Level Of Detail (LOD)

Unlike traditional biological research that focuses on a small set of components, systems biology studies the complex interactions among a large number of genes, proteins, and other elements of biological networks and systems. Host-pathogen systems biology examines the interactions between the components of two distinct organisms: a microbial or viral pathogen and its animal host. With the availability of complete genomic sequences of a variety of hosts and pathogens, together with breakthroughs in proteomics, metabolomics, and other experimental areas, the investigation of host-pathogen systems on a multitude of levels of detail has come within reach. This chapter introduces methods and approaches for the analysis of host-pathogen systems. We will particularly emphasize the role of biochemical networks for the study of complex relationships across species boundaries. Although the research area of host-pathogen systems biology spans multiple spatial and temporal scales, we will focus on the molecular and cellular aspects of pathogen-host interactions. We will cover the construction of biochemical networks, the identification of functional response sub-networks, and their comparative network analysis. These methods find application in the identification of host markers and drug targets for further drug development and therapeutic interventions. We will also provide a brief review of other modeling techniques and applications within host-pathogen systems biology, including rule-based modeling of signal transduction pathways, immune system models, and physiological top-down approaches.

In several stages of Web development, Web Engineers have to study, evaluate, compare and finally select one, among many, similar software systems/tools and theoretical Web resources, i.e. processes, methodologies, technologies and patterns. In this work we address this need of Web engineers and introduce an interactive and flexible Evaluation Support Framework (ESF) to facilitate the fast and accurate comparative evaluation of similar “items” against a set of requirements. ESF consists of an Evaluation Support Environment (ESEnv) and several Modules (ESMod) – one per class of “items”. ESEnv provides an efficient scoring methodology and an XML/XSLbased middleware in order to integrate all available ESMod, that are described in XML. Moreover, it allows the specification of evaluation parameters / requirements in two levels of detail through easy-tocomprehend Web forms and presents the results in a meaningful and concentrated way. Finally, we describe the full-lifecycle process for the...

In order to continuously improve its knowledge and to identify problems and possible solutions, an organization requires understanding of the way business is aligned with the organizational strategy and how information systems are supporting the business. The paper presents a framework for describing and associating organizational concepts at multiple levels of detail using three separate areas of concerns: goals and strategy, business processes, and information systems. The framework is presented as an extension to the ...

Storyboarding is a common technique in HCI and design for demonstrating system interfaces and contexts of use. Despite its recognized benefits, novice designers still encounter challenges in the creation of storyboards. Furthermore, as computing becomes increasingly integrated into the environment, blurring the distinction between the system and its surrounding context, it is imperative to depict context explicitly in storyboards. In this paper, we present two formative studies designed to uncover the important elements of storyboards. These elements include the use of text, inclusion of people, level of detail, number of panels, and representation of the passage of time. We further present an empirical study to assess the effects of these elements on the understanding and enjoyment of storyboard consumers. Finally, we demonstrate how these guidelines were successfully used in an undergraduate HCI class.

It is obvious that real water saving measures are only possible if the current water resources are clearly understood. For a basin in western Turkey, simulation modeling at three different scales, field, irrigation scheme and basin level was performed to obtain all terms of the water balance. These water balance numbers were used to calculate the Productivity of Water (PW) at the three levels. The four performance indicators considered were: PWirrigated (yield / irrigation), PWinflow (yield / net inflow), PWdepleted (productivity / depletion), and PWprocess (productivity / process depletion), all expressed in kg yield per m3 water. For the two cotton fields considered at the field scale level, the more upstream field performed better than the field at the tail-end. This was partly a result of the difference in climatic condition, but was mainly due to the location of the two fields: upstream vs. downstream. At the irrigation scheme level PWirrigated was higher than at the individual cotton field, since non-irrigated crops were also included. Other PW values were lower as crops more sensitive to drought were also found in the irrigated areas. Basin scale PWs are lower than those at the irrigation scheme, as large areas of the basin were covered with less productive land covers. It is concluded that performance indicators are useful ways of representing water dynamics with clearly understandable numbers, and that it is important to consider all the spatial scales at the appropriate level of detail.

Conceptual models are used in a variety of areas within Computer Science, including Software Engineering, Databases and AI. A major bottleneck in broadening their applicability is the time it takes to build a conceptual model for a new application. Not surprisingly, a variety of tools and techniques have been proposed for reusing conceptual models, eg ontologies, or for building them semi-automatically from natural language (NL) descriptions. What has been left largely unexplored is the impact of such tools on the ...

The sustainable management and continuation of virtual 3D city models puts specific demands on 3D geodatabases. These demands result from the need to manage three different dimensions of multiple representation: Levels-of-detail, concurrent planning versions, and history over time. In this paper we propose a concept for the integration of all three aspects in the framework of spatial relational database management

ABSTRACT Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a framework for the standardisation of the work breakdown structure (WBS) for building projects. This is based on the premise that buildings in general retain basic elemental options, and that there is a commonality of activities in the procurement of building projects. Design/methodology/approach – To achieve the objective, the general practice of developing the WBS is investigated. This is achieved by means of an industry-wide questionnaire survey designed to identify the most widely used criteria among UK construction organisations in segregating building works into packages. The survey also investigates the sequencing of these criteria across the WBS hierarchy. Findings – The findings reveal that the most frequently used decomposition criteria in the formulation of WBS for building projects are elements, work sections, physical location and construction aids. The proposed framework is presented as a hierarchical decomposition of a building project based on these criteria. It allows for flexibility in level of detail while maintaining a rigid sequencing of the criteria based on their frequency of use. Originality/value – This paper reports on a specific part of an EPSRC funded project that aims to investigate the application of computer vision techniques to the on-site measurement of construction progress. The part reported in this paper addresses planning issues that will lead to automatic generation of work packages. Previous studies have focused on automating the planning aspect by associating individual components with schedule information. However, large construction projects usually consist of thousands of components. Planning and tracking progress at the level of the component is unrealistic in these instances. The standardisation framework reported in this paper will form the basis for automating the formulation of work packages, thus providing a uniform basis for tracking progress (based on computer vision) during project execution.

Program representation is a critical issue in the area of software analysis and software re-engineering. It heavily relates to the portability and effectiveness of the software analysis tools that can be developed. This paper describes an approach that focuses on source code representation schemes in the form of Abstract Syntax Trees that are encoded as XML documents. These XML source

Geometric modeling of vast building complexes is a tedious and difficult task. In contrast to the a priori work of an architect who constructs a new building, the computer reconstruction of existing (old or ancient) buildings faces a serious problem: The computer model copies the real world not vice versa. This leads to the question of model abstraction. While the real world building features a vast amount of detail, the model has to reduce these details to a point where a computer model is small enought to be managable by current hardand software. The Angkor Temple Generator, which we developed over the last five years, addresses this dilemma behind the modelling process and exemplifies a modular solution for a defined class of buildings. In this paper we present the example of temple columns to explain the methods we use in the ATG for modelling Angkor style temples efficiently and with a high level of detail. Analyzing temples of the style of Angkor (Cambodia) leads to the constr...