is greatest in underdeveloped countries. Pakistan reports child mortality rates in same bracket as other South Asian countries due to malnutrition and diarrhea. To determine the prevalence and factors associated in children less than five years of age a cross sectional study was conducted with mothers whose children were admitted in pediatric government Hospital, Lahore. A convenient sample of 101 children (6-59 months, 53 males and 48 females) suffering from malnutrition and diarrhea were selected from hospital. Data about socio demographic, anthropometric, clinical and dietary variables were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16. The results showed that mean age of patients was 19.36 ± 10.5 months. The illiteracy rate among mother and father of patients was 94.1% and 69.3% respectively. 94.1% of the patients were breastfed while 47.5% of the patients were on bottle feed with breast milk. 66.3% patients families has very low-income rate while 33.7% were satisfactory. 40.6% patients were not vaccinated against immunization. Out of 101 patients, 39.6% of the patients had diarrhea while 6.9% of the patients had chronic diarrhea. The prevalence rate of diarrhea (39%) was less among children who were younger than 18 months as compared to those who were above 18 months (40.5%). The most significant factors that caused the incidence of diarrhea in children was form of water storage system, complementary feeding practices, and hand wash cleaning materials. This study concluded that government, nongovernmental organizations and families living with children and mothers could cooperate on strategies to minimize the risks of the diarrhea among children less than five years of age.
Misconceptions about Oral Contraceptive Pill Used Among Women at Primary Heal...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that examined misconceptions about oral contraceptive pills among women in Holy Karbala City, Iraq. The study involved a survey of 200 women attending primary health care centers. The survey assessed demographic information, reproductive histories, and levels of agreement with statements about potential consequences of oral contraceptive use. The results found that most participants were between 21-35 years old, housewives, and had primary education or less. Regarding reproductive histories, most had 1-2 pregnancies and deliveries. Assessment of misconceptions showed that over 50% of participants believed myths such as oral contraceptives causing nervousness or infertility. However, participants correctly understood the effectiveness of oral contraceptives in preventing pregnancy
Intergenerational benefits of India’s national school feeding programPOSHAN
Suman Chakrabarti, Samuel P. Scott, Harold Alderman, Purnima Menon, Daniel O. Gilligan
Poverty Health and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute
“Effectiveness of PTP on Knowledge and Attitude of High School Students Regar...inventionjournals
Background: Nutrition is an important component of any physical fitness program. The main dietary goal for active individuals is to obtain adequate nutrition to optimize health fitness. Health behavioral patter ns, especially eating patterns, established in childhood often carry over into adulthood, and some of the unhealthy ones are later associated with adult morbidity and mortality. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed at assessing effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge and attitude regarding importance of diet among high school students and finding the correlation between knowledge and attitude regarding importance of diet and find the association between knowledge and attitude with selected demographic variables. Materials and Methods: knowledge of high school students was assessed by structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude was assessed by rating scale, 50 students were selected by purposive sampling technique. Results: The findings of the study related to knowledge revealed that, in the pre test 23 (46%) had the average knowledge, 22(44%) had good knowledge. The post test knowledge scores shows 13(26%) with good knowledge and 33(66%) with excellent knowledge. There is a significant difference between the pretest and post test level of knowledge [t value (t49=14.63)]. The findings of the study related to attitude revealed that, 46(92%) had the good attitude & 3 (6%) had excellent attitude. Whereas after administration of PTP no one had poor attitude, 20(40%) with good attitude, & 29(58%) had excellent attitude. There is a significant difference between the pretest and post test level of attitude [t value (t49=8.65)]. The correlation between knowledge and attitude score shows that mild correlation (r=0.666). There is a significant association between knowledge scores with selected demographic variables like age (X2=4.5, df=1), sex (X2=5.56, df=1), father education (X2=12, df=1), father occupation (X2=8.41, df=1), mother education (X2=10.54, df=1), family income (X2=23.72, df=1), type of diet (X2=5.88, df=1),source of information regarding diet (X2=6.77, df=1). There is a significant association between attitude scores with selected demographic variables like father occupation (X2=19.42, df=1), mother education (X2=5.88, df=1), mother occupation (X2=4.11, df=1), family income (X2=5.89, df=1). Conclusion: The findings of the study supports the need for providing information to improving the knowledge regarding importance of diet among high school children.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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1. B Y
M S . P R A N O T I M A N E
M . S C . C L I N I C A L N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S
2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 3
G U I D E D B Y M R S . A N U R A D H A S H E K H A R
H . O . D . F O O D S C I E N C E A N D N U T R I T I O N
P O S T G R A D U AT E D E PA RT M E N T O F C L I N I C A L N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S
D R . B . M . N . C O L L E G E O F H O M E S C I E N C E
3 3 8 , R A F I A H M E D K I D WA I R O A D , M AT U N G A ,
M U M B A I - 4 0 0 0 1 9 .
A F F I L I AT E D T O S N D T W O M E N ’ S U N I V E R S I T Y
ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND FEEDING
PRACTICES OF TODDLERS IN MUMBAI CITY
2. Aim
To study the nutritional status and feeding patterns in infants belonging to age group of 12 to 24 months and
understand the nutritive effect of different infant formulas, homemade formula and both on baby’s growth and
development
Objectives
To study the feeding practices among of toddlers aged 12 to 24 months
To assess the nutritional status of infants using anthropometric data.
To assess the nutritional status of infants using diet recall
To compare between commercial and homemade formulas.
3. Research Methodology
Proper feeding practices during infancy and toddlerhood are essential for attaining and maintaining proper
nutrition, health, and development of infants and young children. Results of studies on infant and child feeding
across different developing countries have indicated that inappropriate feeding practices have profound
consequences for the growth, development, and survival of infants and children, particularly in developing
countries. (Edward A Frongillo, 2008)
So, a research was carried out in Mumbai city to study the feeding practices among toddlers aged 12 to 24
months & assess their nutritional status using anthropometric data. Since the toddlers cannot be interviewed for
the study their mothers was targeted.90 mothers having kids belonging to 12-24 months and fulfilling the
required criteria was considered. The questionnaire covered the following areas:
General information
Anthropometric data
Dietary recall
Feeding practices among toddlers aged 12 to 24 months(Type of food fed to their babies and the
reasons for using the same.
4. Contd..
NULL HYPOTHESIS
There was no significant change in feeding practices and nutritional status of the toddlers.
RESEARCH DESIGN
A structured questionnaire was designed to obtain required information. Samples of working &non working
mothers were identified and explained the purpose of the study. Face to face interviews were conducted with
those women who met the desired criteria & showed willingness to participate in the survey. In some cases
interviews were conducted later, at time & date convenient to the respondents.
In Household interviews- Interviews was conducted at different locations selected randomly in an area in
buildings at Sion.
In Hospital interviews – some interviews were conducted with mothers sitting in the reception area.
The study included questions on details of feeding pattern and also anthropometric measurements of baby like
height, weight, and head circumference. Each interview took approximately 20 to 25 minutes.
The survey took approximately 3 months. After the survey was completed, the responses obtained in the survey
was coded and punched in the system wise for all respondents. The output was then analyzed.
5. Sampling
Quantitative research methodology was adopted for the study.
The target group of the study was mothers of age group 20 to 40 years & having kids belonging to age group of
12 to 24months.
The study was conducted in Pratiksha Nagar &Sion Circle areas of Sion.
Permission from the housing society and maternity & nursing hospital was obtained prior to starting the actual
survey. A brief explanation of the topic, its importance and its benefits was also given to the concerned
authorities.
The criteria for the selection of the subjects were as follows:
Age: Mothers of kid belonging to the age group of 12-24 months years old were selected for the study.
Inclusion criteria: Healthy kids were selected for the purpose.
Exclusion criteria: Subjects with any disease condition like diseases of the kidney, liver, cancer, etc.or other
disease condition were not selected.
Young women (working and non-working) were interviewed about the nutritional status (anthropometry, dietary
recall) and feeding practices of their child. In addition babies’ height and weight at birth and current height and
weight were taken and registered. A total of 90 young women were included. They were enrolled in the study
purely based on their willingness to participate. The participants were first met and briefed upon the topic and
they were informed about the study design.
Their role as a participant was explained to them. They were also assured of the confidentiality of personal
information.
6. STATISTICALANALYSIS
The data were analyzed using the SPSS/PC+ statistical package. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to
evaluate differences between age groups with respect to the different variables measured. Simple linear
correlation was performed on variables in the total sample and within age groups. Unless otherwise stated, the
results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation
8. Occupation status of the mother vs. breastfeeding
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
No
breastfeeding
One time aday Two times a
day
Three times
aday
Any other
73.3
15.6
6.7
2.2 2.2
66.7
20
8.9 2.2
2.2
Percent
Number of times breastfed
Working
Nonworking
N= 33(73%) of working mothers & N= 30 (66.7%) non working mothers do not breast their kids.
Out of the working mothers who breast feed their kid, n=7 (15.6%) give feed one time a day. Also n=9(20%) of non
working mothers feed their babies one time a day
Base: All (90)
9. Feeding pattern
Food pattern seen in toddlers (N = 90)
Homemade
24%
Readymade
33%
Both
42%
Type of food
Base: All (90)
From the Fig it can be observed that out of 90 subjects, 24% (N=22) of them were fed with homemade food, 33%
(N=30) with readymade food and 42% (N=38) toddlers were fed with both homemade & readymade food.
10. Type of food in comparison with occupation of mothers
Working Non working
49
67
33
51
Type of food by household income
Homemade Readymade Both
o 67 % of the working mothers feed their babies ready made food
o 49% of non working mothers feed their babies with home made food.
oBoth home made & ready made food is preferred by non working mothers (51%)
11. Type of food in comparison with household Income
30 - 35 k 45 - 55k 55k & more
40
25
17
30
39
39
30
36
44
Type of food by household income
Homemade Readymade Both
o 40% of the subjects having household income in range of 30 to 35ooo eat home made food.
oReady made food is preferred most by families having high income of more than 35ooo.
oAlso both ready made & home made food is preferred by high income families
12. Birth weight of toddlers – By occupation of mother
Occupation
Weight
Non working Working Total
2 - 3 kg % 20.0% 2.2% 11.1%
3 – 3.5kg % 62.2% 55.6% 58.9%
3.5 – 4 kg % 17.8% 42.2% 30.0%
Total Count 45 45 90
o 62.2% of non working mothers reported their babies weight to be in the range of 3 to 3.5 Kg. n= 8 (17.8%) said that their babies weight
lied in the range 3.5 to 4 kg at birth. So we can say that n = 36 (80%) non working mothers reported their babies weight at birth to
be greater than 3 Kg
55.6% working mothers gave birth to babies in the weight of 3 to 3.5 Kg, while n =19(42.2%) said that their babies weight at birth was
in the range of 3.5 to 4 Kg. Therefore in case of working mothers, n= 44 (98%) toddlers weighed more than 3 Kg at birth
Also p value for chi square test between the 2 variables is less than 0.05 , so association between birth weight & mother’s occupation is seen.
13. Birth height of toddlers – By occupation of mother
Occupation
Weight
Non working Working Total
30-39cm % 26.67% 17.78% 11.11%
40-49cm % 57.78% 60.00% 58.89%
More than 49cm % 15.56% 11.11% 30.00%
Total Count 45 45 90
26.67%) mothers reported their babies height to be in the range of 30 to 39 cm. Highest numbers n=26 (57.78%) mothers had babies heigh
in range of 40 to 49 cm at birth, while n=7 (15.56%) said that their babies height was more than 49 cm at birth.
So we can say that n = 33 (73.33%) non working mothers reported their babies height at birth to be greater than 49 cm
N=27 (60%) of N=45 working mothers gave birth to babies having height of 40 to 49 cm, while n =15 (33.33%)
said that their babies height at birth was more than 49 cm. Therefore in case of working mothers, n= 32 (71.11%)
toddlers height more than 49 cm at birth. p value is less than 0.05 for height of baby at births Vs occupation of mothers.
So association between height at birth & occupation is observed.
14. Correlation of mothers education & type of food fed
Education Type of food Total
Homemade Readymade Both
Not attended college Count 12 4 4 24
% 55% 13% 11% 22%
Graduate Count 10 17 20 63
% 45% 57% 53% 52%
Post graduate Count 0 9 14 3
% 0% 30% 37% 26%
Total Count 22 30 38 90
o 55% (N=12) mothers, who have not attended college feed their babies with homemade food, while 13% (N=4) use
readymade food and 11% (N=4) use both type of food.
o Of the N=63 graduate mothers, highest 57% (N=17) feed their babies with readymade food followed by 53% (N=20)
both homemade & readymade and then 45% (N=10) use homemade food to feed their babies
o 37% (N=14) mothers of N=3 who have completed their post graduation feed their babies with both homemade &
readymade food and the rest 30% (N=9) uses readymade food.
15. Anthropometric parameters of the toddlers in comparison with type of food fed
Parameters Type of food fed N Mean Std. Deviation
Current Height
Home made 22 70.9 .379
Readymade 30 67.55 .183
Both home & readymade 38 69.47 .802
Current Weight
Home made 22 11.27 .000
Readymade 30 11.06 .183
Both home & readymade 38 11.27 .504
Current Head
Circumference
Home made 22 43 .000
Readymade 30 43 .000
Both home & readymade 38 43 .000
o From table 5, it can be observed that not much difference in the average figures of the different types of food eater is
observed
16. Current weight of toddlers – By their age, occupation of mother & type of food
Age of baby Occupation Type of food
Weight 12 -16
months
17- 20
months
21- 24
months
Non
working
Working
Home
made
Ready
made
Both Total
8-10 kg % 83.3% .0% .0% 28.9% 26.7% 27.3% 23.3% 31.6% 27.8%
11-13kg % 16.7% 96.7% 53.3% 57.8% 54.3% 54.5% 44.7% 70% 55.6%
14-15kg % .0% 3.3% 26.7% 13.3% 6.7% 18.2% 3.3% 10.5% 10.0%
More than 15 % .0% .0% 20.0% 4.4% 8.9% .0% 3.3% 13.2% 6.7%
Total Count 30 30 30 45 45 22 30 38 90
o Highest number of toddlers having current weight of 14 to 15 kg, n=8 (26.7%) belong to 21 to 24 months of age, while only n=1 (3.3%)
belongs to age group of 17 to 20 months. So we can say that weight of toddlers increase with age.
oAlso p value for chi square test between the 2 variables in less than 0.05 , so association between current weight & age of toddlers is seen.
oNot much difference in current weight of toddlers is found in case of working & non working mothers.
oSame is true for different types of food fed.
oAlso the p value for chi square test between the above 2 groups of variables in more than 0.05 , so no association is observed between them
17. Current height of toddlers – By their age, occupation of mother & type of food
Age of baby Occupation of mothers Type of food
Height
12 -16
mnths
17- 20
mnths
21- 24
mnths
Non
working
Working
Home
made
Ready
made
Both Total
Less than 55 cm % 3.3% .0% .0% 2.2% .0% 4.5% .0% .0% 1.1%
55 – 65 cm % 96.7% .0% 3.3% 31.1% 35.6% 27.3% 33.3% 36.8% 33.3%
66 – 90cm % .0% 100.0% 96.7% 66.7% 64.4% 68.2% 66.7% 63.2% 65.6%
Total Count 30 30 30 45 45 22 30 38 90
o Highest number of toddlers n= 59 (96.7%) out of N=30 belonging to 12 to 16 months of age have current height in the range of
55 to 65 cm, while all n=30 (100%) toddlers in 17 to 20 months age group have heights in the range of 66 to 80 cm.
o n=29 (96.7%) of toddlers belonging to 21 to 24 months age group have current height in range of 66 to 90 cm.
o Also p value for chi square test between the current height & age is less than 0.05 , so association between the variables is seen.
o Not much difference in current height of toddlers is found in case of working & non working mothers.
oSame is true for different types of food fed.
oAlso the p value for chi square test between the above 2 groups of variables in more than 0.05 , so no association is observed between them
18. Current Head Circumference of toddlers – By their age, occupation of mother &
type of food
Age of baby Occupation of mothers Type of food
Head
Circumfere
nce
12 -16
mnths
17- 20
mnths
21- 24
mnths
Non
working
Non
working
Home
made
Ready
made
Both Total
35 – 40 cm % 100.0% .0% .0% 37.8% 33.3% 31.8% 30.0% 36.8% 33.3%
40- 50 cm % .0% 100.0% 100.0% 62.2% 66.7% 68.2% 70.0% 63.2% 66.7%
Total Count 30 30 30 45 45 22 30 38 90
o Head circumference of toddlers show same trend as current weight & height.
oP value of chi square test between current head circumference & age is less than 0.05 showing association between the 2, whereas
p value for chi square test between head circumference & occupation & type of food is more than 0.05.
oSo no association between them is observed
20. Different types of ready made food fed
12 -16 mnths 17- 20 mnths 21- 24 mnths Total
No readymade 23.30% 26.70% 23.30% 24.40%
Ceralac,Milk biscuit,chocolate 46.70% 60.00% 46.70% 51.10%
Ceralac and lactogen, 13.30% 3.30% 10.00% 8.90%
Milk biscuit,chocolate,Nanpro 6.70% 6.70% 10.00% 7.80%
Powdered milk and ceralac,chocolate 3.30% 0.00% 3.30% 2.20%
Lactogen and milk biscuit 0.00% 3.30% 3.30% 2.20%
Ceralac and fruit juice 3.30% 0.00% 0.00% 1.10%
Nanpro,idli and ceralac 3.30% 0.00% 0.00% 1.10%
Chocolate and milk biscuit 0.00% 0.00% 3.30% 1.10%
Total 30 30 30 90
21. Nutrient intake
o Mean calorie intake of toddlers across all the three age groups were near
the standard values.
oThose belonging in the age group of 12 – 16 months have calorie intake
(904 ±100).
o Toddlers in age group of 17 to 20 months have highest calorie intake of
950 ± 112.
o Those in the age group of 21 to 24 months recorded the lowest energy
intake with high standard deviation.
o So the energy requirements of toddlers in this age group may or may
not be fulfilled with the current dietary habit.
o Carbohydrate intake in the toddlers under study was below
the standards.
oThe above figure also depicts that the mean carbohydrate intake
of 17 to 20 months toddlers (97 ± 22 ) is slightly high than those
of 21 to 24 months (95 ± 22)
o Toddlers in the age group of 12 to 16 months have (92 ± 19) mean
carbohydrate intake.
12-16 Months 17-20 Months 21-24 Months
904 950 890980 1000
1150
Energy Intake
Actual mean Std
12-16 Months 17-20 Months 21-24 Months
92 97 9598 120 130
Carbohydrate Intake
Actual mean Std
22. Nutrient intake
o Mean calorie intake of toddlers across all the three age groups were near
the standard values.
oThose belonging in the age group of 12 – 16 months have calorie intake
(904 ±100).
o Toddlers in age group of 17 to 20 months have highest calorie intake of
950 ± 112.
o Those in the age group of 21 to 24 months recorded the lowest energy
intake with high standard deviation.
o So the energy requirements of toddlers in this age group may or may
not be fulfilled with the current dietary habit.
12-16 Months 17-20
Months
21-24
Months
13 13 13
18 18 19
Protein Intake
Actual mean Std
12-16 Months 17-20 Months 21-24 Months
33 33 3237 40 44
Fat IntakeActual mean Std
The analysis of the data (figure) highlighted the similar
trend in the consumption of fat in the diet of the selected
participants of all the three age groups
23. Nutrient intake
12-16 Months 17-20 Months 21-24 Months
402 353 363
550
450 450
Calcium Intake
Actual mean Std
The above table states that calcium intake in toddlers
belonging to 12 to 16 months of age is 252 ± 54 , which is
significantly lower than the standard value range of 400 -
500.
Calcium intake across the other two age groups is also
significantly low than standard
12-16
Months
17-20
Months
21-24
Months
5
7
4
7 7 7
Iron Intake
Actual mean Std
The mean iron intake of toddlers across the three age groups
was lower than the standard. However in 12 to 16 months
age group toddlers the mean iron intake is 5 ± 1, which is
close to the standard. In case of toddlers belonging to 17 to
20 months age, the mean iron intake is 7 ± 12, which is also
close to standard.
24. Correlation between Nutrient Intake & anthropometric measurements
Correlation
Energy Fat Protein CHO Calcium Iron
Current
Weight
of baby
Pearson
Correlation
.047 .096 -.013 -.008 .193 .005
Sig. (2-tailed) .658 .366 .903 .939 .069 .960
N 90 90 90 90 90 90
Current
Height
of baby
Pearson
Correlation
.170 .095 -.017 -.001 .031 .066
Sig. (2-tailed) .108 .374 .870 .991 .768 .534
N 90 90 90 90 90 90
Head
Circum
current
Pearson
Correlation
.046 .087 -.030 -.026 .044 .061
Sig. (2-tailed) .666 .416 .776 .807 .683 .569
N 90 90 90 90 90 90
25. Contd…
No significant association was seen between intake of energy, carbohydrate, fat, calcium, iron and the three
anthropometric indices of the subjects - current weight, height & head circumference.
This is contradicts with the earlier studies conducted on nutritional requirements in toddlers.
Negative correlation exists between current weight and proteins (- 0.13), current height and protein (-0.17) current head
circumference & proteins (-0.30), current weight & height and carbohydrate (-0.08) & (-0.01) respectively.
But a positive significant correlation is seen between current weight and iron (0.05)
26. Reasons for using homemade food
The top 4 reasons for using homemade food are:
It is healthy & nutritious for baby
Recommended by elders
Less expensive
Easy to use
27. Reasons for using readymade food
Key reasons for using readymade food are found to be:
Convenient to use
easy to prepare
baby eats it well
doctor's recommendations
publicity through advertisements
28. Reasons for using both homemade & readymade food
Key reasons for using both homemade & readymade food are:
To fulfill nutritional requirements
Recommended by doctors/ elders
Baby eats well both type of food.
29. Conclusion
The present study showed that homemade food is generally a preferred choice of food for non working
mothers as they believe it to be healthy & nutritious. On the other hand non working mothers’ uses
readymade food more often as for them it is convenient & easy to use. Also a combination of
homemade& ready made food is used by 38(42%) out of 90 subjects.
It was found that most of the toddlers were fed about 4 to 5 or even more than 5 times in a day, but their
nutrient intake were not meeting the standard requirements.
This is not found related to food type, family size, household income or education or occupation of
mothers. The mothers are not aware of the nutrition requirements & the type of food required fulfilling
their baby’s nutritional requirements.
It is difficult to meet all of the micronutrient needs of toddlers through home-based foods only. A review
of 23 complementary food combinations used in developing countries, including some animal products,
revealed that although most of the homemade feed could supply enough energy and protein, none had
enough iron and few had enough zinc. Animal products supply more of these nutrients but only few, such
as liver, have high enough densities to meet requirements.
Thus, the study suggests that complementary feeding is important for toddlers. At the same time
educating mothers about right feeding practice & food supplying right nutrition is also important.
30. Limitations
A larger sample size could not be obtained due to time constraints and participant inconvenience.
Mothers from different locations in Mumbai city could be recruited due to feasibility issues, time
constraint.
Biochemical parameters could not be conducted due to monetary constraints.
24- Hour dietary recall could not be recorded for the entire population due to feasibility issues
There are variables apart from food fed that affects child’s growth, which were not considered in
the survey like mother’s health.
31. Recommendations
Study could be carried out in different areas and with more number of people.
Few in-depth interviews with couples & doctors could be conducted to gauge their opinion on toddler’s
nutrition.
There could be comparative study for baby girl & baby boy.
A food record diary could have been used to record food intake of the subjects.
Body composition analysis could be done.
Appropriate nutrition in toddlers (12-24 months of age) requires interventions across the life span; from
pregnancy into the first 2 year of life. They include support for maternal nutritional, early initiation of
breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, and the introduction of adequate complementary foods at or
after 6 months.
Influencing appropriate feeding practices is as critical as influencing availability and use of adequate foods.
Quality counseling of mothers, and appropriate decision makers on type of food chosen for child are essential
for improving infant/ toddler and young child feeding practices. They should be at the centre of any strategy to
improve infant and young child nutrition. Identifying approaches to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition
particularly in the vulnerable first 2 y of life is a priority in developing countries.
Similarly, strategies should maximize the utilization of locally produced foods in any given setting, and consider
the promotion of additional products only if they can fill a critical gap in nutrients in an acceptable, feasible,
affordable, sustainable and safe way.