The document summarizes various topics related to sleep and dreaming, including the sleep cycle and stages of sleep (REM vs. non-REM), common sleep disorders, effects of sleep deprivation, dream interpretation, lucid dreaming techniques, and several studies on the connection between sleep/dreaming and learning.
Sleep is a state of sustained immobility, reduced responsiveness, and characteristic posture that allows the body to rest and repair itself. It is essential for humans and most animals. Lack of sufficient sleep can impair functions like alertness, learning, mood, energy levels, and coordination. Brain waves change during sleep cycles from beta/alpha when awake to theta/delta when asleep. Sleep consists of REM and non-REM sleep, with dreaming occurring in REM sleep. Establishing good sleep habits and avoiding stimulants before bed can help improve sleep quality and duration.
Sleep has different stages that the body cycles through each night, including light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep. The stages replenish energy, allow the body to heal, and support memory and learning processes. Lack of sufficient sleep can impair cognitive and physical functioning, reducing motivation, concentration, problem-solving skills, and immune function while increasing stress, mood issues, and health risks like diabetes and heart disease. Getting adequate quality sleep is important for optimal performance and well-being.
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness and sleep. It covers 3 main topics:
1) The different states of consciousness from fully awake to asleep, including daydreaming and altered states. Sleep has 5 stages and involves different types of awareness.
2) The stages of sleep including REM sleep where dreaming occurs and non-REM sleep with 4 stages. Sleep cycles through the stages approximately every 90 minutes.
3) Various sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea, as well as theories about the functions and causes of sleep. Drug use and types of drugs are also summarized.
This document discusses various topics related to sleep, including the stages of sleep, reasons for sleep, sleep problems, dreaming, and the impacts of sleep deprivation. It notes that the average person spends about 1/3 of their life sleeping, and that lack of sufficient sleep can cause health issues and accidents. Sleep is regulated by the body's circadian rhythm and passes through stages including slow wave sleep and REM sleep when dreaming occurs. Common sleep problems include insomnia, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.
Sleep is a natural state of rest that is observed in mammals, birds, and fish. It is characterized by reduced body movement and awareness of surroundings. Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms and hormones like melatonin.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) can record the electrical activity of the brain during sleep and shows different wave patterns associated with different sleep stages. Sleep stages progress from light to deep sleep and include REM sleep, which is when most dreaming occurs.
Dreams are the mental experiences that take place during sleep. Their content and meaning has been interpreted in various ways, such as wish fulfillment or as symbolic representations of deeper unconscious desires according to Freudian theory. Understanding dreams involves considering their
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a normal stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and low muscle tone. REM sleep occupies 20-25% of total sleep and occurs closer to morning, with humans experiencing 4-5 REM periods per night. During REM sleep, brain activity is similar to wakefulness. REM sleep was identified in the 1950s and classified into tonic and phasic categories.
The document discusses sleep needs at different ages, sleep disorders, circadian rhythms, and the stages of sleep. Infants need 12-18 hours of sleep per night, children ages 5-10 need 10-11 hours, and teens and adults need 8-9 hours and 7-9 hours respectively. Sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy. Circadian rhythms regulate the sleep-wake cycle through exposure to light and darkness. Sleep cycles through NREM and REM stages with different brain wave patterns in each stage.
The document discusses various topics related to sleep including sleep cycles, sleep stages, sleep needs, sleep disorders, and dreams. The sleep cycle is regulated by the circadian rhythm and follows a roughly 25 hour pattern. There are 5 stages of sleep including light, deep, and REM sleep. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and sleepwalking. Dreams occur during REM sleep and theories suggest dreams help with memory and process emotions.
Sleep is a state of sustained immobility, reduced responsiveness, and characteristic posture that allows the body to rest and repair itself. It is essential for humans and most animals. Lack of sufficient sleep can impair functions like alertness, learning, mood, energy levels, and coordination. Brain waves change during sleep cycles from beta/alpha when awake to theta/delta when asleep. Sleep consists of REM and non-REM sleep, with dreaming occurring in REM sleep. Establishing good sleep habits and avoiding stimulants before bed can help improve sleep quality and duration.
Sleep has different stages that the body cycles through each night, including light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep. The stages replenish energy, allow the body to heal, and support memory and learning processes. Lack of sufficient sleep can impair cognitive and physical functioning, reducing motivation, concentration, problem-solving skills, and immune function while increasing stress, mood issues, and health risks like diabetes and heart disease. Getting adequate quality sleep is important for optimal performance and well-being.
The document discusses various topics related to consciousness and sleep. It covers 3 main topics:
1) The different states of consciousness from fully awake to asleep, including daydreaming and altered states. Sleep has 5 stages and involves different types of awareness.
2) The stages of sleep including REM sleep where dreaming occurs and non-REM sleep with 4 stages. Sleep cycles through the stages approximately every 90 minutes.
3) Various sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea, as well as theories about the functions and causes of sleep. Drug use and types of drugs are also summarized.
This document discusses various topics related to sleep, including the stages of sleep, reasons for sleep, sleep problems, dreaming, and the impacts of sleep deprivation. It notes that the average person spends about 1/3 of their life sleeping, and that lack of sufficient sleep can cause health issues and accidents. Sleep is regulated by the body's circadian rhythm and passes through stages including slow wave sleep and REM sleep when dreaming occurs. Common sleep problems include insomnia, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy.
Sleep is a natural state of rest that is observed in mammals, birds, and fish. It is characterized by reduced body movement and awareness of surroundings. Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms and hormones like melatonin.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) can record the electrical activity of the brain during sleep and shows different wave patterns associated with different sleep stages. Sleep stages progress from light to deep sleep and include REM sleep, which is when most dreaming occurs.
Dreams are the mental experiences that take place during sleep. Their content and meaning has been interpreted in various ways, such as wish fulfillment or as symbolic representations of deeper unconscious desires according to Freudian theory. Understanding dreams involves considering their
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a normal stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and low muscle tone. REM sleep occupies 20-25% of total sleep and occurs closer to morning, with humans experiencing 4-5 REM periods per night. During REM sleep, brain activity is similar to wakefulness. REM sleep was identified in the 1950s and classified into tonic and phasic categories.
The document discusses sleep needs at different ages, sleep disorders, circadian rhythms, and the stages of sleep. Infants need 12-18 hours of sleep per night, children ages 5-10 need 10-11 hours, and teens and adults need 8-9 hours and 7-9 hours respectively. Sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy. Circadian rhythms regulate the sleep-wake cycle through exposure to light and darkness. Sleep cycles through NREM and REM stages with different brain wave patterns in each stage.
The document discusses various topics related to sleep including sleep cycles, sleep stages, sleep needs, sleep disorders, and dreams. The sleep cycle is regulated by the circadian rhythm and follows a roughly 25 hour pattern. There are 5 stages of sleep including light, deep, and REM sleep. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and sleepwalking. Dreams occur during REM sleep and theories suggest dreams help with memory and process emotions.
The document discusses sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. It explains that sleep is needed to rest the body and mind, fight infections, and recover from stress. Without enough sleep, people can become irritable, lose focus, and have memory loss. Several common sleep disorders are described such as insomnia, nightmares, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. The sleep cycle is explained as alternating between NREM and REM sleep, and dreams typically occur during REM sleep. Videos and websites are provided for further information on topics like narcolepsy, lucid dreaming, and the best time to go to bed.
The document summarizes the stages of sleep. It discusses the 5 main stages of sleep: stage 1 (light sleep), stage 2 (true sleep), stage 3 (deep sleep), stage 4 (very deep sleep), and REM sleep. REM sleep is when the eyes move rapidly and dreams occur, but the body is paralyzed. The document states there are between 3 to 5 sleep cycles per night, with each cycle lasting around 90 minutes and consisting of the different stages of sleep. It provides tips on sleep hygiene and explains that sleep is important for the brain to consolidate learning and memories from the day.
This document discusses dreams and provides information on what dreams are, the sleep cycle, facts about dreams, different types of dreams, and the importance of dreaming. It explains that dreams occur during REM sleep and involve images, ideas, emotions and sensations. The sleep cycle involves 4 stages that last 90-120 minutes and repeats 3-5 times per night. Facts provided include that dreaming takes up around 6 years of a person's life and animals also dream. The different types of dreams discussed are daydreams, lucid dreams, nightmares, recurring dreams, and epic dreams.
Sleep is essential for optimal functioning as it allows the brain to catalog experiences, prime memory, and regulate hormones. Getting less than 7-8 hours of sleep per night can negatively impact concentration, creativity, mood and productivity. Different stages of the sleep cycle, including deep sleep and REM sleep, are important for physical renewal, learning, memory processing and higher level thought. Lack of sufficient sleep, especially REM sleep, makes tasks like concentrating, multitasking and understanding subtleties more difficult. Managers can get more from their sleep by avoiding caffeine late in the day, creating a restful sleep environment, and taking short 10-20 minute power naps if needed.
This document discusses sleep deprivation and its effects. It defines sleep deprivation as too little sleep, which can be chronic or acute. Long-term sleep deprivation lasting 4+ days can be uncomfortable. Effects include physical and mental impairment, increased risk of depression, heart disease, hypertension, irritability, slower reaction times, slurred speech, tremors, and weight changes. Sleep deprivation can sometimes be fatal. The document also discusses the stages and cycles of sleep, including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and dreaming. Graphs show sleep and nap data collected from a psychology class to calculate average sleep deprivation.
Sleep is an essential activity that is important for physical and mental health. Not getting enough sleep can accumulate into a "sleep debt" that has negative health consequences. Maintaining a regular sleep schedule and getting 7-9 hours of sleep per night can help avoid sleep debt and its effects, which include impaired focus, mood issues, and increased disease risk. Paying back sleep debt requires getting more sleep than usual, such as going to bed earlier, rather than sleeping longer all at once.
The document discusses the results of a sleep log completed by a high school psychology class over 35 days. It found that most students slept less than the recommended 9.5 hours per night and accumulated around 50 hours of sleep debt over the month. On average, students slept 7.35 hours per night and took naps accounting for 63 hours of additional sleep. However, this still fell short of the recommended hours of sleep for their age. Not getting enough sleep can negatively impact mood, focus, health and school performance.
Sleep is a natural behavior that is divided into stages and is important for physical and mental health. Lack of sufficient sleep, known as sleep deprivation, can be caused by factors like medication, lifestyle, caffeine, and stress. Effects of sleep deprivation include increased risk of health issues like heart disease and diabetes, as well as mental impacts such as impaired memory, mood changes, and reduced cognitive performance. To avoid sleep deprivation, one should exercise regularly, take naps, maintain a consistent sleep schedule, and reduce caffeine and alcohol intake close to bedtime.
This document discusses dreams and provides information on various topics related to dreams. It defines what dreams are, explores theories about why we dream, describes the sleep cycle and stages of sleep including REM sleep where dreaming occurs. It provides facts about dreaming such as that people spend 6 years dreaming on average and animals also dream. It outlines different types of dreams like daydreams, lucid dreams and nightmares. The document discusses the importance of dreaming and provides references for further reading. In the end, it asks if the reader has any questions.
The document discusses the sleep cycle and stages of sleep. It describes how sleep is studied using EEG, EOG, EMG and EKG recordings. There are 5 stages of sleep: awake, stages 1 and 2 which are light sleep, stage 3 and 4 which are deep sleep, and REM sleep. The sleep cycle repeats every 90 minutes, alternating between REM and non-REM sleep. REM sleep increases later in the night and is when dreaming occurs. Lack of sleep can negatively impact mood, cognitive performance, and health.
Sleep is important for our overall health and well-being. While we sleep, our brains are active and help consolidate memories from the day. There are two main stages of sleep - NREM and REM sleep. NREM sleep has four stages and helps the body repair and grow tissue. REM sleep provides energy to the brain and is when we experience dreams. Not getting enough quality sleep can negatively impact our cognitive functioning, learning, memory and physical skills.
The document discusses the importance of sleep for optimal physical and cognitive functioning. It explains that sleep is divided into cycles consisting of different stages, including REM sleep which is crucial for memory, learning, and higher level thought. Getting less than 7-8 hours of sleep per night can negatively impact concentration, mood, weight regulation, and other functions due to reductions in deep sleep and REM sleep. While managers face challenges getting sufficient sleep, power naps and strategies like limiting caffeine, darkening rooms, and using eye masks can help maximize the benefits of shorter sleep periods.
The document provides 10 facts about dreams:
1) When people sleep, their body becomes paralyzed to prevent acting out dreams.
2) Blind people who became blind after birth can see images in their dreams, while those born blind dream without visuals but with other senses.
3) Everybody dreams except in extreme psychological cases, but men and women's dreams differ and both experience physical reactions regardless of dream content.
The document discusses sleep and altered states of consciousness. It describes the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep. There are four main theories for why we sleep: restorative, hibernation, adaptive process, and dreaming. Sleep disorders discussed include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, night terrors, and sleepwalking/talking.
Dreams occur during REM sleep and have both manifest and latent content. There are three main theories that attempt to explain dreams: Freud's wish-fulfillment theory which sees dreams as revealing unconscious desires; the information-processing theory which views dreams as sorting memories from the previous day; and physiological function theories like the activation-synthesis theory which suggests dreams give meaning to random neural activity during sleep. REM rebound refers to increased REM sleep after periods of REM deprivation. Lucid dreams involve realizing you are dreaming and controlling the dream. Common dream themes include daily events, sex, falling, and being attacked.
We dream every night as a way for our subconscious mind to communicate with our conscious mind. Dreams come in 90-minute cycles during deep sleep and represent aspects of our self that we may not be aware of. Learning to interpret our dreams can help us expand our self-awareness and gain wisdom from our subconscious. Practicing relaxation techniques before bed can help us remember our dreams by allowing us to achieve deeper stages of sleep.
This document discusses sleep disorders and how to identify them. It notes that many people think abnormal sleep patterns are normal. The author stresses the importance of asking follow up questions after asking about a patient's sleep, such as what time they go to bed, if they wake up at night, and if they feel tired. Abnormal sleep can be a sign of underlying issues like apnea or Parkinson's disease. The document emphasizes that sleep disorders are common and identifying them is important for health.
The document discusses states of consciousness and various topics related to consciousness, including daydreaming, sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and near death experiences. It provides definitions and explanations of concepts like consciousness, circadian rhythms, sleep stages, dream theories, hypnosis, dissociation, and near death experiences. The document also discusses research findings on topics like sleep needs, dream content, hypnotic suggestibility, and perspectives on dualism vs. monism in explaining near death experiences.
1. Assess client need for sleep/rest and intervene as needed
2. Apply knowledge of client pathophysiology to rest and sleep interventions
3. Schedule client care activities to promote adequate rest
The document discusses sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. It explains that sleep is needed to rest the body and mind, fight infections, and recover from stress. Without enough sleep, people can become irritable, lose focus, and have memory loss. Several common sleep disorders are described such as insomnia, nightmares, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. The sleep cycle is explained as alternating between NREM and REM sleep, and dreams typically occur during REM sleep. Videos and websites are provided for further information on topics like narcolepsy, lucid dreaming, and the best time to go to bed.
Dreams occur during REM sleep and can reflect our unconscious thoughts and concerns. While the exact purpose of dreaming is unknown, deprivation of REM sleep has been shown to have negative mental and physical effects. Daydreams and fantasies allow us to imagine possibilities when awake. Recurring and nightmares may indicate unresolved issues, while lucid dreaming involves realizing one is dreaming.
The document discusses sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. It explains that sleep is needed to rest the body and mind, fight infections, and recover from stress. Without enough sleep, people can become irritable, lose focus, and have memory loss. Several common sleep disorders are described such as insomnia, nightmares, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. The sleep cycle is explained as alternating between NREM and REM sleep, and dreams typically occur during REM sleep. Videos and websites are provided for further information on topics like narcolepsy, lucid dreaming, and the best time to go to bed.
The document summarizes the stages of sleep. It discusses the 5 main stages of sleep: stage 1 (light sleep), stage 2 (true sleep), stage 3 (deep sleep), stage 4 (very deep sleep), and REM sleep. REM sleep is when the eyes move rapidly and dreams occur, but the body is paralyzed. The document states there are between 3 to 5 sleep cycles per night, with each cycle lasting around 90 minutes and consisting of the different stages of sleep. It provides tips on sleep hygiene and explains that sleep is important for the brain to consolidate learning and memories from the day.
This document discusses dreams and provides information on what dreams are, the sleep cycle, facts about dreams, different types of dreams, and the importance of dreaming. It explains that dreams occur during REM sleep and involve images, ideas, emotions and sensations. The sleep cycle involves 4 stages that last 90-120 minutes and repeats 3-5 times per night. Facts provided include that dreaming takes up around 6 years of a person's life and animals also dream. The different types of dreams discussed are daydreams, lucid dreams, nightmares, recurring dreams, and epic dreams.
Sleep is essential for optimal functioning as it allows the brain to catalog experiences, prime memory, and regulate hormones. Getting less than 7-8 hours of sleep per night can negatively impact concentration, creativity, mood and productivity. Different stages of the sleep cycle, including deep sleep and REM sleep, are important for physical renewal, learning, memory processing and higher level thought. Lack of sufficient sleep, especially REM sleep, makes tasks like concentrating, multitasking and understanding subtleties more difficult. Managers can get more from their sleep by avoiding caffeine late in the day, creating a restful sleep environment, and taking short 10-20 minute power naps if needed.
This document discusses sleep deprivation and its effects. It defines sleep deprivation as too little sleep, which can be chronic or acute. Long-term sleep deprivation lasting 4+ days can be uncomfortable. Effects include physical and mental impairment, increased risk of depression, heart disease, hypertension, irritability, slower reaction times, slurred speech, tremors, and weight changes. Sleep deprivation can sometimes be fatal. The document also discusses the stages and cycles of sleep, including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and dreaming. Graphs show sleep and nap data collected from a psychology class to calculate average sleep deprivation.
Sleep is an essential activity that is important for physical and mental health. Not getting enough sleep can accumulate into a "sleep debt" that has negative health consequences. Maintaining a regular sleep schedule and getting 7-9 hours of sleep per night can help avoid sleep debt and its effects, which include impaired focus, mood issues, and increased disease risk. Paying back sleep debt requires getting more sleep than usual, such as going to bed earlier, rather than sleeping longer all at once.
The document discusses the results of a sleep log completed by a high school psychology class over 35 days. It found that most students slept less than the recommended 9.5 hours per night and accumulated around 50 hours of sleep debt over the month. On average, students slept 7.35 hours per night and took naps accounting for 63 hours of additional sleep. However, this still fell short of the recommended hours of sleep for their age. Not getting enough sleep can negatively impact mood, focus, health and school performance.
Sleep is a natural behavior that is divided into stages and is important for physical and mental health. Lack of sufficient sleep, known as sleep deprivation, can be caused by factors like medication, lifestyle, caffeine, and stress. Effects of sleep deprivation include increased risk of health issues like heart disease and diabetes, as well as mental impacts such as impaired memory, mood changes, and reduced cognitive performance. To avoid sleep deprivation, one should exercise regularly, take naps, maintain a consistent sleep schedule, and reduce caffeine and alcohol intake close to bedtime.
This document discusses dreams and provides information on various topics related to dreams. It defines what dreams are, explores theories about why we dream, describes the sleep cycle and stages of sleep including REM sleep where dreaming occurs. It provides facts about dreaming such as that people spend 6 years dreaming on average and animals also dream. It outlines different types of dreams like daydreams, lucid dreams and nightmares. The document discusses the importance of dreaming and provides references for further reading. In the end, it asks if the reader has any questions.
The document discusses the sleep cycle and stages of sleep. It describes how sleep is studied using EEG, EOG, EMG and EKG recordings. There are 5 stages of sleep: awake, stages 1 and 2 which are light sleep, stage 3 and 4 which are deep sleep, and REM sleep. The sleep cycle repeats every 90 minutes, alternating between REM and non-REM sleep. REM sleep increases later in the night and is when dreaming occurs. Lack of sleep can negatively impact mood, cognitive performance, and health.
Sleep is important for our overall health and well-being. While we sleep, our brains are active and help consolidate memories from the day. There are two main stages of sleep - NREM and REM sleep. NREM sleep has four stages and helps the body repair and grow tissue. REM sleep provides energy to the brain and is when we experience dreams. Not getting enough quality sleep can negatively impact our cognitive functioning, learning, memory and physical skills.
The document discusses the importance of sleep for optimal physical and cognitive functioning. It explains that sleep is divided into cycles consisting of different stages, including REM sleep which is crucial for memory, learning, and higher level thought. Getting less than 7-8 hours of sleep per night can negatively impact concentration, mood, weight regulation, and other functions due to reductions in deep sleep and REM sleep. While managers face challenges getting sufficient sleep, power naps and strategies like limiting caffeine, darkening rooms, and using eye masks can help maximize the benefits of shorter sleep periods.
The document provides 10 facts about dreams:
1) When people sleep, their body becomes paralyzed to prevent acting out dreams.
2) Blind people who became blind after birth can see images in their dreams, while those born blind dream without visuals but with other senses.
3) Everybody dreams except in extreme psychological cases, but men and women's dreams differ and both experience physical reactions regardless of dream content.
The document discusses sleep and altered states of consciousness. It describes the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep. There are four main theories for why we sleep: restorative, hibernation, adaptive process, and dreaming. Sleep disorders discussed include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, night terrors, and sleepwalking/talking.
Dreams occur during REM sleep and have both manifest and latent content. There are three main theories that attempt to explain dreams: Freud's wish-fulfillment theory which sees dreams as revealing unconscious desires; the information-processing theory which views dreams as sorting memories from the previous day; and physiological function theories like the activation-synthesis theory which suggests dreams give meaning to random neural activity during sleep. REM rebound refers to increased REM sleep after periods of REM deprivation. Lucid dreams involve realizing you are dreaming and controlling the dream. Common dream themes include daily events, sex, falling, and being attacked.
We dream every night as a way for our subconscious mind to communicate with our conscious mind. Dreams come in 90-minute cycles during deep sleep and represent aspects of our self that we may not be aware of. Learning to interpret our dreams can help us expand our self-awareness and gain wisdom from our subconscious. Practicing relaxation techniques before bed can help us remember our dreams by allowing us to achieve deeper stages of sleep.
This document discusses sleep disorders and how to identify them. It notes that many people think abnormal sleep patterns are normal. The author stresses the importance of asking follow up questions after asking about a patient's sleep, such as what time they go to bed, if they wake up at night, and if they feel tired. Abnormal sleep can be a sign of underlying issues like apnea or Parkinson's disease. The document emphasizes that sleep disorders are common and identifying them is important for health.
The document discusses states of consciousness and various topics related to consciousness, including daydreaming, sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and near death experiences. It provides definitions and explanations of concepts like consciousness, circadian rhythms, sleep stages, dream theories, hypnosis, dissociation, and near death experiences. The document also discusses research findings on topics like sleep needs, dream content, hypnotic suggestibility, and perspectives on dualism vs. monism in explaining near death experiences.
1. Assess client need for sleep/rest and intervene as needed
2. Apply knowledge of client pathophysiology to rest and sleep interventions
3. Schedule client care activities to promote adequate rest
The document discusses sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. It explains that sleep is needed to rest the body and mind, fight infections, and recover from stress. Without enough sleep, people can become irritable, lose focus, and have memory loss. Several common sleep disorders are described such as insomnia, nightmares, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. The sleep cycle is explained as alternating between NREM and REM sleep, and dreams typically occur during REM sleep. Videos and websites are provided for further information on topics like narcolepsy, lucid dreaming, and the best time to go to bed.
Dreams occur during REM sleep and can reflect our unconscious thoughts and concerns. While the exact purpose of dreaming is unknown, deprivation of REM sleep has been shown to have negative mental and physical effects. Daydreams and fantasies allow us to imagine possibilities when awake. Recurring and nightmares may indicate unresolved issues, while lucid dreaming involves realizing one is dreaming.
Dreams are involuntary mental experiences that occur during certain stages of sleep. While the exact purpose and content of dreams is not fully understood, scientists believe they are important for brain function. Dreams can last from a few seconds to twenty minutes and people typically experience three to five dreams per night, with dreams tending to get longer later in the night. Some cultures and religions, including Christianity and Judaism, believe dreams can have divine inspiration or help with problem solving. Nightmares are unpleasant dreams that cause strong negative emotions like fear or horror and can be difficult to recover from upon waking.
This document contains instructions for a second psychology assignment. It includes 6 questions asking students to:
1) Write a dialogue between a client and dental hygienist illustrating communication techniques
2) Explain whether to use a central or peripheral route of persuasion on a client needing lifestyle changes
3) Compare and contrast independent and interdependent senses of self
4) Discuss the psychological explanation of ADHD known as the diathesis theory
5) Analyze a group of health professionals meeting to improve cultural communication skills
6) Answer a critical thinking question about a reading on a national longitudinal child survey
The document discusses sleep and dreams, defining key terms like insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, REM sleep, and theories of dreaming. It explains that REM stands for rapid eye movement, and that an electroencephalogram measures electrical activity in the brain. Different stages of sleep are also outlined, including stage 1 sleep as the transition between wakefulness and sleep.
Night terrors are episodes that occur during stages 3 and 4 of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, usually within the first 90 minutes after falling asleep. During a night terror, the person appears awake but is not fully conscious and cannot be easily comforted. Symptoms include screaming, sweating, rapid heartbeat, and confusion. Night terrors are most common in children ages 3 to 5 and typically disappear with adolescence. The cause is unknown but may involve sleep deprivation, fever, stress, or certain medications. Reassurance is usually the best treatment rather than medication.
This document summarizes several common sleep disorders: insomnia, sleep apnea, parasomnia, sleep paralysis, hypersomnia, sleepwalking, narcolepsy, snoring, restless legs syndrome, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Insomnia involves difficulty falling or staying asleep. Sleep apnea interrupts breathing during sleep and is associated with health risks. Parasomnia describes night terrors that typically affect children. Sleep paralysis occurs upon waking when one is conscious but unable to move. Hypersomnia makes people susceptible to excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleepwalking involves performing activities while still asleep. Narcolepsy involves sudden sleepiness and other symptoms like cataplexy. Snoring is caused by airway obstructions and may indicate sleep ap
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design slideshows.
This document analyzes data from a sleep deprivation study. It provides statistical summaries of reaction time data for subjects over 10 days, including the mean, median, mode, and standard deviation for each day. Graphs including stem-and-leaf plots and histograms with ogives are presented to visualize the reaction time data distribution for each day.
Developing of a web-based application to facilitate patient treatment adheren...Gunther Eysenbach
This document summarizes the development of a web-based application to facilitate patient adherence to CPAP treatment for sleep apnea. A team including clinicians, psychologists, and software engineers conceptualized an interactive motivational program that tracks patient progress over time using self-reported surveys and motivational messages. The application was developed over 12 months, including prototyping user scenarios, designing interfaces, implementing features, and testing, with the goal of evaluating the application's impact on sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, quality of life, and adherence in future feasibility studies.
Brooks Home Sleep Studies provides affordable home sleep testing to diagnose sleep apnea, which affects over 18 million Americans. Using portable monitoring devices, home sleep testing costs $350-$800 compared to $850-$3,000 for in-center testing. This increases access to care for underserved groups while creating savings for patients and insurers. The company was founded to offer efficient diagnosis of a condition linked to hypertension, diabetes and other costly diseases.
Sleep hygiene refers to behaviors that promote better quality sleep. It includes establishing a regular sleep schedule, avoiding stimulants before bed, keeping a comfortable sleep environment, and developing a relaxing bedtime routine. While evidence for the effectiveness of individual sleep hygiene recommendations is limited, receiving education about sleep hygiene as part of cognitive behavioral therapy has been shown to improve insomnia symptoms. Maintaining good sleep hygiene is an important part of treating sleep disorders.
Sleep disorders are common in the elderly population, with up to half complaining about sleep problems. Common causes include psychological stressors like retirement or bereavement. Older adults tend to fall asleep and wake up earlier and have less tolerance for changes in their sleep-wake cycle. The most common sleep disorders are insomnia and sleep apnea, characterized by frequent nighttime awakenings, early morning waking, daytime fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Other disorders include excessive sleep or nocturnal behaviors.
There are several key challenges in evaluating eHealth interventions and applications. One major challenge is attrition, as adherence tends to be low for online interventions. High attrition needs to be accounted for using appropriate statistical methods and reporting "attrition curves" over time. Another challenge is controlling the control group, as similar online interventions may be accessible to both groups. Maintaining participant identity and preventing re-registration can also be issues. Other difficulties include intervention complexity, data quality, messages being identified as spam, and cybersquatting. Addressing these methodological challenges is important for rigorously evaluating eHealth technologies.
Psychosocial Development Case Study AssessmentKylee Grafton
For this psychosocial development case study I have chosen three characters from the film. “My big fat Greek weeding” to analyze based on the life stages they are in during the film. I have chosen the three characters based on the crises they are experiencing in their particular life stages as well and how they have reached their ending goal of having a more healthy relationship with one another. Using what I have learned about counseling and family counseling as my chosen specialization I chose three family members to use as an example of my analyses. The first and main character Toula Portokalos and she father Gus Portokalos, Maria Portokalos the wife and mother of Toula. These three characters relationship with one another is unstable due to the different crises leading up to the current life stages they are in.
The document summarizes the new sleep scoring guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Key changes include the addition of frontal EEG leads, closer EOG electrode placement, more chin EMG electrodes, and new definitions for sleep stages, arousals, respiratory events, and movements. The AASM guidelines were developed through an evidence-based process and aim to standardize sleep scoring based on advances in neurobiology and technology.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder where the airway becomes blocked during sleep, disrupting breathing. It is associated with loud snoring, daytime sleepiness, and increased risk of health conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Left untreated, OSA can increase the risk of health complications and even sudden cardiac death. Diagnosis involves an overnight sleep study and treatment typically involves wearing a CPAP machine during sleep to keep the airway open. Adhering to CPAP therapy can significantly improve symptoms and quality of life by reducing daytime sleepiness and improving cardiovascular health.
The document discusses various aspects of consciousness, sleep, and dreams. It begins by defining consciousness and describing different levels of consciousness such as waking, subconscious, and unconscious states. It then discusses sleep stages and brain wave patterns associated with each stage. REM sleep is specifically called out as the stage where most vivid dreams occur. The document also covers sleep disorders, the effects of sleep deprivation, and theories about the purpose and meaning of dreams.
Consciousness refers to our awareness of ourselves and our environment, which varies depending on our attention. While conscious attention is focused on tasks, unconscious processes still occur. Daydreaming and fantasizing are common and may serve purposes like preparation, creativity, and stress relief. Biological rhythms like our circadian rhythm regulate sleep-wake cycles, with individuals varying as morning or evening types. Sleep occurs in stages including light, deep, and REM sleep, each with different brain wave patterns. Sleep serves functions like restoration and growth, and disorders can disrupt these functions.
This document discusses various topics related to sleep, including common sleep disorders, theories about why we sleep, circadian rhythms, and tips for improving sleep habits. It provides information on normal sleep requirements according to age, sleep debt and the consequences of sleep deprivation, common complaints about sleep in college students and its relationship to depression, and surveys readers about their own sleepiness and risk of sleep debt.
The document discusses biological rhythms and sleep stages, explaining that circadian rhythms operate on a 24-hour cycle and influence sleep and wakefulness, and describing the five distinct sleep stages that occur in a repeating cycle approximately every 90 minutes. It also reviews theories about why we sleep and dream, such as for physiological functions like neural development and information processing, and examines some common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea.
- Sleep is essential, with people typically spending one-third of their lives asleep. The circadian rhythm regulates the sleep-wake cycle over approximately 24 hours, controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain.
- There are two main types of sleep - non-REM and REM sleep. Non-REM sleep has four stages that progress from light to deep sleep. REM sleep is when most vivid dreaming occurs and the body is paralyzed.
Continuum of Consciousness
- Controlled and Automatic Processes
- Altered States of Consciousness
- Psychoactive Drugs
- Sleep and Dreams
- Different Stages of Sleep (REM and N-REM)
- 4 Major Questions About Sleep
- Sleep Disorders
- The Unconscious Mind
- Unconsciousness
1) Sleep occurs in cycles with non-REM and REM periods. During non-REM sleep our muscles relax through four stages, while REM sleep involves dreaming and eye movement but paralysis of muscles.
2) Lack of sleep has serious cognitive and physical effects like decreased concentration, impaired memory, and increased stress and blood pressure.
3) While the exact sleep needs vary, adults generally require 7-9 hours of sleep per night, with animals' sleep ranging from 1.9 hours for giraffes to 18 hours for pythons.
Sleep involves different stages including non-REM sleep and REM sleep. The stages can be measured through polysomnography which tracks brain activity, eye movements, and muscle activity. Non-REM sleep involves reduced brain and muscle activity and is when most physical restoration occurs. REM sleep involves an active brain and paralyzed muscles except for eye movements; it is when most vivid dreaming occurs. Sleep serves functions like restoration and energy conservation, and is regulated by biological processes in the brain.
This document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including sensory awareness, attention, inner awareness, personal identity, sleep, dreams, altered states of consciousness, and consciousness-altering substances. It provides definitions and examples of constructs associated with consciousness, such as selective attention and different levels of consciousness. It also summarizes research on sleep stages, dreams, sleep disorders, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of various psychoactive drugs in altering consciousness.
This document summarizes a study on sleep. It discusses what sleep is, the sleep cycle and its stages, anatomy related to sleep, circadian rhythm, common sleep disorders, tips to improve sleep, and benefits of good sleep. The sleep cycle typically lasts 90 minutes and consists of NREM and REM sleep. Stages of NREM sleep include stages 1-3, which differ in depth and brain wave activity. REM sleep involves paralysis and vivid dreams. Factors like hypothalamus and circadian rhythm regulate sleep cycles. Common disorders include insomnia, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. Tips provided to improve sleep and benefits discussed are reduced disease risk, better memory and learning.
This document provides an overview of sleep disorders including insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorders, circadian rhythm disorders, parasomnias, and jet lag. It discusses the stages of normal sleep including light, intermediate, deep, and REM sleep. It covers causes, symptoms, and treatments for different sleep disorders. The functions of sleep are also reviewed including restoring the body, boosting immunity and mood, and facilitating memory processing.
Sleep and rest, BSC NURSING FIRST YEAR NURSING FOUNDATION , UNIT X , MEETING NEEDS OF PATIENT , PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP, SLEEP DISORDERS, FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP, PROMOTING SLEEP AND STAGES OF SLEEP.
The document discusses stages of sleep including REM and non-REM sleep. It describes the five stages of a sleep cycle, including stage 1 and 2 non-REM sleep, stage 3 deep sleep, and REM sleep. Characteristics of each stage are provided such as brain wave patterns, muscle tone, and the occurrence of dreams in REM sleep. Common sleep disorders are also summarized such as insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and effects of medications, medical conditions, and aging on sleep. Treatments for insomnia including sleep hygiene, therapy, and medications are outlined. The diagnostic criteria for insomnia and narcolepsy are also presented.
This document discusses the importance of sleep for health. It describes the five stages of sleep, including rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM sleep. Insufficient sleep can increase risks for various diseases like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease due to changes in hormones like ghrelin and leptin. Getting 7-9 hours of sleep per night is recommended to maintain good health and reduce risks.
This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains the neuronal centers and neurotransmitters involved in inducing each type of sleep. The sleep cycle is described as the result of three systems - the arousal system, slow wave sleep center, and REM sleep center - interacting cyclically. The document also outlines the different brain waves seen in EEGs - alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves - and their characteristics and associations with different brain states.
This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains that sleep is an active process involving different neuronal centers and neurohormonal substances that cause different stages of sleep. The brain waves associated with different stages are also described, including alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. Various sleep disorders are also mentioned.
This document discusses sleep and rest patterns. It defines sleep and rest, compares their characteristics, and identifies the stages of non-REM and REM sleep. The document outlines functions of sleep, factors that affect sleep, and common sleep disorders. It also discusses conditions necessary to promote sleep and the nursing process for patients.
The document discusses sleep and altered states of consciousness. It describes the theories of why we sleep including for restorative purposes, to conserve energy, as a primitive hibernation, and to clear the mind. It outlines the stages of sleep including REM sleep and NREM sleep. It also discusses various sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, night terrors, and sleepwalking.
The document discusses sleep and altered states of consciousness. It describes the theories of why we sleep including for restorative purposes, to conserve energy, as a primitive hibernation, and to clear the mind. It outlines the stages of sleep including REM sleep and NREM sleep. It also discusses various sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, night terrors, and sleepwalking/talking.
Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, discuss NSCLC in this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.
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Case presentation of a 14-year-old female presenting as unilateral breast enlargement and found to have a giant breast lipoma. The tumour was successfully excised with the result that the presumed unilateral breast enlargement reverting back to normal. A review of management including a photo of the removed Giant Lipoma is presented.
Chair and Presenters, Komal Jhaveri, MD, FACP, Javier Cortes, MD, PhD, Prof. Giuseppe Curigliano, MD, PhD, and Ian Krop, MD, PhD, discuss breast cancer in this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Accelerating Therapeutic Progress in HER2+ and HER2-Low Breast Cancer: State of the Science and Guidance for Individualized Clinical Decisions.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/42EzL7g. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until June 30, 2025.
Belongingness in Medicine - ACGME Equity Matters Webinar - June 2024Michael Gisondi
We presented this webinar to the ACGME Equity Matters Alumni on June 27, 2024. We defined belonginess and reviewed two theoretical frameworks for belongingness. We discussed the reasons for conducting research about belongingness in medicine and presented findings from our study. "Belongingness among first-generation medical students at Stanford School of Medicine" (MedEdPublish, 2023, Delgado et al.) We then led the audience in small group discussions about potential interventions to improve trainee belongingness by medical schools and residency programs
Chair and Moderator, Prof. Mohamad Mohty, MD, PhD, and presenters Professor Thierry Facon, MD, and Joshua Richter, MD, discuss multiple myeloma in this CME activity titled “Expanding Frontline Frontiers in MM: Insights on Delivering Modern Care With Innovative CD38 Quadruplet Platforms.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3PVroz2. CME credit will be available until July 18, 2025.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 8, Complications During Hemodialysis, Part 1 - Dr.GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/fdpfLnixqTs
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/8sbMl2stuM8
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Adenomyosis Treatment with Birth Control Pills- Potential Side Effects to Con...FFragrant
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Causes Of Tooth Loss
PERIODONTAL PROBLEMS ( PERIODONTITIS, GINIGIVITIS)
Systemic Causes Of Tooth Loss
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Female Sexual Hormones Condition
3. Hyperpituitarism
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
6. Osteoporosis
7. Hypophosphatasia
8. Hypophosphatemia
Causes Of Tooth Loss
CARIES/ TOOTH DECAY
Causes Of Tooth Loss
CAUSES OF TOOTH LOSS
Consequence of tooth loss
Anatomic
Loss of ridge volume both height and width
Bone loss :
mandible > maxilla
Posteriorly > anteriorly
Anatomic consequences
Broader mandibular arch with constricting maxilary arch
Attached gingiva is replaced with less keratinised oral mucosa which is more readily traumatized.
Anatomic consequences
Tipping of the adjacent teeth
Supraeruption of the teeth
Traumatic occlusion
Premature occlusal contact
Anatomic Consequences
Anatomic Consequences
Physiologic consequences
Physiologic Consequences
Decreased lip support
Decreased lower facial height
Physiologic Consequences
Physiologic consequences
Education of Patient
Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
Establishment and Verification of Occlusal Relations and Tooth Arrangements
Initial Placement Procedures
Periodic Recall
Education of Patient
Informing a patient about a health matter to
secure informed consent.
Patient education should begin at the initial
contact with the patient and should continue throughout treatment.
The dentist and the patient share responsibility for the ultimate success of a removable partial denture.
This educational procedure is especially important when the treatment plan and prognosis are discussed with the patient.
Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation
Begin with thorough medical and dental histories.
The complete oral examination must include both clinical and radiographic interpretation of:
caries
the condition of existing restorations
periodontal conditions
responses of teeth (especially abutment teeth) and residual ridges to previous stress
The vitality of remaining teeth
Continued…..
Occlusal plan evaluation
Arch form
Evaluation of Occlusal relationship through mounting the diagnostic cast
The dental cast surveyor is an absolute necessity in which patients are being treated with removable partial dentures.
Mouth preparations, in the appropriate sequence, should be oriented toward the goal of
providing adequate support, stability,
retention, and
a harmonious occlusion for the partial denture.
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
A base made to fit the anatomic ridge form does not provide adequate support under occlusal loading.
The base may be made to fit the form of the ridge when under function.
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
This provides support
Hepatocarcinoma today between guidelines and medical therapy. The role of sur...Gian Luca Grazi
Today more than ever, hepatocellular carcinoma therapy is experiencing profound and substantial changes.
The association atezolizumab (ATEZO) plus bevacizumab (BEVA) has demonstrated its effectiveness in the post-operative treatment of patients, improving the results that can be achieved with liver resections. This after the failure of the use of sorafenib in the already historic STORM study.
On the other hand, the prognostic classification of BCLC is now widely questioned. It is now well recognized that the indications for surgery for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are certainly narrow in BCLC and no longer reflect what is common everyday clinical practice.
Today, the concept of multiparametric therapeutic hierarchy, which makes the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma much more flexible and allows the best therapy for the individual patient to be identified based on their clinical characteristics, is gaining more and more importance.
The presentation traces these profound changes that are taking place in recent years and offers a modern vision of the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Methamphetamines are swallowed, inhaled, smoked, or injected into a vein.
4. Stage 1 THETA Waves transition state between sleep and wakefulness eyes begin to roll slightly consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency (slow)) brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those present while awake lasts only for a few minutes before moving on to next stage Source: Metamorphosis --- http://consciousevolution.com/metamorphosis/0306/frequency0306.htm Dream Views: http://www.dreamviews.com/sleepstages.php
5. Stage 2 THETA Waves with Spindles & K Complexes Eye movements stop Brain waves become slower but will often produce occasional bursts of rapid waves called spindles peaks of brain waves become higher and higher ( sleep spindles ) k-complexes (peaks suddenly drastically descend and then pick back up) follow spindles again, only lasts for a few minutes Source: Psychology World - http://web.umr.edu/~psyworld/sleep_stages.htm#2 Dream Views: http://www.dreamviews.com/sleepstages.php
6. Stage 3 Extremely slow brain waves called delta waves begin to appear interspersed with smaller, faster waves.
7. Stage 4 Deep Sleep difficult to wake someone from this stage very slow brain waves, called delta waves (lower frequency than theta waves) last of the sleep stages before Dreaming
8. Stage 3 & 4 DELTA Waves also called delta sleep or deep sleep very slow brain waves, called delta waves (lower frequency than theta waves) last (and deepest) of the sleep stages before REM (dream) sleep Source: Metamorphosis --- http://consciousevolution.com/metamorphosis/0306/frequency0306.htm Dream Views: http://www.dreamviews.com/sleepstages.php
9. Rapid Eye Movement - REM Breathing becomes rapid, irregular, and shallow. Eyes jerk rapidly in various directions. Limb muscles are temporarily paralyzed. Heart rate increases. Blood pressure arises. Dreams usually occur. 1 st REM phase happens about 70 to 90 minutes after we fall asleep Typically we spend 2 hours dreaming usually just during REM sleep
10. REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Dream Sleep beta waves have a high frequency and occur when the brain is quite active, both in REM sleep and while awake frequent bursts of rapid eye movement, along with occasional muscular twitches heart may beat faster and breathing may become shallow and rapid Muscles are locked, blocking movement most vivid & detailed dreaming occurs during this stage
12. What does sleep do for us? Necessary for our nervous system. Too little affects our ability to concentrate. Impaired memory & physical performance. Failure to carry out math calculations. Some researchers believe that sleep gives neurons used while awake a chance to shut down and repair themselves. Boosts Immune System’s Response
13. Sleep Deprivation -- Effects First study in this conducted by Dement in 1960 In People: Irritability Aggression Difficulty concentrating Difficulty making decisions Loss of short-term memory Paranoia Hyperactive behavior often observed in children* *“ In fact, sleep deprivation is often misdiagnosed as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)” Source -- National Sleep Foundation In Studies on Rats: Sleep Deprivation can lead to Death
14. How much sleep do we need? Most adults find that 7 to 8 hours is the best. Some people may need only 5 or as much as 10 hours of sleep each day. Getting too little sleep creates “sleep debt”.
16. Dreaming the Periodic Table - Dmitri Mendeleyev – 1869 “I saw in a dream where all the elements fell into place as required.”
17. Sledding at the Speed of Light Einstein attributed his lifelong studies to an inspirational dream held as a teen. “ His sled traveled faster and faster, until it approached the speed of light. At that speed, the stars and night sky were transformed into a dazzling spectrum of colors.” Source: http://www.science-spirit.org/article_detail.php?article_id=286
18. AMAZing Rats Brain waves while running maze Identical to Brain waves during REM sleep
19. More Rat Studies Two groups learned trick Group A allowed to sleep uninterrupted Group B’s sleep interrupted during REM Group A could perform trick upon waking Group B had to relearn trick Can you recall any dreams where you relearned material earlier in the day?
21. Babies & Sleep Recent UA Study by UA Psychology Dept. Researchers: Rebecca Gomez, Richard Bootzin and Lynn Nadel Taught babies a nonsense language Experiment Group tested after napping Control Group tested without a nap Control Group able to recognize phrases But Experiment Group showed stronger responses, demonstrating ability to predict patterns of new phrases Conclusions: REM supports abstract learning & babies must sleep within 4 to 8 hours after receiving new info. in order to retain the data
22. Study Then Sleep Harvard Univ. study on 100 college students Students told to memorize several lists Morning group studied at 9am & tested 12 hrs later Night group studied at 9pm & tested 12 hrs later (after they got a chance to sleep) Night Group remembered more words Night Group also recalled words not on lists
23. Dream Incubation Dream incubation – the process of planting a subject in one’s mind before sleeping in order to dream about it Harvard Medical School study conducted by Dr. Deidre Barrett with students in a Psychology class Students were introduced to techniques for directing their dreams & instructed to try to create a solution to one of their problems through dreaming More than half of the participants reported dreaming about their problem 1/3 reported having dreamed of a solution
24. Sleep Cycle Disruptions Caffeine Diet Drugs Some Pain relievers Some sedatives Nicotine Alcohol * Extreme temperatures * * Alcohol (night cap) does help many people fall asleep but it keeps the sleeper in the lighter stages of sleep & robs one of uninterrupted REM and the deeper, more restorative stages of sleep. * Extreme temperatures (body does NOT have strong control over body’s thermostat during REM)
25. Some Common Sleep Disorders Insomnia Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy Sleepwalking Nightmares Night terrors
26. If You suffer from insomnia Exercise regularly, but not before bedtime Avoid alcohol & caffeine Avoid napping Go to sleep and wake at the same time every day Save your worries for daytime Tip: Try keeping a Worry Journal by the bed Establish a relaxing bedtime ritual like a hot bath or calm music. Do not eat or drink too much before bedtime Create a sleep-promoting environment quiet, dark, cool comfortable. When to See a Doctor If sleep problems persist, it may be time to seek professional help. Your doctor can help determine how to treat your problem and may refer you to a sleep specialist. Source – National Sleep Foundation
27. Sleep Apnea Disorder of interrupted breathing during sleep Two Causes: Brain signal interruption or Windpipe collapse Airflow blocked for 10 to >60 seconds Blood oxygen drops, and your brain wakes you up enough to let you breathe. Symptoms: Snoring Excessive daytime sleepiness High Blood Pressure Treatment:: machine that forces air down the windpipe during sleeping hours
28. Narcolepsy Excessive daytime sleepiness uncontrollable daytime sleep attacks Instant Fall Into REM sleep stage Causes still under investigation, recent research points to the possibility of a gene mutation that controls hypocretins, which regulate REM sleep Most common age group for initial onset: 15-21 Treatment may include schedule napping & prescribed stimulants such as Ritalin
29. Night Terrors Occurs in Deep Sleep, not REM May be trapped between sleep stages Sleeper awakens in Terror (heart pounding, sweating) Often awakens screaming (may even physically react to this by running around room or be paralyzed by fear) Very little imagery recalled (not dreaming) Imagery may be that of creepy, crawly things
30. Night Terror Subjects Most Commonly affected age group: 2 – 6 yrs. Old, affects 15% of children -- rare in adults May be genetic May suffer from Sleep Apnea May be linked to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) Adults who suffer frequent night terrors likely to be passive individuals with self-directed anger, held back aggression, & repressed memories (similar to victims of abuse)
31. Sleep Paralysis Sleeper suddenly awakens during REM sleep Body movement still restricted resulting in feeling of paralysis May be accompanied by hallucinations (result of still being in dream state) Causes great fear Theories suggest that sleep paralysis may be the root experience behind folklore (across many cultures) about supernatural attacks involving an evil spirit trying to suffocate the sleeping victim Fuseli: The Nightmare , 1781, Detroit, Institute of Arts
32. Nightmares Rare in adults, more common in children due to developing emotions & understanding of reality Avg 1 per year 1 person in 500 has them as often as 1/week Hard to capture in a sleep lab, 1 in 3000 nights of studied sleep “ The Scream” by Edvard Munch
33. Causes of Nightmares Stress Drugs/Medications – effects of or withdrawls Illness Traumatic Events Loss of loved ones Sensitivity (“thin boundaries”)
34. Frequent Nightmares - adults Occurs more often in people with “thin boundaries” between reality and fantasy, between themselves and others (unusually sensitive, able to identify with others’ stories and to empathize) Occurs more often in people who are genetically vulnerable to Schizophrenia (Having relatives who have it) “ thin boundaries” often leading to artistic lives, poets, musicians, artists, etc. (Nightmares were inspiration behind Frankenstein & Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde ) Study published in 1984 based on 50 people who frequently experienced nightmares -- Study conducted by Dr. Ernest Hartmann & Dr. Bessel Van Der Kolk
35. Interpreting Nightmares Nightmares represent urgent messages from our unconscious minds Steps to interpretation: Identify current changes or concerns in life and/or past traumas Look for symbols and puns -- Symbolic meanings may derive from universal concepts and stories or from personal, contextual knowledge
36. Common Nightmares & Meanings Chase (Monsters & Demons & Bears, Oh, My) Monster = Some unwanted part of self -- may involve an unresolved problem or conflict Intruder = an new insight about oneself that is breaking into the conscious appears frightening due to its unknown qualities Disaster = Change or crisis (not always negative) http://www.stanford.edu/~corelli/nightmares.html Richard J. Corelli, M.D., Stanford University
37. Car out of Control – Often result of hectic life – Navigation dreams involving directional changes in life Trapped – stuck in same position in life, needing to explore options and other directions http://www.dreams.ca/nightmares.htm The Dream Foundation
38. Controlling Nightmares Lucid Dreaming - Awareness of being in the dream state Confronting “the Monster” Recognizing that you have nothing to fear Recognizing that you are in control Changing the scenery or the threat Questioning the threat’s meaning or symbolism
39. Controlling Nightmares Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (treatment for recurrent nightmares) Write out the Nightmare Change the Ending to a more peaceful or happy outcome Rehearse the New Version before sleeping Do a relaxation exercise before sleeping
40. Controlling Nightmares Imagery Rehearsal Therapy example “A woman had been raped. She had a recurring nightmare of being pursued by a dark figure. In the nightmare, she ran and ran, and, each each time the nightmare recurred, she always woke up, sweating and gasping for breath, at the same point. So she decided, as a new ending, to stop running and confront the figure. In a subsequent dream, when the pursuing figure appeared, she turned to him and said, “Who are you and what do you want?” And here’s where her unconscious surprised her. The man replied, very politely, “You dropped this, and I have been trying to give it back to you.” He handed her a package. She asked what it was. “It’s your faith in human goodness,” he said. She woke up. And the nightmare never returned.” Source: GuidetoPsychology. Com Raymond Lloyd Richmond, Ph.D
41. SleepWalking Occurs in Deep Sleep Eyes Open, pupils dilated, glassy stare Occurs more often in kids, ages 3-7, esp. ones who wet the bed Good to awaken sleep walker In adults, sometimes induced by sedatives or stress Linked to Sleep Apnea
42. Sleepwalking Prevention Avoid alcohol Avoid sedatives or other drugs Set a regular sleep schedule to avoid fatigue or insomnia Reduce stress, conflict, and anxiety http://www.medicinenet.com/sleepwalking/page2.htm#tocf
43. Sleepwalking Behavior Most Common: Everyday tasks: cleaning, cooking, eating, dressing, and even… Driving! Sometimes… Act out a violent dream Eyes Wide Open: The Sleepwalking Story Drgreene.com
44. Sleepwalking as Murder Defense? Cases Early 80s in Arizona, Steven Steinberg– killed his wife, found innocent by temp. insanity 1992, Canada, Kenneth Parks acquitted of murder of mother-in-law & stabbing of father-in-law after driving 14 miles to kill them in sleep 1997, Arizona, Scott Falater, stabbed wife & threw her body in pool Story --http://www.cnn.com/US/9905/25/sleepwalk.defense/ -- Guilty Verdict, sentenced to life without parole 2004, Stephen Reitz, Calif. -- hit wife with flowerpot & stabbed her on weekend getaway, found guilty and sentenced to 26 year term
45. Sleep Labs Comprehensive Sleep Solutions 5671 E. Grant 885-4671 American Sleep Diagnostics (claims to be Largest Sleep Lab in Arizona) 1951 N. Wilmot – 722-3210 Or 215 W. Giaconda Way - 219-1781 Also has 3 locations in Phoenix Sleep Disorders Center – UMC 1501 North Campbell Avenue Tucson, AZ 85724-0001 Phone: (520) 694-6112
46. Further Information Lucid Dreaming Techniques: http://www.dreams.ca/lucid_techniques.htm Clinical Steps to Psychological Dream Interpretation: http://www.guidetopsychology.com/dreams.htm The Universal Dream Key by Patricia Garfield Preview available through Google Book Search (books.google.com)
In a study where lab rats’ brain waves were monitored while running a maze and immediately afterwards while they dreamed, the waves’ pattern turned out to be identical. Researchers believe the study suggests that the rats were dreaming about running the maze. For more info. on this study, consult the following article: &quot;Mammalian Dreaming.&quot; Science 2 Feb. 2001: 291. :823- . University of Arizona Library . 21 Dec. 2005 <http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/291/5505/823a>. Available on the University of Arizona library database
In a recent study research participants learned to play Tetris. Later, the participants were awakened during their dream cycle. The majority of the participants were dreaming about falling blocks. (see Sleep Links for more details on this study.)
If you suspect that you have major sleeping disorder, consult a sleep lab. Here are a few in the Tucson area.