The document outlines a route map for a 12 lesson course on electric circuits. It will cover topics like static electricity, electric charge, circuits, current, resistance, resistors, voltage, power, and electricity generation and distribution. It provides learning objectives and a sample activity for the first lesson which involves drawing a series circuit with batteries, a switch, light bulb, resistor and variable resistor and adding a voltmeter and ammeter.
This document covers fundamental circuit analysis concepts including:
1) Ohm's law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. Kirchoff's laws (KVL and KCL) are also introduced.
2) Series and parallel resistor combinations are examined along with voltage and current division techniques.
3) Wye-delta transformations allow the analysis of resistor networks that are neither purely series nor parallel.
This document provides information about electrical circuits and their components. It defines key concepts like current, resistance, voltage and static electricity. It explains how current and voltage behave in series and parallel circuits. Safety issues with electricity are also discussed. Example questions and worked solutions relate to applying Ohm's law to calculate values in circuits. Diagrams show circuit symbols and the effects of changing resistances.
This document discusses electric circuit diagrams and key circuit concepts:
1. Schematic diagrams use standardized symbols to represent electric circuits and their components.
2. A circuit provides a complete path for electric charges to move through electrical components like resistors, batteries, and switches.
3. Resistors connected in series have the same current, and their equivalent resistance is the sum of individual resistances. Resistors in parallel have the same potential difference and their equivalent resistance is calculated using an inverse relationship.
The document discusses electric potential difference, electric circuits, electrical resistance, and electrical power and energy. It explains that electric potential difference is the work required to move a charge between two points, defines electric circuits and current, describes resistance as a measure of how much a material hinders the flow of electric current, and introduces the concepts of electrical power and energy relating voltage, current, resistance, and time in circuits.
The document discusses electrical circuits and Ohm's Law. It defines key concepts like voltage, current, resistance and their relationships. Voltage is measured in volts and is the "push" that drives current through a circuit. Current is measured in amps and is the flow of electrons. Resistance opposes the flow of current. Ohm's Law states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel, affecting how current and voltage are distributed.
The document discusses electrical circuits and their components. It provides analogies to describe circuits using a building and flow of people. Resistors in series are like staircases in series, where the total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances. Resistors in parallel are like multiple staircases between floors, where the total current is the sum of the currents in each branch. Ohm's law states that resistance is constant for a given resistor, allowing the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance to be expressed as formulas.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Interview Q & AMostafizur Rahman
The document provides answers to common interview questions for electrical and electronics engineering. It begins with an introduction and preface by the author. The content is then divided into multiple parts containing questions and answers on topics such as three-phase power systems, transformers, motors, generators, transmission lines, and more. The document aims to help electrical engineering students increase their knowledge and confidence for interviews.
This presentation discusses series and parallel circuits. It begins by stating the learning objectives which are to understand the basic symbols used in circuits, the differences between series and parallel circuits, and how current behaves in each. It then provides an overview of electrical circuits and their components. The key differences between series and parallel circuits are explained, namely that series circuits have one single path for current to flow, while parallel circuits have multiple paths. Examples of each type of circuit are shown and quick quizzes are included to test understanding.
- Chapter 21 discusses electromagnetic induction and Faraday's law of induction, which states that a changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor.
- Lenz's law explains that the induced current will flow in a direction to oppose the change in magnetic flux that created it.
- Examples of induction include electric generators, transformers, microphones, and devices like ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs).
This document discusses direct current circuits and provides questions to test the reader's understanding. It covers topics like circuit diagrams, Kirchhoff's laws, capacitors, and experimental design. Key concepts explained include series and parallel circuits. In a series circuit, current is the same through all elements since there is a single path for charge flow. In parallel circuits, current can vary as there are multiple paths. The document also examines relationships between voltage, current, and resistance for both series and parallel circuits.
- Electric circuits require a complete loop or path for current to flow from the energy source through a device. Common circuit components include batteries, resistors, and wires.
- Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. The potential difference across a resistor determines the current flowing through it.
- Circuits can be connected in series or parallel. Series circuits have the same current flowing through each component, while parallel circuits split the current across multiple paths.
Internal Resistance, EMF and Oscilloscopes.pptmrmeredith
The document discusses internal resistance of batteries, electromotive force (EMF), and using an oscilloscope to measure voltage and frequency. It explains that batteries have internal resistance that causes voltage to drop as current increases. EMF is defined as the voltage produced without any current flow. An oscilloscope can be used to measure the voltage and frequency of alternating current (AC) signals. Examples are given of measuring battery parameters and mains voltage.
The document provides information about current, electromotive force, potential difference, and resistance. It defines key terms, provides equations, and examples of calculations. It describes:
- Current is the flow of charge measured in amperes. It is carried by the flow of electrons in a conductor.
- Electromotive force is the work done per unit charge to drive charge around a complete circuit. It is measured in volts.
- Potential difference is the work done per unit charge to move charge through a circuit component. It is also measured in volts.
- Resistance is the opposition to current flow. It is calculated as potential difference divided by current and measured in ohms.
The document discusses various types of electric motors, including DC motors, induction motors, synchronous motors, and stepper motors. It provides information on their working principles, characteristics, and applications. Some key points covered are: DC series motors have high starting torque; stepper motors work in steps in response to input pulses; single-phase induction motors are commonly used in household fans; synchronous generators supply both active and reactive power while asynchronous generators only supply active power.
This document discusses series and parallel circuits. It defines series and parallel circuits and explains how to calculate total resistance and current in each. In series circuits, total resistance is the sum of individual resistances and current is the same everywhere. In parallel circuits, total resistance is less than individual resistances and total current is the sum of branch currents. The document also provides examples of calculating resistance, current, and voltage in series and parallel circuit problems.
Resistors can be connected in series, parallel, or a combination of both. In series, the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances. In parallel, the total resistance is lower than the lowest individual resistance. Complex circuits can be reduced to an equivalent single resistance by repeatedly replacing series or parallel sections with equivalent components. This allows complicated circuits to be analyzed easily using Ohm's law.
This document provides an overview of Circuit Theory (EE102) Lecture 1, covering basic concepts in electric circuits including:
- Systems of units used to measure electric properties like current and voltage.
- Basic circuit elements like resistors, sources, and nodes and branches.
- Kirchhoff's laws and techniques for analyzing series and parallel circuits.
- Transformations between wye and delta networks.
Worked examples are provided to illustrate applying concepts like Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, and calculating equivalent resistances for series and parallel circuits.
The meter bridge is an instrument used to measure unknown resistances based on the Wheatstone bridge principle. It consists of a 1 meter long wire of uniform cross-section attached to a wooden block, along with metal strips, a galvanometer, and a movable contact point called a jockey stick. To measure an unknown resistance, the meter bridge circuit is balanced by sliding the jockey stick along the wire until a null point is detected by the galvanometer. Using the length at the balance point, the formula R=X(l/(100-l)) can be used to calculate the unknown resistance R based on the known standard resistance X.
current and voltage in series and parallel- worksheetRajesh Mumtaz
This document contains notes on physics concepts related to current and potential difference:
- Current is defined as the flow of charge per second and is measured in Amperes. An ammeter measures current in a circuit.
- Potential difference (PD) or voltage is the energy delivered per unit charge and is measured in Volts. A voltmeter measures PD across a component.
- Circuit diagrams show the connections of components in series and parallel configurations and how current and PD behave differently in each.
Electric circuits require a complete conductive path for charge to flow similarly to a closed pipe system. There are two basic types of circuits: series circuits where all components are lined up in a single conductive path and current is resisted at each component, and parallel circuits where the voltage is shared across branches while current divides among paths. Circuit diagrams use symbols to represent components like resistors, batteries, and wires to depict circuit layout and connections. Voltage is measured using a voltmeter connected in parallel across a component while current is measured using an ammeter connected in series within the conductive path. Overloading can occur in parallel circuits if too much current is drawn, which is prevented using fuses or circuit breakers.
This document discusses electrical circuits and components. It defines a schematic diagram and the basic symbols used to represent circuit components. It describes the three main types of circuits: simple, parallel and complex combination circuits. It also defines open and closed circuits, and discusses resistors in series and parallel configurations. Sample problems are provided to illustrate how to calculate equivalent resistance, current, and potential difference in different circuit setups.
This document contains lesson plans for teaching a unit on electrical circuits. It includes 12 lessons covering topics like static electricity, electrical current, series and parallel circuits, resistance, Ohm's law, potential difference, and the heating effect of current. Lesson 4 focuses on resistance and Ohm's law, with learning objectives about stating the relationship between resistance and current, calculating potential difference using current and resistance, and describing and graphing the direct proportional relationship defined by Ohm's law.
This document provides an introduction to electricity and electronics. It discusses key concepts like electrons, charge, current, and circuits. It explains that electricity is the movement of electrons in a circuit, and defines common units like the coulomb, ampere, and volt. The document also introduces circuit components like resistors, switches, and batteries. It explains Ohm's law and the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in circuits. Students are provided examples to calculate values in circuits and learn how changing resistance impacts current.
The document discusses electric circuits, including potential difference (p.d.), electromotive force (e.m.f.), internal resistance, and different resistor combinations. It defines p.d. and e.m.f., noting that e.m.f. is the electrical potential energy transferred per coulomb from a source. It explains that internal resistance causes energy loss in a circuit. Resistors can be connected in series or parallel, and formulas are provided for calculating total resistance in each case. Circuit diagrams, ammeters, voltmeters, and potential dividers are also described.
The document summarizes key concepts about electrical quantities including current, resistance, voltage, power and energy. It defines current as the flow of electric charge and explains that current is measured using an ammeter. Resistance is defined as the ratio of voltage to current and depends on the length and cross-sectional area of a conductor. Voltage or potential difference is the work required to move a unit charge between two points and is measured using a voltmeter. Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred and is calculated by multiplying current and voltage. Energy is calculated by multiplying power by time.
This document provides information about series and parallel circuits:
1. It explains that a series circuit has one continuous loop with no points for current to split or join, while a parallel circuit has at least one junction where current can split and join across multiple paths.
2. Guidelines are given for measuring current and voltage in series and parallel circuits. Current is the same everywhere in a series circuit but splits across components in a parallel circuit. Voltage is shared across components in series but is the same across parallel components.
3. Energy is transferred but not created or destroyed in circuits. Chemical energy from batteries is converted to electrical and then other forms like light and heat, with efficiency calculated as useful output energy over total
This document provides an overview of electrical circuits. It defines key concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and capacitance. It explains how circuits work and how to measure current and voltage. It describes the basic components of circuits including cells, lamps, switches, and wires. It also covers circuit diagrams and the two types of circuits: series and parallel. Formulas are provided for calculating equivalent resistance and capacitance for combinations of components.
Basic electronic book of BSCS first semestergiyoleg464
- Voltage is the push or pressure behind current flow through a circuit and is measured in volts. Current refers to the quantity of electrical flow and is measured in amps. Resistance is the opposition to current flow and is measured in ohms.
- Ohm's law states that voltage equals current times resistance (V=IR). It can also be written as current equals voltage divided by resistance (I=V/R) or resistance equals voltage divided by current (R=V/I).
- Resistors can be connected in series or parallel. In series, the voltage adds up but current stays the same. In parallel, the current adds up but voltage stays the same.
This document provides parts lists and instructions for a basic electricity/electronics workshop. It lists required parts like a power supply, multimeter, breadboard, wires, LED, resistors, capacitor, and transistor. It then provides explanations of key electrical concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. It also explains how to identify the positive and negative terminals of a power supply using a multimeter and how breadboards work for building circuits.
This document provides an introduction to electronics and basic electrical concepts. It explains that understanding concepts like current, voltage, and resistance is important for physical computing. The basic electrical circuit uses a battery, wire, and switch to light an LED. Current is created when electrons in the battery flow through a closed circuit. Resistance and voltage are also explained using an analogy to a water system with pumps, pipes, and wheels. The document further discusses connecting batteries and resistors in series and parallel and using a multimeter and switches in circuits.
1. The document discusses electricity, including electric charge, current, potential difference, and circuits. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples of calculations.
2. Series and parallel circuits are analyzed and compared. Equations for current, voltage, and resistance in each type of circuit are provided.
3. The relationship between potential difference and current is explored through Ohm's Law. Factors that affect resistance are also described.
1. The document summarizes an experiment on arranging resistors in series and parallel circuits. The objectives were to learn about and measure current and voltage in such circuits.
2. Key concepts covered include how current and voltage are distributed in series versus parallel circuits based on Ohm's law. In series circuits, the same current flows through each resistor while the voltages add up. In parallel circuits, the same voltage is applied to each resistor while the currents combine.
3. The experiment involved assembling series and parallel circuits on a project board using colored resistors, a power supply, and multimeter. Current and voltage measurements were taken for each circuit and recorded in tables to analyze.
This document provides an outline for a course on electromagnetism, electricity, and digital electronics. It covers topics such as the theory of electrons and atoms, resistors, circuits, magnetism, diodes, logic gates, and combinational and sequential circuits. References provided include textbooks on digital design, electronic devices, engineering circuit analysis, and introductions to electric circuits and digital circuits. The document also includes sections on electron theory, atomic structure, conductors and insulators, sources of electricity, alternating and direct current, voltage, current and resistance, and Ohm's law.
This document provides an outline for a course on electromagnetism, electricity, and digital electronics. The course covers topics such as the theory of electrons and electricity, resistors, Ohm's law, circuits, magnetism, diodes, logic gates, combinational and sequential circuits. References for the course include textbooks on digital design, electronic devices, engineering circuit analysis, and introductions to electric circuits and digital circuits. The document also provides details on some of the topics, including the theory of electrons, insulators/conductors/semiconductors, direct and alternating current, voltage, current, resistance, and Ohm's law.
This document provides an outline for a course on electromagnetism, electricity, and digital electronics. It covers topics such as the theory of electrons and electricity, resistors, Ohm's law, electric circuits, theory of magnetism, diodes, logic gates, and combinational and sequential circuits. It lists textbooks that will be used and provides examples and exercises to help teach the concepts.
This document provides an outline for a course on electromagnetism, electricity, and digital electronics. The course covers topics such as the theory of electrons and electricity, resistors, Ohm's law, electric circuits, theory of magnetism, diodes, logic gates, and combinational and sequential circuits. It lists textbooks that will be used as references. The document also provides detailed explanations of concepts in atomic structure, electricity, circuits, electromagnetism, and electronics.
This document provides a lecture on basic electrical concepts for an engineering skills course at Han-cup Academy in Mogadishu, Somalia. The lecture covers definitions of electricity, electrical circuits, voltage, current, resistance, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, and series and parallel circuits. It also explains the use of a multimeter to measure voltage, current, and resistance in circuits. Key concepts covered include defining a circuit as a complete path for current to flow, explaining voltage as electrical pressure and current as flow of electric charge, and describing how resistance opposes current flow.
This document provides instructions and information for a basics of electricity/electronics workshop. It lists required parts and supplies that can be purchased from Jameco.com and describes key concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. It also explains how to identify the positive and negative terminals of a power supply using a multimeter, and how breadboards work by connecting columns of holes vertically and rows horizontally to allow testing circuits. The document provides an overview of basic electronic components like wires, diodes, and transistors that will be used in examples and experiments in the workshop.
The document discusses series and parallel circuits. It provides three laws for each:
1) For series circuits, total resistance equals the sum of individual resistances, current is constant, and voltage drops across each resistance.
2) For parallel circuits, total resistance is less than the smallest branch, voltage is the same across each branch, and total current equals the sum of branch currents.
3) Methods for calculating total resistance in parallel circuits include treating each branch separately and using the formula for two resistors in parallel.
The document provides an overview of lessons covering physics topics related to astronomy. It outlines 24 lessons that will cover telescopes, lenses, different types of telescopes, stars, the sun, moon and earth, eclipses, star distances, galaxies, and more. Each lesson includes objectives, literacy and numeracy focuses, and extension questions.
The document outlines a physics lesson plan covering topics related to telescopes, stars, galaxies, and the structure and composition of stars over 24 lessons. Key topics included refracting and reflecting telescopes, star distances and brightness, galaxies, stellar composition and nuclear fusion, and how a star's color relates to its surface temperature.
This document outlines a physics lesson plan on telescopes over 24 lessons. It will cover the different types of telescopes like refracting, reflecting, and radio telescopes. It will discuss how telescopes produce images using electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies. Key topics include lenses, star distances, galaxies, and the composition of stars. Lessons will include activities, literacy and numeracy focus, and questions for extension.
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a module about radiation and waves. It focuses on lesson P6.7, which discusses electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than visible light, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. The lesson objectives are to understand that these waves are ionizing radiation that can alter or damage living cells. Examples of sources, detectors, and uses of each type of wave are provided. Key concepts explained are that frequency increases and wavelength decreases as you move from radio waves to gamma rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
This document provides an overview of 12 lessons on the wave model of radiation. It will cover topics such as what waves are, describing wave properties, how waves behave at barriers and boundaries, bending light beams, electromagnetic waves, radio waves, and radiation from space. The first lesson defines key terms like amplitude, wavelength, and frequency and explains the two main types of waves - transverse and longitudinal waves. Subsequent lessons will focus on reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in 12 lessons on electric circuits. The lessons will cover static electricity, electric charge, circuit symbols, simple circuits, controlling and measuring current, resistance, resistor combinations, measuring voltage, electrical power, domestic appliances, generating electricity, and distributing electricity. Each lesson will have objectives, activities, extension questions, and a summary.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and lessons covered in a physics module on forces and motion. Over 12 lessons, students will learn about forces in different directions, how objects start and stop moving, friction, reaction forces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, momentum, changes in momentum, car safety, laws of motion, work and energy, and kinetic and gravitational potential energy. Example questions and activities are provided to help students understand concepts like momentum, changes in momentum due to forces, and how safety features in cars like seatbelts reduce impact forces during collisions.
The document outlines a 12 lesson plan on the topic of forces and motion. It will cover key concepts such as forces in different directions, how objects start to move, friction, reaction of surfaces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, changes in momentum, car safety, and laws of motion. Each lesson will include objectives, activities, literacy and numeracy focuses, and questions to help students understand the key topics being covered.
1. The document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and energy changes over 24 lessons.
2. Lesson C7.9 focuses on rates of reaction and how factors like temperature, concentration, and particle size can influence the rate. Collision theory and activation energy are also discussed.
3. Examples of reversible reactions are given where the direction can change based on conditions like temperature and pressure. Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations no longer change.
This document outlines a chemistry lesson plan covering titrations. The lesson will teach students how titration is used as a quantitative technique to measure the concentrations of acids and bases by determining the volume needed of a standard solution to reach the endpoint of a neutralization reaction. Key concepts include using an indicator to identify the endpoint, repeating titrations to obtain an accurate average volume, and how titrations can be used to find the concentration of an unknown solution based on the reaction stoichiometry. The lesson will also discuss using data loggers and pH probes for higher precision measurements.
The document outlines a chemistry route map for studying various topics over 24 lessons, including alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, titrations, reaction rates, equilibrium, the chemical industry, and green chemistry. It provides lesson objectives, activities, and questions for lessons on alkanes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids, covering topics like their structures, properties, reactions, uses, and how they are produced.
This document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, gas chromatography, titrations, rates of reaction, equilibrium, the chemical industry, green chemistry, industrial chemistry, theories on acidity, sampling, and making ethanoic acid. The module will focus on improving yield in industrial chemistry and reducing waste and pollution.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry module that will cover various topics related to chemical synthesis, including the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, rates of reactions, and factors that affect rates. It focuses specifically on lesson 6.11, which discusses the different stages involved in chemical synthesis, and lesson 6.12, which is about measuring the yield of chemical reactions.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on chemical synthesis that covers topics such as the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, reactions of acids, salts, purity of chemicals, rates of reactions, catalysts, chemical quantities, stages of chemical synthesis, and measuring yield. The first lesson focuses on understanding the role and importance of the chemical industry and the difference between bulk and fine chemicals.
This document outlines a lesson plan on metals from the lithosphere. It will teach students how reactive metals are extracted from ores using methods like carbon displacement and electrolysis. Key concepts include metal ores, extraction methods, reactivity series, and calculating formula masses of compounds. Activities include matching metals to their ores, naming metals, and explaining extraction techniques and material uses based on reactivity.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a course on chemicals in the natural environment. The 12 lessons will cover chemicals found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It outlines the key concepts, objectives and activities for the first lesson which will introduce the four spheres and focus on the chemicals found in each.
1. Ionic compounds form when a metal reacts with a non-metal, resulting in positively charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions that bond together in a crystalline lattice structure.
2. When ionic compounds dissolve in water or melt, the ions become free to move and conduct electricity. During electrolysis, positively charged metal ions move to the cathode and negatively charged non-metal ions move to the anode.
3. Common ionic compounds include sodium chloride, formed from sodium and chlorine ions, and copper chloride, used in electrolysis to extract copper metal from its ionic form.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry course covering topics like the periodic table, alkaline metals, chemical equations, halogens, helium, atomic structure, electrons, salts, and ionic theory. It includes lesson objectives, activities, extension questions, and summaries for the first two lessons which focus on the periodic table and alkaline metals. Key points covered are the periodic table's arrangement of elements, properties of group 1 alkaline metals like their reactions with water and acids, and their similarities and reactivity trends.
This document outlines a biology curriculum covering various topics over 12 lessons. It will cover photosynthesis, respiration, feeding relationships, genetics, blood, circulation, energy, symbiosis, parasites, disease, biotechnology, exercise, joints, genetic modification, and more. Key concepts include how plants and organisms obtain and use energy, genetic inheritance and testing, the structure and function of body systems, and applications of biotechnology.
Split Shifts From Gantt View in the Odoo 17Celine George
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Join educators from the US and worldwide at this year’s conference, themed “Strategies for Proficiency & Acquisition,” to learn from top experts in world language teaching.
The Value of Time ~ A Story to Ponder On (Eng. & Chi.).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint presentation on the importance of time management based on a meaningful story to ponder on. The texts are in English and Chinese.
For the Video (texts in English and Chinese) with audio narration and explanation in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUtjLnxEBKo
Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
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With Odoo, we can select from a wide selection of attractive themes. Many excellent ones are free to use, while some require payment. Putting an Odoo theme in the Odoo module directory on our server, downloading the theme, and then installing it is a simple process.
Beginner's Guide to Bypassing Falco Container Runtime Security in Kubernetes ...anjaliinfosec
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How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
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Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
Conducting exciting academic research in Computer Science
P5 lesson part two
1. P5 Electric Circuits Route map Over the next 12 lessons you will study : Friday 21 October 2011 P5.1 Static electricity P5.2 Electric Charge & Circuit symbols P5.3 Simple Circuits P5.4 Electric Current End of module test P5.5 Controlling Current P5.6 Measuring resistance P5.7 Resistors in circuits P5.8 Measuring Voltage P5.9 Electrical Power P5.10 Domestic Appliances P5.11 Generating Electricity P5.12 Distributing Electricity
2. Friday 21 October 2011 PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers Literacy: Circuits, current, charge, electrons, resistors, series, parallel, resistance, connected, components and total resistance. Numeracy: The total resistance of 8 , 4 and 2 connected in series is 14 The total resistance of 8 , 4 and 2 connected in parallel is 7/8 First activity: In your book - draw a series circuit with 3 batteries (cells) facing the same direction, one switch on the negative side of the battery and then a light bulb, a resistor and a variable resistance. Now put a voltmeter and an ammeter into the circuit so that you can find the resistance of the light bulb. Lesson objectives: Understand that when resistors are joined in series the overall resistance is bigger and that when resistors are joined in parallel the overall resistance is smaller Understand that in complex circuits and printed circuit boards, resistors are used to control the flow of charge through a component or device P5.7 Resistors in circuits
3. P5.7 Resistors in circuits Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: When resistors are joined in series the overall resistance is bigger because the battery now has to push the current through both resistors. When resistors are connected in parallel the overall resistance is smaller because the current/charge has at least 2 or more paths (branches) that it can take. So some current flows through one resistor and some flows through the other resistor. Resistors used in circuits to control the moving charge through a component can be made from metals with varying levels of conductivity. Variable resistors are made by changing the length of wire that the current flows through, that is: the longer the wire – the bigger the resistance (If you double the length you double the resistance.) Extension questions: 1: A hairdryer uses mains voltage (230 V). It takes a current of 5A. What is the resistance ? 2: A toy tractor has a 4.5 V battery operated motor. The resistance of the motor is 15 Ω. What is the current ? 3: A torch has resistance 120 Ω and the current is 0.1 A. What is the battery voltage ? 4: A series circuit has three bulbs, bulb A has a resistance of 2 bulb 2 has a resistance of 3 and bulb C has a resistance of 5 Work out the total resistance of the circuit Know this: a: Resistance in series R T = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 Resistance in parallel R T = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R 3 b: Resistance of a wire R = ρ l /A ρ is the resistivity, l the length and A the cross sectional area
4. Key concepts P5.7 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Work out the total resistance of a circuit with three resistors ins series will the following values R1 0.5 R2 1.2 and R3 1.7 ? Looking at the series and parallel circuits explain why the total resistance for parallel circuit is always less than the value for the lowest onhmic resistor ? Resistors are used to control or reduce the amount of current flowing through complex circuits. Resistors in series : You can find the total resistance by adding up the value of each resistor. Total resistance in series = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 Resistors in parallel : The total resistance of the circuit is always less than the value of the smallest resistor. Total resistance in parallel = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R 3 Using resistors in complex circuits - + - + R 1 R 2 Resistors in series Resistors in parallel R 3 R 1 R 2 R 3
5. Key concepts P5.7 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Look at circuit one, it has been solved for you, work out the total resistance in circuit 2, 3 and 4 ? Give three device where the current flow is controlled by resistors (variable of fixed) ? Resistance in circuits and electrical wires causes the heating effect. In most appliances, for example computers, this effect is an unwanted consequence of current flow. In all computers, a cooling fan is essential to prevent the fragile circuit boards and chips becoming overheated and damaged beyond repair. Resistance also wastes energy and therefore costs money. In some devices like a toaster, high resistance wire is used to produce the heating effect Using resistors in complex circuits to control voltage - + - + Circuit one Circuit two V V V V 12 V 12 V 4 V 8 V 2 V ? V 10 Ω 20 Ω 2 Ω 10 Ω - + - + Circuit three Circuit four V V V V 24 V 240 V 12 V ? V 60 V ? V 5 Ω 5 Ω 3 Ω 9 Ω
6. P5.7 Plenary Lesson summary: series parallel path resistance Friday 21 October 2011 A thermistor or temperature dependent resistance can be used to switch on an immersion heater when the temperature of the water in a tank falls below a particular value ( o C) and switch the heater off when the temperature of the water has risen to the required temperature. This allows you to have a ready supply of hot water when you need to shower or wash. How Science Works: Research about potential difference or voltage and fins out about the scientist Alessandro Volta. Preparing for the next lesson: The total ________ in Ohms is biggest when resistors are placed in _______ and smallest when they are placed in parallel. This is because when they are in ________ to one another, the current can flow down more than one __________. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: If you change the material the wire is made from the resistivity will change ? False True 2: You can measure resistance with an ohmmeter ? False True 1: If the length of a wire is doubled the resistance will be halved ?
7. P5.8 Measuring Voltage Friday 21 October 2011 Literacy: Volts, voltmeter, potential difference, energy transfer, circuit, battery, components, push, jolt, terminals, battery, positive, and negative. Numeracy: If the voltage across one motor, one buzzer and a bulb in series is 1V, 1.5V and 0.5 V, then the total voltage coming from the battery is 3V (1V + 1.5V + 0.5 V) PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers Lesson objectives: Understand that voltage is measured in volts and that voltage (potential difference) across part of a circuit is be measured by placing a voltmeter in parallel with that part of the circuit. Understand that in a series circuit the total voltage (V T ) across the batteries is equal to the sum of the voltages across each bit of the circuit (V 1 + V 2 + V 3 ) First activity: In your book or on your mini white board - draw a three branch parallel circuit with one battery with a voltage of 12 V. In the circuit, one light bulb is located on the first branch, two light bulbs on the second branch and a three light bulbs on the third branch. What would be the voltage across the bulbs found in a) the first branch b) the second branch and c) the third branch.
8. P5.8 Measuring Voltage Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: The voltage of a battery can be thought of as the ‘push’ that the battery exerts on the charges in the circuit. It is also equal to the work done (energy) in moving a unit charge through a circuit. Another name for voltage is potential difference (pd). The bigger the voltage or p.d the bigger the push on the charge and the bigger the current flow. The effect of a bigger voltage on the current flow is very similar to that of a bigger height drop on the flow of water over a water fall. In a series circuit the voltage drop across the battery is equal to the total of all the voltage drops across each component in the circuit i.e V T = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 and is like a waterfall going down in steps. Know this: a: Energy = VQ where Energy is measured in joules (J), V is the voltage in volts (V) and Q is the charge in coulombs (C) b: Energy = VIt and Q = It where I is the current in amps (A) and t is the time in seconds (s) Extension questions: 1: If the current is 2A, how many coulombs of charge will flow in 10 s ? 2: The current is now increased to 3A, how many coulombs of charge will flow in one minute 3: How much energy is released by 5V pushing 4C of charge through a circuit ? 4: How much heat energy will be produced by a kettle powered by a voltage of 230V and a current of 10A, in one second?
9. P5.8 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Voltage (V) or potential difference is measured in volts. The larger the voltage, the more energy or ‘push’ each electron is given. This energy is then transferred to the surroundings by a device like a bulb, motor, or buzzer. Voltage is measured using a voltmeter which is connected in parallel across a battery or device like a bulb or a buzzer. In a circuit, the cell or battery provides the voltage or potential difference needed to make a current flow . In the simple circuit shown opposite above left, explain what the voltage would be across the bulb ? If you added an extra bulb making three in total what would the voltage be across each bulb. Explain why, in series circuits, why as we add bulbs do they all become dimmer ? In the simple circuit shown opposite below left, the voltage of the battery remains the same at 6 volts. What would be the voltage across each the two bulbs ? Understanding voltage Key concepts + - 6V V + - 6V + - 6V V + - 6V V3 V2 V1
10. Key concepts P5.8 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain how you would measure voltage across component like a bulb, motor or buzzer ? Explain why a watch only require a very low voltage of around 1.5 volts and a tube train require a very high voltage of around 11,000 volts ? Voltage of a battery as a measure of the ‘push’ it exerts on the moving charge around a closed circuit. Low voltage devices like mp3/4 players, watches and mobile phones require little energy and are usually powered by 1.5 or 3 volt batteries. High voltage devices like kettles, eclectic toasters, drills and cookers that requires lots of energy are supplied with domestic voltage at 230 volts. An electric chair uses electricity at 10,000 volts. Voltage use by different appliances A watch requires a voltage of 1.5 volts because it requires very little energy to move, the second, minute and hour hands. A kettle draws a current of 13 amps because it requires a medium amount of energy carrying electrons to boil water. A cooker requires a voltage of 230 volts because it requires lots of energy carrying electrons to heat food by using the oven.
11. P5.8 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain using the model (opposite left) why as you add bulbs in a series circuit they become dimmer ? In both a series circuit with three bulbs and a parallel circuit with three braches and three bulbs (see circuit diagrams opposite left) we can use the water pump model to show what happens and how energy is transferred: Series circuit: The pump (battery) increases the potential energy of the water (electrons) The energy is then transferred in three steps as it moves through the bulbs. Parallel circuit: The water pump model also explain why the brightness of bulbs doesn’t change in a parallel circuit. The water (electrons) divides into three streams (branches). Each losing its energy in a single step when going through the bulb. Explain using the model (opposite left) why as you add bulbs in a parallel circuit they stay the same brightness ? Key concepts + - 6V + - 9V + - 6V + - 9V Voltage in series and parallel circuits parallel series
12. P5.8 Plenary Lesson summary: same parallel sum total Friday 21 October 2011 The rating plate on any electrical appliance like a kettle or a television tells you about the input voltage required and the power in watts that the appliance uses. An electric drill, for example will have an input voltage of 230 volts, a power rating of 690 watts. It will therefore draw a current of 3 amps (690W/230V). How Science Works: Research into the input voltage, the current drawn and the power rating for five different electrical appliances found in your home. Copy them into your book. Preparing for the next lesson: A voltmeter should always be placed in _______ with the voltage being measured. In a parallel circuit the voltage across each parallel section is the ________. In a series circuit the ________ voltage is equal to the ______ of individual voltages. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: The bigger the voltage the bigger the current flow ? False True 2: If two batteries are connected in parallel the voltage will stay the same ? False True 1: The voltage across each branch of a parallel circuit is the same ?
13. P5.9 Electrical Power Friday 21 October 2011 PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers First activity: Use the efficiency equation above to work out the energy efficiency of a) 20W compact fluorescent lamp producing 5W of light and b) a 690 watt toaster producing 600 watts of heat energy ? Lesson objectives: Understand know that power is measured in watts (W) and is equal to the energy transferred per second or the rate of doing work Understand that the efficiency of a device = the energy converted to useful work Literacy: Power, Watts, voltage, current, time, work done, energy transferred efficiency, input energy, output energy and percentage. Numeracy: The efficiency of an incandescent filament light bulb is only about 13%. That means that 94% of the energy used is converted into heat energy instead of light. The energy efficiency of a energy saving light bulb is about 80%. the energy supplied by the electricity supply
14. P5.9 Electrical Power Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: When an electric current flows in a circuit, energy is transferred from the power supply to the components in the circuit. The rate of transfer of energy is called power and is measured in watts (W) Power = Energy/time and Power = Voltage x Current ( P = V I ) If the battery voltage is doubled the power is quadrupled. This is because when the battery voltage doubles so does the current. Energy transfer in electrical appliances is always less than 100% efficient. This is because some of the energy supplied to the appliance is wasted as other forms of energy such as heat energy or sound energy Extension questions: 1: The power supplied to a light bulb is 60W, but only 3W is radiated as light energy. How much power is wasted? 2: Using the equation efficiency = useful power out/power in work out the efficiency of the light bulb above? 3: What happens to the energy that does not leave the light bulb as light ? 4: Another student says that you could use the equation efficiency = useful energy out/energy in. Is she right? Know this: a: P = VI where P is the power in watts (W) V is the voltage in volts (V) I is the current in amps (A) b: P = energy/time where energy is measured in joules time is measured in seconds
15. Key concepts P5.9 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: A 12 V cell passes a current of 10 A through a car starter motor for 10 seconds. How much energy is transferred from the battery to the lamp ? Using E = V x I x t (12 V x 10 A x 10 s) ? A 3 V cell passes a current of 2 A through a bulb for 1 minute. How much energy is transferred from the battery to the lamp ? Using E = V x I x t (3 V x 2 A x 60 s) ? Think of a simple series circuit that you might find in a torch which includes a cell, bulb and switch. As electrons flow around a circuit, they gain electrical energy in the cell and then lose this energy in the bulb as light and heat. The total amount of energy transferred or total charge to a device depends on voltage, current and time. Energy transfer in circuits + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - power = 1 unit power = 2 units Double voltage or keep current the same power = 3 units Triple voltage or keep current the same power = 2 units Double the current or keep voltage same power = 3 units Triple the current or keep voltage same
16. P5.9 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The power rating for any device tells us how much energy in joules over time is used. A cooker supplied with 230 volts and 30 amps has a power rating of 6900 watts (230 V x 30 A = 6900 W), therefore it uses 6900 joules every second. A light bulb is far less power hungry and is supplied with 230 volts and 0.4 amps, has a power rating of 92 watts (rounded up to 100 watts), therefore it uses 92 joules every second. Thinking about what each device does, explain why a kettle uses more energy (jS -1 ) than a filament light bulb ? In a simple circuit, what carries energy around the circuit from the power supply to a device like a bulb or buzzer ? Calculate how many joules is supplied to the following devices a) toaster (900W on for 30 S) b) Light bulb (100 Won for 10 S) and c) kettle (2000 W on for 120 S) ? Power (watts) = voltage (volts) x current (amps) Working out power Devices and their power ratings Key concepts 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Toaster (900 W) Hair dryer (1500 W) Kettle (2000 W) 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Watts Joules per second Light bulb (100 W)
17. P5.9 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: An energy efficient home uses less energy than a normal home. Saving energy is not just about reducing the amount of heat energy that escapes through the walls, floors, windows and loft space. We can also use energy efficient devices and a bit of common sense, for example turning off lights, boiling less water and wearing warm cloths indoors also saves energy. Look at the thermal image opposite left of a house during the winter months. Which parts of the house allow most heat to escape to the colder surroundings ? The home owners are advised to fit energy efficient double glazing...do you think this is sound advice ? Give three other ways that we can save energy and money on our energy bills at home, work or school ? Energy efficient ratings All devices from light bulbs to laptops now have to have an ‘energy efficiency rating’ by law. This tells us whether a product is energy efficient or inefficient. A rating is the best. G rating is the worst. Key concepts
18. P5.9 Plenary Lesson summary: Power watts energy equal Friday 21 October 2011 A fuse breaks the circuit if a fault in an appliance causes too much current to flow. This protects the wiring and the appliance if something goes wrong. The fuse contains a piece of wire that melts easily. If the current going through the fuse is too great, the wire heats up until it melts and breaks the circuit. How Science Works: Work out how many units of electricity were actually used or were estimated to have been used in your last home electricity bill. Preparing for the next lesson: Electrical _________ is the rate of doing work and is _______ to the energy transferred per second. Power is measured in _______. All electrical appliances are less than 100% efficient. Transformers are amongst the most _________ efficient appliances. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: An appliance with a G energy rating is more efficient than one with an A rating ? False True 2: Power = Voltage x Current ? False True 1: An energy efficient light bulb is one that wastes the least amount of energy ?
19. P5.10 Domestic Appliances Friday 21 October 2011 PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers Lesson objectives: Understand that the energy use in a house is measured in kilowatt-hours Understand that a one kilowatt fire left on for one hour will use up one kilowatt-hour of energy and that one unit on an electricity bill means one kilowatt-hour of electrical energy Literacy: Unit of electricity, kilowatt-hours, joules. Numeracy: There are 3.6 million joules of energy in one kilowatt – hour (how do we know this well, a device that consumes 1000 watts or 1 kilowatt will use 1000 joules every second. Over a hour that 1000 x 60 x 60 = 3,600,000 joules) First activity: Work out the total energy usage in joules or kilojoules of the following a) a 100 watt light bulb (230 volts 0.43 amps) left on for 10 seconds b) a 690 watt kettle (230 volts 3 amps) used for 2 minutes and c) a 1,000,000 watt electric chair (10,000 volts 100 amps) used for 2 minutes ?
20. P5.10 Domestic Appliances Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: The amount of electrical energy transferred to an appliance depends on its power and the length of time it is switched on. The amount of mains electrical energy transferred is measured in kilowatt-hours, kWh. One unit of electricity is 1kWh. Electricity meters measure the number of units of electricity used in a home or other building. Units (kilowatt-hours) are used instead of joules because a joule is a very small unit of energy. The more units used, the greater the cost. Total cost = number of units x cost per unit The less energy that is wasted and the more efficient an appliance is, the fewer units are used. Extension questions: 1: How much does it cost to run a lamp for 1000 hours a) with a 60W bulb and b) an 11W bulb ? If electricity cost 8 pence for an 8 kWh ? 2: Work out how much money do you save by using the 11W bulb? 3: An electric fire is rated at 3kW. How much does it cost to use it for 800 hours. An electric oven is rate at 5 kW how much does it cost to cook a chicken which takes 2 hours to roast ? 4: It takes a 2 minutes to kill someone uses a 1000 kW electric chair. How much does it cost the state in electricity ? Know this: a: Know that Energy = power x time So: Number of kilowatt-hours = number of kilowatts x number of hours. b: Know that the total cost = number of units x cost per unit.
21. Key concepts P5.10 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: A device like a laptop or a television transforms electrical energy into other forms of energy. Some of the energy transformed is not useful and dissipates usually as heat to the surroundings. A filament light bulb converts electrical energy into heat and light energy, with only the light energy being useful. 150 joules of electrical energy 130 joules of heat energy 20 joules of light energy Input energy Output energy Energy efficiency of a filament electric light bulb compared to a energy efficient light bulb 150 joules of electrical energy 30 joules of heat energy 120 joules of light energy Input energy Output energy Sankey diagram Sankey diagram Energy efficient light bulbs create very little heat, therefore they waste very little energy. Explain why the government is right to ban the sale of filament light bulbs from 2011 ? Using a diagram show the energy transfers when using a) a hair dryer b) a toaster c) a television d) an electric fire and e) a laptop ? 150 J 130 J heat 20 J light electrical 150 J 30 J heat 120 J light electrical
22. Key concepts P5.10 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Work out the three calculations for the Dyson, cooker and washing machine based on the power rating and time used ? Which would cost you more running a washing machine for 1 hour or cooking a chicken for 2 hours in a cooker ? The cost of using electrical appliance at home like a light bulb, cooker, computer and television is calculated using the Kilowatt hour. The electricity meter records how many kWh units of energy your house uses per year. Calculating the Kilowatt hour: Energy transferred (kWh) = Power (kW) x time (h) x cost of 1 kWh (£)… cost of 1 kWh = 8 pence The cost of electricity using kilowatt-hours A 500 W Dyson used for 30 minutes will cost 0.5 kW x 0.5 h x 8 pence = ………… ? 500W Dyson 5 kW Cooker 3 kW washer A 5 kW cooker/oven used for 2 hours will cost 5 kW x 2 h x 8 pence = ………… ? A 3 kW washing machine used for 45 minutes will cost 3 kW x 0.45 h x 8 pence = ………… ?
23. P5.10 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: We all have to pay for the electricity that we consume in our homes. In every home, you will find an electricity meter. This records the amount of electrical energy your home uses. The electricity company records the number of units (kilowatt hours) that you use every quarter by comparing the previous reading with the current reading Look at the bill opposite left, how many kilo-watt hours did the consumer use of the billing period ? Look at the bill opposite left a) what was the length of the billing period and b) what was the cost of electricity over that period and c) per day ? Give three ways in which you can save money at home by reducing your consumption of electricity ? A typical bill is sent every three months 1: Account number 2: Bill date 3: Customer address 4: Number of units used per day over charging period 5. Total amount due including all charges 1 2 3 4 5 Key concepts
24. P5.10 Plenary Lesson summary: hour electricity unit energy Friday 21 October 2011 You could get an electric shock if the live wire inside a cooker, comes loose and touches the metal casing. However, the earth terminal is connected to the metal casing so that the current goes through the earth wire instead of causing an electric shock. How Science Works: Research into how electricity is generated and distribute form the power station to the consumer ? Preparing for the next lesson: The amount of energy used by a one kilowatt appliance in an ________ is one kilowatt - hour. This would be marked on an electricity bill as one ______ of electricity. The amount of ________ used is measured in kilowatt-hours instead of joules because one joule of _______ is so small. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: A 3 amp fuse should be used in a 600W 230V hairdryer ? False True 2: A 300W TV left on for 5 hours will use 1.5 kWh of energy ? False True 1: There are 1000W in a kW ?
25. P5.11 Generating Electricity Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand that if a magnet is moved into and out of a wound copper coil, voltage and current are induced and that if the magnet is stationary, the current stops flowing Understand that the current flow changes direction when the magnet changes direction Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: The last village to be supplied with electricity was the inhabitants of Cym Brefi in mid-Wales in May 2003. Explain why electricity is a) versatile b) easy to transport c) relatively safe to use and d) pollution free at the point of use ? What did the inhabitants use before this date to power their washing machines and vacuum cleaners ? Literacy: Electricity, electromagnetism, copper coil, dynamo, induced voltage, induced current, ferrous core, rotor, stator coils, rotor coil and a.c. output. Numeracy: Putting a soft iron core inside the coil can make the induced magnetic field as much as a 1000 times stronger, where compared to the current and voltage magnitude in the absence of a ferrous core. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers
26. P5.11 Generating Electricity Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Faraday discovered that when a magnet is plunged into a coil a voltage is induced in the coil so that current flows. If the magnet is moved out of the coil current flows again – but in the opposite direction! If the magnet is still (not moving) – no current flows! A bigger voltage and current is induced if: The magnet is moved faster; a stronger magnet is used, there are more turns on the coil or if the coil has a soft iron core Extension questions: 1: You have wound as many turns as you can on a soft iron core. What can you now do to produce a higher voltage (give two ways)? 2: Which of these appliances can work well from a battery because they do not need much current: a) toaster, b) torch, c) calculator or d) hair-dyer 3: Which of these appliances must have an d.c supply: a) washing machine, b) microwave, c) mobile phone or d) liquidiser ? 4: Most electricity in the UK is generated by fossil fuel powered power stations: Show the transfer of energy form fossil fuel to current inside a mains wire using a flow diagram ? Know this: a: Know that an appliance that produces heat such as a kettle can be worked by both a.c or d.c, as it does not matter which way current flows, heat energy is still produced b: Know that other appliances such as TVs and mobile phones have to convert a.c into d.c inside themselves to work.
27. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: In 1831, Michael Faraday’s discovered that a moving magnetic field produced an electric current or flow of electrons inside a conducting wire. Faraday had demonstrated that when a wire crosses a magnetic field, a current is induced. Electromagnetic induction was a landmark in science, for it made possible cheap, clean, transportable and relatively safe electrical energy. Explain how Faraday’s discovery of electricity would have transformed the World back in 1831 ? A French scientist called Volta invented the first simple battery...what unit did he lend his name to ? Imagine a World without electricity...what three electrical devices would you find hardest to live without ? Inducing a current P5.11 a Key concepts Motion Current flow Magnet South North
28. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The trace shows mains alternating current (a.c.) which changes direction 50 times a second (50 Hz.) What is a direct current (d.c.) ? In power stations huge turbines turning at 50 cycles per second produce mains electricity. What drives these turbine generators ? Dynamos and turbine generators found in power stations both generate electricity. They both have a coil of wire which spins at high speeds around a magnet. When the wire coil crosses the magnetic field, a voltage is induce inside the wire. There are three ways to increase the size of voltage induced in the copper coil: Use a stronger magnet, use a copper coil with more turns and spin the coli faster Generating alternating current (dynamo) P5.11 b Driver Axel Copper coil Iron core Magnet Contact Output Voltage +230V - 230V Time 0.1 Time 0.1 0.2 0.2 Voltage +230V - 230V Time 0.1 Time 0.1 0.2 0.2
29. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: A large power station produces enough electricity for an entire city, supplying it with millions of watts of electrical power. A fossil fuel burning power station uses the chemical energy in fuels like coal, oil and gas and heats water producing steam which then drives a turbine generator. This induces an electrical current which is then transported to our homes. Name three devices at home that use electrical energy ? Fossil fuels were formed millions of years ago...explain why a) these are finite resources and b) why the energy trapped in these fuels originally came from the sun ? A scientist once said that fossil fuels were just to precious to just simply burn in order to produce heat energy...explain why this is true ? Chemical Heat Kinetic Electrical Energy transformation from fossil fuel to electricity Inside a fossil fuel power station P5.11 c Key concepts
30. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The world will need greatly increased energy supply in the next 20 years, especially cleanly-generated electricity. Electricity demand is increasing much more rapidly than overall energy use and is likely to almost double from 2004 to 2030. Nuclear power provides about 15% of the world's electricity, almost 24% of electricity in OECD countries, and 34% in the EU. Its use is increasing. Look at the map opposite left, it show in red and dark red the biggest users of energy. Which countries are the biggest users of energy ? Explain why the USA are the biggest users of energy ? Look at the graph opposite left a) explain how energy demand changes over a 24 hr period and b) when and why does peak demand happen ? P5.11 d Key concepts
31. P5.11 Plenary Lesson summary: voltage no changed magnet Friday 21 October 2011 A bicycle dynamo has a wheel that touches the back tyre. As the bicycle moves, the wheel turns a magnet inside a coil. This induces enough electricity to run the bicycle's lights How Science Works: Research into how electricity is distributed across the National grid and how transformers (step up and step down) work to change output voltage. Preparing for the next lesson: When a _______ is moved within a coil or a coil is moved around a magnet a _________ is induced which makes a current flow if the circuit is complete. If the pole of the magnet is changed or the movement direction ______ then the voltage and current flow also change direction. If there is ___ relative movement then there is no voltage or current induced Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Using an RCCB on a lawnmower or power tool can save life ? False True 2: A TV converts ac into dc so that it can work ? False True 1: The faster a magnet is moved into the coil the greater the induced voltage ?
32. P5.12 Distributing Electricity Friday 21 October 2011 PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers Lesson objectives: Understand how transformers work to step up and down input and output voltage and current Understand that 1: if the secondary coil of a transformer has more turns than the primary coil – it is a step up transformer and the output voltage is bigger and 2: if the secondary coil of a transformer has less turns than the primary coil – it is a step down transformer and the output voltage is smaller Literacy: Power station, electricity, turbine, generator, National grid, pylons, cables, transformers, primary coil, secondary coil, step–up, step-down and grid network Numeracy: Electricity is generated at around 25,000 volts. It is transported at 400,000 volts across a super grid network of pylons and cables. Mains electric is a mere 230 volts. This can be transformed down further to 12 or even 5 volts a.c. First activity: Think of four different way in which electricity is generated for example a coal fire power station. State which methods use fossil fuels and which use renewable technology ?
33. P5.12 Distributing Electricity Extension questions: 1: Which of these ( A to G ) are step-up transformers and which are step-down transformers ? A B C D E F G Number of primary coil turns 600 600 600 600 120 120 120 Number of secondary coil turns 30 300 1200 2400 60 240 960 2: If you had a 3 volts a.c. supply but your device needed a 6 volt a.c. supply how would you make a simple transformer to do this ? 3: When electricity is stepped up from 25,000 V to 400,000 V what gets smaller ? Know this: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns Vp is the voltage across the primary coil , Vs is the voltage across the secondary coil, Np is the number of turns in the primary coil, Ns is the number of turns in the secondary coil. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Power stations produce electricity at 25,000volts, prior to its transport across a national grid to the consumer (homes, schools industry and transport) Step-up transformers are used at power stations to produce the very high voltages (275,000 or 400,000 volts) needed to transmit electricity through the National Grid power lines. At these high voltages, the current flow through the cables is much lower, so we waste less energy. Before electricity enters the home, high voltages step-down transformers are used locally to reduce the voltage to safe levels. The voltage of household electricity is about 230V, in industry between 11,000 and 33,000 volts.
34. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Electricity produced by power stations is transported to users by a network of cables, pylons, substations and transformers called the national grid. The majority of power stations in Great Britain use fossil fuels. There are other types of power stations that use alternative energy sources like nuclear power. There are also smaller generating stations that use renewable energy sources. Explain why most UK power station are found away from large cities like London ? Pylons are used to transport electricity around the countryside, however under-ground cables are used in urban areas...explain why ? Explain the journey from power station to a device like a light bulb found inside your home ? The national grid Power station Pylons and cables transformer Industry and households P5.12 a Key concepts
35. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The most common way to generate electricity is by heating water creating high pressure steam which then drives a turbine generator. Many different fuels can be burned to heat water including wood, coal, oil and natural gas. In a nuclear generating plant, a process called nuclear fission creates the heat by splitting uranium atoms. Name three devices that use electrical energy ? Explain why in recent years, use of traditional fuels has been supplemented with emerging technologies that use the sun, wind and even biomass ? We burn fossil fuels like coal and gas to produce heat energy, what was the original source of the energy trapped in these fossil fuels ? P5.12 b Key concepts
36. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: At power stations, are transformers use to lower or raise the voltage before transports across the nation grid ? Before reaching your home, how many transformers would have stepped up and stepped down the voltage form the power station ? Transformers can be used to step up or step down voltage. Most transformers at home are used to provide a low voltage power supply from high voltage domestic mains electricity for devices like computers, radios and televisions. These devices require low voltages because of their delicate components and circuit boards. A transformer uses alternating current in one coil to induce alternating current in another coil with a different and lower voltage. Transforming electricity Step up transformer: If the secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil then it is a step up transformer, because the secondary voltage is larger Step down transformer: If the secondary coil has fewer turns than the primary coil then it is a step down transformer, because the secondary voltage is smaller P5.12 c
37. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: A transformer contains two coils of wire, wound on an iron core. These wires are linked by the iron core. We can work out the output or input voltage or even the number of turns for the primary or secondary coil by using the following formula: Secondary voltage No. of turns on 2 nd coil V 2 = N 2 Primary voltage No. of turns on 1 st coil V 1 = N 1 P5.12 d Look at the three transformers above. You are given the input voltage and the number of turns on the primary and secondary coil. Work out; a) the output voltage b) whether it is a step up or step down transformer ? Primary turns (N 1 ) 100 turns 100 turns ? Secondary turns (N 2 ) 400 turns 50 turns 50 Input voltage (V 1 ) 10 V 20 V 10 V Output voltage (V 2 ) ? ? 5 V Step down/Step down ? ? ?
38. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Wind is moving air that has kinetic energy. This energy can be captured to drive a wind turbine generator. The blades are turned by the wind, which in turn makes a generator turn. This induces an electric current. Wind generators or farms are found in windy places like offshore. Although these wind farms don’t create pollution, many people object to how they spoil their view. Explain how a wind turbine can generate electrical energy ? Give three advantages and three drawbacks to using wind turbines rather than fossil fuel powered power stations? Why are the majority of wind farms here in the UK place offshore rather than on land ? P5.12 e Key concepts
39. P5.12 Plenary Lesson summary: small National 25,000V 400,000V Friday 21 October 2011 A transformer plugged into the mains, but not being used will still get warm as it is continuously transforming voltage from one value into another and heat energy is produced in the process. To prevent this waste of energy, transformers need to be unplugged when not in use. How Science Works: Revise the work done in this topic for your end of module test Preparing for the next lesson: In the ‘super’ Grid network of the _______ grid, transformers are used to step up the voltage produced in the power stations from ________ to ________ This is done so that the current in the pylon lines is _______ and so that there is less energy wasted in heating the pylon cables themselves. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: It is the changing magnetic fields that induces the voltage ? False True 2: A step-down transformer is used to transform voltage from 230V to 6V ? False True 1: As power =VI, when the voltage is high the current is low ?