This document outlines a biology curriculum covering various topics over 12 lessons. It will cover photosynthesis, respiration, feeding relationships, genetics, blood, circulation, energy, symbiosis, parasites, disease, biotechnology, exercise, joints, genetic modification, and more. Key concepts include how plants and organisms obtain and use energy, genetic inheritance and testing, the structure and function of body systems, and applications of biotechnology.
Microbes outnumber human cells 10 to 1 and play important roles in human health and disease. While some microbes cause illness, most are harmless or beneficial. Microbes are found everywhere including in the air, water, soil, and inside and on the human body. They aid in digestion and prevent infection. However, overuse of antibiotics has led to increased antibiotic resistance in microbes, threatening our ability to treat infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance occurs as bacteria evolve and share DNA allowing them to survive drug exposure. Prudent antibiotic use is needed to slow the development and spread of resistant microbes.
Bacteria have evolved to become resistant to antibiotics through misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929, beginning the antibiotic era and revolutionizing medicine by saving many lives. However, antibiotic resistance has increased in recent years as bacteria are no longer vulnerable to many drugs. The overprescription and misuse of antibiotics by doctors and patients has contributed to this growing problem. If antibiotic resistance continues to increase and no new antibiotics are developed, medicine could return to the pre-antibiotic era with many bacterial diseases being difficult or impossible to treat.
This document provides an introduction to microbiology. It defines microbes as microscopic organisms and discusses the major types, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa and viruses. While some microbes are harmful, others play important roles in human welfare through uses like sewage treatment and bioremediation. The document traces the history of microbiology from early microscopy to acceptance of germ theory and development of pasteurization, vaccination and chemotherapy. It also outlines the domains and kingdoms used to classify microorganisms.
Lymph comes from tissues between cells throughout the body. It is collected by lymph vessels and contains white blood cells that help fight infection and remove cellular waste. The lymph eventually drains into the bloodstream.
This document discusses the human body's immune system response to infection. It defines key concepts like antigens, antibodies, B cells, the adaptive immune system, phagocytosis, cytokines, inflammation, and vaccine development. Antigens are foreign substances that trigger an immune response, while antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that help neutralize pathogens. The document outlines the roles of B cells, antigens, antibodies, and the two main immune responses: phagocytosis by immune cells and the cytokine response. It also discusses vaccine pioneers like Pasteur and Jenner and different types of vaccines.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human immune system in 3 sentences or less:
The immune system is a network of cells, tissues, and organs that defend the body against foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It contains many specialized immune cells like lymphocytes, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and cytokines that work together to identify foreign antigens and mount targeted responses. The immune system must also maintain tolerance to the body's own cells to avoid autoimmune disease.
The document discusses two chapters related to ethical issues in biomedical science. Chapter 16 discusses cloning of animals and humans, including the cloning of Dolly the sheep and the implications and debates around cloning animals for agricultural purposes versus cloning humans. While cloning animals is possible and can facilitate reproduction of valuable species, cloning humans for reproduction raises significant ethical concerns. Chapter 18 discusses animal experimentation in biomedical research, noting that most experiments involve rats and mice but that suffering of animals is an issue that requires balancing with potential medical benefits. Scientists aim to refine experiments, reduce animal usage, and replace animals where possible.
Dr. Peter Davies - Antibiotic Use In Swine Production - Where Is It At And Wh...John Blue
This document discusses antibiotic use in the swine industry and resistance. It notes that resistance generated in animals can spread to humans and cause harm, but evidence of this is minimal. It discusses calls for measuring antibiotic use to support stewardship efforts. Voluntary monitoring programs are being developed to provide representative data while maintaining confidentiality. Overall it examines balancing prudent antibiotic use with animal health and food safety.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch scientist in the 1600s who is considered the father of microscopy. He developed early microscopes using single-lens magnifying glasses and was the first to observe and describe bacteria, yeast, and circulation in blood vessels. Over his long career, he published over 100 letters detailing his pioneering microscopic studies of both living and non-living things.
A microbiologist studies microscopic single-celled organisms like bacteria. Bacteria are found almost everywhere and while most are harmless, some can cause disease. A microbiologist's lab works to find new antibiotics by collecting soil samples to isolate bacteria that produce antibiotics, as most current antibiotics are derived from bacteria and fungi in soil. Continued research is important to find new treatments as bacteria evolve resistance to existing antibiotics.
Antibiotics are facing their final stage of survival as common bacteria take over in violent opportunistic infections. Hospitals have become hotbeds for spreading antibiotic-resistant infections. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics, both in hospitals and at home, is contributing to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria that are difficult or impossible to treat. If antibiotic resistance continues to spread unchecked, it could lead to widespread healthcare issues and even the end of modern medicine as we know it.
The human body has multiple lines of defense against pathogens. The skin and mucous membranes provide the first line of defense through physical and chemical barriers. The second line of defense involves white blood cells that attack and destroy invading pathogens. The third and most specific line of defense involves antibodies and lymphocytes (B and T cells) that provide long-lasting immunity. B cells produce antibodies to target free pathogens for destruction, while T cells target infected cells through cell-mediated immunity. Antibiotics can treat bacterial but not viral infections by targeting bacterial processes without harming human cells. HIV attacks and destroys helper T cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
The document provides information about HIV and AIDS, including key definitions and statistics. It explains that a person is considered to have AIDS when their immune system is seriously damaged by HIV. Over 27 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS, and over 20 million people have died from AIDS since the start of the epidemic. While there is no cure for HIV currently, practicing safe sex through condom use can help prevent transmission.
The human immune system has multiple lines of defense to protect the body from pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The skin and mucous membranes provide the first line of defense through physical and chemical barriers. The second line of defense involves immune cells like phagocytes that attack and destroy invading microbes. The third and most specific line of defense involves lymphocytes like B and T cells that produce antibodies and mount specialized cellular responses against pathogens. Both humoral immunity involving B cells and cell-mediated immunity involving T cells work to eliminate infections. Subsequent exposures lead to immunological memory and a stronger, faster response. However, some pathogens like HIV are able to evade these defenses by targeting immune cells.
1) The document discusses how immune disorders like type 1 diabetes, asthma, and multiple sclerosis have increased in developed countries due to decreased exposure to microorganisms like helminth worms.
2) It explores the coevolutionary history between helminths and vertebrates, noting that helminths elicit a Th2 immune response that evolved to regulate the immune system but may now contribute to immune disorders.
3) Several studies are cited showing that exposure to helminths or their antigens can reduce symptoms of asthma, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and intestinal inflammation by inducing regulatory cytokines and cells. This supports the possibility of using helminths or their molecules to treat immune disorders.
This document contains 20 multiple choice questions related to biology. The questions cover topics like cell structure, genetics, microbiology, anatomy and more. For each question, the correct answer is provided in a response following the question.
The document summarizes the human immune system and how it protects the body from pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. It describes the non-specific first line of defense provided by skin, mucous membranes and inflammatory responses. The second line of defense includes phagocytosis and activation of T cells and B cells. The specific third line of defense involves cell-mediated and antibody-mediated responses by T cells, B cells, memory cells and plasma cells that provide long-term immunity. The document also discusses hypersensitivities, AIDS, types of immunity and organ transplant rejection.
The human immune system has three lines of defense against pathogens. The first line includes physical barriers like skin and mucus membranes, and chemicals in saliva and stomach acid. The second line consists of white blood cells that attack pathogens inside the body. This includes phagocytes that engulf bacteria and T-cells that destroy virus-infected cells. The third line of defense involves antibodies that target specific pathogens for destruction. The immune system also develops long-term immunity against pathogens it has encountered before through active immunity from infection or vaccination, or through passive immunity transferred from mother to child.
The document discusses trends from various decades in the 20th century regarding visions of the future. The 1930s trends involved predictions of increased robotics, streamlining, and automation. The 1940s saw more fearful and pessimistic views due to the war. The 1950s brought hopes around nuclear technology and space exploration. The 1960s introduced ideas of a highly technological society but also saw social issues arise. The 1970s remained pessimistic. Environmental fears grew prominent in the 1980s. By the 1990s, it was felt that futuristic visions were now reality.
The immune system protects the body from pathogens by distinguishing self from non-self. It contains physical barriers and specialized immune cells that recognize and respond to antigens. The immune response involves both innate immunity provided by physical barriers and immune cells, as well as adaptive immunity involving B cells producing antibodies and T cells that target antigens displayed on MHC molecules. Antibodies bind specifically to antigens and help eliminate pathogens through processes like opsonization and complement activation.
The document provides an overview of the 12 lessons in a health studies module, including topics like antibiotics, vaccines, and clinical trials. It then presents information about lesson 7 which focuses on antibiotics and the rise of antibiotic-resistant "superbugs" due to overuse of antibiotics. The lesson objectives, activities, key concepts, and extension questions are outlined.
The document outlines a route map for a 12 lesson course on electric circuits. It will cover topics like static electricity, electric charge, circuits, current, resistance, resistors, voltage, power, and electricity generation and distribution. It provides learning objectives and a sample activity for the first lesson which involves drawing a series circuit with batteries, a switch, light bulb, resistor and variable resistor and adding a voltmeter and ammeter.
This document provides an overview of 12 lessons on the wave model of radiation. It will cover topics such as what waves are, describing wave properties, how waves behave at barriers and boundaries, bending light beams, electromagnetic waves, radio waves, and radiation from space. The first lesson defines key terms like amplitude, wavelength, and frequency and explains the two main types of waves - transverse and longitudinal waves. Subsequent lessons will focus on reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves.
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
The document outlines a physics lesson plan covering topics related to telescopes, stars, galaxies, and the structure and composition of stars over 24 lessons. Key topics included refracting and reflecting telescopes, star distances and brightness, galaxies, stellar composition and nuclear fusion, and how a star's color relates to its surface temperature.
This document outlines a physics lesson plan on telescopes over 24 lessons. It will cover the different types of telescopes like refracting, reflecting, and radio telescopes. It will discuss how telescopes produce images using electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies. Key topics include lenses, star distances, galaxies, and the composition of stars. Lessons will include activities, literacy and numeracy focus, and questions for extension.
The document provides an overview of lessons covering physics topics related to astronomy. It outlines 24 lessons that will cover telescopes, lenses, different types of telescopes, stars, the sun, moon and earth, eclipses, star distances, galaxies, and more. Each lesson includes objectives, literacy and numeracy focuses, and extension questions.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a module about radiation and waves. It focuses on lesson P6.7, which discusses electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than visible light, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. The lesson objectives are to understand that these waves are ionizing radiation that can alter or damage living cells. Examples of sources, detectors, and uses of each type of wave are provided. Key concepts explained are that frequency increases and wavelength decreases as you move from radio waves to gamma rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
What You Should Know About Stem Cells EssayHaley Johnson
This document discusses embryonic stem cell research and its potential medical benefits. It explains that embryonic stem cells can differentiate into almost any cell type and thus may help treat diseases like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, heart disease, diabetes, and more. However, embryonic stem cell research remains controversial due to ethical concerns about the destruction of embryos. The document also notes some alternatives like induced pluripotent stem cells that may avoid the ethical issues.
Bacteria can make you sick by entering your body through cuts, food/water, sexual contact, air, or animal bites. Common bacterial diseases include strep throat, staph infections, and food poisoning. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are much smaller than human cells and can have different shapes. The human body has defenses against bacteria like the skin, mucus, stomach acids, and immune cells. When infections occur, antibiotics can treat many bacterial infections, but some bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics, creating serious issues like MRSA. It is important to always finish all of an antibiotic prescription to avoid furthering bacterial resistance.
1) Microorganisms are organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, fungi, viruses, and some multicellular organisms.
2) Microorganisms can be divided into dangerous types that cause disease and useful types employed in industries like food production.
3) Dangerous microorganisms include E. coli, C. botulinum, salmonella, cholera, tetanus, staphylococcus, syphilis, dengue fever virus, yellow fever, and HIV, all of which can cause severe illness or death in humans.
This document summarizes key information about diarrheal disease. It begins by defining diarrheal as frequent release of fecal matter leading to dehydration and nutrient loss if fluids are not replaced. It then explains that diarrhea is the body's mechanism for removing harmful bacteria (pathogens) ingested in food or water, such as those that cause amoebiasis. Amoebiasis infections from contaminated water sources are more common in developing countries with poor sanitation. The document goes on to discuss how the parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes cell death and damage in the colon.
The document discusses the work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in developing the germ theory of disease. It describes some of their key discoveries in identifying the microorganisms that cause anthrax, wound infections, tuberculosis, and cholera. It notes that Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize for his work developing tuberculin as a test for tuberculosis. The document also provides Koch's postulates for establishing a microorganism as the cause of a disease.
This document discusses how probiotics can help maintain a healthy balance of bacteria in the digestive system and prevent disease. It explains that probiotics are live microorganisms that resemble beneficial bacteria naturally found in the gut. Consuming probiotics through foods or supplements can help boost immunity, aid digestion, and reduce the risk of conditions like diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and irritable bowel syndrome. Maintaining high levels of good bacteria is important for overall health and wellness.
Experts argue that focusing resources on diseases like HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis prevents neglected tropical diseases from being addressed. These neglected diseases affect over a billion people and could be treated cheaply with drugs costing less than 30p per person. However, health policies disproportionately target higher-profile diseases, ignoring neglected diseases that may cause greater burdens. This wastes an opportunity to eliminate scourges like sleeping sickness, elephantiasis, and river blindness.
This document discusses pathogens and infection control. It begins by defining bacteria as single-celled microorganisms that multiply through binary fission. It then discusses the importance of infection control procedures and outlines some key responsibilities for healthcare workers, including practicing good hand hygiene, using appropriate PPE, and following protocols for cleaning equipment and managing waste. The document emphasizes that strict adherence to infection control procedures is crucial to prevent the spread of pathogens in healthcare settings.
Cryptosporidiosis is a significant diarrheal disease caused by the Cryptosporidium parasite that can survive in water and transmit easily, posing a major public health threat. While the intestine is primarily affected, clinical presentation can vary depending on the host and parasite. Major at-risk groups include immunocompetent individuals in developed countries, children in developing countries, and immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients.
1. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like mad cow disease in animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
2. Prions propagate by inducing normal proteins to misfold into an abnormal shape, forming fibrils that accumulate in the brain and cause neurodegeneration.
3. Prions are extremely difficult to destroy as they are resistant to heat, chemicals, radiation, and protease digestion due to their abnormal protein structure. Effective sterilization requires methods that fully denature the prion protein structure such as strong acids or high pressure steam autoclaving.
- Biomedical engineering combines engineering and technology to address biological and medical problems. It has potential for remarkable medical advances but is also controversial as some see its practices as immoral.
- Both positive and negative aspects exist, such as developing new medical tools but also raising ethical concerns about playing God or using embryonic stem cells which require embryo destruction.
- Stem cell research has potential to treat many conditions but also causes moral dilemmas due to the sources of stem cells, particularly embryonic stem cells which require embryo destruction.
Science Cabaret by Dr. Rodney Dietert "How to train your super organism..via ...Kitty Gifford
This document summarizes a presentation by Rodney Dietert on training the human-microbial superorganism. It discusses how Dietert found his superorganism through research linking the microbiome to health and disease. He learned that humans are majority microbial and the microbiome helps produce our identity through volatile compounds. Microbial dysbiosis can lead to inflammation and disease. Dietert trained his own superorganism after years of antibiotics by adjusting his microbiome and diet. He provides three takeaway points on the importance of microbiome seeding at birth, co-maturation of the immune and microbial systems, and basing safety assessments on the human superorganism.
This is the most comprehensive introduction to Probiotics, little creatures that have been called by some experts as "internal doctors". What they do for your health is mind-boggling, no matter if you are aware of their existence or not. But as much as the "good" bacteria immensely help your health there are also "bad" microbes that are very harmful to you.
There is plenty of information about probiotics. From articles to scientific studies. But who wants to spend hours and hours to finally get confused. That's what many people feel after reading all those publications. Not everyone is a microbiologist to understand the terms so that he/she can connect the dots.
Therefore, we felt that there was something missing — a guide that really starts at the beginning to equip people with a healthy balance of basic knowledge and "actionable" strategies that can be implemented right away. The Beginners Guide to Probiotics gives you exactly that.
- Viruses contain nucleic acids surrounded by protein coats and must infect host cells to reproduce, while cells have membranes, organelles, and can carry out life functions independently.
- Bacteria play both beneficial roles like digestion and harmful roles causing diseases like strep throat and tuberculosis.
- Mutualistic relationships benefit both organisms, like clownfish and sea anemones, while commensalism benefits one without affecting the other, like egrets near rhinos.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in 12 lessons on electric circuits. The lessons will cover static electricity, electric charge, circuit symbols, simple circuits, controlling and measuring current, resistance, resistor combinations, measuring voltage, electrical power, domestic appliances, generating electricity, and distributing electricity. Each lesson will have objectives, activities, extension questions, and a summary.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and lessons covered in a physics module on forces and motion. Over 12 lessons, students will learn about forces in different directions, how objects start and stop moving, friction, reaction forces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, momentum, changes in momentum, car safety, laws of motion, work and energy, and kinetic and gravitational potential energy. Example questions and activities are provided to help students understand concepts like momentum, changes in momentum due to forces, and how safety features in cars like seatbelts reduce impact forces during collisions.
The document outlines a 12 lesson plan on the topic of forces and motion. It will cover key concepts such as forces in different directions, how objects start to move, friction, reaction of surfaces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, changes in momentum, car safety, and laws of motion. Each lesson will include objectives, activities, literacy and numeracy focuses, and questions to help students understand the key topics being covered.
1. The document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and energy changes over 24 lessons.
2. Lesson C7.9 focuses on rates of reaction and how factors like temperature, concentration, and particle size can influence the rate. Collision theory and activation energy are also discussed.
3. Examples of reversible reactions are given where the direction can change based on conditions like temperature and pressure. Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations no longer change.
This document outlines a chemistry lesson plan covering titrations. The lesson will teach students how titration is used as a quantitative technique to measure the concentrations of acids and bases by determining the volume needed of a standard solution to reach the endpoint of a neutralization reaction. Key concepts include using an indicator to identify the endpoint, repeating titrations to obtain an accurate average volume, and how titrations can be used to find the concentration of an unknown solution based on the reaction stoichiometry. The lesson will also discuss using data loggers and pH probes for higher precision measurements.
The document outlines a chemistry route map for studying various topics over 24 lessons, including alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, titrations, reaction rates, equilibrium, the chemical industry, and green chemistry. It provides lesson objectives, activities, and questions for lessons on alkanes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids, covering topics like their structures, properties, reactions, uses, and how they are produced.
This document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, gas chromatography, titrations, rates of reaction, equilibrium, the chemical industry, green chemistry, industrial chemistry, theories on acidity, sampling, and making ethanoic acid. The module will focus on improving yield in industrial chemistry and reducing waste and pollution.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry module that will cover various topics related to chemical synthesis, including the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, rates of reactions, and factors that affect rates. It focuses specifically on lesson 6.11, which discusses the different stages involved in chemical synthesis, and lesson 6.12, which is about measuring the yield of chemical reactions.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on chemical synthesis that covers topics such as the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, reactions of acids, salts, purity of chemicals, rates of reactions, catalysts, chemical quantities, stages of chemical synthesis, and measuring yield. The first lesson focuses on understanding the role and importance of the chemical industry and the difference between bulk and fine chemicals.
This document outlines a lesson plan on metals from the lithosphere. It will teach students how reactive metals are extracted from ores using methods like carbon displacement and electrolysis. Key concepts include metal ores, extraction methods, reactivity series, and calculating formula masses of compounds. Activities include matching metals to their ores, naming metals, and explaining extraction techniques and material uses based on reactivity.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a course on chemicals in the natural environment. The 12 lessons will cover chemicals found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It outlines the key concepts, objectives and activities for the first lesson which will introduce the four spheres and focus on the chemicals found in each.
1. Ionic compounds form when a metal reacts with a non-metal, resulting in positively charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions that bond together in a crystalline lattice structure.
2. When ionic compounds dissolve in water or melt, the ions become free to move and conduct electricity. During electrolysis, positively charged metal ions move to the cathode and negatively charged non-metal ions move to the anode.
3. Common ionic compounds include sodium chloride, formed from sodium and chlorine ions, and copper chloride, used in electrolysis to extract copper metal from its ionic form.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry course covering topics like the periodic table, alkaline metals, chemical equations, halogens, helium, atomic structure, electrons, salts, and ionic theory. It includes lesson objectives, activities, extension questions, and summaries for the first two lessons which focus on the periodic table and alkaline metals. Key points covered are the periodic table's arrangement of elements, properties of group 1 alkaline metals like their reactions with water and acids, and their similarities and reactivity trends.
Genetic testing uses gene probes to identify inherited disorders in embryos or fetuses. It was developed in the 1980s and can detect conditions like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Down syndrome. A gene probe is a piece of DNA that binds to a faulty gene, identifying disorders. Parents may choose to terminate a pregnancy if testing finds an inherited disease.
The document outlines a biology lesson plan covering photosynthesis and respiration over 12 lessons. Lesson 2 focuses on how plants trap light energy during photosynthesis. It discusses how chloroplasts in plant cells contain chlorophyll which absorbs light and uses it to split water and combine it with carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Glucose acts as a stored form of chemical energy.
This document outlines a biology course curriculum covering various topics related to photosynthesis, respiration, circulation, genetics, and more over 12 lessons. It then provides details on one specific lesson regarding breathing and gas exchange, including objectives, key concepts, and assessment questions. The lesson focuses on how the lungs, alveoli, and blood vessels facilitate the rapid exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between inhaled air and blood.
This document provides an overview of the 12 lessons to be covered in the B6 module on the brain and mind. It focuses on learned behavior and conditioning. Key points covered include:
- Animals can learn new behaviors through conditioning, such as a dog salivating when it sees its food bowl.
- Pavlov's experiment showing how dogs can learn to associate a bell with being fed through repeated conditioning.
- Studies showing how an animal's response time, such as a cat escaping a trap, decreases with repeated practice and learning.
This document provides an overview of the 12 lessons that will be covered on the topics of the brain and mind. It focuses on lesson 1 which discusses what behavior is, simple reflexes in humans like newborns, and how reflexes help with survival. Newborn babies have reflexes like grasping, sucking, and stepping to help them in the first months before they are nurtured by parents. Sudden infant death syndrome has been linked to problems with reflexes in babies.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson module on growth and development. The lessons will cover topics like growing and changing, growth patterns, cell reproduction, genetics, specialized cells, and proteins. Key concepts include DNA, genes, inheritance, cell division, and how cells become specialized.
This document provides an overview of the lessons in a growth and development module, including the key topics and objectives covered in each lesson. The 12 lessons cover topics like growing and changing, growth patterns in humans and plants, cell division and specialization, sexual reproduction, protein production, and phototropism. Each lesson includes activities, literacy and numeracy focus areas, and questions to extend learning. The lessons explore how organisms develop from single cells to complex multi-cellular organisms through cell division and specialization of tissues and organs.
The Value of Time ~ A Story to Ponder On (Eng. & Chi.).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint presentation on the importance of time management based on a meaningful story to ponder on. The texts are in English and Chinese.
For the Video (texts in English and Chinese) with audio narration and explanation in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lUtjLnxEBKo
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
How to Store Data on the Odoo 17 WebsiteCeline George
Here we are going to discuss how to store data in Odoo 17 Website.
It includes defining a model with few fields in it. Add demo data into the model using data directory. Also using a controller, pass the values into the template while rendering it and display the values in the website.
Split Shifts From Gantt View in the Odoo 17Celine George
Odoo allows users to split long shifts into multiple segments directly from the Gantt view.Each segment retains details of the original shift, such as employee assignment, start time, end time, and specific tasks or descriptions.
Delegation Inheritance in Odoo 17 and Its Use CasesCeline George
There are 3 types of inheritance in odoo Classical, Extension, and Delegation. Delegation inheritance is used to sink other models to our custom model. And there is no change in the views. This slide will discuss delegation inheritance and its use cases in odoo 17.
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
Beyond the Advance Presentation for By the Book 9John Rodzvilla
In June 2020, L.L. McKinney, a Black author of young adult novels, began the #publishingpaidme hashtag to create a discussion on how the publishing industry treats Black authors: “what they’re paid. What the marketing is. How the books are treated. How one Black book not reaching its parameters casts a shadow on all Black books and all Black authors, and that’s not the same for our white counterparts.” (Grady 2020) McKinney’s call resulted in an online discussion across 65,000 tweets between authors of all races and the creation of a Google spreadsheet that collected information on over 2,000 titles.
While the conversation was originally meant to discuss the ethical value of book publishing, it became an economic assessment by authors of how publishers treated authors of color and women authors without a full analysis of the data collected. This paper would present the data collected from relevant tweets and the Google database to show not only the range of advances among participating authors split out by their race, gender, sexual orientation and the genre of their work, but also the publishers’ treatment of their titles in terms of deal announcements and pre-pub attention in industry publications. The paper is based on a multi-year project of cleaning and evaluating the collected data to assess what it reveals about the habits and strategies of American publishers in acquiring and promoting titles from a diverse group of authors across the literary, non-fiction, children’s, mystery, romance, and SFF genres.
Views in Odoo - Advanced Views - Pivot View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, the pivot view is a graphical representation of data that allows users to analyze and summarize large datasets quickly. It's a powerful tool for generating insights from your business data.
The pivot view in Odoo is a valuable tool for analyzing and summarizing large datasets, helping you gain insights into your business operations.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 12 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - FORM MỚI 2025 - HK1 (C...
B7 lesson part two
1. B7 Biology ‘triple science’ Route map Over the next 12 lessons you will study : Friday 21 October 2011 B7.1 Harvesting the sun’s energy B7.2 Trapping light energy B7.3 Plants using glucose B7.4 The rate of photosynthesis End of module test B7.5 Respiration and photosynthesis B7.6 Feeding relationships B7.14 Genetic testing B7.15 Blood B7.16 Blood groups and inheritance B7.17 The heart B7.18 Circulation and valves B7.19 Energy B7.8 Symbiosis in food chains B7.9 Parasites in food webs B7.10 Parasites and disease B7.11 Using biotechnology B7.20 Exercise in humans B7.21 Anaerobic respiration and ATP B7.22 The skeleton B7.23 Joints and movement B7.12 Genetic modification B7.13 GM crops and their use B7.24 Sport injuries B7.25 Exercise and training B7.7 Life in soil
2. B7.9 Tape worm and other parasites Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand how parasites benefits at the cost of another species Understand the life cycle of the tapeworm parasite Understand how parasite enter the human body We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Eating raw contaminated meat (beef, pork or lamb) can expose you to tapeworm larvae. Explain why raw meat is inspected by a vet at the abattoir (where they slaughter animals) and why should you never consume uncooked raw meat ? Literacy: Symbiosis, parasitism, parasitic, host, parasite, life cycle, tape worm, transfer, infection and infestation. Numeracy: Mature adult tapeworm can grow up to 2 to 7 metres in length inside the human gut. At this size it can also consume up to 15% of your nutrients taken through your diet ! PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners Team workers Effective participators Self managers We will focus on t
3. B7.9 Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: A parasite is an organism that lives on or in the body of another organism (the host) from whose tissues it gets its nourishment, and to whom it does some damage. Animals are parasitized by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, flatworms (tapeworms and flukes), nematodes, insects (fleas, lice), and arachnids (mites). Plants are parasitized by viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and a few other plants. Parasites damage their host in two major ways: consuming its tissues, for example hookworms and by liberating toxins, for example, Tetanus bacilli secrete tetanus toxin which interferes with the nervous system. Extension questions: 1: Explain the difference between a parasitic and symbiotic relationship ? 2: Give two features of a tape worm that make it highly adapted to surviving ? 3: Explain what health effects tapeworm might have on its host ? 4: Explain using your know of the life cycle of a tape worm how you can prevent its entry form livestock to human ? 5: Why did Victorian females knowingly have tapeworms inside of them ? Know this: a: Know that parasites benefit at the cost of another species. b: Know the life cycle of a parasite like the tapeworm. Friday 21 October 2011 Tape worm and other parasites
4. Key concepts B7.9 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The life cycle of a tapeworm starts with a human eating infected meat. The tapeworm will then grow and release egg packages. The eggs are excreted onto the grass. If a cow were to eat that grass, the eggs would become larvae and burrow into the cow's muscle. If that cow was eaten without being cooked thoroughly, the whole cycle would start again Explain how the tapeworm enters the human food chain ? Why should you never eat uncooked raw meat ? Why do abattoirs employ vets to inspect meat form recently killed animals ? The life cycle of the tapeworm
5. Key concepts B7.9 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Believe or not females living in the Victorian era would swallow live tapeworm to help control their body mass. The fashion in those days was for women to have an hour glass shape with the average waist size around 18 to 22”. To achieve this women used tapeworms which would compete for the food they ate therefore promoting weight loss ! Why could you not legally sell live tapeworm as a sliming aid in 2010 ? Explain how having a parasite inside of you helps you to control or even lose weight ? Look at the advert opposite left, would this type of add be banned by ‘trade descriptions and state why ?
6. B7.9 Plenary Lesson summary: Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Tapeworm cysts are evolved to survive human stomach acid ? False True 2: The evolution of parasites and their hosts are not linked ? False True 1: During the life cycle of a tape worm, its eggs are released with human faeces ? raw population benefit effects About 20% of the World’s ________ carry some sort of parasitic worm. These worms ______ form the nutrients that pass through the human gut. The majority of infection come form eating contaminated or ______ animal flesh. The parasites can have long term health _______ on humans. We may not be host to a parasitic worm, but our bed is home to millions of dust mites that feed off dead skin cells and use our warm humid mattress as an ideal place to live and breed. Doctors recommend that you replace your mattress on a regular basis and where possible never buy a second hand mattress. How Science Works: Friday 21 October 2011 Research into parasites that cause disease including malaria, a protozoan that is carried by the mosquito in tropical areas of the World. Preparing for the next lesson:
7. B7.10 Parasites that cause disease Decide whether the following statements are true or false: We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: The blood sucking mosquito which carries the protozoan that cause malaria in humans cannot breed and therefore survive in colder climates. In the cool northern hemisphere we are protected by our cold winters and cool summers. How might global warming change all of that in the next fifty years ? Numeracy: As many as 600 million people (nearly 10% of the World’s population) carry malaria. It is estimated that about 1 million people die a year from the health effects of malaria PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners Team workers Effective participators Self managers We will focus on t Lesson objectives: Understand how parasites benefits at the cost of another species Understand the life cycle of malaria Understand the relationship between malaria and sickle cell anaemia Literacy: Parasitism, parasitic, host, parasite, disease, health effects, malaria, mosquito, protozoan life cycle, transfer, infection and infestation.
8. Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Malaria is a major health threat to about 600 million humans Worldwide. Malaria is caused by a protozoan which is a single cell animal that is carried and transferred from host to host by the mosquito. The protozoan life cycle is very complex and has evolved to avoid our immune system by using our red blood cells as cover and a place to replicate itself. Ironically in humans with sickle cell, the misshaped blood cells cannot be used so they have lifelong protection against malaria. Humans with sickle cell have an advantage over normal people in malaria areas. Extension questions: 1: Explain how the malaria protozoan is adapted to survive in a) the mosquito and b) in humans ? 2: Why does are immune system fail to find and destroy the malaria protzoan ? 3: Describes the symptoms of sickle cell anaemia ? 4: Why are these symptoms much more dangerous for humans who are young, old or weakened by other health problems ? 5: Why are sickle cell carriers protected against malaria ? Know this: a: Know how the malaria parasite benefits at the cost of its host man. b: Know the life cycle of the malaria protozoan. Friday 21 October 2011 B7.10 Parasites that cause disease
9. Key concepts B7.10 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Malaria kills almost 1 million people a years and has infected 600 million people World wide. It is very easy to catch and tremendously difficult to treat. Our own immune system cannot fight it because it lives inside our blood cells. A prefect hiding place. Toxins produced by the malaria protozoan cause dangerous fever and of course sometime death Explain why people who live in hot tropical areas are at risk of contracting Malaria ? Why can our own immune system not find and destroy the malaria protozoan ? Look at the lifecycle of malaria, at what point can you prevent humans becoming a host and by treating humans with drugs to prevent the symptoms of malaria ? The life cycle Malaria
10. Key concepts B7.10 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Sickle-cell anaemia is an inherited and serious blood disease. The flexible doughnut shape red cells are replaced by a rigid sickle shape (which can’t easily fit into the smallest blood vessels, blocking them). People with two copies of the disease allele can be very ill. But carrying just one copy of the allele offers protection from malaria in countries where malaria is common. People who have one allele have some sickle cells but most are normal blood cells. How does this help them ? Where in the World does having sickle cells help you survive ? Which cells carry more oxygen; normal or sickle cells and explain why ?
11. Key concepts B7.10 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Sickle-cell anaemia and malaria are both extremely prevalent in Africa and South America. Homozygous individuals rarely live to an old age. Heterozygous individuals, those carrying both a dominant normal RBC and a recessive sickle-cell allele have a greater resistance to the malaria parasite. One hypothesis is that the sickle-cell anaemia allele is a beneficial mutation against the malaria parasite. How are do humans contract Malaria and explain why we are not at risk living in North Europe ? Look at both maps opposite left, explain why malaria and sickle cell anaemia are found in the same geographical areas ? Some governments have tried to eradicate malaria by destroying the mosquito by using pesticide. Why is this an effective strategy ? Distribution of sickle cell gene Distribution of Malaria
12. B7.10 Plenary Lesson summary: Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Sickle cell anaemia and malaria are found tin the same regions ? False True 2: A sickle cell carries is less likely to catch a common cold ? False True 1: The Malaria protozoan is transferred into humans by the housefly ? parent mutation malaria location Sickle cell anaemia occurs in humans as a homozygous _________. Having both defective alleles one from each ________ is life threatening, but being a carrier with one copy give you some protection from ________. This is why both conditions are found in the same _____ . Unfortunately there is no cure for sickle cell anaemia for those carrying two defective copies of the gene. Over time because of poor oxygen supply tissue found in the heart and other key organs die because they are deprived of vital oxygen. Eventually these damage to key organs causes the death of the sickle cell individual How Science Works: Friday 21 October 2011 Reach into how organisms can be used as a source of enzymes or compounds that can be useful to humans. Look at the uses of yeast and how penicillin is made. Preparing for the next lesson:
13. B7.11 Living factories Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand how microbes can be used to produce useful chemical like antibiotics Understand how microbes are used in bread and alcohol manufacture Understand how a fungi can be used to make a single cell protein We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Yeast has been used in making both bread and alcohol. Explain how yeast converted sugar found in fruits like grape into alcohol like wine ? Literacy: Microorganisms, microbes, bacteria, yeast, penicillin mould, fungi, biotechnology, fermenters, rennin, single cell protein. Numeracy: Microbes can reproduce asexually in a matter of minutes. If you bought a sandwich with 100 microbes on its surface. If you left the sandwich out for four hours it could have up to 200,000 bacteria on its surface PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners Team workers Effective participators Self managers We will focus on t
14. Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Micro-organisms like yeast and penicillin mould have been used to produce useful chemical. Useful micro-organisms like penicillin, are grown in fermenters which provide the nutrients and oxygen to allow the micro organisms to double in number every few hours. During this growth, the micro-organism or a compound that is makes can be harvested extracted and used. Penicillium mould produce a chemical called penicillin which destroys many different microbes. Doctors prescribed these antibiotics to treat disease. Another fungus produced a single cell protein which is then extracted to make Quorn. This is rich in proteins and used by vegetarians instead of animal flesh. Extension questions: 1: Yeast is used during the manufacture of Bread. Which chemical compound does yeast make that is essential in bread making ? 2: Draw a flow chart to explain the main steps of bread making ? 3: Explain why the conditions inside fermenters (like temperature, pH and oxygen levels) have to kept stable? 4: Write a paragraph to explain what life would be like with penicillin ? 5: Explain why some mould produce natural antibiotics ? 6: Name one antibiotic that is not extracted from a mould ? Know this: a: Know that microbes can be used to produce useful chemicals. b: Know that yeast can be used to make bread and alcohol. Friday 21 October 2011 B7.11 Living factories
15. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: During the bread making process when the flour, salt, sugar, yeast and water have been thoroughly mixed and kneaded the dough is allowed to prove: Yeast inside the dough mixture respires sugar and produces carbon dioxide bubbles. These bubbles prove or rise the bread giving it a fluffy light texture. Explain why yeast is activated during bread making using a warm solution of sugar and water ? Why is the bread dough kept in a warm place during the proving stage ? Yeast is also used to make another product. What is this product ? B7.11 a
16. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Penicillin was discovered accidentally by Dr. Alexander Fleming. Fleming was examining a bactaeria culture when he noticed that it had become contaminated by Penicillium . He observed that it was inhibiting the bacterial growth and assumed that it could be used to control infections in humans. Many humans are alive today because of his work. Who discovered penicillin and how do antibiotics like penicillin work inside the human body ? Has the overuse of antibiotics caused any problems in recent years ? If you extracted a compound form a plant and you thought it was antiseptic how could you test to see if you were wrong or right ? B7.11 b Pencillium mould
17. Key concepts Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Describe the ideal conditions for fermentation to take place ? Over the next 50 years the governments hopes to increase the amount of bio-ethanol used to power cars and lorries,. Why is bio-ethanol described as carbon neutral ? Land used for producing bio-ethanol cannot be used to grow crops for the human food chain....why might this make our food more expensive in the future ? B7.11 c Making alcohol to drink or to be used as an alternative to petrol involves fermenting the sugar found in plant biomass and distilling it to ethanol. Enzymes found in yeast microbes break down plant starch or cellulose into sugars which then undergo microbial fermentation. The end product is distilled to ethanol. The first record of humans making and drinking alcohol is around 8000 years ago ! Ethanol fermentation
18. B7.11 Plenary Lesson summary: Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Quorn is made form a single cell protein produce by a fungus ? False True 2: Ethanol is made in fermenters which allows yeast to covert sugar into ethanol ? False True 1: Yeast is used to make cheese ? fermenters pH chemicals diseases Micro-organisms can be used as a source of new __________ that may be useful for treating ________ or to produce foodstuffs like ______ and alcohol. Microbes are grown in _________ that control the conditions of growth like temperature and ___. Myco-protein is the main ingredient in all Quorn products. It's made from a member of the fungi family (like mushrooms and truffles) and is a high-quality meat-free protein that's naturally low in fat, with very few calories. It's high in dietary fibre (important for your digestive system) and has the essential amino acids your body needs, with no cholesterol or trans fats at all. How Science Works: Friday 21 October 2011 Research into the science of pharmacogentics where drugs are designed using your DNA profile making them more effective and safer to use Preparing for the next lesson:
19. B7.12 Pharmacogenetics Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand how drug treatments can be tailored for an individual by using biotechnology Understand that using genetic information can help scientists make drugs both more effective and safer when used by humans We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Imagine taking an aspirin to stop a headache, explain why you may need two aspirin to stop the pain where as other people may require less or more. Explain also why some people could be allergic to the drug ? Literacy: Drugs, prescription, drug safety, drug toxicity, genome, genetic testing, pharmocogentics, clinical trails, data, safety, clinical development and efficacy Numeracy: Almost 5% of the population have an intolerance to the common aspirin. It is thought that this intolerance is directly attributable to genetic difference in those 5% of the population PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners Team workers Effective participators Self managers We will focus on t
20. Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Take any drug. Prescribe that drug a large sample of the population and you will observe different outcomes: In most, the drug aids recovery. In some, there may be no beneficial effect of the drug, or an adverse reaction. This variation in outcomes after drug prescription is due to our differing genetics. In the future, you will be able to go to the doctor and he will prescribe a drug either unique to you or tailored for your gene type. This type of research where scientists link genetic variations to drugs and the differing responses in the patient is called pharmcogenetics Extension questions: 1: Explain why in a population different people will react differently to the same drug ? 2: Some patients are allergic to drugs like penicillin or aspirin, how will pharmacogenetics provide better treatment for these people ? 3: Why will drugs that are designed by using a person’s DNA work better than regular drugs ? 4: Explain why these types of new drugs will be safer ? 5: Explain why cost prevent unique drugs for all people ? Know this: a: Know that a person’s DNA can be used to design unique drug treatments. b: Know that by using this technology, drugs will become more effective and safer. Friday 21 October 2011 B7.12 Pharmacogenetics
21. Key concepts B7.12 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genes influence an individual’s response to drugs. Though the field would seem to be brand new, it is really half a century old. In the 1950’s, scientists first identified deficiencies in enzymes that explained adverse reactions to drugs and that they could be inherited. Explain why using your DNA to design a drug treatment may make that drug a) more effective and b) safer ? Why do people response to drugs differ ? Would the cost of drugs designed specially for you be less or more than regular drugs ? Identifying genes to be used in pharmacogentics
22. Key concepts B7.12 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: T Before phase I clinical trials, new drugs are tested in animals to asses their toxicity. Explain why scientists use animals before the drugs is tested by healthy male volunteers ? All drugs must follow a four phase clinical trail procedure (as described above) to ensure that they are both effective and safe for humans to take Phases of clinical trials
23. Plenary Lesson summary: safe person’s effective desinged Pharmocogentics allows scientist to use a _______ DNA to make drug treatment both more ______ and _______. Using these emerging technologies means that drug treatments will be specially _________ for how your body reacts to the drug. Early research showed that 10% of African American men serving in the Korean war became anaemic after ingesting an anti-malarial drug, which rarely, if ever caused problems for Caucasian (white) soldiers. To pinpoint the cause, it took years of study but using differences in DNA showed why the adverse side effects were only seen in African American soldiers. How Science Works: Friday 21 October 2011 Research into genetic modification and the DNA of both bacteria and plants can be change using GM technology. Preparing for the next lesson: B7.12 Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Pharmacogentics is how drugs will be used in the future ? False True 2: Drugs designed around your DNA will be more effective ? False True 1: All drugs are both effective and safe for the entire population ?
24. B7.13 Genetic modification Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand how organisms can be genetically modified Understand how genes are transferred form one species to another using gene technology Understand that human insulin is now produced using genetically modified bacteria We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Human insulin used to me manufactured by extracting it form pig’s pancreas. Now human insulin is made by bacteria that contain the human genes that make insulin. Why has making insulin using bacteria made this insulin a better product and cheaper to make ? Literacy: Genome, genetic modification, gene transfer, plasmids, bacteria, GM crops and human insulin Numeracy: It is estimated that over 10 million farmers principally in the USA, South America and China now use genetically modified crops. Very few farmer use these cops here in Europe due to the unpopularoty of GM crops and foodstuffs. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners Team workers Effective participators Self managers We will focus on t
25. Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Genetic engineering, the science of transferring genes from one species to another is currently used to manufacture human insulin and alter the characteristics of some food crops like corn and tomatoes. In the near future, scientists may be able to treat humans with inherited diseases like sickle cell anaemia or cystic fibrosis. Getting new genes into cells is the most difficult step of genetic modification. A vector usually a bacterial plasmid is needed to insert the new genes into the cell being modified. Scientists can tell if this ha been successful by attaching a marker gene for exmaple a gene that maes the cell glow in the dark ! Extension questions: 1: Give two examples of genetic modification in a) a bacterium and b) a plant ? 2: Plants are currently being genetically modified to produce better quality proteins, explain why this would reduce the need to raise livestock like cattle ? 3: Give two advantages of producing human insulin using genetically modified bacteria when compared to extracting insulin using pig’s pancreas ? 4: Why are some people opposed to GM crops ? Know this: a: Know that organisms can be genetically modified. b: Know that insulin is produced by using genetically modified bacteria. Friday 21 October 2011 B7.13 Genetic modification
26. B7.13 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Genetic engineering, the science of taking genes from one species to another is used to manufacture insulin and alter the traits of crops like corn. In the future, scientists may be able to treat humans with inherited diseases like cystic fibrosis. Already GM crops are now on the market and diabetics inject insulin made using bacteria containing the human insulin gene. Corn or maize is used by millions of people as a staple ingredient, however it is low in vitamins and minerals. Explain how you would use GM technology to improve corn adding genes from other plants that would increase its vitamin and mineral content ? Cows produce milk that is high in protein, calcium and fat...explain what changes you would make using GM technology in order to improve the quality of milk ? Do you think changing a plants or animals genes using GM technology is ethical ? Key concepts
27. B7.13 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Prior to genetic engineering, diabetics had to inject pig insulin extracted from pig pancreas to control blood sugar. Scientists isolated the gene in humans that makes insulin and inserted it into bacteria. The bacteria with a copy of the insulin gene are grown in bioreactors. The insulin produced by the bacteria is then extracted and sterilised for human use ! Give one disadvantage of using insulin to treat diabetics that is extracted from a pig pancreas ? How will knowing the human genome help humans born with inherited diseases like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia ? Key concepts Explain how genetic engineering has made it possible to produce large amounts of drugs like insulin quickly and cheaply ?
28. B7.13 Plenary Lesson summary: Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Transferring new genes into plants and bacteria require a vector ? False True 2: Crops that are genetically modified are called GM crops ? False True 1: GM crops and its produce is popular in the USA ? bacterial insulin genetically modified Both plants and bacteria can be ________ modified by inserting new genes using _________ plasmids. New genes can enable bacteria to make human ________ or increase the protein content of a plant crop. Some plants have been ________ to tolerate a herbicide. GM foods were first put on the market in the early 1990s. Typically, genetically modified foods are transgenic plant products: soybean, corn and cotton seed oil. But animal products have also been developed. In 2006 a pig was controversially engineered to produce the ‘so called’ healthy omega-3 fatty acids through the expression of a roundworm gene. How Science Works: Friday 21 October 2011 Research into GM crops and the use of GM technology in altering the way farmers grow and produce their crops. Look into the ethically considerations of using and buying GM crops. Preparing for the next lesson:
29. B7.14 GM crops and their use Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand the risks of altering an organisms DNA Understand the concerns the people have when using and buying GM crops We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Discuss why GM crops and their products are not popular here in the UK. Why do you think that these same crops are accepted in other countries like the USA and China. What is your personal opinion on GM crops and produce...would you be happy to buy and eat it ? Numeracy: Very few of the 10 million farmers grow GM crops here in the UK. The British consumer is very untrusting of GM crops of food product that contain even the simplest ingredient like GM corn. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners Team workers Effective participators Self managers We will focus on t Literacy: Genome, genetic modification, gene transfer, plasmids, bacteria, GM crops and human insulin
30. B7.14 Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: Selective breeding, practiced by humans for millennia has changed plant and animal characteristic. Genetic engineering allows us to do the same but over shorter time periods. Using GM technology Scientists can now ‘insert’ genes from other species that make crops resistant to a pesticide. Crops that are changed in this way are called GM crops. Corn has been engineered to be resistant to a herbicide which kills off other plants or weeds. This GM crops is therefore cheaper to produce since farmers lose less crop to weeds that will compete for the resources. Opponents to GM crops are concerned that these new crops make affect the ecosystem and how these crops will interact with other species. Extension questions: 1: Why are people in this country very reluctant to buy or consume GM produce ? 2: How could you change the minds of the public into buying GM produce ? 3: Crop yield is often reduce by weeds and other plants competing for resources in the field. If a GM crop is designed to produce a chemical which kills off other plants. What benefits could this bring a) the framer b) the plant c) the environment and d) the consumer 4: Are there any disadvantages to using the above GM crop ? Know this: a: Know the risks of altering a crop’s DNA. b: Know that concerns that propel have when buying and consuming GM produce. Friday 21 October 2011 GM crops and their use
31. Key concepts B7.14 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The flavr savr tomato was one of the first true GM crops. Scientists wanted to prolong the ripening time, making transport easier whilst increasing the shelf life of the tomato. Altering the tomato's genes to slow down the ripening process would increase the profits of the tomato growers and supermarkets. Calgene were the company responsible for producing the new tomato. If GM technology offers to reduce the cost of food, why are many people opposed to its use here in the UK ? Many thousands of diabetics already use GM technology. What is this ? Are there any benefits to using GM crops for us the buyer and the consumer ?
32. Key concepts B7.14 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: In 2010, approximately 90 million hectares of transgenic crops were planted across the globe. The majority of these crops were herbicide- and insect-resistant. Other crops grown commercially were sweet potato resistant to a virus that could decimate most of the African harvest and rice with increased iron and vitamins that may alleviate chronic malnutrition. Look at the map opposite, which country produces the most GM crops according to land use ? By 2050, the population will rise to 9.1 billion people and the amount f land per person will fall to just 0.19 hectares. Why might we all be force to use GM crops ? Are there any other solutions to feeding an every increasing population in the future ?
33. B7.14 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The World’s population is rising and more and more people are living in cities. There is now lots of research into developing high rise greenhouses and livestock farms that would produce food for people who lived and worked in cities. Crops grown inside need less water, grow faster because of higher temperatures and are free from weeds and pests. Explain why as the World’s population increases there is more pressure on resources like land and water ? List three advantages of growing plants in high rise greenhouses close to or in cities ? Are there any disadvantages to growing crops using high rise greenhouses like those pictured above left ? Key concepts
34. B7.14 Plenary Lesson summary: Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Only affluent farmers will be bale to afford GM seeds to grow GM crops ? False True 2: GM crops may cause ecosystem changes that cannot be easily revered ? False True 1: GM crops are popular here in the UK ? low yield GM choice The World’s population is rising and farmers need to increase their crop ____ over the next fifty years. Using ____ crops is perhaps one solution to increasing yield whilst keeping costs _____. Some people are nervous about the use of these crops, but they may not have that ______ in the coming years due to population increases. Despite the promises of cheap nutritious GM foods, some groups believe that impoverished nations will not reap the benefits of biotechnology because they do not have easy access to these developments, cannot afford modern agricultural equipment, and certain aspects of the system revolving around intellectual property rights are unfair to "undeveloped countries". How Science Works: Friday 21 October 2011 Research into DNA fingerprinting and its uses in fighting crime, in determining paternity rights and in identifying genes that control certain characteristics in humans Preparing for the next lesson: