Standardization

This handbook is oriented toward the standardization of 1) methods
used to develop, analyze and publish mechanical property data for composite materials, 2) procedures
to allow design organizations to effectively use the property data published in Volume 2 of this
Handbook and other similar databases, and 3) general procedures for designing, analyzing and testing
composite structures. In many cases, the standardization is intended to address the needs and requirements
of the customer and regulatory agencies, while providing efficient engineering practices.

Cleanrooms are highly controlled environments, defined by
the air quality, and where certain physical and microbiological
requirements need to be met. Air quality is achieved through
a combination of airborne particulate control, such as through
high efficiency particulate air filters; high fresh air rates (air
movement and air changes); clean-up (or ‘recovery’) times;
pressure differentials, which concerns air direction;
temperature and humidity control (where necessary); cleaning
and disinfection; and staff behaviours and gowning. The
requirements for air quality, and the associated physical
aspects designed to achieve this, are contained within the
international standard ISO 14644.

Democracy is a highly desirable but contested concept in education. However, little is known about how current and future educators perceive, experience and relate to democracy, which could have a significant impact on how students learn about, and become involved in, civic engagement and democracy. This paper reports on a study of 129 College of Education students, finding that they generally have a narrow conceptualization of democracy, primarily focused on electoral politics, only weakly connecting it to education. Social justice, in particular, was highlighted as requiring more attention.

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal apresentar e discutir os fundamentos da gestão da qualidade e da nova versão da NBR ISO 9001, incluindo a aplicação do enfoque por processos nos serviços de informação, com o objetivo de apoiar a melhoria dos processos implantados nestes serviços e principalmente apoiar seu gerenciamento, visando à otimização de recursos e à elevação dos níveis de satisfação dos clientes, itens considerados fundamentais pelas organizações que optam por programas relacionados à gestão da qualidade.

Bespace is a synchronous web3D lecture hall and performance system that seeks to tap the educational and entertainment potential of virtual space. Its underlying interactive methodology is focused on the efficient delivery of information within the space. The entire virtual environment is treated as a one interface. Principles of human computer interaction are applied to the activities, avatars, and architecture. The outcome is an environment that utilizes the power of a digitally created reality and does not sacrifice usability in pursuit of realistic appearances. Bespace’s interactive methodology seeks to implement the promises made by the early pioneers of virtual space. ACM Classification: H5.2 [Information interfaces and

This study examines a “critical case” of one school district’s efforts to develop and implement a standards-based curriculum. The study was conducted from two competing perspectives that have dominated organizational analysis in education: the rational and the institutional. The findings demonstrate that the district took an expressly rationalistic approach by using standards and a corresponding criterion-referenced test to focus teachers’

Designing standardized exams for EFL undergraduates is a matter of great concern in pedagogical practices that assess learners’ academic achievements. This case study was conducted at Majmaah University, Saudi Arabia, to explore the significance of educational exam standardization and its impact on the process of implementation, leading to a balanced and equitable assessment of English language skills. During the study, 250 final English skill exam questions of two semesters were analyzed. A mixed-method approach using a questionnaire and Focused Group Discussion was adopted to collect relevant data. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS 16, and the qualitative data was processed by thematic analysis. The quantitative data results showed that questions were balanced, valid, and reliable in language skill exam papers designed for undergraduate English students. The qualitative data revealed four major themes – standardization of questions, the efficacy of Bloom’s taxonomy, assessment/evaluation, and alignment of the question with learning outcomes. These emerging themes highlighted the effectivness of standardizing exam papers, identified problems, and suggested ways of improvement. The study indicates that exams must be scrutinized for the sake of standardization in terms of maximum course coverage; the variety in the question item; clear, concise, and precise instructions; validity and reliability of exam papers; and the alignment of questions with the course and program learning outcomes to ensure the implementation of the revised Bloom’s taxonomy. The study suggests, to generalize the results, that further investigation should be done in another Saudi university for the sake of comparison.

In this paper we introduce a model as a foundation for het-erogeneous services, therefore unifying web services tech-nologies in SOA (Service Oriented Architecture), specif-ically, SOAP/WS * and RESTful models. This model ab-stracts away from service implementations, in order to verify and to enforce some important security properties.

Objective: Linga Mathirai is traditional Siddha medicine. The medicinal plants and the herbal preparations are preferred; nowadays, due to minimal side effects and the presence of abundant antioxidants and micronutrients which possesses a better therapeutic efficiency. According to the World Health organization, the herbal medicines have been defined as those containing plant parts or plant materials in raw state or processed form containing active principles. The Siddha system of medicine encompasses around 600 medicinal plants in materia medica. Methods: Physicochemical analysis such as pH, ash values, and loss on drying is done and biochemical analysis of acid and basic radicals. Instrumental analysis of Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) for analyze the functional groups in the test drug, scanning electron microscope (SEM) for determine the particle size of the drug, and inductively coupled plasma-optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for heavy metal analysis. Result: For standardization, organoleptic characters were done in that pH is 7.6, ash value is 1.379%, water-soluble ash is 0.294%, acid-insoluble ash is 0.871%, loss on drying in 105 is 0.483%, and disintegration time is 23 min. The functional group were analyzed by FT-IR. Then, in SEM, it has nano and microparticles. Finally, in ICP-OES, heavy metals are in permissible limits. Conclusion: This standardization helps this drug to develop in future and also to evaluate these drug scientifically by determine the toxicity of the drug and pharmacological effect.

Historically, medical sociologists have used the interrelated concepts of objectification, commodification, and standardization to point to the pathologies of modern medicine, such as the depersonalization of care and the effects of bureaucratic control. More recent work in science studies, economic sociology, and sociology of health and illness, however, has begun to explore how the social processes of objectification, commodification, and standardization produce a wide variety of biomedical achievements. We provide a theoretical synthesis of this emerging body of scholarship centered upon the intended and unintended consequences of objectification, commodification, and standardization to improve health. We then outline a research agenda that would result from a more comprehensive assessment of how these processes manifest themselves in clinical care.

ABSTRACT Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for the standardisation of the work breakdown structure (WBS) for building projects. This is based on the premise that buildings in general retain basic elemental options, and that there is a commonality of activities in the procurement of building projects. Design/methodology/approach – To achieve the objective, the general practice of developing the WBS is investigated. This is achieved by means of an industry-wide questionnaire survey designed to identify the most widely used criteria among UK construction organisations in segregating building works into packages. The survey also investigates the sequencing of these criteria across the WBS hierarchy. Findings – The findings reveal that the most frequently used decomposition criteria in the formulation of WBS for building projects are elements, work sections, physical location and construction aids. The proposed framework is presented as a hierarchical decomposition of a building project based on these criteria. It allows for flexibility in level of detail while maintaining a rigid sequencing of the criteria based on their frequency of use. Originality/value – This paper reports on a specific part of an EPSRC funded project that aims to investigate the application of computer vision techniques to the on-site measurement of construction progress. The part reported in this paper addresses planning issues that will lead to automatic generation of work packages. Previous studies have focused on automating the planning aspect by associating individual components with schedule information. However, large construction projects usually consist of thousands of components. Planning and tracking progress at the level of the component is unrealistic in these instances. The standardisation framework reported in this paper will form the basis for automating the formulation of work packages, thus providing a uniform basis for tracking progress (based on computer vision) during project execution.

Bringing together 12 original essays, Shaping the American Interior maps out, for the first time, the development and definition of the field of interiors in the United States in the period from 1870 until 1960. Its interdisciplinary approach encompasses a broad range of people, contexts, and practices, revealing the design of the interior as a collaborative modern enterprise comprising art, design, manufacture, commerce, and identity construction. Rooted in the expansion of mass production and consumption in the last years of the nineteenth century, new and diverse structures came to define the field and provide formal and informal contexts for design work. Intertwined with, but distinct from, architecture and merchandising, interiors encompassed a diffuse range of individuals, institutions, and organizations engaged in the definition of identity, the development of expertise, and the promotion of consumption. This volume investigates the fluid pre-history of the American profession of interior design, charting attempts to commoditize taste, shape modern conceptions of gender and professionalism, define expertise and authority through principles and standards, marry art with industry and commerce, and shape mass culture in the United States.