Presentation1.pptx

Content
1. Definition of antibiotic resistance
2. Mechanism of antibiotic resistance
3. Causes of antibiotic resistance
4. Superbugs
5. Complications of antibiotic resistance
6. Prevention and control
7. Summary

Antibiotic Resistance
The most important problem
associated with infectious
disease today is the rapid
development of resistance to
antibiotics .

What are antibiotics?
Antibiotics are medicines used to treat or
prevent infections caused by bacteria.
They work by inhibiting the growth of or
destroying the bacteria.
They do this in various ways, such as destroying
the bacterial cell wall or inhibiting the
generation of energy from glucose within the
bacterial cell.

What is antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop
the ability to survive exposure to antibiotics that
were designed to kill them or stop their growth.
Antibiotic resistant bacteria are free to grow,
multiply and cause infection within the host even
when exposed to antibiotics.
The result is that certain antibiotics can no longer
be used to successfully treat certain infections.

How does antibiotic resistance occur?
Antibiotic resistance occurs due to changes in the DNA of the bacteria
These changes enable the bacteria to survive the effects of antibiotics
designed to kill them.
This means that when an antibiotic is used, all the bacteria that have not
undergone a change are killed, while the antibiotic resistant bacteria remain
unaffected.

How does antibiotic resistance occur?
The antibiotic resistant bacteria are able to continue to divide and grow
producing even more bacteria that are not affected by the antibiotic.
The survival of resistant strains of bacteria means that antibiotics
or drugs designed to kill them no longer work, allowing them to spread rapidly,
posing a risk to public health.
When this happens it is necessary for scientists to develop new antibiotics that
the bacteria do not have resistance to.

Causes of antibiotics resistance
1.Overuse of antibiotics:
Taking antibiotics when they’re not needed or
helpful contributes to antibiotic resistance.
For example, most cases of sore throat are viral.
Antibiotics won’t help.
Even bacterial ear infection often improve
without antibiotics.

2.Misuse of antibiotics:
Bacteria take advantage of any chance to multiply.
If you forget to take a medicine for a day (or several
days), stop treatment too soon, or use incorrect
antibiotics (such as taking someone else’s medicine),
bacteria start replicating.
As they multiply, they can change .New bacteria
become gradually more resistant to a medicine.

3. Agricultural use:
Globally, antibiotics are widely used in animal
production not only to improve animal health, but
also to enhance animal growth rates and raise
animal productivity.
The use of antibiotics, however, can lead to
resistance and transmission of resistance genes.
This is will be critical for human and animal health.

4. Spontaneous resistance :
Sometimes, the (DNA) of a bacterium changed on its
own.
The antibiotic doesn’t recognize this newly changed
and can’t target it the way it should.

What is a superbug?
A superpug is a strain of bacteria that has
become resistant to multiple antibiotics.
These strains may even be resistant to newer
antibiotics.
If there are no effective antibiotic treatments
available, people with superbug infections are at
risk for serious health outcomes.

The four most dangerous superbugs
There is a growing number of superbugs out
there.
(WHO) has come out with a list of superbugs
that urgently need new antibiotics to fight them.
And, while there are several, here are four of
the most common and dangerous ones.

Superbugs :
1. MRSA
MRSA is a type of antibiotic-resistant
bacteria that usually causes skin
infections but can also cause serious
lung infections (pneumonia) and
bloodstream infections (sepsis).
MRSA is hard to treat because it doesn’t
respond to many of the most commonly
used antibiotics, like Penicillin.

Superbugs :
2. Antibiotic-resistant C. diff
Antibiotic-resistant C. diff is a dangerous infection
that causes severe inflammation, cramping, and
diarrhea.
Almost 30,000 people in U.S. die of C. diff every year.

Superbugs :
3. Antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea
Gonorrhea can cause infertility and miscarriage, is
one of the most common sexually transmitted
diseases in the U.S.
It used to be easily treated with (Rocephin). But,
over time, antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea,
sometimes called “super gonorrhea, has become
more common.

Superbugs :
4. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
(TB) is an infection that attacks lungs and
can cause severe coughing, chest pain,
fatigue, and weight loss.
MDR- TB won’t respond to at least four of
the core antibiotics used to treat TB.

Complications of antibiotic resistance
Treatment failure leading to chronic problems
Increased morbidity (disability, poor outcomes)
and mortality
Adverse effects of alternative treatments
Relapse of the infection after treatment

Complications of antibiotic resistance
Increased spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and
their associated community- and healthcare-acquired
infections
Increased use of antibiotics
Lack of availability of clinically effective antibiotics

complications of antibiotic resistance
Longer and more complicated stays in
hospital
Excess healthcare costs
Decreased societal productivity

Leading factors for antibiotic resistance
 Lack of awareness about the issue, among the
general public, prescribers, and the media.
Inadequate waste management and poor water
sanitation.
Poor infection prevention and control practices
(such as lack of hand-washing and hand hygiene).

Leading factors for antibiotic resistance
Insufficient diagnostic tools for the rapid detection of
resistance.
Lack of vaccines for some important infections.
Lack of antibiotics to treat infections caused by multi-
drug resistant bacteria.

High risk for antibiotic resistance
Anyone exposed to antibiotics is at risk for antibiotic
resistance.
Older people
Those with weak immune systems are more likely to
develop serious bacterial infections that need antibiotic
treatment.

High risk for antibiotic resistance
 People more likely to develop be impacted by
antibiotic resistance if they:
- Have AIDS, cancer or being treated for an
autoimmune disease, with immune suppressing
therapy.
- Are an organ transplant or stem cell
transplant receiver.

Treatment
If an infection shows signs of antibiotic resistance, your
healthcare provider may try a different drug.
The new drug may have more severe side effects, and
trying a different antibiotic also raises the risk of
developing resistance to that drug.

Prevention and control : Individuals
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance,
individuals can:
- Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a qualified health
professional.
- Never demand antibiotics if your health worker says you
don’t need them.
- Always follow your health worker’s advice when using
antibiotics.
- Never share or use leftover antibiotics.

Prevention and control : Individuals
- Prevent infections by regularly washing hands, avoiding close
contact with sick people, and keeping vaccinations up to date.
-Follow the WHO Five Keys to Safer Food (keep clean, separate
raw and cooked, cook thoroughly, keep food at safe temperatures,
use safe water and raw materials)
- Choose foods that have been produced without the use of
antibiotics for growth promotion or disease prevention in healthy
animals.

Prevention and control : Health professionals
-To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic resistance,
health professionals can:
- Prevent infections by ensuring your hands, instruments,
and environment are clean.
- Only prescribe antibiotics when they are needed, according
to current guidelines.
- Report antibiotic-resistant infections.

Prevention and control : Healthcare industry
To prevent and control the spread of antibiotic
resistance, the health industry can:
Advance in research and development of new
antibiotics, vaccines, diagnostics and other tools

Recent developments
There are some new antibiotics in development.
Unfortunately, none of them are expected to be effective against the most
dangerous forms of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

WHO response
The “Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance” has some strategic
objectives:
1- To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance.
2- To reinforce observation and research.
3- To reduce the incidence of infection.
4- To optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines.

World Antimicrobial Awareness Week
- Held annually since 2015
- Aims to increase awareness of antimicrobial resistance worldwide and to
encourage best practices among the general public, health workers and policy
makers to avoid the further emergence and spread of drug-resistant infections.
-Takes place every year from 18 to 24 November.

Summary
How to prevent antibiotic resistance - Bing video

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