The document provides an overview of the 12 lessons in a health studies module, including topics like antibiotics, vaccines, and clinical trials. It then presents information about lesson 7 which focuses on antibiotics and the rise of antibiotic-resistant "superbugs" due to overuse of antibiotics. The lesson objectives, activities, key concepts, and extension questions are outlined.
This document suggests that the recent E. coli outbreak in Europe was caused by a bioengineered superbug created to drive agricultural regulations. It argues that the bacteria's genetic code shows it was exposed to multiple antibiotics, which could only occur in a lab, not nature. The document asserts this was a deliberate act of "problem, reaction, solution" to ban raw foods and natural medicines in favor of the pharmaceutical industry.
Microbes outnumber human cells 10 to 1 and play important roles in human health and disease. While some microbes cause illness, most are harmless or beneficial. Microbes are found everywhere including in the air, water, soil, and inside and on the human body. They aid in digestion and prevent infection. However, overuse of antibiotics has led to increased antibiotic resistance in microbes, threatening our ability to treat infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance occurs as bacteria evolve and share DNA allowing them to survive drug exposure. Prudent antibiotic use is needed to slow the development and spread of resistant microbes.
Bacteria have evolved to become resistant to antibiotics through misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929, beginning the antibiotic era and revolutionizing medicine by saving many lives. However, antibiotic resistance has increased in recent years as bacteria are no longer vulnerable to many drugs. The overprescription and misuse of antibiotics by doctors and patients has contributed to this growing problem. If antibiotic resistance continues to increase and no new antibiotics are developed, medicine could return to the pre-antibiotic era with many bacterial diseases being difficult or impossible to treat.
1. Antibiotics are drugs that kill or slow the growth of bacteria. They work through various mechanisms like inhibiting cell wall synthesis or interfering with bacterial DNA/RNA.
2. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria no longer respond to antibiotics. Bacteria develop resistance through mechanisms like producing drug-inactivating enzymes or modifying antibiotic target sites.
3. The spread of antibiotic resistance is a major global concern as it could lead us back to a pre-antibiotic era where many infections were untreatable. Factors driving resistance include overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals.
This document discusses superbugs and antibiotic resistance. It defines superbugs as bacteria that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. It describes the NDM-1 gene, which confers resistance to carbapenems, and notes it was first identified in India in 2010. The document outlines the main mechanisms by which bacteria develop antibiotic resistance, including drug modification, altered target sites, and efflux pumps. It lists overuse and misuse of antibiotics as key causes of rising superbug infections globally.
The document discusses the history of antibiotic discovery and resistance. It describes how ancient civilizations used natural substances like moldy bread to treat infections. It then discusses the Nobel Prize-winning work of Paul Ehrlich on antibody-antigen interactions, which led to the discovery of chemotherapy and antibiotics. The document outlines key events in antibiotic discovery from Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1928 to the current problem of antibiotic resistance. It also describes evidence that antibiotic resistance is an ancient, natural phenomenon in microbes that predates human use of antibiotics. The implications are that antibiotic resistance is hardwired in microbial genomes and not solely due to recent human antibiotic overuse and misuse.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. Key branches include bacteriology, mycology, immunology and virology. Pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, Schwann, Pasteur, Lister and Koch advanced the field through observations with microscopes, formulation of the cell theory, development of techniques like pasteurization, antisepsis and asepsis, germ theory, and Koch's postulates. Microbes play important roles in environments, human health and industry.
1) Persister bacterial cells are dormant, non-dividing cells that are tolerant to antibiotics but not resistant. They are genetically identical to actively growing cells.
2) Persister cells are found in all bacterial species and are enriched in biofilms, making chronic infections difficult to treat. They are responsible for treatment failure and relapse.
3) Persister cells form through spontaneous switching or in response to stress like nutrient starvation. Overexpressed toxin/antitoxin systems enable drug tolerance in persisters.
biotechnolical approach to treat and prevent the creation of superbug in futureNitin Singh
Superbugs have developed resistance to many antibiotics due to their overuse and misuse. This threatens our ability to treat bacterial infections (1). Researchers are exploring new approaches using nanotechnology, biotherapy, and inhibiting bacterial DNA exchange to develop effective treatments (2). However, it may take decades to achieve breakthroughs, during which many patients could die. Increased funding support is needed from multiple sources for research to continue developing new antibiotics and treatments in the interim (3).
Microbiology for Nursing Students: 1. Introduction to MicrobiologyBugLady
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the history of microbiology. It discusses key topics in the field including the size and impact of microorganisms, the three domains of life, bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes including protists, fungi, helminthes, and viruses. The document also summarizes the major contributors and discoveries in the history of microbiology from the 17th century observations of van Leeuwenhoek to the Golden Age of the 19th century including Pasteur and Koch's germ theory of disease and postulates. It also briefly discusses antibiotics and advances from 1940 to the present including the human microbiome project.
Antibiotic susceptibility of multidrug-resistant nosocomial bacteria Acinetob...Enid Cruz
This research proposal aims to study the effect of β-lactamase inhibitors and efflux pump inhibitors on the antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii when used in combination with various antibiotics. The methodology involves isolating A. baumannii from clinical and environmental samples, identifying them, performing antibiotic susceptibility testing with and without inhibitors, and analyzing the results. It is hypothesized that using inhibitors will severely affect the antibiotic resistance of A. baumannii and lead to better treatment outcomes for this multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen.
The document discusses the NDM-1 superbug, a gene carried by some bacteria that makes them resistant to nearly all antibiotics. The gene encodes for the enzyme New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) which breaks down carbapenem antibiotics. It was first discovered in a Swedish patient who had undergone surgery in India. The gene can be transferred between bacteria via small circles of DNA called plasmids, even between unrelated bacterial strains. This makes treatment very challenging as it can spread rapidly between different disease-causing bacteria. Prevention requires responsible antibiotic use and hygiene practices to limit the spread of resistant infections.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms become resistant to antimicrobial drugs that were previously able to treat infections. AMR arises through natural mutation and genetic transfer between microbes and is accelerated by misuse and overuse of antimicrobials. If not addressed, AMR could lead to increased mortality and healthcare costs as resistant organisms cause treatment failure. To combat AMR, proper antimicrobial use, hygiene, and surveillance are needed at the patient, clinical, agricultural, and policy levels. Education is also key to promoting appropriate antimicrobial usage.
This document provides an overview of microbiology. It begins with defining microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. It then discusses the history and development of microbiology, including key figures like Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Koch, and others who helped prove germ theory and refute spontaneous generation. The document also classifies microbiology, explains the scope of the field in areas like medicine, agriculture and industry, and defines the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
The document discusses the human immune system and its defenses against pathogens. It describes how white blood cells such as phagocytes engulf and destroy bacteria and viruses. Antibodies produced by lymphocytes mark invading organisms for destruction. Vaccines work by exposing the body to weakened or dead forms of viruses and bacteria, causing it to develop immunity through the production of antibodies against those pathogens. The immune system provides multiple lines of defense that normally protect the human body from infection.
A new antibiotic that can find and kill tuberculosis bacteria where they hide. Human macrophages infected with Mycobacteria also use copper to attack the bacteria, but they do so in a less sophisticated way.
In Sciences, my 7th graders were asked to present a PPt on "My Scientist". Each chose a different scientist and then their teacher of English took it one step further and asked them to do the same in English! Here is the result :) Robert Kock, by João
Viruses are non-living particles that can only reproduce inside host cells. They contain genetic material and protein coats. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can infect humans and other animals. COVID-19 is caused by a newly discovered coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. It spreads primarily through respiratory droplets from infected individuals. Most people experience mild symptoms, but some develop serious breathing difficulties. There is currently no vaccine, though most people recover without treatment. Research is ongoing to better understand the virus and develop treatments.
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether culturing E. coli with Streptococcus salivarius or Staphylococcus epidermidis increased the rate of antibiotic resistance in E. coli compared to culturing E. coli alone. Over multiple generations, resistance to penicillin, streptomycin, and erythromycin increased for both the mixed cultures and E. coli alone. However, statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the rate of increased resistance between the mixed cultures and E. coli alone, contradicting the initial hypothesis.
This document provides a summary of a student's research project on using personalised learning strategies to overcome difficulties in understanding biology topics related to pathogens and antibiotic resistance. The research project involved examining educational placement, background, aims and objectives. Effectiveness of strategies was assessed through references and an appendix providing details on case studies and educational introduction, biological introduction on pathogens and antibiotic resistance, as well as further learning sections on HIV and Ebola.
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This document outlines the syllabus for the GATE-2017 Electronics and Communication Engineering exam. It lists the topics covered in the following areas: Engineering Mathematics, Networks, Continuous Time Signals, Electronic Devices, Analog Circuits, Digital Circuits, Control Systems, Communications, and Electromagnetics. The topics include concepts such as linear algebra, calculus, differential equations, network analysis, signals, electronics, amplifiers, filters, digital logic, microprocessors, control systems, information theory, modulation, electromagnetics, and antennas.
바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 설명 바둑싸이트 게임장 바둑싸이트 전략 바둑싸이트 놀이터 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 싸이트 바둑싸이트 스포츠 바둑싸이트 놀이터 바둑싸이트 방법 바둑싸이트▷아~필승코리아2◁바둑싸이트 하는곳 바둑싸이트 추천인 바둑싸이트 서비스 바둑싸이트 사이트 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 생중계 바둑싸이트 스포츠 바둑싸이트 사이트 바둑싸이트 승률 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 사이트 바둑싸이트 하는곳 바둑싸이트 추천 바둑싸이트 전략 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 생중계 바둑싸이트 동영상 바둑싸이트 월드컵 바둑싸이트 스코어 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 실시간 바둑싸이트 분석 바둑싸이트 추천 바둑싸이트 사이트 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 하는곳 바둑싸이트 사이트 바둑싸이트 채팅방 바둑싸이트 분석 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 전략 바둑싸이트 광고 바둑싸이트 도박 바둑싸이트 월드컵 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 배트맨 바둑싸이트 싸이트 바둑싸이트 노하우 바둑싸이트 추천인 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 실시간 바둑싸이트 월드컵 바둑싸이트 온라인 바둑싸이트 규칙 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 중계 바둑싸이트 전략 바둑싸이트 홍보 바둑싸이트 사이트 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 하는법 바둑싸이트 중계 바둑싸이트 사이트 바둑싸이트 하는곳 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 방법 바둑싸이트 하는곳 바둑싸이트 월드컵 바둑싸이트 스코어 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 홍보 바둑싸이트 노하우 바둑싸이트 배우기 바둑싸이트 설명 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 라이브 바둑싸이트 홍보 바둑싸이트 게임 바둑싸이트 생중계 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 스코어 바둑싸이트 하는곳 바둑싸이트 배우기 바둑싸이트 전략 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 규칙 바둑싸이트 동영상 바둑싸이트 배트맨 바둑싸이트 노하우 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 게임장 바둑싸이트 하는곳 바둑싸이트 싸이트 바둑싸이트 게임장 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 놀이터 바둑싸이트 방법 바둑싸이트 방법 바둑싸이트 싸이트 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 배트맨 바둑싸이트 놀이터 바둑싸이트 서비스 바둑싸이트 싸이트 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 배트맨 바둑싸이트 동영상 바둑싸이트 전략 바둑싸이트 스포츠 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 하는곳 바둑싸이트 하는곳 바둑싸이트 중계 바둑싸이트 설명 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 스포츠 바둑싸이트 전략 바둑싸이트 생중계 바둑싸이트 채팅방 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 서비스 바둑싸이트 하는법 바둑싸이트 게임 바둑싸이트 하는법 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 규칙 바둑싸이트 전략 바둑싸이트 추천인 바둑싸이트 스포츠 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 게임 바둑싸이트 싸이트 바둑싸이트 배우기 바둑싸이트 하는법 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 중계 바둑싸이트 배트맨 바둑싸이트 월드컵 바둑싸이트 노하우 바둑싸이트┣〓〓┫▶SX797.COM ◀┣〓〓┫바둑싸이트 동영상 바둑싸이트 하는법 바둑싸이트 중계 바둑싸이트 놀이터
This document summarizes the events of the Spanish economic crisis from 2006 to the present. It describes how easy access to loans before the crisis led many Spanish individuals and companies into debt. It then explains how the loss of jobs and economic struggles have made it difficult for debtors to pay back loans. This has hurt Spanish banks and led the government to request loans from European banks to bail out Spanish financial institutions. However, these loans will mostly be used to repay international debts, not stimulate the Spanish economy or help ordinary citizens.
Joaquín Bugella Gómez was born in Málaga, Spain in 1910. He studied to become a Social Security Graduate and worked helping people receive their pensions at the Social Security Department. In his free time, he enjoyed playing music and painting. Though from a different era, he was described as a person who didn't seem restricted by the politics or religion of the time and spent his free hours in artistic pursuits.
Antonia is 31 years old and lives in Ronda. She graduated with a degree in Economics and a Master's degree. She works in administration at the P.T.A. in Malaga, where she has a three-year temporary contract, earns a monthly salary of 1700 euros, and receives two extra bonuses and social security benefits. Her daily work involves using computers, though she dislikes the daily commute from Ronda to Malaga.
This document describes an individual's work schedule. Nabila Gavilan is a 21-year-old from Spain who works 36 hours a week at a shoe shop, with two hours of rest each day and a day and a half off per week. Her responsibilities include cleaning, organizing shoes, and selling shoes, working nine hours daily.
This document discusses the importance of self-care for mental health and well-being. It defines self-care as activities intended to enhance energy, restore health, and reduce stress. Examples of self-care activities provided include mindfulness, gratitude, nurturing relationships, and self-awareness. Challenges to practicing self-care include issues with time, priorities, routines and workplace culture. The document encourages overcoming challenges through reframing attitudes. It emphasizes that self-care is an important part of professional practice and mental wellness.
The document discusses the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the structures of the external nose including the vestibule, septum, lateral wall, roof and floor. It then covers the four main paranasal sinuses - maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses - describing their locations, drainage pathways, and key relationships to surrounding structures. Finally, it discusses the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and functions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
This document discusses the growing problem of antibiotic resistance and the threat it poses. It notes that bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics and becoming immune to drugs that were previously used to treat infections. If drastic steps are not taken soon, it could mean the end of modern medicine as procedures like surgeries and transplants become too dangerous to perform due to the risk of drug-resistant infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both healthcare settings and agriculture is contributing to the rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. New approaches are needed to control the spread of infections beyond the use of antibiotics.
Antibiotics are facing their final stage of survival as common bacteria take over in violent opportunistic infections. Hospitals have become hotbeds for spreading antibiotic-resistant infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics, both in hospitals and at home, is contributing to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat. If antibiotic resistance continues to spread unchecked, it could lead to widespread healthcare issues and even the end of modern medicine as we know it.
The document discusses the history and overuse of antibiotics in India and the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. It notes that in the past, only a few antibiotics like penicillin were available in India. As the pharmaceutical industry liberalized and more antibiotics became available, they began to be over-prescribed by doctors who were not fully educated on appropriate usage. This overuse has led to many bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics. The author warns that if overuse continues, there may come a time where infections are untreatable due to antibiotic resistance, and calls for improved education on rational antibiotic usage to address this serious problem.
Dr. Rao discusses the growing threat of antibiotic resistance due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. While antibiotics have saved millions of lives, bacteria are becoming resistant when exposed repeatedly to the same drugs. This can lead to "superbugs" and increased deaths. Dr. Rao advocates educating the public and doctors on appropriate antibiotic use to slow resistance. If multi-drug resistant tuberculosis goes unchecked, it could kill 75 million people in the next 35 years and shrink the global economy. The FDA is working to promote judicious antibiotic use through labelling, public awareness campaigns, and encouraging new drug development. Overall education and accountability are needed across society regarding antibiotic use.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on keeping healthy. The lessons will cover topics like what causes disease, microbe attacks, vaccines, antibiotic resistance, and health studies. It previews the objectives and activities for the first lesson on microbes and disease, including understanding how microbes can cause illness and how the body prevents microbes from entering.
Intensive care units are considered epicenters of antibiotic resistance due to the frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for critically ill patients, close proximity of patients allowing transmission of resistant bacteria, and presence of chronically ill patients who may harbor resistant bacteria. The overuse of antibiotics in ICUs places significant selective pressure on bacteria to develop resistance. Infections caused by resistant bacteria in ICUs have major impacts on patient outcomes and healthcare costs. Strategies to reduce the emergence and transmission of resistant bacteria in ICUs include minimizing antibiotic use through improved prescribing and surveillance of resistance patterns, implementing strict infection control measures, and optimizing antibiotic therapy based on culture results.
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve and develop the ability to survive exposure to antibiotics that were designed to kill them. This document discusses the causes of antibiotic resistance including overuse and misuse of antibiotics as well as their use in agriculture. It describes "superbugs" which are strains resistant to multiple antibiotics and outlines some of the most dangerous ones. Complications of antibiotic resistance include treatment failure and increased spread of resistant infections. Prevention strategies target appropriate antibiotic use by individuals, health professionals, and the healthcare industry.
The document discusses the importance of developing an antibiotic policy to improve antibiotic use and combat antibiotic resistance. It notes that overuse and misuse of antibiotics in various healthcare, agricultural, and community settings has contributed significantly to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. An antibiotic policy aims to standardize and promote best practices for antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment. It also seeks to improve education, optimize resource use, and slow the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Developing effective antibiotic stewardship requires coordinated efforts between clinicians, microbiologists, pharmacists, and other stakeholders. Ongoing monitoring of resistance patterns and prudent prescribing guided by local susceptibility data are also emphasized.
Antibiotic resistance infections & approach in homoeopathy medical scienceDrAnkit Srivastav
Antibiotic resistance has become a major public health issue as many bacterial infections are now resistant to common antibiotics. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led bacteria to evolve and become resistant. In hospitals, antibiotic use and underlying patient health conditions increase the risk of resistant infections. Community risks include close contact with infected individuals and antibiotic use in livestock. Homoeopathic approaches focus on remedies that address conditions from antibiotic overuse like Carbo Veg, Magnesium Phos, and Opium. Proper antibiotic use and hygiene are important for prevention.
This document discusses envisioned disasters from antibiotic-resistant superbugs and proposes potential treatments. The author suggests developing biotherapy to use microbes to eliminate superbugs and suppressants to stop superbugs from acquiring DNA from other bacteria. Large financial support is needed for research, but breakthroughs may take decades during which many could die from superbug infections. Prevention through prudent antibiotic use and hygiene could help control superbugs until more effective treatments are found.
Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a topic that is causing increasing concern in the health community. Antibiotics are a necessary drug to help protect and heal us from pathogenic infections that our immune system is unable to successfully combat on its own. However, bacteria are very adept at utilizing evolutionary processes to develop antibiotic resistance in order to promote their own survival, reproduction and persistence. The development of antibiotic resistant bacteria is occurring at an alarming rate. Researchers are investigating the mechanisms that confer resistance on bacteria. With techniques for genomic sequencing now readily available, understanding of genetic mechanisms of resistance and evolution as a whole has been advancing rapidly. Researchers have found that bacteria are very adept at gene mutation and horizontal gene transfer. New insights regarding pleiotrophy and epistasis have been provided through these techniques. A possible result of this research will be the discovery of new antibiotic therapies. However, as the research is demonstrating, even if we develop new antibiotics, bacteria will develop resistance to them. Thus, important considerations to be taken from the research include finding ways to slow the development of resistance as we will most likely never be able to stop it entirely.
The document provides an overview of lessons covering physics topics related to astronomy. It outlines 24 lessons that will cover telescopes, lenses, different types of telescopes, stars, the sun, moon and earth, eclipses, star distances, galaxies, and more. Each lesson includes objectives, literacy and numeracy focuses, and extension questions.
The document outlines a physics lesson plan covering topics related to telescopes, stars, galaxies, and the structure and composition of stars over 24 lessons. Key topics included refracting and reflecting telescopes, star distances and brightness, galaxies, stellar composition and nuclear fusion, and how a star's color relates to its surface temperature.
This document outlines a physics lesson plan on telescopes over 24 lessons. It will cover the different types of telescopes like refracting, reflecting, and radio telescopes. It will discuss how telescopes produce images using electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies. Key topics include lenses, star distances, galaxies, and the composition of stars. Lessons will include activities, literacy and numeracy focus, and questions for extension.
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a module about radiation and waves. It focuses on lesson P6.7, which discusses electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than visible light, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. The lesson objectives are to understand that these waves are ionizing radiation that can alter or damage living cells. Examples of sources, detectors, and uses of each type of wave are provided. Key concepts explained are that frequency increases and wavelength decreases as you move from radio waves to gamma rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
This document provides an overview of 12 lessons on the wave model of radiation. It will cover topics such as what waves are, describing wave properties, how waves behave at barriers and boundaries, bending light beams, electromagnetic waves, radio waves, and radiation from space. The first lesson defines key terms like amplitude, wavelength, and frequency and explains the two main types of waves - transverse and longitudinal waves. Subsequent lessons will focus on reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves.
The document outlines a route map for a 12 lesson course on electric circuits. It will cover topics like static electricity, electric charge, circuits, current, resistance, resistors, voltage, power, and electricity generation and distribution. It provides learning objectives and a sample activity for the first lesson which involves drawing a series circuit with batteries, a switch, light bulb, resistor and variable resistor and adding a voltmeter and ammeter.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in 12 lessons on electric circuits. The lessons will cover static electricity, electric charge, circuit symbols, simple circuits, controlling and measuring current, resistance, resistor combinations, measuring voltage, electrical power, domestic appliances, generating electricity, and distributing electricity. Each lesson will have objectives, activities, extension questions, and a summary.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and lessons covered in a physics module on forces and motion. Over 12 lessons, students will learn about forces in different directions, how objects start and stop moving, friction, reaction forces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, momentum, changes in momentum, car safety, laws of motion, work and energy, and kinetic and gravitational potential energy. Example questions and activities are provided to help students understand concepts like momentum, changes in momentum due to forces, and how safety features in cars like seatbelts reduce impact forces during collisions.
The document outlines a 12 lesson plan on the topic of forces and motion. It will cover key concepts such as forces in different directions, how objects start to move, friction, reaction of surfaces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, changes in momentum, car safety, and laws of motion. Each lesson will include objectives, activities, literacy and numeracy focuses, and questions to help students understand the key topics being covered.
1. The document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and energy changes over 24 lessons.
2. Lesson C7.9 focuses on rates of reaction and how factors like temperature, concentration, and particle size can influence the rate. Collision theory and activation energy are also discussed.
3. Examples of reversible reactions are given where the direction can change based on conditions like temperature and pressure. Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations no longer change.
This document outlines a chemistry lesson plan covering titrations. The lesson will teach students how titration is used as a quantitative technique to measure the concentrations of acids and bases by determining the volume needed of a standard solution to reach the endpoint of a neutralization reaction. Key concepts include using an indicator to identify the endpoint, repeating titrations to obtain an accurate average volume, and how titrations can be used to find the concentration of an unknown solution based on the reaction stoichiometry. The lesson will also discuss using data loggers and pH probes for higher precision measurements.
The document outlines a chemistry route map for studying various topics over 24 lessons, including alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, titrations, reaction rates, equilibrium, the chemical industry, and green chemistry. It provides lesson objectives, activities, and questions for lessons on alkanes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids, covering topics like their structures, properties, reactions, uses, and how they are produced.
This document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, gas chromatography, titrations, rates of reaction, equilibrium, the chemical industry, green chemistry, industrial chemistry, theories on acidity, sampling, and making ethanoic acid. The module will focus on improving yield in industrial chemistry and reducing waste and pollution.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry module that will cover various topics related to chemical synthesis, including the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, rates of reactions, and factors that affect rates. It focuses specifically on lesson 6.11, which discusses the different stages involved in chemical synthesis, and lesson 6.12, which is about measuring the yield of chemical reactions.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on chemical synthesis that covers topics such as the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, reactions of acids, salts, purity of chemicals, rates of reactions, catalysts, chemical quantities, stages of chemical synthesis, and measuring yield. The first lesson focuses on understanding the role and importance of the chemical industry and the difference between bulk and fine chemicals.
This document outlines a lesson plan on metals from the lithosphere. It will teach students how reactive metals are extracted from ores using methods like carbon displacement and electrolysis. Key concepts include metal ores, extraction methods, reactivity series, and calculating formula masses of compounds. Activities include matching metals to their ores, naming metals, and explaining extraction techniques and material uses based on reactivity.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a course on chemicals in the natural environment. The 12 lessons will cover chemicals found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It outlines the key concepts, objectives and activities for the first lesson which will introduce the four spheres and focus on the chemicals found in each.
1. Ionic compounds form when a metal reacts with a non-metal, resulting in positively charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions that bond together in a crystalline lattice structure.
2. When ionic compounds dissolve in water or melt, the ions become free to move and conduct electricity. During electrolysis, positively charged metal ions move to the cathode and negatively charged non-metal ions move to the anode.
3. Common ionic compounds include sodium chloride, formed from sodium and chlorine ions, and copper chloride, used in electrolysis to extract copper metal from its ionic form.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry course covering topics like the periodic table, alkaline metals, chemical equations, halogens, helium, atomic structure, electrons, salts, and ionic theory. It includes lesson objectives, activities, extension questions, and summaries for the first two lessons which focus on the periodic table and alkaline metals. Key points covered are the periodic table's arrangement of elements, properties of group 1 alkaline metals like their reactions with water and acids, and their similarities and reactivity trends.
A comparative study on uroculturome antimicrobial susceptibility in apparentl...Bhoj Raj Singh
The uroculturome indicates the profile of culturable microbes inhabiting the urinary tract, and it is often required to do a urine culture to find an effective antimicrobial to treat UTIs. This study targeted to understand the profile of culturable pathogens in the urine of apparently healthy (128) and humans with clinical UTIs (161). In urine samples from UTI cases, microbial counts were 1.2×104 ± 6.02×103 colony-forming units (cfu)/ mL, while in urine samples from apparently healthy humans, the average count was 3.33± 1.34×103 cfu/ mL. In eight samples (six from UTI cases and two from apparently healthy people) of urine, Candida (C. albicans 3, C. catenulata 1, C. krusei 1, C. tropicalis 1, C. parapsiplosis 1, C. gulliermondii 1) and Rhizopus species (1) were detected. Candida krusei was detected only in a single urine sample from a healthy person and C. albicans was detected both in urine of healthy and clinical UTI cases. Fungal strains were always detected with one or more types of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more commonly (OR, 1.98; CI99, 1.01-3.87) detected in urine samples of apparently healthy humans, and Gram -ve bacteria (OR, 2.74; CI99, 1.44-5.23) in urines of UTI cases. From urine samples of 161 UTI cases, a total of 90 different types of microbes were detected and, 73 samples had only a single type of bacteria. In contrast, 49, 29, 3, 4, 1, and 2 samples had 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 types of bacteria, respectively. The most common bacteria detected in urine of UTI cases was Escherichia coli detected in 52 samples, in 20 cases as the single type of bacteria, other 34 types of bacteria were detected in pure form in 53 cases. From 128 urine samples of apparently healthy people, 88 types of microbes were detected either singly or in association with others, from 64 urine samples only a single type of bacteria was detected while 34, 13, 3, 11, 2 and 1 samples yielded 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and seven types of microbes, respectively. In the urine of apparently healthy humans too, E. coli was the most common bacteria, detected in pure culture from 10 samples followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (9), S. intermedius (5), and S. aureus (5), and similar types of bacteria also dominated in cases of mixed occurrence, E. coli was detected in 26, S. aureus in 22 and S. haemolyticus in 19 urine samples, respectively. Gram +ve bacteria isolated from urine samples' irrespective of health status were more often (p, <0.01) resistant than Gram -ve bacteria to ajowan oil, holy basil oil, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamon oil, but more susceptible to sandalwood oil (p, <0.01). However, for antibiotics, Gram +ve were more often susceptible than Gram -ve bacteria to cephalosporins, doxycycline, and nitrofurantoin. The study concludes that to understand the role of good and bad bacteria in the urinary tract microbiome more targeted studies are needed to discern the isolates at the pathotype level.
Hepatocarcinoma today between guidelines and medical therapy. The role of sur...Gian Luca Grazi
Today more than ever, hepatocellular carcinoma therapy is experiencing profound and substantial changes.
The association atezolizumab (ATEZO) plus bevacizumab (BEVA) has demonstrated its effectiveness in the post-operative treatment of patients, improving the results that can be achieved with liver resections. This after the failure of the use of sorafenib in the already historic STORM study.
On the other hand, the prognostic classification of BCLC is now widely questioned. It is now well recognized that the indications for surgery for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are certainly narrow in BCLC and no longer reflect what is common everyday clinical practice.
Today, the concept of multiparametric therapeutic hierarchy, which makes the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma much more flexible and allows the best therapy for the individual patient to be identified based on their clinical characteristics, is gaining more and more importance.
The presentation traces these profound changes that are taking place in recent years and offers a modern vision of the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Why Does Seminal Vesiculitis Causes Jelly-like Sperm.pptxAmandaChou9
Seminal vesiculitis can cause jelly-like sperm. Fortunately, herbal medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can eliminate symptoms and cure the disease.
Ventilation Perfusion Ratio, Physiological dead space and physiological shuntMedicoseAcademics
In this insightful lecture, Dr. Faiza, an esteemed Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the essential concept of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙), which is fundamental to understanding pulmonary physiology. Dr. Faiza brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to the table, with qualifications including MBBS, FCPS in Physiology, and multiple postgraduate degrees in public health and healthcare education.
The lecture begins by laying the groundwork with basic concepts, explaining the definitions of ventilation (V˙) and perfusion (Q˙), and highlighting the significance of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙). Dr. Faiza explains the normal value of this ratio and its critical role in ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs.
Next, the discussion moves to the impact of different V˙/Q˙ ratios on alveolar gas concentrations. Participants will learn how a normal, zero, or infinite V˙/Q˙ ratio affects the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. Dr. Faiza provides a detailed comparison of alveolar gas concentrations in these varying scenarios, offering a clear understanding of the physiological changes that occur.
The lecture also covers the concepts of physiological shunt and dead space. Dr. Faiza defines physiological shunt and explains its causes and effects on gas exchange, distinguishing it from anatomical dead space. She also discusses physiological dead space in detail, including how it is calculated using the Bohr equation. The components and significance of the Bohr equation are thoroughly explained, and practical examples of its application are provided.
Further, the lecture examines the variations in V˙/Q˙ ratios in different regions of the lung and under different conditions, such as lying versus supine and resting versus exercise. Dr. Faiza analyzes how these variations affect pulmonary function and discusses the abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios seen in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and their clinical implications.
Finally, Dr. Faiza explores the clinical implications of abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios. She identifies clinical conditions associated with these abnormalities, such as COPD and emphysema, and discusses the physiological and clinical consequences on respiratory function. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts for medical professionals and students, highlighting their relevance in diagnosing and managing respiratory conditions.
This comprehensive lecture provides valuable insights for medical students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory physiology. Participants will gain a deep understanding of how ventilation and perfusion work together to optimize gas exchange in the lungs and how deviations from the norm can lead to significant clinical issues.
Descoperă Bucuria Vieții Sănătoase cu Jurnalul Fericirii Life Care - Iulie 2024!
Gata să te bucuri de o vară vibrantă și plină de energie? Life Care îți vine în ajutor cu Jurnalul Fericirii din Iulie 2024, un ghid complet pentru o viață armonioasă și echilibrată.
Pe parcursul a cateva de pagini pline de informații utile și inspirație, vei descoperi:
Sfaturi practice pentru o alimentație sănătoasă:
Rețete delicioase și ușor de preparat: Bucură-te de preparate gustoase și nutritive, perfecte pentru zilele călduroase de vară.
Recomandări pentru o alimentație echilibrată: Asigură-ți aportul necesar de nutrienți esențiali pentru un organism sănătos și plin de vitalitate.
Sfaturi pentru alegeri alimentare inteligente: Învață cum să faci cumpărături sănătoase și să eviți tentațiile nesănătoase.
Trucuri pentru un stil de viață activ:
Rutine de exerciții fizice adaptate nevoilor tale: Găsește antrenamente potrivite pentru a te menține în formă și energic pe tot parcursul verii.
Idei de activități în aer liber: Descoperă modalități distractive de a te bucura de vremea frumoasă și de a petrece timp de calitate cu cei dragi.
Sfaturi pentru un somn odihnitor: Asigură-ți un somn profund și reparator pentru a te trezi revigorat și pregătit pentru o nouă zi.
Sfaturi pentru o stare de bine mentală:
Tehnici de relaxare și gestionare a stresului: Învață cum să te relaxezi și să faci față provocărilor zilnice cu mai multă ușurință.
Sfaturi pentru cultivarea optimismului și a gândirii pozitive: Descoperă cum să abordezi viața cu o perspectivă optimistă și să atragi mai multă bucurie în ea.
Recomandări pentru a te conecta cu natura: Bucură-te de beneficiile naturii asupra stării tale mentale și emoționale.
Bonus:
Oferte exclusive la produsele Life Care: Beneficiază de reduceri și promoții speciale la o gamă largă de produse pentru o viață sănătoasă.
Concursuri și premii: Participă la concursuri distractive și câștigă premii valoroase.
Jurnalul Fericirii Life Care - Iulie 2024 este mai mult decât o simplă revistă. Este un ghid complet și personalizat pentru a te ajuta să obții o viață mai sănătoasă, mai fericită și mai plină de satisfacții.
Nu rata această șansă de a te bucura de vară la maximum! Descoperă Jurnalul Fericirii Life Care - Iulie 2024 astăzi!
Comandă-ți exemplarul acum și fă un pas important către o viață mai bună!
#JurnalulFericirii #LifeCare #Iulie2024 #ViataSanatoasa #Bunastare #Fericire #Oferte #Concursuri #Premii
Ontotext’s Clinical Trials Eligibility Design Assistant helps with one of the most challenging tasks in study design: selecting the proper patient population.
Case presentation of a 14-year-old female presenting as unilateral breast enlargement and found to have a giant breast lipoma. The tumour was successfully excised with the result that the presumed unilateral breast enlargement reverting back to normal. A review of management including a photo of the removed Giant Lipoma is presented.
Mainstreaming #CleanLanguage in healthcare.pptxJudy Rees
In healthcare, every day, millions of conversations fail. They fail to cover what’s really important, fail to resolve key issues, miss the point and lead to misunderstandings and disagreements.
Clean Language is one approach that can improve things. It’s a set of precise questions – and a way of asking them – which help us all get clear on what matters, what we’d like to have happen, and what’s needed.
Around 1000 people working in healthcare have trained in Clean Language skills over the past 20+ years. People are using what they’ve learnt, in their own spheres, and share anecdotes of significant successes. But the various local initiatives have not scaled, nor connected with each other, and learning has not been widely shared.
This project, which emerged from work done by the NHS England South-West End-Of-Life Network, with help from the Q Community and especially Hesham Abdalla, aims to fix that.
Chair and Presenter, Stephen V. Liu, MD, Benjamin Levy, MD, Jessica J. Lin, MD, and Prof. Solange Peters, MD, PhD, prepared useful Practice Aids pertaining to NSCLC for this CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE activity titled “Decoding Biomarker Testing and Targeted Therapy in NSCLC: The Complete Guide for 2024.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4bBb8fi. CME/MOC/NCPD/AAPA/IPCE credit will be available until July 1, 2025.
Exploring Alternatives- Why Laparoscopy Isn't Always Best for Hydrosalpinx.pptxFFragrant
Not all women with hydrosalpinx should choose laparoscopy. Natural medicine Fuyan Pill can also be a nice option for patients, especially when they have fertility needs.
Exploring Alternatives- Why Laparoscopy Isn't Always Best for Hydrosalpinx.pptx
B2 lesson part two
1. B2 Keeping healthy Route map Over the next 12 lessons you will study : Friday 21 October 2011 B2.1 What’s up Doc? B2.2 Microbe attack! B2.3 Antibodies – not antibiotics! B2.4 Vaccines End of module test B2.5 Vaccination and the government B2.6 The end for antibiotics ? B2.7 Where do new medicines come from ? B2.8 Clinical trials B2.9 Circulation B2.10 Causes of disease B2.11 Health studies 1 B2.12 Health studies 2
2. B2.7 The end for antibiotics ? Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand how antibiotics work and help the human body to fight an infection. Understand how the over use of antibiotics like penicillin and amoxicillin have led to the rise of the ‘superbug’ Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: The Egyptians were the first society to use antibiotics although they did not know it they use to put mouldy bread directly onto wounds which would help the wound heal. What was this mould called ? Literacy: Antibiotics, penicillin, amoxicillin, microbes, bacteria, vaccine, antibiotic resistant, superbug, mutations, genes, colonies and MRSA. Numeracy: Superbugs or super viruses have DNA that makes them resistant to antibiotics like penicillin. A single gene change is sometime enough to make them resistant PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on working well in groups Team workers Effective participators Self managers
3. B2.7 The end for antibiotics? Extension questions: 1: Write a short account of how the over use of antibiotics has led to the appearance of so-called ‘superbugs’ ? 2: What options do we have for treating someone who is infected by a superbug ? 3: How can we reduce the risk of infection for MRSA in UK hospitals ? 4: What is a gene mutation and how has happened in MRSA? Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Prior to the discovery of antibiotics, bacterial infections killed many millions of people worldwide. Even an infected cut could have been potential life threatening. Antibiotics are cheap wonder drugs that stopped bacteria multiplying inside your blood or infected tissue. Because we have overused these drugs, superbugs (microbes) that are resistant to a whole range of antibiotics. They come about through gene mutation and mass reproduction. The mutation occurs due to people taking antibiotics they don’t need and not finishing a course of antibiotics. Examples of a superbug would be MRSA which was found as the cause of death of nearly 10,000 patients in UK hospitals in 2010 alone. Know this: a: Know how antibiotics work to stop bacteria multiplying in the human body b: Know that super bugs can mutate to overcome these antibiotics making them resistant.
4. key concepts B2.7 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The Ancient Egyptians were the first people to use antibiotics! They used to put mouldy bread on to infected wounds. Scientists now know that the mould is a fungus that makes penicillin a well known antibiotic which can help heal bacterial infections. The chemical stops bacterial cell making new cell wall which is an essential step when cloning itself What why the Egyptians used mouldy bread to treat infected wounds ? Name a type of antibiotic found in the bread mould ? If you had 50 different herbal extracts and you though some might have antibiotic properties, how would you test each one ?
5. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Penicillin was discovered accidentally by Dr. Alexander Fleming. Fleming was examining a bactaeria culture when he noticed that it had become contaminated by Penicillium . He observed that it was inhibiting the bacterial growth and assumed that it could be used to control infections in humans. Many humans are alive today because of his work. Who discovered penicillin and how do antibiotics like penicillin work inside the human body ? Has the overuse of antibiotics caused any problems in recent years ? If you extracted a compound form a plant and you thought it was antiseptic how could you test to see if you were wrong or right ? B7.11 b Pencillium mould
6. B2.7 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: In any infection, in any super colony there are millions of bacteria. In just one op the bacteria, a single gene mutation in just one bacteria that conveys some resistance to an antibiotic. If the patient then feels better and stops taking the antibiotic, then that bacteria will survive producing a new antibiotic resistant bacterial population. Look at the diagram opposite left, explain how the whole bacterial population becomes resistant to antibiotics ? Explain why you always finish a course of antibiotics ? Explain why giving two different anitbitoics would reduce the chance of bacteria becoming antibiotic resistant ? How bacteria replicates and multiplies Key concepts
7. B2.7 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain why it is the young, old and ill that are at most risk form MRSA ? If the infection rate in UK hospitals are 94,000 and 10,000 of those died what is the probability of death one ce infected with MRSA ? Each year, at least 100,000 people who go into hospital gets an infection there. MRSA in 2010 killed 10,000 people. Many people naturally carry it in their throats, and it can cause a mild infection in a healthy patient. In ill patients in can be life threatening. MRSA will continue to be a problem until we develop new antibiotics. Although new antibiotics are being developed all the time, pessimistic experts believe it is only a matter of time at current rates until virtually every weapon in the pharmaceutical arsenal is nullified. Key concepts
8. B2.7 Plenary Lesson summary: finish MRSA deaths hospitals Friday 21 October 2011 Scientists are now desperately trying t find chemical that will act as antibiotics so that we can continue to treat patients with life threatening infections. Once source could be chemicals found in reptile blood. Crocodiles heal without infect despite living in mud and swamps. Scientists are now trying to find the chemical that fights off infection when they are wounded or even lose a limb. How Science Works: Research into how new medicines are developed and how clinical trials are aimed at ensuring a drug prescribed by doctors are both safe and effective Preparing for the next lesson: Super-bugs like ________ are hear to stay , but we can reduce the risk of _______ from infection and the risks of other super-bugs appearing in our _________. We can clean our hospitals, reduce the use of antibiotics and make sure that a person ________ the course once the antibiotic is prescribed. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Deaths from MRSA are higher in the UK compared to France or Germany False True 2: Antibiotics are also used by livestock farmers to reduce infection ? False True 1: Most of us carry the MRSA bug in our noses ?
9. B2.8 Developing new medicines Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand how new drugs are developed Understand how drugs are tested for both safety and efficacy in both animals and human Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Before drugs are used by healthy male volunteers in phase one clinical trials, they have to be tested in animals to determine their toxicity. Why is it unethical to trial the drug in humans straight away ? Literacy: Drugs, prescription drugs, efficacy trials, toxicity testing, clinical trials, human volunteers, placebo, double blind trials and phase 1 to 4 trails . Numeracy: Before a new drug can be prescribed by doctors to treat a disease, it has to undergo toxicity testing and clinical trials. This can take between 7 to 12 years and cost upwards of 150 million pounds. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers
10. Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Take any drug, from a simple aspirin to very complex anti cancer drug. All drugs haves to be firstly effective in treating a disease and secondly safe to take without causing serious side effects. Finding, developing and testing new drugs, before they are sold to us the consumer takes many years, many hundreds of scientists and many millions of pounds. The drugs themselves can be synthetically manufactured by chemists or extracted from a living organism, for example a plant or even a mould Extension questions: 1: Name a drugs that is a) extracted from and plant and b) extracted form a mould ? 2: Why must all drugs be first tested in animal before clinical trials involving healthy male volunteers ? 3: Why are new drugs tested on health young male volunteers before being tested on real patients ? 4: Explain why during phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, both patients and doctors are not told what they are taking or prescribing during a double blind study ? Know this: a: Know how new drugs and developed by the pharmaceutical industry. b: Know that all drugs are tested for the efficacy and their safety using clinical trials. Friday 21 October 2011 B2.8 Developing new medicines
11. B2.8 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Chemists and hospitals are filled with thousands of prescription drugs sourced or extracted from plants or other organism of even synthetically manufactured to treat diseases from the common cold to cancer. All drugs must be both safe and effective, which can cost millions of pound to prove. Although now produced synthetically, aspirin was first extracted from willow bark. Explain how some drugs are found, for example a plant extract ? So called ‘herbal remedies’ are sold as safe effective remedies for certain illnesses and diseases. Why is it not a good idea to place all your faith in these remedies ? Explain why drugs have to tried on humans before doctors can prescribe tem as ‘effective cures’ ? Key concepts
12. B2.8 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Risks of medicines Benefits of medicine Explain why there are concerns about using medicines from members of the general public ? Do they actually work for all in a population ? Are they all safe to take or will the side effects cause serious health problems ? Are the drugs affordable for all the population ? Are they alternatives which are cheaper, more safe and already proved to work ? The drug gas been shown to work during clinical trails It has been shown to be safe in three different species of animals The cost of not taking this drug may be higher than taking the drug Although medicines are an important part of all our lives in helping you feel better and help you get well, it's important to know that all medicines, both prescription and over-the-counter, have risks as well as benefits. There are several types of risks from medicine use: The possibility of a harmful interaction between the medicine and or another medicine. The chance that the medicine may not work as expected. The possibility that the medicine may cause additional problems. 5000 in 100,000 patients have an adverse risk to over the counter painkillers like aspirin whereas about 50 in 100,000 people will have serious health effects from aspirin. Do you think benefits outweigh the risks ? Drugs are effective, safe and work for most people that take them Key concepts
13. B2.8 Plenary Lesson summary: animals effective law clinical Friday 21 October 2011 Sadly despite safety testing in animals and extensive clinical trial, not all drugs are safe. Thalidomide, a drug prescribed to alleviate morning sickness in pregnant females cause birth effects in the children of the pregnant mothers that took the drug. The drug was only tested in healthy male volunteers and not in pregnant females, so the effects on the foetus were not known until too late. How Science Works: Research into clinical trial and how blind and double blind trials ensure that a clinical trial is performed without the interference pf the doctor, the company that is developing the drug or the patient. Preparing for the next lesson: All drugs are required by ____ to be tested on __________ first and then in humans during _________ trials. The British medical association states that experimentation animals helps drug companies produce and sell safe and __________ medicines for the treatment of human disease. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Drugs are tested on human cultures cells before they are given to animals ? False True 2: A double blind clinical trials where the doctor only knows what is prescribed ? False True 1: Clinical trails is where new drugs are tested in animals ?
14. B2.9 Clinical trials Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Friday 21 October 2011 PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers First activity: Imagine taking an aspirin to stop a headache, explain why you may need two aspirin to stop the pain where as other people may require less or more. Explain also why some people could be allergic to the drug ? Literacy: Drugs, prescription, drug safety, drug toxicity, genome, genetic testing, blind trial, double blind trials, clinical trails, data, safety, clinical development and efficacy Numeracy: Almost 5% of the population have an intolerance to the common aspirin. It is thought that this intolerance is directly attributable to genetic difference in those 5% of the population Lesson objectives: Understand how drugs are tested for both safety and efficacy in both animals and human Understand how the blind trial and ensure that a drug is tested without interference from patients, doctors and eve the drug company
15. B2.9 Extension questions: 1: Explain why phase I clinical trial sonly uses healthy male volunteers ? 2: Explain the difference between a blind and double blind clinical trial and which study will provide the most reliable data ? 3: Explain why drugs are first tested in animals for their toxicity before trials in humans ? 4: Describe a example where it would be wrong to use a placebo instead of a drug treatment ? Know this: a: Know how drugs are tested for safety and efficiency. b: Know how the blind and double blind trial ensure drugs are tested without possible interference form doctors or patients. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: After a new drug has been tested for efficacy using human cultured cells and toxicity using animals, phase 2 and 3 clinical trials will use both ‘Blind trials’ and ‘Double blind trials’ to determine whether the drug is effective in patients. Blind trial: A blind trial is a trial where the patients taking part do not know whether they are getting a) new drug, b) an existing drug or c) no drug at all (placebo) Double blind trials: A double blind trial is a trial where neither the doctors nor the patients know what they are getting. The allocation of treatment (a, b or c) is decide completely randomly by a computer. Therefore the results cannot be changed because neither the patient, nor your doctor knows whether it is the new treatment or not. Clinical trials
16. Key concepts B2.9 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Finding that wonder drug that treats a disease safely and effectively is the aim of all doctors, clinical trails specialists and of course drug companies. We all rely on the integrity of clinical trial to provide us with drugs that treat a disease without serious side effects or worse still a drug that could shorten our lives. Explain why using your DNA to design a drug treatment may make that drug a) more effective and b) safer ? Why do people response to drugs differ ? Would the cost of drugs designed specially for you be less or more than regular drugs ? phase 1 phase 2 phase 3 phase4 After toxicity testing, clinical trials are done to see if the drug is both effective and safe. These four phases can cost upwards of £100,000,000 and take between 8 to 15 years What happens during a clinical trial ?
17. B2.9 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Double-blind trials, in which neither the researcher nor the patient know who is receiving the a new drug, an existing drug or nothing (placebo) are the gold standard for medical research. Many scientists and medical people argue that all new drugs should undergo these test to ensure that the drug is both effective and safe for the patients taking it. Why is it important do test the new drug against an existing drug ? Why do doctors include a placebo treatment in the double blind trial ? Why are double blind trails more reliable than other trials like the blind trial ? New drug What happens during a clinical trial ? Old drug Placebo During phase 3 clinical trials, three treatments are given randomly without the knowledge of both the patient and doctor. These treatments include, the new drug, the old drug and a placebo (usually chalk powder.) All data is then assessed and if the new drug is safe and more effective than the old drug and placebo a licence of sale is granted Key concepts
18. Key concepts B2.9 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: T Before phase I clinical trials, new drugs are tested in animals to asses their toxicity. Explain why scientists use animals before the drugs is tested by healthy male volunteers ? All drugs must follow a four phase clinical trail procedure (as described above) to ensure that they are both effective and safe for humans to take Phases of clinical trials
19. Plenary Lesson summary: doctors clinical safe blind ___________ trials allows both scientists and ________ to test a new drug on patient volunteers to determine if the drug is effective and ______ to take. A double ______ trial ensure that neither the doctor nor the patient know which treatment they are receiving keeping the trial reliable and free from intervention. Double-blind trials, in which neither the researcher nor the patient know who is receiving the real treatment and who a placebo, are the gold standard for medical research. Many scientists and medical people argue that complementary therapies (alternative medicine or integrative medicine) haven’t stood up to these tests at all well, and so should not be treated with respect . How Science Works: Friday 21 October 2011 Research into The circulation and how the heart function. Also look into the life factors that can case heart disease in humans Preparing for the next lesson: B2.9 Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: A placebo (chalk or sugar tablet) can sometimes produce a beneficial effect ? False True 2: Drugs designed around your DNA will be more effective ? False True 1: All drugs are both effective and safe for the entire population ?
20. B2.10 The circulation and clotting Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand the anatomy of the circulatory system Understand how blood acts as transport system for oxygen around the entire body Understand what life style factors can cause heart disease in humans Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Discuss in pairs the percentage of blood that you think flows to the a) legs b) brain c) kidneys and d) intestines and e) heart Literacy: Circulation, clotting, blood, heart, blood cells, veins, arteries, capillaries, red blood cells, plasma, white blood cells, clotting, platelets, nutrients and hormones. Numeracy: The human heart is an amazing example of bio-engineering. Beating 70 times a minute it pumps a staggering 50,000 litres of blood per day. Over a lifetime that an amazing 1500,000,000 or 1.5 trillion litres of blood PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers
21. Friday 21 October 2011 B2.10 The heart Introduction: The heart, a four chambered pump which pumps blood to the lungs, picking up oxygen and excreting carbon dioxide and then to the body delivering oxygen and nutrients to every respiring cell, via a network of arteries, veins and capillaries. The ventricles create sufficient pressure by squeezing to send blood either to the lungs (right ventricle) or the rest of the body (left ventricle). Lifestyle including a high fat and salt diet, smoking excessive alcohol intake and irregular exercise can lead to the development of heart disease particualr in men aged between 40 and 60. Extension questions: 1: Which arteries supply the heart with its own blood supply ? 2: There are three types of muscle. Which type of muscle is found in the heart ? 3: Explain why the heart atria are very thin walled and the heart ventricles are very thick walled ? 4: Name the artery that leaves the left ventricle and supply blood to the body 5: Name the vein that brings blood from the body to the right atria ? 6: Explain how you could take a resting pulse of a patient ? Know this: a: Know the anatomy and function of the circulatory system. b: Know that certain lifestyle factors like smoking and salt intake can cause heart disease particularly in men
22. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The cardiovascular system’s role is to transport useful substance like oxygen and nutrients to respiring cells whilst removing waste substances like carbon dioxide and urea. Your blood also transports hormones produced by the endocrine glands, for example adrenalin. White blood cells, antibodies and platelets are also transported by the blood and help prevent infection caused by viruses and bacteria. The heart pumps blood to which organs to pick up oxygen ? Arteries take blood away from the heart...which blood tubes take blood towards the heart ? Explain how red blood cells are adapted to carry oxygen around the entire circulatory system ? Red blood cell Cardiovascular system Key concepts B2.10 a
23. Key concepts B2.10 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The human heart’s function is to pump blood to the lungs (RA, RV) and to the the body (LA, LV). Valves between the four chambers (Atria and Ventricles) open and close to prevent blood from being forced backed when the ventricles contract. The difference in blood pressure in the arties and veins allows blood to flow around the body. What is unique about the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein ? True or false if you remove a small piece of heart muscle it would twitch or contract about 72 times a minute ? Explain why the left ventricle is far large and muscular when compared to the hearts right ventricle ? Anatomy of the heart
24. Key concepts B2.10 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The heart does not work alone to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the entire body. Blood is pumped around a highly complex system of blood vessels measuring over 40,000 km in the average human. There are three types of blood vessels: Arteries, Veins and Capillaries. Arteries carry blood at the highest pressure away from the heart and therefore have the thickest elastic muscle wall of all of the different types of blood tubes. All arteries carry blood away from the heart, but do all arteries carry oxygenate blood ? Veins carry blood at low pressure (80 mm Hg) and arteries carry blood at high pressure (120 mm Hg). Explain the differences in their anatomy ? Capillaries are single celled narrow tubes that allow oxygen and nutrients to reach all cells. Explain why they are one cell thick ? Elastic fibres Outer wall Valve Thin muscle Outer wall Thick muscle Elastic fibres Capillaries Artery Vein
25. Key concepts B2.10 d Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Atherosclerosis is the result of an atheroma forming in an artery or the hardening of the arteries, which is the build up of fat deposits forming on the walls of the artery. This causes a reduction in blood-flow in one or more of the arteries and blood clots are more likely to form as the lumen progressively becomes narrower. Heart cells are dependent on blood flow to provide oxygen and nutrients for the heart muscle to be able to function properly. Without the right conditions and coronary arteries becoming blocked, a myocardial infarction can occur. List 3 lifestyle factors that are associated with the early onset of arthrosclerosis in humans ? How would you reduce deaths from CHD in working class males ? (Tackle at least three lifestyle factors though various ways ie. Education, taxes and NHS e.t.c. )
26. B2.10 Plenary Lesson summary: double cardiac body blood The heart contains _______ muscle which contracts to pump _______ a moving tissue around a closed ______ circuit. The first loop oxygenates blood, with the second loop pumping the blood around the entire _______. The heart is a unique piece of bioengineering beating 72 times a minuet until you die. The average volume of an adult heart is about 200 cm 3 . This means the heart pumps 0.2 litres x 72 x 60 x 24 x 365 x 84 = 635,765,760 or about 650 million litres of blood in a single life. How Science Works: Friday 21 October 2011 Research into how scientists determine the life style factors that cause disease like for example linking smoking with the incidence of lung cancer. Preparing for the next lesson: Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Tendons and valves which prevent backflow o blood inside the heart ? False True 2: The left side of the heart is more muscular than the right side of the heart ? False True 1: The heart has three chambers ?
27. B2.11 Causes of disease in humans Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand how scientists can identify lifestyle factors for lifestyle disease Understand the evidence required to prove a causal link between a lifestyle factor and a lifestyle disease Literacy: Lifestyle factors, disease, risk, disease, lung cancer, stroke, heart attack, diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, strokes and fatty deposits. Friday 21 October 2011 Numeracy: It is estimated that over 35,000 deaths here in the UK every year are caused by heart disease alone. Scotland with its ‘deep fried mars bars’ culture, heavy drinking and smoking has the worst death rate of all...not surprising ! First activity: Atherosclerosis is a condition where fatty deposits build up on the inside of the arteries and veins. Give three lifestyle factors that promote the development of these fatty deposits. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers
28. B2.11 Friday 21 October 2011 Causes of disease in humans Introduction: In the 1950s two scientists tracked data from over 25,000 UK doctors reporting the causes of death of over 3 million people. The data collected by doctors also contained lifestyle choices like whether the deceased smoked or lived with a partner that smoked. The main findings of their study were: Smokers on average die 14 years younger than a non smoker One in two life long smokes will contract lung cancer Stopping smoking reduces the risk of either dying young or contracting lung cancer At the same time molecular biologists showed how cancer causing chemical in cigarette smoked alter a lung cells DNA that led to the formation of cancerous cells. Extension questions: 1: Give one example of a positive correlation and one example of a negative correlation ? 2: Showing that smokers die younger and have a higher incidence of lung cancer is not sufficient evidence to link smoking with lung cancer. Give another form of evidence that further proves the link ? 3: In the 1950 and 60s many scientists disagreed with the link between smoking and lung cancer. Give two reasons why ? 4: Explain why non smokers who liver with people that smoke have a higher than expected risk of developing lung cancer ? 5: Explain why all cigarette packets must be now sold with a ‘health warning’ including a photo ? Know this: a: Know how scientists link lifestyle factors to lifestyle disease. b: Know the different forms of evidence required to prove a link between a risk factor and a disease
29. B2.11 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Your lungs exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide between the alveoli tissue and your red blood cells. In addition to smoking, your lungs can be damaged by your place of work or even where you live. Our lungs take in over fifty litres of air every minute of the day. The quality of the air we breathe at work, where we live and play affects how our lungs perform over our lifetimes. The alveoli tissue exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide...explain what this process of gas molecules moving is called ? Lungs and smoking Normal Cancerous Anatomy of lungs Smokers die on average 14 years younger than non smokers...do you think we should ban the sale of all cigarettes ? Give three ways you could discourage people to take up smoking an three ways you could support people giving up smoking ? Key concepts Capillaries Bronchioles Alveolus Alveoli
30. B2.11 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Dr Richard Doll in 1947 investigated the causes of death in 3500 people admitted to St. Thomas Hospital where he worked. He presented a summary (table above) of his findings. This was the first study to link tobacco smoke and cause of death. Smoke contains carbon monoxide, tars and nicotine, they all have different effects on the body most of all on the respiratory and cardiovascular system. Nicotine is a stimulant and promotes the release of adrenalin in the body. What effects would nicotine have on a) heart rate b) diameter of blood vessels and c) blood pressure ? Did Dr. Doll in 1948 prove a link conclusively between smoking and an increased risk of death from a) lung cancer b) heart attack c) stroke and d) atherosclerosis (fatty deposits in arteries ? Deaths in smokers and non smokers Cause of death Non smokers Smokers Lung cancer 114 922 Heart attack 285 1865 Stroke 26 136 Atherosclerosis 33 119 Total 458 3042 Key concepts
31. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Studies of deaths from disease associated with lifestyle factors show that the probability of death form risk factors including smoking, high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol amongst the population is not evenly distributed. Poor lifestyle choices mean that people often make bad choices in not one but two and sometimes three risk factors, for example they often smoke, do no exercise and have a high fat and salt diet casing high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol levels. Should NHS funding be used to treat people who are in the groups that have 2 or more risk factors for disease that cause death in humans ? If you were a pension company would you prefer lots of group A or lots of group D people and if you were a medical insurance company which group would you prefer ? Risk factors 400 300 200 100 0 A B C D Group (risk factors) Total risk 77 120 236 384 Average risk Smokers Blood Blood Group Yes/No Pressure Cholesterol A No Normal Normal B Yes Normal Normal C Yes High Normal D Yes High High B2.11 c Key concepts
32. B2.11 Plenary Lesson summary: lung smoking younger data The link between __________ and _________ cancer was first suggested by looking a _______ and cause of deaths in the 1950s. Dr. R Doll look at the causes of death in over 3000 patients and showed that smokers died on average 14 years younger and have a 50% of chance of contracting lung cancer A comprehensive study of female lung cancer mortality trends in Europe shows rates are still rising. This is because women are smoking in higher numbers when compared to men who are now begging to give up, It seems that men now understand the link between smoking and lung cancer. How Science Works: Friday 21 October 2011 Research into what makes a good study. Preparing for the next lesson: Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: The link between smoking and lung cancer is now firmly established ? False True 2: When smokers give up they reduce their risk of contracting lung cancer ? False True 1: Smoke contain over 300 chemicals that are known to cause cancer ?
33. B2.12 What makes a good study Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand what makes a good study Understand what factors make a study reliable and unreliable Understand how we can begin to know and manage risk form life style factors We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: A friend started of yours starts to smoke and they are unconvinced that smoking causes lung cancer. How would you convince them that smoking increase your risk of dying early or from contracting lung cancer ? PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers Literacy: Lifestyle factors, disease, risk, disease, lung cancer, stroke, heart attack, diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, strokes and fatty deposits. Numeracy: It is estimated that over 100,000 deaths here in the UK every year are caused by stokes, lung cancer, heart disease and liver failure These disease are largely caused by life style factors like diet, smoking and alcohol.
34. Friday 21 October 2011 B2.12 What makes a good study Extension questions: 1: Why do scientists conduct research on the safety of new devices like mobile phones or the risk of a lifestyle factor like drinking or smoking ? 2: Why do a) sample sizes have to be large b) the people chosen have to be c) similar age d) similar ethnicity and e) have similar medical histories ? 4: Would you trust the findings of a study paid for and reached by scientists employed by a mobile phone company saying that mobiles are risk free and completely safe to use ? Know this: a: Know how studies are carried out to provide data that is reliable, repeated and trusted by other scientists. b: Know that large samples of people of similar ages are researched. Introduction: Scientists will look for any causal link between lifestyle factors like smoking and lifestyle diseases link lung cancer. Showing a correlation between a lifestyle factor and a lifestyle disease also needs further confirmation by how a factor leads to that disease for example chemicals in cigarette smoke change lung cell DNA. Good studies also need to consider: sample size (sample should be as large as possible with people being selected randomly to avid bias. people from both groups, should be of similar age and matched for as many other factors as possible) Funding for the study should be independent of interested parties like the government or mobile phone companies. Above the data reported should be reviewed by other scientists and be repeatable.
35. B2.12 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Probability and risk: We calculate risk and probability all the time in our lives. The government also calculate risk and risk factors for many disease including heart disease and lung cancer. Knowing the risk profile of a population or even a sub-population helps you allocated resources for treatment and moreover education. Why is it important to educate people in understanding and avoiding risk factors in diseases like lung cancer, stroke and heart disease ? Work out the probability of guessing a) the right number followed by the right colour on a roulette table and b) throwing a six and then another six using a six sided dice ? If a person smokes, consumes a high fat and salt diet and is overweight are they subject to more risk than someone who just smokes ? Key concepts
36. B2.12 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: What to check Health surveys and even clinical trials are scientific and medical research studies designed to find better ways to treat or prevent diseases. The survey or trial itself must study a large enough sample to be meaningful and ensure that the findings can be repeated by other scientists. A survey or trail must also be free of any interested parties. Why are people and governments interested in health risks and lifestyle factors like smoking and diet ? Consuming a high fat diet has been proved to increase your risk of dying from heart disease. Do you think high fat foods should carry government health warning ? Many studies have show a ‘cast iron’ link between smoking and lung cancer. Why do you think the government still allow their sale in shops ? Sample size Who’s in the sample group Are the outcomes different Who conducted the survey Is the sample size big enough to represent the population you are trying to study ? People in both sample should be matched for age, sex, lifestyle. When you compare the findings for the two groups are the differences significant ? Why to check Was the survey independent and free from pressure from governments or companies ? Key concepts
37. Key concepts B2.12 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Myocardial infarction is where a part of the heart muscle suddenly loses its blood supply. If you have an MI, a coronary artery or one of its smaller branches is suddenly blocked. The part of the heart muscle supplied by this artery loses its blood (and oxygen) supply. This part of the heart muscle is at risk of dying unless the blockage is quickly undone. 'infarction' means death of some tissue. Explain what happens to the heart tissue that in downstream of the blocked arteries ? Explain why a blockage that occurs toward the aorta is more life threatening than if the blockage occurs at the very bottom ? What advise would you give if you had a friend who has male relatives that have died from CVD between the ages of 45 and 56 ? Myocardial infarction
38. B2.12 d Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Consuming foods high in sugar and fat and low in bulk tend to upset the right balance. Excess chemical energy in your diet leads to greater assimilation, weight gain and eventually obesity. Some individuals who are grossly obese, store upwards of a million additional kilojoules in their body as fat. Look at the information opposite. It records the number of men who fall into different groups for blood serum cholesterol and the death rates per 1000 from heart disease. Answer the following questions what the range in humans for blood serum cholesterol levels Which levels has the most number of men Is there a firm link between blood serum cholesterol levels and risk of death from heart disease. 14 12 10 8 6 4 4.1 4.9 4.9 5.7 5.7 6.5 6.5 7.3 7.3 8.1 8.1 8.8 Serum cholesterol levels mmol -1 Deaths per 1000 Heart disease Key concepts
39. B2.12 e Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Look at the graph left, the association between saturated fat in the diet and death from heart disease is show, but no causal link is proved. After more analysis and further studies, a firmer link between saturated fat and deaths from heart disease can be shown. These studies involved clinical trials and clinical intervention. If you treated a large mixed group of people from the US and Finland with statins which lower blood cholesterol and they showed a reduce incidence of deaths from heart disease would that allow you to make a definite link between the two factors ? A second study looked at the effects of intervention for vulnerable (at risk) people and show that by buying them low fat products and giving them free membership to a gym reduced their risk of heart disease...what would this study tell you ? 800 600 400 200 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 CVD Deaths per 10,000 lives Sat Fat intake (5) Japan Greece Italy Yugo US Finland Dutch France Negative correlation No correlation Key concepts
40. B2.12 Plenary Lesson summary: aneurism lungs three fatty Arteries and (veins) can become blocked by ______ deposits that build up over time in a _______ stage process. This blockage can cause high blood pressure and results in a arterial rupture or __________. The fatty deposits can also break off and block a key artery to the heart, _______ or brain. If you’re male have family members who have died or suffer from heart disease, are unfit and eats lots of animal fats including cholesterol your are not likely to make it to 60. Taking statins, drugs that lower blood cholesterol, exercising and of course eating less fats will prolong your life by about 20 years. How Science Works: Friday 21 October 2011 Revise for end of module test. Preparing for the next lesson: Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: A high fat diet leads to high blood fat levels which cause narrowed arteries ? False True 2: A high salt and fat diet are risk factors for lung cancer ? False True 1: Death from heart disease increase with age and pose a higher risk for males ?