Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is a normal stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and low muscle tone. REM sleep occupies 20-25% of total sleep and occurs closer to morning, with humans experiencing 4-5 REM periods per night. During REM sleep, brain activity is similar to wakefulness. REM sleep was identified in the 1950s and classified into tonic and phasic categories.
The document discusses sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. It explains that sleep is needed to rest the body and mind, fight infections, and recover from stress. Without enough sleep, people can become irritable, lose focus, and have memory loss. Several common sleep disorders are described such as insomnia, nightmares, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. The sleep cycle is explained as alternating between NREM and REM sleep, and dreams typically occur during REM sleep. Videos and websites are provided for further information on topics like narcolepsy, lucid dreaming, and the best time to go to bed.
The document discusses sleep needs at different ages, sleep disorders, circadian rhythms, and the stages of sleep. Infants need 12-18 hours of sleep per night, children ages 5-10 need 10-11 hours, and teens and adults need 8-9 hours and 7-9 hours respectively. Sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy. Circadian rhythms regulate the sleep-wake cycle through exposure to light and darkness. Sleep cycles through NREM and REM stages with different brain wave patterns in each stage.
This document discusses various topics related to dreams including what dreams are, theories about why we dream, the sleep cycle and stages of sleep including REM sleep, the importance of dreaming, daydreams and fantasies, nightmares, and epic dreams. Dreams occur during REM sleep and can last a few minutes to 20 minutes, involving imaginary images, sounds, or sensations that may seem real but did not actually occur. Scientists have various theories about why we dream but none have been proven, and dreaming is thought to be important for brain and emotional health.
Sleep occurs in 90 minute cycles that alternate between REM and non-REM sleep. Non-REM sleep involves light, deeper, and deepest sleep while REM sleep involves dreaming. The duration of sleep stages changes over the night, with REM periods getting longer. Unbroken, high quality sleep yields the best benefits so people should minimize disturbances, avoid screens before bed, and create a consistent sleep routine. While naps can help make up missed sleep, long daytime naps can disrupt nighttime sleep for monophasic sleepers.
The document discusses various topics related to sleep including sleep cycles, sleep stages, sleep needs, sleep disorders, and dreams. The sleep cycle is regulated by the circadian rhythm and follows a roughly 25 hour pattern. There are 5 stages of sleep including light, deep, and REM sleep. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, and sleepwalking. Dreams occur during REM sleep and theories suggest dreams help with memory and process emotions.
This document discusses various topics related to consciousness, including sensory awareness, attention, inner awareness, personal identity, sleep, dreams, altered states of consciousness, and consciousness-altering substances. It provides definitions and examples of constructs associated with consciousness, such as selective attention and different levels of consciousness. It also summarizes research on sleep stages, dreams, sleep disorders, hypnosis, meditation, and the effects of various psychoactive drugs in altering consciousness.
As dreams are our daily experiences, who is not interested to know how and why dreams occur? We generally think that dreams are recollection of immediate and past experiences, repeating in sleep. Well, it is a very general conception; a more scientific enquiry into the theory of dream is too expedient.
The document discusses sleep and altered states of consciousness. It describes the stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep. There are four main theories for why we sleep: restorative, hibernation, adaptive process, and dreaming. Sleep disorders discussed include insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, night terrors, and sleepwalking/talking.
The document discusses biological rhythms and sleep stages, explaining that circadian rhythms operate on a 24-hour cycle and influence sleep and wakefulness, and describing the five distinct sleep stages that occur in a repeating cycle approximately every 90 minutes. It also reviews theories about why we sleep and dream, such as for physiological functions like neural development and information processing, and examines some common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea.
Sleep involves distinct stages including non-REM and REM sleep in cycles. The sleep-wake cycle is regulated by two processes - a homeostatic drive (Process S) for sleep that increases with wakefulness and a circadian rhythm (Process C) that promotes wakefulness during the day. Key structures like the suprachiasmatic nucleus and ventrolateral preoptic area help generate and regulate sleep and wake states.
The document discusses states of consciousness and various topics related to consciousness, including daydreaming, sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and near death experiences. It provides definitions and explanations of concepts like consciousness, circadian rhythms, sleep stages, dream theories, hypnosis, dissociation, and near death experiences. The document also discusses research findings on topics like sleep needs, dream content, hypnotic suggestibility, and perspectives on dualism vs. monism in explaining near death experiences.
Dreams occur during REM sleep and have both manifest and latent content. There are three main theories that attempt to explain dreams: Freud's wish-fulfillment theory which sees dreams as revealing unconscious desires; the information-processing theory which views dreams as sorting memories from the previous day; and physiological function theories like the activation-synthesis theory which suggests dreams give meaning to random neural activity during sleep. REM rebound refers to increased REM sleep after periods of REM deprivation. Lucid dreams involve realizing you are dreaming and controlling the dream. Common dream themes include daily events, sex, falling, and being attacked.
The document summarizes the five stages of sleep in order: stage 1 (light sleep), stage 2 (45-55% of sleep), stage 3 (first stage of deep sleep), stage 4 (second stage of deep sleep), and REM sleep. It then discusses important functions of REM sleep such as its role in learning, memory consolidation, and problem solving. Finally, it briefly outlines common sleep disorders according to the DSM-5 classification and common causes of sleep disorders.
Physiology of Sleep and its correlation with EEG wavesABHILASHA MISHRA
Content includes Physiology of sleep and and its correlation with EEG waves along with specific characteristics of different phases of sleep as well as an account of sleep disorders.
The document discusses the sleep cycle and stages of sleep. It describes how sleep is studied using EEG, EOG, EMG and EKG recordings. There are 5 stages of sleep: awake, stages 1 and 2 which are light sleep, stage 3 and 4 which are deep sleep, and REM sleep. The sleep cycle repeats every 90 minutes, alternating between REM and non-REM sleep. REM sleep increases later in the night and is when dreaming occurs. Lack of sleep can negatively impact mood, cognitive performance, and health.
Sleep progresses through distinct stages in a cycle. Non-REM sleep begins with light sleep in stages 1 and 2, characterized by theta waves and sleep spindles. Stages 3 and 4 involve deep sleep with synchronized brain activity appearing as delta waves. REM sleep involves dreaming and similar brain activity to wakefulness. The circadian rhythm and homeostatic processes regulate sleep cycles, with the circadian rhythm promoting wakefulness opposed by the increasing homeostatic drive for sleep with time spent awake.
The document discusses the importance of sleep for optimal physical and cognitive functioning. It explains that sleep is divided into cycles consisting of different stages, including REM sleep which is crucial for memory, learning, and higher level thought. Getting less than 7-8 hours of sleep per night can negatively impact concentration, mood, weight regulation, and other functions due to reductions in deep sleep and REM sleep. While managers face challenges getting sufficient sleep, power naps and strategies like limiting caffeine, darkening rooms, and using eye masks can help maximize the benefits of shorter sleep periods.
This document discusses sleep, sleep disturbances, and factors that affect sleep. It covers the importance of sleep, circadian rhythms, sleep stages and cycles, functions of sleep, common sleep disorders, and how factors like lifestyle, medications, and medical conditions can impact sleep. Globally, around 150 million adults suffer from sleep disorders with insomnia being the most common. Sleep requirements vary by age, from 15-18 hours per day for newborns to 7-8 hours for adults. Proper sleep is essential for restoration of physiological and cognitive functions.
Sleep is essential for optimal functioning as it allows the brain to catalog experiences, prime memory, and regulate hormones. Getting less than 7-8 hours of sleep per night can negatively impact concentration, creativity, mood and productivity. Different stages of the sleep cycle, including deep sleep and REM sleep, are important for physical renewal, learning, memory processing and higher level thought. Lack of sufficient sleep, especially REM sleep, makes tasks like concentrating, multitasking and understanding subtleties more difficult. Managers can get more from their sleep by avoiding caffeine late in the day, creating a restful sleep environment, and taking short 10-20 minute power naps if needed.
The document discusses various states of consciousness including sleep, dreams, hypnosis, and psychoactive drug effects. It describes sleep stages including REM sleep and how sleep patterns are regulated by circadian rhythms. It also covers common sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea. The document discusses Freud's theories of dreams and how dreams may help with memory consolidation. Hypnosis is described as a social interaction where a subject acts on a hypnotist's suggestions. Effects of different drugs like depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens are summarized along with risks of dependence and withdrawal. Near death experiences are also briefly covered.
The document discusses sleep and dreams, defining key terms like insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, REM sleep, and theories of dreaming. It explains that REM stands for rapid eye movement, and that an electroencephalogram measures electrical activity in the brain. Different stages of sleep are also outlined, including stage 1 sleep as the transition between wakefulness and sleep.
This document discusses dreams and provides information on what dreams are, the sleep cycle, facts about dreams, different types of dreams, and the importance of dreaming. It explains that dreams occur during REM sleep and involve images, ideas, emotions and sensations. The sleep cycle involves 4 stages that last 90-120 minutes and repeats 3-5 times per night. Facts provided include that dreaming takes up around 6 years of a person's life and animals also dream. The different types of dreams discussed are daydreams, lucid dreams, nightmares, recurring dreams, and epic dreams.
This document discusses sleep and the brain waves associated with it. It defines sleep and describes the two types: slow wave sleep and REM sleep. It explains that sleep is an active process involving different neuronal centers and neurohormonal substances that cause different stages of sleep. The brain waves associated with different stages are also described, including alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves. Various sleep disorders are also mentioned.
Dreams are involuntary mental experiences that occur during certain stages of sleep. While the exact purpose and content of dreams is not fully understood, scientists believe they are important for brain function. Dreams can last from a few seconds to twenty minutes and people typically experience three to five dreams per night, with dreams tending to get longer later in the night. Some cultures and religions, including Christianity and Judaism, believe dreams can have divine inspiration or help with problem solving. Nightmares are unpleasant dreams that cause strong negative emotions like fear or horror and can be difficult to recover from upon waking.
제꿈을 찾는 과정과 더불어 제 꿈을 이루려는 노력에서 제가 지키고 있는 원칙을 여러사람에게 알리고 싶었습니다. 저도 다른 사람의 꿈을 들으면서 제꿈을 키워왔고 이번에는 제가 제꿈에 대해서 이야기 하고 싶습니다.
또한 PITCH라는 저만의 원칙을 설명하면서 dream mate가 되고 싶다는 이야기도 할 것입니다.
REM is a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements under closed eyelids. During REM sleep, the eyes move rapidly from side to side beneath the eyelids. REM sleep is associated with vivid dreaming.
The document discusses sleep, dreams, and sleep disorders. It explains that sleep is needed to rest the body and mind, fight infections, and recover from stress. Without enough sleep, people can become irritable, lose focus, and have memory loss. Several common sleep disorders are described such as insomnia, nightmares, sleepwalking, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy. The sleep cycle is explained as alternating between NREM and REM sleep, and dreams typically occur during REM sleep. Videos and websites are provided for further information on topics like narcolepsy, lucid dreaming, and the best time to go to bed.
Current issues of_the_brain_final_powerpointCMoondog
Sleep occurs in stages that cycle throughout the night. Non-REM stages 1-4 involve light, then deeper sleep. REM sleep involves vivid dreaming. Disorders like insomnia prevent restful sleep, while sleep apnea involves pauses in breathing. Nightmares occur in REM sleep and involve fear, while night terrors happen in non-REM sleep with screaming but no memory. Lack of sleep can impair function and has contributed to disasters.
The document discusses different stages of sleep including NREM and REM sleep. It describes various sleep disorders such as sleepwalking, which occurs during NREM stage 3, and sleep apnea which has three forms: obstructive, central, and mixed. The document also mentions somniloquy, a parasomnia where one talks aloud during sleep.
24x7 Automated Behavior Tracking For Rodent Safety Pharmacology & PhenotypingInsideScientific
Actual Analytics Ltd and its development partners present an exclusive webinar describing the applications of a novel Home Cage Analysis system for tracking behavior in group housed rodents, with retained identity, in regular IVC racked home cages.
In this webinar, Dr. Will Redfern of AstraZeneca and Dr. Sara Wells of MRC Harwell discuss 24/7 monitoring of group-housed rodents in their true IVC racked home cage environment for safety pharmacology and phenotyping applications.
Discussions describe the types of new insights that can be obtained from 24/7 monitoring of research animals including activity differences in single and group animals and body temperature profiles in response to drug treatment. Presenters show how they are using this system in various applications from safety pharmacology in rats through to phenotyping studies in mice.
The document discusses sleep, insomnia, and their treatment. It defines insomnia as difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep. Insomnia can be transient, acute, or chronic. Common causes include medical, psychiatric, substance-related, and circadian issues. Treatment involves addressing underlying causes, improving sleep hygiene, cognitive-behavioral therapy including stimulus control and sleep restriction, and may include pharmacotherapy with hypnotics as a short-term option. Multicomponent cognitive behavioral therapy is most effective for insomnia.
This document is a student project about dreams. It contains sections on what dreams are, why we have dreams, where dreams come from in the brain, when we dream, different types of dreams, classmates' examples of dreams they've had, a bibliography, and the student's self reflection. The main points are that dreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions and sensations that occur in certain areas of sleep; scientists have not determined why we dream but have several hypotheses; dreams originate from the prefrontal cortex area of the brain; and there are different recognized types of dreams like daydreams, false awakenings, lucid dreams, and recurring dreams.
This document discusses the physiology of sleep and sleep disorders. It describes the different stages of non-REM sleep (stages 1-4) and REM sleep, and how they are characterized by changes in brain waves, eye movements, muscle tone, autonomic functions, and more. Sleep is essential for survival but disturbances can occur in psychiatric illnesses. Sleep is studied using electrodes to measure brain waves, eye movements, muscle activity, and other physiological signals.
The document discusses various topics related to sleep including:
1. Sleep accounts for about 1/3 of our lifetime and 1/3 of the population has a sleep disorder.
2. Sleep is regulated by our circadian rhythm located in the hypothalamus and lasts approximately 24 hours.
3. A normal sleep cycle occurs every 90 minutes and includes NREM sleep, which accounts for 70-80% of sleep, and REM sleep, which accounts for 20-25% of sleep.
4. More than 80 known sleep disorders are classified as dyssomnias involving difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep or daytime sleepiness, or parasomnias involving abnormal events during sleep.
The document discusses various sleep disorders including primary sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, breathing-related sleep disorders, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. It also discusses parasomnias such as nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep paralysis, and restless leg syndrome. Insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep and can be acute or chronic, treated with medication or behavior modification. Other disorders discussed include sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorders, narcolepsy which involves daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, and various parasomnias. Maintaining good sleep hygiene through a regular schedule, light and temperature control can help address sleep problems.
This document discusses various sleep disorders including narcolepsy, sleep apnea, insomnia, and REM behavior disorder. Narcolepsy is caused by a lack of hypocretin in the brain and causes excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep apnea involves interrupted breathing during sleep that can damage the prefrontal cortex due to sleep fragmentation. Insomnia is difficulty falling or staying asleep and can impair learning. REM behavior disorder allows voluntary muscle movement during dreaming, sometimes causing people to act out violent dreams without waking.
10 Small Changes That Will Have A Huge Impact On Your Professional ...Jill Crawford
I gained insight into the medical field by observing doctors and staff, learned critical skills like communication and problem-solving through assisting patients, and discovered my passion for healthcare while volunteering at Maine Medical Center, cementing my decision to pursue a career there.
The historical influences of psychology PSY/310Rose Ezell
The document discusses the historical influences of psychology from ancient Greek philosophy to modern research and clinical practice. It describes how early philosophers like Plato, Aristotle, Locke, and Descartes influenced the development of epistemology and the debate around empiricism versus rationalism. Major figures that advanced the field include Darwin, Wundt, Freud, and James. Experimental methods were established for mapping the brain and measuring sensory experiences. The discovery of neurotransmitters led to new understandings in psychopharmacology. The DSM standardizes diagnosis and treatment.
Night Visitors, Alien Abduction and Sleep ParalysisnoiseTM
How a weird but common malfunction of the transition between sleeping and waking states may be responsible for terrifying experiences - from myths of demonic visitations to modern accounts of alien encounters.
This document discusses sleep disturbances and patterns. It begins with objectives of gaining knowledge about sleep disturbances, patterns, and their application in patient care. It then covers definitions of sleep, sleep facts, sleep patterns in different age groups, sleep physiology including stages of sleep and sleep regulation. Factors affecting sleep and consequences of sleep deprivation are explained. Common sleep disorders like insomnia are described along with international classification of sleep disorders and their management.
1. Circadian rhythms are 24-hour biological cycles that influence various bodily functions like sleep-wake cycles, temperature regulation, and hormone secretion. They are controlled by the brain's central pacemaker and can be disrupted by conditions like shift work.
2. Common circadian rhythm disorders include delayed sleep phase syndrome, where people have trouble falling asleep before late at night, and advanced sleep phase syndrome, where people feel sleepy very early in the evenings.
3. Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder causes people's circadian rhythms to follow a cycle slightly longer than 24 hours, resulting in progressively later sleep times each day. Shift work and jet lag can also disrupt normal circadian rhythms.
Circadian rhythms are 24-hour biological cycles that regulate various bodily functions like sleep-wake cycles. The master circadian clock is located in the brain and can be influenced by light exposure. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can cause sleep disorders like delayed sleep phase syndrome where one has trouble falling asleep until later hours. Common circadian rhythm disorders also include advanced sleep phase syndrome and irregular sleep-wake pattern. Shift work and jet lag can also cause extrinsic circadian rhythm disorders.
Power Point Presentation on a research carried on Sleep Paralysis in Japanese and Canadian college students.
Topic covered ~ What is sleep paralysis?, Introduction, Objective, methodology, results, discussion and conclusion.
Circadian rhythms are 24-hour biological cycles that influence various body functions like sleep-wake cycles, temperature regulation, and hormone secretion. They are controlled by the brain's central pacemaker and can be disrupted by conditions like shift work or jet lag. Common circadian rhythm disorders include delayed sleep phase syndrome, where one has difficulty falling asleep before late night, and advanced sleep phase syndrome, where people fall asleep early in the evening. Non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome causes people to maintain 25-27 hour cycles instead of 24 hours.
Sleep slow oscillation as traveling wave massimini tononi jns2004Bernard Baars
1) The study used high-density EEG recordings in humans to show that each cycle of the slow oscillation during NREM sleep is a traveling wave that originates at a specific site in the brain and propagates across the scalp.
2) Waves most frequently originated in prefrontal-orbitofrontal regions and propagated in an anteroposterior direction.
3) The rate of occurrence of these waves increased progressively during NREM sleep, reaching almost once per second as sleep deepened.
Circadian rhythms are 24-hour biological cycles that regulate various bodily functions like sleep-wake cycles, temperature regulation, and hormone secretion. They are controlled by a master clock in the brain and influenced by environmental cues like light exposure. Disruptions to circadian rhythms can cause sleep disorders like delayed sleep phase syndrome where one's sleep schedule is delayed by 2+ hours, or non-24 hour sleep-wake disorder where the circadian rhythm follows a 25-27 hour cycle. Shift work and jet lag are also considered extrinsic circadian rhythm disorders.
This document discusses circadian rhythms, which are biological processes that repeat approximately every 24 hours. Examples include the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature fluctuations, and hormone levels such as cortisol. Studies on animals and humans in controlled environments show that circadian rhythms are endogenously generated but can be adjusted by external cues like light levels. Disruptions to circadian rhythms, as in jet lag or shift work, can impair performance and health. The stages of sleep are also described, from light sleep to deep sleep and REM sleep. Age affects sleep cycles and quality. Insomnia and narcolepsy are discussed as disorders of sleep amount and timing.
This document provides a history of neuroscience and the development of the neurological examination from ancient times through the modern period. It describes early views of the brain in ancient Egypt and Greece. Key developments included identifying the brain as the organ of thought in the 17th-18th centuries, distinguishing motor and sensory functions of the spinal cord in the early 19th century, and establishing electricity's role in nerves in the late 18th century. The neurological examination was developed in the late 19th century by scientists like Erb, Babinski, and Gowers. Several textbooks from the early 20th century helped standardize the clinical neurologic exam approach.
1. The document discusses evoked potentials, electroencephalography (EEG), and how EEG is used to monitor depth of anesthesia, detect hematomas, observe epileptic seizures, act as a death criterion, and differentiate sleep stages.
2. It explains sleep stages including REM sleep, non-REM sleep, slow-wave sleep, and how brain waves are used to identify sleep stages using EEG.
3. Randy Gardner holds the record for longest time gone without sleep at 264 hours, which was monitored by a sleep researcher and showed transient mood changes but no long-lasting health effects.
This document summarizes key information about sleep and sleep disorders. It discusses how sleep is measured using EEG, EOG and EMG recordings. It describes the different types of brain waves seen on EEGs during sleep stages. The stages of sleep including non-REM sleep stages I-IV and REM sleep are outlined. Factors influencing sleep such as biological rhythms and neuroendocrine regulation are also summarized.
Sleep: An analysis of this entity and its influence on the development of man...Martine Seudeal
The document summarizes historical perspectives on sleep from ancient cultures like Greece, China, and India. It then discusses views of sleep in various religions such as Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, and Judaism. Finally, it outlines current scientific concepts of sleep including sleep architecture, the sleep cycle, and different sleep stages.
Conference Etpa Timisoara English Versionguest688b9a8
This iy's a chapyer from "Mysteries of Time - A Theory of Transcendence" - by ION C. TUDOR, means me, noted by you with guest688b9a8;
The slide-show was presented by me, ION TUDOR, profesor at European Conference for Transpersonal Psychology; The Physico-Mathemathic engine of book can be seen at the last chapter,
ION C. TUDOR alias AWESOME the WRAITH
This document discusses sensation and the human senses. It explains that sensation occurs when stimuli activate sensory receptors, which convert the stimuli into neural signals in the brain. There are sensory thresholds like just noticeable differences and absolute thresholds. The structure and function of the eyes, ears, and sensory systems are described, including how light and sound are detected. Color vision and deficiencies are also covered.
The document discusses consciousness and whether it can exist separate from the physical brain and body. It references several cases of near-death experiences where individuals reported conscious awareness during periods of clinical death when brain activity had ceased. These cases suggest that consciousness may continue after death and transcend the physical. The document also discusses research studies on near-death experiences and common elements that are reported.
Erik Ramsey suffered a traumatic brain injury in a car accident that left him "locked in" and unable to move or communicate, though he remained conscious and aware. Research has found evidence of consciousness in coma patients through similar patterns of brain activity between coma patients and non-coma patients. Consciousness arises from brain activity and can vary between fully awake, sleeping, in altered states such as hypnosis or meditation, or in flow experiences where people are fully immersed in an activity.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 8, Complications During Hemodialysis, Part 2 - Dr.GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/FHV_jNJUt3Y
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/D5kYfTMFA8E
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Join the leading All Range PCD Pharma Franchise in India and grow your business with a trusted partner. We offer an extensive range of high-quality pharmaceutical products, competitive pricing, and comprehensive marketing support. Benefit from our expertise, wide distribution network, and excellent customer service. Elevate your pharma business with See Ever Healthcare's proven PCD franchise model.
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A comparative study on uroculturome antimicrobial susceptibility in apparentl...Bhoj Raj Singh
The uroculturome indicates the profile of culturable microbes inhabiting the urinary tract, and it is often required to do a urine culture to find an effective antimicrobial to treat UTIs. This study targeted to understand the profile of culturable pathogens in the urine of apparently healthy (128) and humans with clinical UTIs (161). In urine samples from UTI cases, microbial counts were 1.2×104 ± 6.02×103 colony-forming units (cfu)/ mL, while in urine samples from apparently healthy humans, the average count was 3.33± 1.34×103 cfu/ mL. In eight samples (six from UTI cases and two from apparently healthy people) of urine, Candida (C. albicans 3, C. catenulata 1, C. krusei 1, C. tropicalis 1, C. parapsiplosis 1, C. gulliermondii 1) and Rhizopus species (1) were detected. Candida krusei was detected only in a single urine sample from a healthy person and C. albicans was detected both in urine of healthy and clinical UTI cases. Fungal strains were always detected with one or more types of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more commonly (OR, 1.98; CI99, 1.01-3.87) detected in urine samples of apparently healthy humans, and Gram -ve bacteria (OR, 2.74; CI99, 1.44-5.23) in urines of UTI cases. From urine samples of 161 UTI cases, a total of 90 different types of microbes were detected and, 73 samples had only a single type of bacteria. In contrast, 49, 29, 3, 4, 1, and 2 samples had 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 types of bacteria, respectively. The most common bacteria detected in urine of UTI cases was Escherichia coli detected in 52 samples, in 20 cases as the single type of bacteria, other 34 types of bacteria were detected in pure form in 53 cases. From 128 urine samples of apparently healthy people, 88 types of microbes were detected either singly or in association with others, from 64 urine samples only a single type of bacteria was detected while 34, 13, 3, 11, 2 and 1 samples yielded 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and seven types of microbes, respectively. In the urine of apparently healthy humans too, E. coli was the most common bacteria, detected in pure culture from 10 samples followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (9), S. intermedius (5), and S. aureus (5), and similar types of bacteria also dominated in cases of mixed occurrence, E. coli was detected in 26, S. aureus in 22 and S. haemolyticus in 19 urine samples, respectively. Gram +ve bacteria isolated from urine samples' irrespective of health status were more often (p, <0.01) resistant than Gram -ve bacteria to ajowan oil, holy basil oil, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamon oil, but more susceptible to sandalwood oil (p, <0.01). However, for antibiotics, Gram +ve were more often susceptible than Gram -ve bacteria to cephalosporins, doxycycline, and nitrofurantoin. The study concludes that to understand the role of good and bad bacteria in the urinary tract microbiome more targeted studies are needed to discern the isolates at the pathotype level.
Exploring Alternatives- Why Laparoscopy Isn't Always Best for Hydrosalpinx.pptxFFragrant
Not all women with hydrosalpinx should choose laparoscopy. Natural medicine Fuyan Pill can also be a nice option for patients, especially when they have fertility needs.
Pharmacotherapy of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)HRITHIK DEY
This PowerPoint presentation provides an in-depth overview of the pharmacotherapy approaches for managing asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It covers the pathophysiology of these respiratory conditions, the various classes of medications used, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and the latest treatment guidelines. Designed for students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory pharmacology, this presentation offers a comprehensive understanding of current therapeutic strategies and advancements in the field.
Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease_AntiCopy.pdfMedicoseAcademics
In this lecture, we delve into the intricate anatomy and physiology of the coronary blood supply, a crucial aspect of cardiac function. We begin by examining the physiological anatomy of the coronary arteries, which lie on the heart's surface and penetrate the cardiac muscle mass to supply essential nutrients. Notably, only the innermost layer of the endocardial surface receives direct nourishment from the blood within the cardiac chambers.
We then explore the specifics of coronary circulation, including the dynamics of blood flow at rest and during strenuous activity. The impact of cardiac muscle compression on coronary blood flow, particularly during systole and diastole, is discussed, highlighting why this phenomenon is more pronounced in the left ventricle than the right.
Regulation of coronary circulation is a complex process influenced by autonomic and local metabolic factors. We discuss the roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, emphasizing the dominance of local metabolic factors such as hypoxia and adenosine in coronary vasodilation. Concepts like autoregulation, active hyperemia, and reactive hyperemia are explained to illustrate how the heart adjusts blood flow to meet varying oxygen demands.
Ischemic heart disease is a major focus, with an exploration of acute coronary artery occlusion, myocardial infarction, and subsequent physiological changes. The lecture covers the progression from acute occlusion to infarction, the body's compensatory mechanisms, and the potential complications leading to death, such as cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, fibrillation, and cardiac rupture.
We also examine coronary steal syndrome, a condition where increased cardiac activity diverts blood flow away from ischemic areas, exacerbating the condition. The long-term impact of myocardial infarction on cardiac reserve is discussed, showing how the heart's capacity to handle increased workloads is significantly reduced.
Angina pectoris, a common manifestation of ischemic heart disease, is analyzed in terms of its causes, presentation, and referred pain patterns. We identify factors that exacerbate anginal pain and discuss both medical and surgical treatment options.
Finally, the lecture includes a case study to apply theoretical knowledge to a practical scenario, helping students understand the real-world implications of coronary circulation and ischemic heart disease. The role of biochemical factors in cardiac pain and the interpretation of ECG changes in myocardial infarction are also covered.
POTENTIAL TARGET DISEASES FOR GENE THERAPY SOURAV.pptxsouravpaul769171
Theoretically, gene therapy is the permanent solution for genetic diseases. But it has several complexities. At its current stage, it is not accessible to most people due to its huge cost. A breakthrough may come anytime and a day may come when almost every disease will have a gene therapy Gene therapy have the potential to revolutionize the practice of medicine.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 8, Complications During Hemodialysis, Part 3 - Dr.GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/pCU7Plqbo-E
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/kbDs1uaeyyo
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, discuss NSCLC in this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.
Hepatocarcinoma today between guidelines and medical therapy. The role of sur...Gian Luca Grazi
Today more than ever, hepatocellular carcinoma therapy is experiencing profound and substantial changes.
The association atezolizumab (ATEZO) plus bevacizumab (BEVA) has demonstrated its effectiveness in the post-operative treatment of patients, improving the results that can be achieved with liver resections. This after the failure of the use of sorafenib in the already historic STORM study.
On the other hand, the prognostic classification of BCLC is now widely questioned. It is now well recognized that the indications for surgery for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are certainly narrow in BCLC and no longer reflect what is common everyday clinical practice.
Today, the concept of multiparametric therapeutic hierarchy, which makes the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma much more flexible and allows the best therapy for the individual patient to be identified based on their clinical characteristics, is gaining more and more importance.
The presentation traces these profound changes that are taking place in recent years and offers a modern vision of the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates at which chemical reactions occur and the factors that influence these rates.
Importance in Pharmaceuticals: Understanding chemical kinetics is essential for predicting the shelf life of drugs, optimizing storage conditions, and ensuring consistent drug performance.
Rate of Reaction: The speed at which reactants are converted to products.
Factors Influencing Reaction Rates:
Concentration of Reactants: Higher concentrations generally increase the rate of reaction.
Temperature: Increasing temperature typically increases reaction rates.
Catalysts: Substances that increase the reaction rate without being consumed in the process.
Physical State of Reactants: The surface area and physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of reactants can affect the reaction rate.
Chair, Benjamin M. Greenberg, MD, MHS, discusses neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in this CME activity titled “Mastering Diagnosis and Navigating the Sea of Targeted Treatments in NMOSD: Practical Guidance on Optimizing Patient Care.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4av12w4. CME credit will be available until June 27, 2025.
2. REM
• Rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) is a normal stage of sleep
characterized by the random movement of the eyes.
• REM sleep is classified into two categories: tonic and phasic.[1] It was
identified and defined by Nathaniel Kleitman, Eugene Aserinsky, and Jon
Birtwell in the early 1950s. Criteria for REM sleep includes rapid eye
movement, but also low muscle tone and a rapid, low-voltage EEG;
• ,the sleep study typically done for patients with suspected sleep disorders.
• REM sleep in adult humans typically occupies 20–25% of total sleep, about
90–120 minutes of a night's sleep. REM sleep normally occurs close to
morning.[
• During a normal night of sleep, humans usually experience about four or
five periods of REM sleep; they are quite short at the beginning of the
night and longer toward the end.
• During REM, the activity of the brain's neurons is quite similar to that
during waking hours; for this reason, the REM-sleep stage may be called
paradoxical sleep
4. • In mammals and birds, sleep is divided into two broad
types: rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye
movement (NREM or non-REM) sleep. Each type has a
distinct set of associated physiological, neurological,
and psychological features. The American Academy of
Sleep Medicine (AASM) further divides NREM into
three stages: N1, N2, and N3, the last of which is also
called delta sleep or slow-wave sleep (SWS).
• 1937 by Alfred Lee Loomis
• 1968 by Allan Rechtschaffen and Anthony Kales in the
"R&K sleep scoring manual.“
5. • Stage N1 refers to the transition of the brain from alpha waves having a frequency
of 8–13 Hz (common in the awake state) to theta waves having a frequency of 4–
7 Hz. This stage is sometimes referred to as somnolence or drowsy sleep. Sudden
twitches and hypnic jerks, also known as positive myoclonus, may be associated
with the onset of sleep during N1. Some people may also experience hypnagogic
hallucinations during this stage. During N1, the subject loses some muscle tone
and most conscious awareness of the external environment.
• Stage N2 is characterized by sleep spindles ranging from 11 to 16 Hz (most
commonly 12–14 Hz) and K-complexes. During this stage, muscular activity as
measured by EMG decreases, and conscious awareness of the external
environment disappears. This stage occupies 45–55% of total sleep in adults.
• Stage N3 (deep or slow-wave sleep) is characterized by the presence of a
minimum of 20% delta waves ranging from 0.5–2 Hz and having a peak-to-peak
amplitude >75 μV. (EEG standards define delta waves to be from 0 to 4 Hz, but
sleep standards in both the original R&K, as well as the new 2007 AASM guidelines
have a range of 0.5–2 Hz.)
6. In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of sleep deprivation, sleepiness
increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours.[
In 1918, J.S. Szymanski showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the
absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature.
Ron Konopka and Seymour Benzer isolated the first clock mutant in Drosophila in the early seventies and
mapped the "period" gene, the first discovered genetic component of a circadian clock.[
Joseph Takahashi discovered the first mammalian 'clock gene' (CLOCK) using mice in 1994.
7. Human or animal
• Nathaniel Kleitman (Ph.D., ’23), Professor
Emeritus in Physiology, pioneer in sleep
research and co-discoverer of REM sleep, died
in Los Angeles Friday, Aug. 13, at the age of
104.
8. Look at dream
• Dr. Harris completed her PhD in Behavioral Neursocience at BU in 2011. While at UVA,
she had the opportunity to work on a spatial learning project with Alzheimer’s disease
patients within the Department of Neurology at the University of Virginia Medical
Center. She is currently a Grants Administrator (in the Evolutionary Neurobehavior
Laboratory,)
• Rem(repot)
• Non rem (report)
• Amygdala
• Balance and depression
9. Non dream
• Mark Solms (born 1961 in South Africa) is a psychoanalyst and a lecturer in neurosurgery
at the St. Bartholomew’s and Royal London School of Medicine; chair of neuropsychology, University of
Cape Town, South Africa and director of the Arnold Pfeffer Center for Neuro-Psychoanalysis at the New
York Psychoanalytic Institute. He is a registrant of the BPC.
• Remember
• Parietal lobe
• Motivation system
10. Mean dream
• variety aspects
• Science aspect
• Dream Lab Montreal university (Antonio
Zadra, Ph.D.)
• Math and dream database
• Emotion-dream
11. Dream-innovation
• Elias Howe (swing machine)
• Dmitri Mendeleev (periodical table)
• Mary Shelley (Frankenstein)
• Learn in dream
• Robert Stickgold Associate Professor of
Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Associate
• Dream-memory-reorganized
12. Bad dream
• Antti Revonsuo, PhD. Docent, Department of
Psychology, University of Turku Professor,
School of Humanities and Informatics,
University of Skövde, Sweden
• Natural program
• Simulation to survive
• Modern fear
13. Luci dreamers
• Stephen LaBerge (born 1947)
• a psychophysiologist and a leader in the scientific study of lucid dreaming.
• In 1967 he received his Bachelor's Degree in mathematics.
• He began researching lucid dreaming for his Ph.D. in Psychophysiology at
Stanford University, which he received in 1980
• Bring real word to dream
• Induction Techniques
• Dream Recall
• Dream Control
14. Parallel universe & lisa randall
• A Hypothesis for a Membrane Theory of Gravity
Andrew L. Bender ( BraneBrain.com@gmail.com ) www.BraneBrain.com
Abstract: Proposed is a modification of gravity in M-Theory that could
successfully combine relativity and quantum mechanics by means of a
membrane (brane) theory of gravity. The force of gravity would be produced by
the curvature of our brane by the vibrations of individual strings of
matter in the three gravity dimensions of M-Theory. Gravity’s weakness
would be due to the size of our membrane relative to the Planck length
of an individual string. If the forces of electromagnetism and gravity were
roughly equivalent when our brane was the Planck length, then as it
expanded to its current size, the strength of gravity would have decreased in
proportion to our membrane’s size, roughly calculated to have a maximum
radius of 526 trillion light-years. This theory allows for a direct method
of energy transfer from membrane collision to individual virtual strings
present within the brane at the instant of the collision. This explains the
creation of our universe without a singularity while keeping physics intact
throughout the big splash. Dark matter and dark energy are revealed to
be vibrations of our membrane left over from the original collision that
created our universe. The relaxation of those vibrations (whose potential
energy is being converted into kinetic energy) causes spacetime to expand
more rapidly as it ages and to accelerate at what appears to be a constant
rate until all dark matter relaxes completely, stopping the acceleration.
Additionally, several methods of observational confirmation of this theory
(and therefore string theory as well) are proposed.
16. Soft power
• Joseph Samuel Nye, Jr. (born January 19, 1937) is
the co-founder, along with Robert Keohane, of
the international relations theory neoliberalism,
developed in their 1977 book Power and
Interdependence. Together with Keohane, he
developed the concepts of asymmetrical and
complex interdependence. They also explored
transnational relations and world politics in an
edited volume in the 1970s. More recently, he
pioneered the theory of soft power.
18. philosophy
• literally Master Zhuang, was a Chinese
philosopher, who is supposed to have lived during
the Warring States Period, corresponding to the
Hundred Schools of Thought. His name is also
transliterated as Zhuang Zi, Zhuang Zhou,
Chuang Tzu, Chuang Tse. Chuang was his
surname and Tse indicates master; so he would
be referred to as Master Chuang. You will also see
his name given as "Chuang Chou" or "Zhuang
Zhu", this was his proper name, first and last, not
an alternate spelling of "Chuang Tzu" or
"Zhuangzi".
19. philosophy
• Once upon a time, I, Chuang Chou, dreamt I was
a butterfly, fluttering hither and thither, to all
intents and purposes a butterfly. I was conscious
only of my happiness as a butterfly, unaware that
I was Chou. Soon I awaked, and there I was,
veritably myself again. Now I do not know
whether I was then a man dreaming I was a
butterfly, or whether I am now a butterfly,
dreaming I am a man. Between a man and a
butterfly there is necessarily a distinction. The
transition is called the transformation of material
things