This document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, gas chromatography, titrations, rates of reaction, equilibrium, the chemical industry, green chemistry, industrial chemistry, theories on acidity, sampling, and making ethanoic acid. The module will focus on improving yield in industrial chemistry and reducing waste and pollution.
Avogadro is being rewritten and architected to put semantic chemical meaning at the center of its internal data structures in order to fully support data-centric workflows. Computational and experimental chemistry both suffer when semantic meaning is lost; through the use of expressive formats such as CML, along with lightweight data-exchange formats such as JSON, workflows that previously demanded manual intervention to retain semantic meaning can be used. Integration with projects like JUMBO and Open Babel when conversion is required, coupled with codes such as NWChem where direct support for CML is being added, allow for much richer storage, analysis, and indexing of data. As web-based data sources add more semantic structure to their data, Avogadro will take advantage of those resources.
This document is a student science project report on analyzing the quantity of casein, a milk protein, in different milk samples. It includes sections introducing the topic, discussing the theory behind casein in milk, describing the experimental procedure, presenting observations of casein quantities in different milk brands, and concluding that Amul brand milk contains the highest percentage of casein. The student received guidance from their chemistry teacher for the project.
This document is a student project report on building and testing a model rocket engine that uses potassium nitrate and sugar as propellants. It includes sections describing the chemical reaction of the propellants, the apparatus used, the procedure for preparing and testing the rocket engine, observations made during the tests, and conclusions about the engine's performance. The engine was constructed from a PVC pipe with an end cap and nozzle and fueled with approximately 125 grams of potassium nitrate and sugar propellant prepared using a specific melting and casting process. Tests showed the engine produced high thrust and flames to lift the rocket upward for a short distance.
Project is from the chapter Electrochemistry . Project is based on the rusting of iron when coupled with different metals . One of the easiest projects in chemistry.
Please do like , share and comment if my work helped you ;)
The document summarizes the Open Chemistry Project, which aims to develop open-source software for computational chemistry. It describes applications like Avogadro for molecular editing, MoleQueue for job management, and MongoChem for data storage and analysis. The project uses open frameworks and a collaborative development process to advance chemistry research and education through tightly integrated, user-friendly tools.
This document appears to be a student's chemistry project report on studying the digestion of starch by salivary amylase and the effects of temperature and pH on this process. It includes sections on objectives, introduction, materials, procedures, observations, and conclusions for 3 experiments. The first experiment examines the digestion of starch by saliva over time. The second analyzes the impact of temperature. The third evaluates the impact of pH. The report was guided by a teacher and examines the student's investigation on how salivary amylase breaks down starch at different temperatures and pH levels.
chemistry project for class 12 on analysis of honeyRadha Gupta
this is a project for class 12 boards for chemistry subject on analysis of honey.it will be very helpful for students who are searching for chemistry project
Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12Self-employed
This document is a student's chemistry investigatory project report on studying the setting of cement mixtures over time. It includes an introduction on cement, the aim to study how cement mixtures with sand, fly ash, and time affect strength. The procedures take cement mixtures and tests their strength after 3, 7, and 30 days by attempting to break slabs. The results found that strength increased with longer setting time and mixtures with fly ash and limestone showed lower required weights to break after each time period compared to a sand-only mixture.
- The document is a chemistry project submitted by a student named Tarun Malhotra analyzing samples of brass and bronze through qualitative analysis.
- It thanks various teachers and administrators for their support and contains an index of sections including introductions to alloys, common alloys like brass and bronze, how to prepare alloys, and descriptions of the qualitative analysis experiments performed on samples of brass and bronze.
- The experiments aimed to identify the metal constituents in the samples through chemical tests to detect copper and zinc in brass and tests for copper and tin in bronze.
1) Newreka Green Synth Technologies developed a green chemistry solution for manufacturing an anti-retroviral drug that reduced the E-factor and improved yield.
2) Their solution reduced the E-factor from 32 to 6 and improved the theoretical yield from 25% to 86% across six stages of production.
3) Their approach included recycling aqueous and solvent streams, replacing hazardous solvents, and eliminating the use of solvents in some steps.
The document provides an overview of the DOE/EE/OBP Biomass Program. The mission is to develop technologies to transform biomass into biofuels, biopower and high-value products. Goals include demonstrating an integrated biomass to fuels process by 2005 and helping establish the first large-scale biorefinery by 2010. The strategy involves removing technical barriers in thermo-chemical and sugar platforms. Major funding comes from congressional earmarks, which have grown significantly but reduced available funds for planned R&D.
Applied Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions with Answers Part 2 by Malik XufyanMalik Xufyan
This document provides a multiple choice quiz on green chemistry and sustainable methods of chemical synthesis. It includes 10 questions on needs of green chemistry, focusing on definitions of green chemistry, desirable properties of green solvents, and atom efficiency. Another 10 questions cover principles of green chemistry, including eliminating harmful treatments, safer products, and applying principles across the lifecycle. The final 10 questions are about methods of synthesis, discussing atom economy of green methods, microfluid reactors, catalysts, and producing high quality products with no waste.
This document provides an introduction to green chemistry, including its goals and principles. Green chemistry aims to reduce pollution by designing chemical products and processes that minimize hazardous substances. Its goals are to make chemistry safer and more efficient while producing less waste. The 12 principles of green chemistry were introduced by Paul Anastas and John Warner, including preventing waste, safer solvents and reagents, energy efficiency, and atom economy. Atom economy measures how many atoms from the reactants end up in the final product versus byproducts and waste, with 90% or higher considered good. Examples show how new synthetic methods can improve atom economy from 47% to 100%.
This document discusses the optimization of organic reactions for pharmaceutical process development. It outlines that process development aims to develop cost-effective, safe, reproducible and efficient manufacturing methods. It describes several key approaches to optimization, including selecting appropriate raw materials, synthetic routes, reagents and solvents based on criteria like availability, cost, purity and safety. The document emphasizes developing flexible, simple processes that minimize waste and are environmentally friendly.
The design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Green Chemistry moves our consideration of how to deal with environmental, health and safety problems from the circumstantial to the intrinsic.
This document discusses improving resource efficiency to address climate change through closing material loops. It provides examples from nature, such as how trees reuse all biomass through decomposition, to achieve near 100% mass recovery. The document then analyzes applying these principles to plastics by using microwave pyrolysis to decompose plastics into original monomers like styrene, achieving 75-85% monomer yields. A life cycle assessment shows this distributed pyrolysis approach could reduce emissions by 0.4-1.75 tons per ton of plastics processed compared to landfilling.
This document describes a new bioplastic technology called Hydal Biotechnology that utilizes renewable food waste like used cooking oil. It produces a biodegradable polymer called PHA through a patented high-efficiency fermentation process. This novel process offers higher yields and productivity compared to other methods. The technology provides a sustainable solution by converting waste into a high value bioplastic product, while addressing issues with synthetic plastic waste and lowering PHA production costs.
This presentation is prepared for First Year Engineering Students at Savitribai Phule Pune University.
It is introduction of green chemistry to understand the problems caused by using hazardous chemicals and its solution.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on producing fuel oil from municipal plastic waste. It describes the current methods for plastic waste disposal in India and why generating fuel from plastic waste is beneficial. The process involves basic pyrolysis and catalytic reforming of plastic waste at high temperatures. Research is presented on experiments converting different types of plastic into fuel using various catalysts. The results show the type of plastic and catalyst used affect the yield and properties of the liquid fuel produced. The conclusion is that this process can help dispose of plastic waste while also addressing India's need for fuel.
Fra konferencen: 'Kemisk genanvendelse af plast - en vej til en cirkulær fremtid?' Presentation ved Christian Lach, Product Management & Marketing Europe: 'From plastic waste to chemically recycled products'.
Here are the key assumptions needed to complete the disposable diaper vs. cloth diaper LCA study:
- The functional unit is 1 year of diaper use for one baby
- Cotton diapers are reused for 2 years before being discarded
- Disposable diapers are used once and discarded
- Electricity and natural gas impacts are considered for manufacturing, washing, and drying cloth diapers
- Transportation impacts are included for shipping materials and finished products
- Recyclability credits are taken where applicable
With these assumptions, the LCA can now be conducted to compare the environmental impacts of disposable vs. cloth diapers over their full lifecycles on an equivalent usage basis.
This document discusses the concepts of theoretical yield, actual yield, and percent yield in chemical reactions. It defines theoretical yield as the maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactant. Actual yield is the amount of product actually obtained in an experiment, and percent yield is the ratio of actual to theoretical yield expressed as a percentage. It provides an example calculation of theoretical yield, actual yield, and percent yield for a reaction between chlorine gas and excess sodium iodide. Finally, it discusses the importance of percent yield in industrial processes like sulfuric acid production.
The document provides an overview of the clean chemicals industry. It discusses the history of the chemical industry and principles of green chemistry. It outlines notable companies and technologies in the clean chemicals space. The future opportunities include targeting ammonia production and plastics recycling. Successful companies will require partnerships, scaling carefully, and understanding customer needs. Transitioning the chemical industry towards more sustainable processes will require efforts from both startups and large incumbents.
1) Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances. It encourages more economical and environmentally friendly techniques.
2) There are 12 principles of green chemistry developed by Anastas and Warner to guide reducing environmental impacts, including preventing waste generation, designing safer chemicals and solvents, using renewable feedstocks, and catalysis.
3) Various metrics have been developed to quantify the environmental performance of chemical processes, like carbon efficiency, atom economy, and environmental factor, though developing universally applicable metrics remains challenging.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on chemical synthesis that covers topics such as the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, reactions of acids, salts, purity of chemicals, rates of reactions, catalysts, chemical quantities, stages of chemical synthesis, and measuring yield. The first lesson focuses on understanding the role and importance of the chemical industry and the difference between bulk and fine chemicals.
This document discusses green chemistry approaches for more efficient chemical synthesis. It outlines challenges with current chemical processes that are inefficient and generate large amounts of waste. Green chemistry aims to address these challenges through novel reactions and processes that maximize desired product yield while minimizing byproducts. Specific examples discussed include isomerization, addition, and C-H functionalization reactions that improve atom economy. The use of catalysis, tandem/cascade reactions, flow reactors, and biocatalysis can further increase efficiency. Exploration of greener solvents is also important to reduce waste. Overall, the document advocates for fundamentally new chemistry to make synthesis more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
The document provides an overview of lessons covering physics topics related to astronomy. It outlines 24 lessons that will cover telescopes, lenses, different types of telescopes, stars, the sun, moon and earth, eclipses, star distances, galaxies, and more. Each lesson includes objectives, literacy and numeracy focuses, and extension questions.
The document outlines a physics lesson plan covering topics related to telescopes, stars, galaxies, and the structure and composition of stars over 24 lessons. Key topics included refracting and reflecting telescopes, star distances and brightness, galaxies, stellar composition and nuclear fusion, and how a star's color relates to its surface temperature.
This document outlines a physics lesson plan on telescopes over 24 lessons. It will cover the different types of telescopes like refracting, reflecting, and radio telescopes. It will discuss how telescopes produce images using electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies. Key topics include lenses, star distances, galaxies, and the composition of stars. Lessons will include activities, literacy and numeracy focus, and questions for extension.
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a module about radiation and waves. It focuses on lesson P6.7, which discusses electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than visible light, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. The lesson objectives are to understand that these waves are ionizing radiation that can alter or damage living cells. Examples of sources, detectors, and uses of each type of wave are provided. Key concepts explained are that frequency increases and wavelength decreases as you move from radio waves to gamma rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
This document provides an overview of 12 lessons on the wave model of radiation. It will cover topics such as what waves are, describing wave properties, how waves behave at barriers and boundaries, bending light beams, electromagnetic waves, radio waves, and radiation from space. The first lesson defines key terms like amplitude, wavelength, and frequency and explains the two main types of waves - transverse and longitudinal waves. Subsequent lessons will focus on reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves.
The document outlines a route map for a 12 lesson course on electric circuits. It will cover topics like static electricity, electric charge, circuits, current, resistance, resistors, voltage, power, and electricity generation and distribution. It provides learning objectives and a sample activity for the first lesson which involves drawing a series circuit with batteries, a switch, light bulb, resistor and variable resistor and adding a voltmeter and ammeter.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in 12 lessons on electric circuits. The lessons will cover static electricity, electric charge, circuit symbols, simple circuits, controlling and measuring current, resistance, resistor combinations, measuring voltage, electrical power, domestic appliances, generating electricity, and distributing electricity. Each lesson will have objectives, activities, extension questions, and a summary.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and lessons covered in a physics module on forces and motion. Over 12 lessons, students will learn about forces in different directions, how objects start and stop moving, friction, reaction forces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, momentum, changes in momentum, car safety, laws of motion, work and energy, and kinetic and gravitational potential energy. Example questions and activities are provided to help students understand concepts like momentum, changes in momentum due to forces, and how safety features in cars like seatbelts reduce impact forces during collisions.
The document outlines a 12 lesson plan on the topic of forces and motion. It will cover key concepts such as forces in different directions, how objects start to move, friction, reaction of surfaces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, changes in momentum, car safety, and laws of motion. Each lesson will include objectives, activities, literacy and numeracy focuses, and questions to help students understand the key topics being covered.
1. The document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and energy changes over 24 lessons.
2. Lesson C7.9 focuses on rates of reaction and how factors like temperature, concentration, and particle size can influence the rate. Collision theory and activation energy are also discussed.
3. Examples of reversible reactions are given where the direction can change based on conditions like temperature and pressure. Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations no longer change.
This document outlines a chemistry lesson plan covering titrations. The lesson will teach students how titration is used as a quantitative technique to measure the concentrations of acids and bases by determining the volume needed of a standard solution to reach the endpoint of a neutralization reaction. Key concepts include using an indicator to identify the endpoint, repeating titrations to obtain an accurate average volume, and how titrations can be used to find the concentration of an unknown solution based on the reaction stoichiometry. The lesson will also discuss using data loggers and pH probes for higher precision measurements.
The document outlines a chemistry route map for studying various topics over 24 lessons, including alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, titrations, reaction rates, equilibrium, the chemical industry, and green chemistry. It provides lesson objectives, activities, and questions for lessons on alkanes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids, covering topics like their structures, properties, reactions, uses, and how they are produced.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry module that will cover various topics related to chemical synthesis, including the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, rates of reactions, and factors that affect rates. It focuses specifically on lesson 6.11, which discusses the different stages involved in chemical synthesis, and lesson 6.12, which is about measuring the yield of chemical reactions.
This document outlines a lesson plan on metals from the lithosphere. It will teach students how reactive metals are extracted from ores using methods like carbon displacement and electrolysis. Key concepts include metal ores, extraction methods, reactivity series, and calculating formula masses of compounds. Activities include matching metals to their ores, naming metals, and explaining extraction techniques and material uses based on reactivity.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a course on chemicals in the natural environment. The 12 lessons will cover chemicals found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It outlines the key concepts, objectives and activities for the first lesson which will introduce the four spheres and focus on the chemicals found in each.
1. Ionic compounds form when a metal reacts with a non-metal, resulting in positively charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions that bond together in a crystalline lattice structure.
2. When ionic compounds dissolve in water or melt, the ions become free to move and conduct electricity. During electrolysis, positively charged metal ions move to the cathode and negatively charged non-metal ions move to the anode.
3. Common ionic compounds include sodium chloride, formed from sodium and chlorine ions, and copper chloride, used in electrolysis to extract copper metal from its ionic form.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry course covering topics like the periodic table, alkaline metals, chemical equations, halogens, helium, atomic structure, electrons, salts, and ionic theory. It includes lesson objectives, activities, extension questions, and summaries for the first two lessons which focus on the periodic table and alkaline metals. Key points covered are the periodic table's arrangement of elements, properties of group 1 alkaline metals like their reactions with water and acids, and their similarities and reactivity trends.
This document outlines a biology curriculum covering various topics over 12 lessons. It will cover photosynthesis, respiration, feeding relationships, genetics, blood, circulation, energy, symbiosis, parasites, disease, biotechnology, exercise, joints, genetic modification, and more. Key concepts include how plants and organisms obtain and use energy, genetic inheritance and testing, the structure and function of body systems, and applications of biotechnology.
Genetic testing uses gene probes to identify inherited disorders in embryos or fetuses. It was developed in the 1980s and can detect conditions like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Down syndrome. A gene probe is a piece of DNA that binds to a faulty gene, identifying disorders. Parents may choose to terminate a pregnancy if testing finds an inherited disease.
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
How to Add Colour Kanban Records in Odoo 17 NotebookCeline George
In Odoo 17, you can enhance the visual appearance of your Kanban view by adding color-coded records using the Notebook feature. This allows you to categorize and distinguish between different types of records based on specific criteria. By adding colors, you can quickly identify and prioritize tasks or items, improving organization and efficiency within your workflow.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
Join educators from the US and worldwide at this year’s conference, themed “Strategies for Proficiency & Acquisition,” to learn from top experts in world language teaching.
Views in Odoo - Advanced Views - Pivot View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, the pivot view is a graphical representation of data that allows users to analyze and summarize large datasets quickly. It's a powerful tool for generating insights from your business data.
The pivot view in Odoo is a valuable tool for analyzing and summarizing large datasets, helping you gain insights into your business operations.
AI Risk Management: ISO/IEC 42001, the EU AI Act, and ISO/IEC 23894PECB
As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, understanding the complexities and regulations regarding AI risk management is more crucial than ever.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 42001 standard, which provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems within organizations
• insights into the European Union's landmark legislative proposal aimed at regulating AI
• framework and methodologies prescribed by ISO/IEC 23894 for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with AI systems
Presenters:
Miriama Podskubova - Attorney at Law
Miriama is a seasoned lawyer with over a decade of experience. She specializes in commercial law, focusing on transactions, venture capital investments, IT, digital law, and cybersecurity, areas she was drawn to through her legal practice. Alongside preparing contract and project documentation, she ensures the correct interpretation and application of European legal regulations in these fields. Beyond client projects, she frequently speaks at conferences on cybersecurity, online privacy protection, and the increasingly pertinent topic of AI regulation. As a registered advocate of Slovak bar, certified data privacy professional in the European Union (CIPP/e) and a member of the international association ELA, she helps both tech-focused startups and entrepreneurs, as well as international chains, to properly set up their business operations.
Callum Wright - Founder and Lead Consultant Founder and Lead Consultant
Callum Wright is a seasoned cybersecurity, privacy and AI governance expert. With over a decade of experience, he has dedicated his career to protecting digital assets, ensuring data privacy, and establishing ethical AI governance frameworks. His diverse background includes significant roles in security architecture, AI governance, risk consulting, and privacy management across various industries, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: June 26, 2024
Tags: ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Satta Matka Dpboss Kalyan Matka Results Kalyan ChartMohit Tripathi
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Still I Rise by Maya Angelou
-Table of Contents
● Questions to be Addressed
● Introduction
● About the Author
● Analysis
● Key Literary Devices Used in the Poem
1. Simile
2. Metaphor
3. Repetition
4. Rhetorical Question
5. Structure and Form
6. Imagery
7. Symbolism
● Conclusion
● References
-Questions to be Addressed
1. How does the meaning of the poem evolve as we progress through each stanza?
2. How do similes and metaphors enhance the imagery in "Still I Rise"?
3. What effect does the repetition of certain phrases have on the overall tone of the poem?
4. How does Maya Angelou use symbolism to convey her message of resilience and empowerment?
How to Install Theme in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
With Odoo, we can select from a wide selection of attractive themes. Many excellent ones are free to use, while some require payment. Putting an Odoo theme in the Odoo module directory on our server, downloading the theme, and then installing it is a simple process.
Debts of gratitude 4meanings announcement format.pptx
C7 lesson part four
1. C7 Chemistry ‘triple science’ Route map Over the next 24 lessons you will study : Friday 21 October 2011 C7.1 The alkanes C7.2 The alcohols C7.3 Carboxylic acids C7.4 Esters End of module test C7.5 Fats and oils C7.7 Energy changes C7.15 Chromatography C7.16 Interpretating chromatograms C7.17 Gas chromatography C7.18 Titrations C7.8 How much energy C7.9 How fast...rates of reaction C7.10 Reversible changes C7.11 Equilibrium C7.19 Precision and accuracy C7.20 Overview of the chemical industry C7.21 Green chemistry C7.22 Improving yield in industrial chemistry C7.12 Theories on acidity C7.13 Stages in analysis C7.23 Making industrial chemistry greener C7.24 Reducing waste in industrial chemistry C7.6 Fats and human health C7.14 Sampling C7.25 Using by-products and reducing waste C7.26 Making ethanoic acid
2. C7.22 Improving yield in industrial chemistry Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand that the percentage yield of a process is a measure of the efficiency of the process in converting raw material to final products Understand the difference between theoretical yield, percentage yield and actual yield. We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Think of two industrial process, one a very low yield process and two a very high yield process ? Literacy: Yield, actual yield, theoretical yield, percentage yield, efficiency, raw materials, substrates, products, industry chemistry, calculations and atom economy. Numeracy: In 1998 Barry Trost coined the phrase ‘atom economy’ as a measure of the efficiency in which a reaction uses its reactants or substrates. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers
3. Extension questions: 1: Explain the difference between actual and theoretical yield ? 2: Why are product yields rarely 100% ? 3: Ethene, the alkene which is used as a raw material for making polythene is made form ethane. A chemist started with 12 tonnes of ethane and produced 6.5 tones of ethene. What is the theoretical yield, b) the actual yield and c) the percentage yield for this industrial process ? 4: The ethene was than made into 4.5 tones of polythene. Explain the percentage yield of the polythene compared to war materials ? Know this: a: Know that the percentage yield of a process is a measure of the efficiency of the process in converting raw material to final products. b: Know the difference between percentage, actual and theoretical yield. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: In chemistry, yield, is the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. The theoretical yield can be given as the weight in grams or in moles of the product. The percentage yield, which serve to measure the effectiveness of an industrial process, is calculated by dividing the amount of the obtained product in moles by the theoretical yield in moles. Making sure you delivers the highest yield possible make the process more cost effective and reduces the amount of raw material that you have to purchase C7.22 Improving yield in industrial chemistry
4. Key concepts C7.22 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Look the diagram opposite illustrating the manufacturing process for making ammonia a raw material required to make fertilisers. a) What are the raw materials ? b) Why are the un-reacted raw material recycled ? c) Is the yield of ammonia NH 3 considered excellent good or poor ? The ideal or theoretical yield of a chemical reaction would be 100%, a value that is impossible to achieve in normal industrial processes. Yields around 90% are called excellent , yields above about 80% very good , yields above about 70% are called good , yields below about 50% are called fair , yields below about 40% are called poor . Yields may appear to be above 100% when products are impure. Purification steps always lower the yield and the reported yields usually refer to the yield of the final purified product 56% The Haber process for making ammonia (NH 3 )
5. Key concepts C7.22 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: During a reflux reactions yield tend to be low at around 50 to 60%. Reactions are doing using reflux where both reactants meet as vapours with the product being condense back into a liquid and collected. Un-used reactants are recycled over and over again using this apparatus which helps to further improve the yield of organic reactions. product condenser substrates heat Looking at percentage yield Explain the role of reflux in trying to improve the yield of the ester product ? Substrate a: 45.00g Substrate b: 55.00g Product c: 67.00g Substrates Reactants If 45.00 grams of substrate A was reacted with 55.00 grams of substrate B to make 67.00 grams of product C, find or calculate: a) The actual yield ? b) The theoretical yield ? c) The percentage yield ?
6. C7.22 Plenary Lesson summary: weight measure product dividing Friday 21 October 2011 As a general rule, most reactions do not result in 100% yield, and so, this might be the limits of the reaction. In some cases, one of the reagents that is used in the reaction is limiting and can cause a reduced in yield. How Science Works: Research into improving how new products are made and improving yield efficiency and atom economy. Preparing for the next lesson: In chemistry, yield and reaction yield, is the amount of _______ obtained in a chemical reaction The absolute yield can be given as the _______ in grams or in moles. The percentage yield, which serve to _______ the effectiveness of a reaction, is calculated by _________ the amount of the obtained product in moles by the theoretical yield in moles: Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: The actual yield is always higher than the theoretical yield ? False True 2: Impure products can sometimes give actual yield that are above 100% ? False True 1: Actual yield of a products is never 100% ?
7. C7.23 Making industrial chemistry greener Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand how to improve industrial processes therefore reducing the use of raw materials, energy and the need to manage waste. Understand how to make all the steps of an industrial processes safer and less wasteful therefore reducing the impact on the environment. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Think of one industrial process or company that has become greener over the last 20 years, for example Shell now sell bio-ethanol and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) for fuels for cars as well as diesel and petrol ? Numeracy: The use of crude oil as a raw material for fuels, lubricants, bitumen, and plastics has never been higher. The cost of a litre of petrol is expected to rise by 8% per year every year until we exhaust our World reserves. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers Literacy: Green chemistry, risk assessment, improving yield, actual yield, energy efficiency, reducing raw materials, atom economy and hazardous waste.
8. C7.23 Extension questions: 1: Give three uses for polythene in the home ? 2: Why does chemists making industrial process more efficient make good a) economic sense and b) environmental sense ? 3: Why do using catalysts reduce a) the time taken for the end product to be made and b) the amount of energy required ? 4: Why are biological powder that work at low temperatures better for the environment ? 5: Name three material that are easy to recycle ? Know this: a: Know how to improve industrial processes therefore reducing the use of raw materials, energy and the need to manage waste. b: know how to make all the steps of an industrial processes greener. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Polythene is made by joining together molecules of ethene. Ethene is made by cracking longer chain alkens forming ethane and then converting into ethene. The yield for this reaction is about 65%. By mixing lots of ethene molecules together, we can make them join onto each other - like links in a chain. In this way, a chain of ethenes links up to make 'poly-ethene', or polythene. Engineers and scientists have radically changed the process of making polyethylene since World War II. The process used today has significantly reduced the production cost of polyethylene. This reduced cost has opened up the market for polyethylene to be used in a wide variety of products including once use food and product packaging. Making industrial chemistry greener
9. Key concepts C7.23 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Aspirin the mostly widely used drug in the world - approximately 35,000 tonnes are produced and consumed annually (100 billion standard aspirin tablets.) Scientists previously used an inefficient two step process which has now been replaced by an efficient one step process. This improved the atom economy of manufacture and reduce costs and waste. Yield 85% Yield 60% Product If the yield increase from 60% to 85% what would this do to the cost of aspirin manufacture ? Why does yield tend to fall as the number of synthesis steps increases during the manufacture of a chemical like aspirin ? Pathway B Pathway A Improving atom economy in industrial chemistry
10. Key concepts C7.23 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The properties of any polymer are determined by two things. a) The length of their chains b) How the fibres interact with one another Scientists can change properties like strength and elasticity by using different catalysts that they use during polythene manufacture. HDPE LDPE PET Cling film In cling film, the polymer chains mostly branched giving a low density. How does introducing ‘cross link’ change the properties of the polythene ? In PET plastic which is used to make drinks containers, the fibres line up end to end allowing high density plastic. Why is this an ideal property for a drinks container ? Catalyst B Catalyst A Using different catalysts in manufacturing plastics
11. Key concepts C7.23 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: An industrial chemist will always consider and try and control the costs of every part of the industrial process from the cost of buying in raw materials to the cost of turning them into a new product. Chemists must also include the cost of disposing of waste chemicals and the cost of energy (heat and electricity) require during the manufacturing process. Yield % Product The price of crude oil begins to soar, what cost associated with the process above will begin to rise ? Persil and Arial washing powder/liquids now come super-concentrated, what cost does this reduce and why ? Raw materials Material cost (£) Transport cost (£) Waste cost (£) Process cost (£) Electrical cost (£) Heating cost (£) Product cost (£) Transport cost (£) Waste cost (£) Synthesis pathway Reducing costs from raw material to final product
12. C7.23 Plenary Lesson summary: drugs improve raw waste Friday 21 October 2011 Atom economy describes the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved. In an ideal chemical process, the amount of starting materials or reactants equals the amount of all products generated. Atom economy is an important concept of green chemistry . How Science Works: Research into how chemist can reduce waste and recycle reactants and finished products when they are no longer needed by the consumer. Preparing for the next lesson: Industrial chemists work very hard to _______ the processes that take ______ materials producing products like dyes, ____, bulk chemicals and fuels. It also make economic sense to reduce _______ and improve the atom economy of the process. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Improving the final yield will increase profits for the chemical industry ? False True 2: Recycling is generally not good for the environment ? False True 1: The cost of polythene and other plastic is linked to the cost of crude oil ?
13. C7.24 Reducing waste and recycling chemicals Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Think of one use for recycled PET plastics and how could you green the way you lived in your own home ? Numeracy: In 2010 over 2.2. trillion pounds of PET plastic were produced worldwide. About 25% of the original plastic was recycled into new plastic products. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers Lesson objectives: Understand how to improve industrial processes therefore reducing the use of raw materials, energy and the need to manage waste. Understand how design products that can be recycled, therefore reducing waste to landfill. Literacy: Green chemistry, risk assessment, improving yield, actual yield, energy efficiency, reducing raw materials, atom economy hazardous waste.
14. Extension questions: 1: Why has the government change the law to make all council recycle at least 25% of all household waste ? 2: Suggest two benefits and two disadvantages to recycling plastic like polythene and PET plastics ? 3: Give the raw material for the following products a) milk carton b) glass bottle c) PET plastic bottle and d) rubber tyre ? 4: In the 1970s bottle and can makers use to have a deposit system on their cans and bottle. Why does this encourage recycling ? Know this: a: Know how to improve industrial processes therefore reducing the use of raw materials, energy and the need to manage waste. b: Know how design products that can be recycled, therefore reducing waste to landfill. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Industrial chemists make sure that during product manufacture from raw materials, there is as little waste a possible. Key things all chemists consider are: Atom economy: (improving pathways of synthesis and therefore reducing quantities of raw materials required) Life cycle of the product: (improving the life cycle of a products, for example a plastic bag has a life expectancy of only 25 minutes before it is binned) Using by-products: (can by products be useful, for example the whey liquid removed form the curds during cheese manufacture is now used to make animal feed) Reducing waste and improving recycling: (Can your product by recycled, for example rubber tyres are now used to make wellies, astro-turf and door mats.) C7.24 Reducing waste and recycling chemicals
15. C7.24 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain why wellington boots using recycled rubber are cheaper to make than wellington boots made form new raw materials ? Can you think of any other uses for the 40,000,000 tyres that we use every year here in the UK alone ? Key concepts Wellies tyres Door mats landfill Astro turf Tyres are made form cured rubber which is collected as liquid latex form the rubber tree. Rubber tyres are tough and durable, and they have to be. An average car tyre will travel around 20,000 miles over its lifetime. But what happens when they reach the end of the road?. Currently, around a quarter of old tyres are reused and around half are recycled in some way. To make up the shortfall, there are some imaginative ways to give an old tyre a new lease of life including; turning the rubber into a) Wellington boots, b) atsro-turf and c) door mats. Life cycle of tyres
16. Key concepts C7.24 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Look at the process above, explain whether this is open loop or closed loop recycling ? Give three ways that we can encourage individuals and households to recycle more of their PT plastics ? Plastics are sorted according to their resin code, a method of categorization of polymer types. Polyethylene terephthalate or PET has a resin code of 1. They are also often separated by colour and then shredded. These shredded fragments then undergo processes to eliminate impurities like paper labels. This material is melted and often extruded into pellets which are then used to manufacture other products. Recycling PET (1) plastics PET flakes reused to make more PET bottles
17. C7.24 Plenary Lesson summary: polymer sorted glass mix Friday 21 October 2011 PET bottles are also recycled as-is (re-used) for various purposes, including for use in school projects, and for use in solar water disinfection in developing nations, in which empty PET bottles are filled with water and left in the sun to allow disinfection by ultraviolet radiation. PET is useful for this purpose because other materials (glass) that are transparent to light are opaque to UV radiation. How Science Works: Research into using by products and reducing pollution by reducing waste. Preparing for the next lesson: When compared to other materials like _______ and metals, plastics require greater processing to be recycled. Different plastics are difficult to _____, which is due to the large ________ chains. Heating alone is not enough to dissolve such a large molecule, they have to be very closely _______ into different types and colours . Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Carpet and fleece fibres are made form recycled PET bottles ? False True 2: Recycling increase the impact on the environment ? False True 1: Recycling material is often better value for money ?
18. C7.25 Using by products and reducing pollution Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Compare how you buy your milk, doe it come in a multi use milk bottle or a one use milk carton. Which do you think is the more environmentally way to receive your milk ? Numeracy: A glass milk bottle is used on average 125 times before it can then be recycled into other glass products. PET bottle are used once before only 25% of the plastic are recycled into new plastic PET bottles. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers Lesson objectives: Understand how to improve industrial processes therefore reducing the use of raw materials, energy and the need to manage waste. Understand how by products can be used to increase profits and reduce pollution. Literacy: Green chemistry, risk assessment, improving yield, actual yield, energy efficiency, reducing raw materials, atom economy, by products, reduce, reuse and hazardous waste.
19. C7.25 Extension questions: 1: Give one commercial use for the following by-products a) clinker produced from iron extraction b) chlorine gas form the production of bleach from salt brine c) plant fibre form the extraction of sugar from sugar cane ? 2: Describe the difference between reusing, recycling and reducing and what household items could you a) reduce b) reuse and c) recycle ? 4: What type of material are we now encouraged to recycle in our everyday lives ? Know this: a: Know how to improve industrial processes therefore reducing the use of raw materials, energy and the need to manage waste. b: Know how by products can be used to increase profits and reduce pollution. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Most chemical process produce vast amounts of by-products that if not used can pollute the environment. Using by-products to produce other new products makes good commercial sense: Creates new products: (these add value to your company’s product range and market share) Generates additional income: (this can increase your company's profit) Reduces waste: (often you have to pay to manage waste reducing your waste will save you money and time) Improves the efficiency of the process: (less material, storage and distribution costs) Using by-products and reducing pollution
20. Key concepts C7.25 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Why has the government introduced new law forcing 5% of all fuels that are sold for cars and lorries to be bio-fuels ? There three main by-products produce whilst making biofuels are list above. Explain why these are now also important products in their own right ? The chemical by-products generated from biodiesel production have a number of commercial uses: Glycerine : A colourless, nontoxic liquid use in foods, for example, as a sweetener or softening agent, in personal care products, for example, in soap, shampoo and lotion. Plant asphalt: Carbon rich used as a fuel for boilers, casting plaster and a stain remover. Erucic acid: A fatty acid that can be extracted from rapeseed and used in the production of lubricants and polyesters, for example, in skin and health care products By-products from making bio-fuels raw materials Industrial process Products and by-products
21. Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Here in the Europe, our consumer lifestyles means that we use lots of natural resources and produce lots of waste or rubbish. A large percentage of UK households still do not recycle, reduce or reuse in their everyday lives. Most people over consume, fail to reuse or recycle everyday objects. By recycling, reducing and reusing we can lessen our environmental impact. Plastic especially in packaging is often used only once and then buried in land fill sites...suggest one way you can reduce the amount of plastic you use ? Suggest one product that you can a) reuse and b) recycle ? Used plastic that is buried in landfill sites takes many years to breakdown. Scientists have now developed biodegradable plastics. Do you think that all plastics now sold should be biodegradable ? Key concepts C7.25 b
22. C7.25 Plenary Lesson summary: waste markets process polltute Friday 21 October 2011 New legalisation is being introduced every year to ensure that companies pollute less and produce less landfill waste. The current policy is that the ‘polluter pay’s meaning that companies now have to pay for the right to dump waste either into landfill or via the sewerage system. How Science Works: Research into how the manufacturing of ethanoic acid (acetic acid or vinegar) has changed over the last 30 years making the process more efficient and lest costly. Preparing for the next lesson: In any industrial __________, it is impossible to eliminate ________ completely, however by finding new ___________ for some for the by products companies can _______ less and make more profit. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Processed cheese found in hamburgers is a by-product of butter manufacture ? False True 2: Plaster board is made from waste gypsum created by cement manufacture ? False True 1: By using by-products for different products companies can reduce waste ?
23. C7.26 Making ethanoic acid…a case study Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand how the uses for ethanoic acid and how it is manufactured Understand how the manufacturing process for making ethanoic acid has changes over the last 30 years improving atom economy Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Ethanoic acid or vinegar is used in a wide range of products. Give three uses of ethanoic acid or vinegar ? Literacy: Ethanoic acid, acetic acid, vinegar, carboxylic acid, industrial processes, raw material, substrates, products, atom economy and greener chemistry. Numeracy: The global demand of acetic acid is around 6.5 million tonnes per year, of which approximately 1.5 million tonnes is met by recycling; the remainder is manufactured from petrochemicals, feed stocks or from biological sources . PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers
24. Extension questions: 1: Why could you not put ethanoic acid made by oxidising crude oil hydrocarbons on your fish and chips ? 2: Explain why using crude oil hydrocarbon was not an environmentally friendly way of making ethanoic acid ? 3: Name four foods preserved in fermented ethanoic acid (vinegar) ? 4: Other than improving the yield, what other costs may have been lowered by making ethanoic acid form reacting methanol with carbon monoxide using a catalyst ? Know this: a: Know how the uses for ethanoic acid and how it is manufactured b: Know how the manufacturing process for making ethanoic acid has changes over the last 30 years. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Ethanoic acid (CH 3 COOH) is organic carboxylic acid . It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical which is also used in foods as a preservative. It is very widely used as a solvent and in the manufacture of rubber and plastics. It is also used in the production of PET plastics. In the food industry, ethanoic acid is produced by natural fermentation and is used under the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment (think fish and chips !). Prior to 1970, it was made by oxidising hydrocarbons sourced from crude oil. This process was expensive and yielded about 30% ethanoic acid. It is now made by reacting methanol and carbon monoxide reducing waste and yielding almost 100% C7.26 Making ethanoic acid…a case study
25. Key concepts C7.26 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain why a) the substrates are heated and b) the un-reacted substrates are recycled during this process ? Look at the entire process and explain why you would expect to have any waste products or by products ? In the 1970s the Monsanto Chemical Company found a method for making ethanoic acid (CH 3 COOH) directly by reacting methanol (CH 3 OH) and carbon monoxide (CO) instead of oxidising valuable hydrocarbons extracted from crude oil. CH 3 OH (l) = CO (g) CH 3 COOH (l). + C=O raw materials end product recycling substrates heater pump reactor condenser Manufacturing ethanoic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide
26. Key concepts C7.26 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: The process Why do industrial chemists analyse each stage of an industrial process ? Explain the difference between a by-product and a waste material ? Raw materials Industrial process By-products Waste materials Can the amount of raw material be reduced to improve atom economy ? Can the process be made more energy efficient to reduce operating costs ? Is the yield as high as possible ? Questioning the process Can any of the by products be sold or reused ? Product yield Can the amount of waste material be reduce avoid landfill charges ? Atom economy (atom efficiency) describes the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved. In an ideal chemical process the amount of starting materials or reactants equals the amount of all products generated and no atom is wasted. Recent developments like high raw material (such as petrochemicals) costs and increased sensitivity to environmental concerns have made atom economical approaches more popular. Atom economy is an important concept of green chemistry philosophy reducing the use of raw material and the production of waste Improving industrial chemical processes
27. C7.26 Plenary Lesson summary: profit pathways by-products raw Friday 21 October 2011 When you are producing millions of tonnes of bulk chemicals even a 0.1% increase in yield can save you millions in pounds on raw materials and energy and whilst also increasing profit by similar amounts. Some companies now reward directly employees who improve yield by giving them a share of the saving made or the increases in profit. How Science Works: Prepare for an end of module test. Preparing for the next lesson: Using direct synthesis __________, catalysts and finding new markets for __________ as well as reducing ______ materials reduces the operating cost of a process and increase the profit of a chemical company. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: High yield process are bad for the environment ? False True 2: Direct synthesis route using catalysts often increase product yield ? False True 1: Low yields mean more expensive products and less profits ?