Economics of Innovation

Firms’ ability to compete in the global market crucially depends on their ability to innovate and to introduce new products or processes into the market. This typically requires more complex and structured business organization and ultimately the ability to grow. We use a representative panel of Italian manufacturing firms to investigate whether their pattern of growth entails such an ability. Although the estimates suggest that small firms grow faster than larger ones, we do not observe a significant change in the average size of companies at the end of the period under investigation. The greater propensity to grow shown by smaller firms is confined to the size class in which they are established. However, export intensity plays a significant role in affecting the size growth rate together with industry characteristics related to technological levels.

Esta publicación es producto de la selección y edición de los mejores trabajos presentados durante las Terceras Jornadas de Planificación para el Desarrollo, que se celebraron en paralelo con el seminario internacional “Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y la Construcción de Futuros para América Latina y el Caribe”, organizado en Santiago de Chile, del 18 al 20 de mayo de 2016, por el Instituto Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Planificación Económica y Social (ILPES) de la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). Este seminario se desarrolló en el marco de las actividades del convenio de cooperación técnica entre la CEPAL y la República de Corea.

Bu kitap; duygusal ve davranışsal bozukluklara sahip öğrenciler hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen sınıf öğretmenleri, özel eğitim öğretmenleri ve alanda çalışan uzmanlar için hazırlanmış giriş niteliğinde bir uygulama kitabıdır. Her bir bozukluğun nedeni, tanımlanması, güncel araştırmalar ışığında verilmeye çalışılmış ve okul ortamındaki pratik uygulamalarla da anlatım zenginleştirilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak belirli bir bozukluğun tüm yönlerine ilişkin temel yaklaşımla birlikte bilimsel olarak geliştirilmiş müdahele yöntemleri de verilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Bu kitabın alanda yeni çalışmaya başlayan öğretmenler kadar güncel verilerle desteklenen tanı koyma ve müdahele stratejilrine önem vermesi nedeniyle alanda uzun süredir çalışmakta olan öğretmenlere ve uzmanlara da yararlı olacağını düşünmekteyiz.

Knowledge is the most important resource and learning is the most
important process to advance the level of development and technology
within particular regions or countries. There are, of course, several ways in
which countries can increase their technological levels. One of the most
important ways is by exporting. This is called ‘learning by exporting’ in
the relevant literature. Studies conducted in this area show that exporting
not only contributes to technological learning and productivity, but also
exports are important for obtaining the kind of knowledge that cannot be simply gathered from the domestic market. It is through this type of
economic interaction that gives rise substantial increases in the various
levels of innovation. A unique study of these economic realities is Turkey.
Although the amount of exports from Turkey is increasing, the regions
where exports are sent are changing significantly. Specifically, the rate of
total exports with Near and Middle Eastern countries has continued to
increase over the last decade. In sum, the rate of decline in exports to
developed countries (like OECD and EU countries) is being replaced by
exports to developing and underdeveloped countries...

Anormal Psikoloji kitabı, ruhsal bozukluklar alanında çalışan tüm profesyoneller, psikiyatristler, klinik psikologlar, psikologlar, psikolojik danışmanlar, hekimler, sosyal hizmet uzmanları, psikiyatri hemşireleri ve bu alanlarda öğrenci yetiştiren akademisyenler ile eğitim alan öğrenciler için temel bir başvuru kitabıdır.
2013 yılının Mayısı ayında yayımlanan DSM-5 ölçütlerine göre ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili sunulan bilgilerin güncellemesinin de yapıldığı bu kitap, tüm dünyada pek çok üniversitenin psikiyatri ve psikoloji bölümlerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmaktadır.
Kitabın her bölümünde, ilk olarak ruhsal bozukluklarla ilgili vakalar sunulmakta, daha sonra bozuklukların klinik tanıları yapılmakta ve DSM-IV-TR’den farklı olan DSM-5’te yapılan değişikliklere yer verilmektedir. Ayrıca, DSM-5’teki tanı ölçütleri, bozuklukların etiyolojisi ve epidemiyolojisi, bozukluklar üzerinde kalıtımın ve çevrenin etkileri, biyolojik ve sosyal ve kültürel etkiler, en güncel araştırmalardan elde edilen verilerle harmanlanarak sunulmaktadır. Ruhsal bozuklukların tedavisinde etkili olacak terapi yaklaşımları ve ilaçla yapılan tedaviler hakkında da bilgiler veren kitap, sahip olduğu zengin içeriği ile eşsiz bir kaynaktır.
Anormal Psikoloji kitabının; profesyoneller ve öğrenciler için önemli bir rehber olacağına, yardıma ihtiyaç duyan insanların sorunlarının çözümüne, ruhsal bozuklukların tanı ve tedavisinde önemli katkılar sağlayacağına inanıyoruz.

The Kenan Institute’s UNC Center for Competitive Economies (C3E) conducted a “Marine Biotechnology Incubator Feasibility Study” for the Carteret Community College (CCC) in 2007. The study assessed the feasibility of a Carteret County-based business incubator serving the initial facility requirements of marine biotechnology start-up companies across the coastal North Carolina study region. The project finds that such an incubator is not feasible primarily due to an insufficient current and prospective tenant population to make such a facility financial viable. However, it further finds that alternative collaborative strategies can enable the marine science resources of coastal North Carolina to significantly contribute to the region’s economy.

International centres of excellence (ICE) in which foreign research organizations are attracted to developing and emerging countries via dedicated funding schemes to support technological catching-up and strengthening of innovation systems, can have benefits for both host countries and their international research partners through knowledge spill-overs and business opportunities. As analysis of the process of setting up such ICEs is limited, the contribution of this study is assessing the enactment of such innovation policies aimed at inducing cross-border collaboration for R&D and innovation. This is done by investigating stakeholders' perceptions on the establishment and early functioning of Chile's ICE programme. The principal finding is that setting up and operating an ICE requires absorptive capacity of different kinds: not only to embed research and innovations ensuing from an ICE in the host country innovation system, but also to build capacities for operationalizing cross-border collaboration in an ICE and dealing with the dual embeddedness of ICE in both the host country and the home countries of the foreign research organizations. The latter type of absorptive capacity needs to be built both in the research organizations involved, and in the funding agencies enacting the innovation policy instruments that induce ICEs. Dedicated brokers facilitating such cross-border collaboration by bridging institutional and cultural gaps and supporting learning between partners, could be useful in this regard.

12th Annual Green Economics Institute Conference  10-12th June 2017
3 Days St Hugh's College, University of Oxford, Keeping Social and Environmental Justice Alive in an age of Tyranny..
Reforming Economics.
Green Finance, Green Investment & Green Economics
Reclaiming The Economy from Privatisers, Fossil Fuellers, Xenophobes and Divide and Rulers.
Keeping social and environmental justice alive in this new age of Barbarism- Post Truth and Post Science

The paper investigates the extent to which the adoption of Internet software and services in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) has been strategic, i.e. based upon the exploitation of the network characteristics of the new technology. Within SMEs, it seems that opportunistic motivations towards the adoption of the Internet, i.e. until cost-effectiveness of adoption becomes apparent to managers, are predominate. In applying a modified strategic use model, the paper considers strategic use as the ability of business users to recognize the strategic elements in the usage of the Internet and to relate them to network formation in the specific user environment. The extent of strategic use is linked to communication requirements, competitive pressure and the support and incentives in the adoption process of the Internet by SMEs. The empirical analysis employs a large data set on 264 Dutch SMEs that provided detailed information on their adoption of Internet services and software. The research shows that the communication requirements have been a motivating factor of Internet adoption by SMEs. Other strategic determinants derived from the diffusion literature such as competitive pressure or support and incentives for adoption hardly stimulate SMEs to adopt the Internet.

This study has examined the topic of innovation management in lower technological industries with the example of confectionery industry. This examination was conducted by a questionnaire to 42 companies (represents 42,4% of the industry) in the industry in Turkey. The findings have been mainly examined by Tidd and Bessant's scale and its cobweb model to identify the average score of the industry and compare it with ideal score and among companies in the industry. Also, a frequency distribution and correlation analysis were used to specify some noteworthy points. The results show us the level of innovation management in the industry in Turkey and it has found some significant points.

Fab Lab é um laboratório de fabricação digital (o nome deriva do inglês Fabrication Laboratory), cuja ideia surgiu como uma proposta de plataforma de prototipagem, inovação e invenção, integrando, além destas características, uma comunidade global que visa compartilhar conhecimento e criatividade. Esta comunidade global de fab labs visa promover a cultura DIY (Do It Yourself, ou Faça Você Mesmo) e a cultura maker, ao mesmo tempo em que sua ideia central é democratizar o acesso à ferramentas e maquinários que possam ser utilizados para desenvolver a capacidade de criação e expressão pessoal. O presente estudo, portanto, se trata de um whitepaper feito com o objetivo de destacar alguns dos melhores projetos feitos no país atualmente, como uma ferramenta de consulta para futuros empreendedores que desejam apoiar a causa e construir um fab lab ou hub.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is considering the adoption of e-sports (i.e., organised competitive video gaming), which could be considered a radical innovation as it deviates in many areas from traditional sports (e.g., online game play format, lack of high physical exertion, complicated intellectual property rights for each game, etc.). However, collaboration with firms familiar with the innovation (e.g., National Association of Collegiate eSports-NACE) might mitigate risks surrounding the radical innovation. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to investigate whether a potential association between the NCAA and NACE would be advantageous to both organisations. Through a deductive qualitative content analysis underpinned by Rogers's (2003) innovation characteristics (e.g., complexity, compatibility and relative advantage), several themes emerged: physical exertion, e-sports structure, amateurism, eligibility, compensation, profitability, and diversity and ...

In this paper, a mathematical formula is developed for the curve of emerging risk and the Gartner Hype Cycle. This is based on six specific assumptions which are well known in business and can be defined numerically. As well as an equation for the Gartner Hype Cycle curve, this also proposes a mathematical justification.

This paper explores the effect of different regional technological profiles on the resilience of regional economies to exogenous shocks. It presents an empirical examination of the determinants of resilience through panel analyses of UK NUTS-III-level data for the period 2004–12. The results indicate that regions endowed with technologically coherent –and not simply diversified – knowledge bases are better prepared to face an unforeseen downturn and display adaptive resilience. Moreover, local economies tend to be more adaptable if they innovate in sectors with the strongest growth opportunities, even though firms’ entry does not appear to contribute significantly towards resilience.

Every year seems to bring about new technologies that radically change the way we do things. New innovative business models come to life, that change the way the world works so much that a shift of mindset is required if we are to keep up. These days, the largest transport company in the world owns no cars, the largest accommodation provider owns no real estate, the largest retailer by value has no inventory of its own, and the most popular media owner creates no content. But what about the role of regulation in this brave new world? We take a look at the rivals, taxi companies and private hire transport companies (in particular Uber), to assess the need for regulation and the impact of regulation on these two contenders. Our research examines the effects of said regulation on service quality and safety, correlated with consumer opinion data. The impact of non-regulatory incentives on the two seemingly-opposed business models is discussed, thus making the logical case for increased deregulation of both taxis and private hire companies. Opening the way to innovative companies and innovative new business models, allowing them to change the world is our gateway to growth, prosperity and sustainability.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las implicaciones de la desarticulación del sistema de innovación mexicano para las empresas. A fin de alcanzar dicho objetivo, se plantea un modelo articulado del sistema nacional de innovación en función del agente frontera; se reflexiona sobre los resultados publicados por las instituciones mexicanas en el periodo 2010-2012 y se analizan estos dos en combinación con los resultados reflejados en las empresas. Los principales resultados son: los esfuerzos dentro del sistema no son complementarios y, difícilmente, fomentan la continuidad en proyectos de innovación; se enfatiza el papel del innovador de forma separada al emprendedor; no se considera el papel del prescriptor, ni la combinación de los tres roles en un solo agente. La principal conclusión es que las empresas carecen de mecanismos para retener y consolidar sus propios grupos de investigación.

This paper explores how heterogenous risk drives the firm innovation–survival relationship using a large sample of new entrepreneurial firms in China. Results show that innovation increases the probability of survival, although the impact on firm survival is conditioned by the timing of the innovation, the characteristics associated with the innovation strategy, along with the level of risk embodied in the innovation process. Cautious innovators are found to survive longer and contribute to a higher social welfare via gains in firm efficiency. In contrast, risky innovators are less likely to survive, are less efficient, and are only sometimes compensated for their risk in terms of higher profits. Results therefore show that other factors besides higher payoffs force some firms to engage in riskier innovation strategies.

The paper aims at building a model, which measures the company’s innovative leadership. Currently some innovation indices exist, but all of them evaluate innovativeness on a macro level and not on company’s one. The necessity of such a model results from the lack of any kind of assessment method that could help companies to evaluate their own innovation efforts, performance and capabilities. Furthermore, the country innovation performance depends very much on companies’ innovation activities and currently no method exists for boosting and properly evaluating companies’ innovation performance and potentials. In order to distinguish the difference between the company’s leadership and the company’s innovative leadership, a model for measuring the companies’ leadership is developed first in this paper. After that a model for company’s innovative leadership is developed. By using this technic, both models could be used for measuring the company’s leadership in comparison with the same company’s innovative leadership. The model could be applied as well as a summary of some best practices in the company’s innovative leadership. It represents a well-balanced model for innovation development and performance. However, the main target of the model is to analyze and measure the companies’ innovative leadership and to compare different companies on that specific criterion. The model could be used as a company innovative leadership index as well after its appliance on some particular industrial sectors or regions.

This study aims to analyze individual and organizational innovation in small businesses and their impact on the environment. The focus of the analysis is also expanded on how to engineer the innovations that exist in small businesses through consumer behavior so that the engineering carried out is effective in protecting the environment. The role of the government is used as a regulator in a country. The research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method, then continued with a document study on the Indonesian government's environmental regulations. The research was carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic in a sizeable Indonesian city, namely Bandung City. The study results show that small businesses' individual and organizational innovation play a role in determining environmental conditions. Government engineering to change consumer behavior and consumer needs is very effective in changing the behavior of entrepreneurs to go green and green business

In the beginning of the past century, South Korea was still an agricultural country, so the industrialization process depended highly on foreign help (from US) and governmental setting of markets and entrepreneurial classes. Therefore, South Korean market institutions depended heavily on the state, and still do, which make the country a Coordinated Market Economy,2 concept which will be very present on this analysis. This paper aims to discuss institutions role on South Korean industrialization, with an overview of the works of Smith (1990), Mazzucato (2011), Hall and Soskice (2001) to understand how the state intervenes on innovation and the market, and of Kim (1993), Kang (2002), Carney (2008), Larson (2014) to describe South Korean experience and Cho (1996), Choi (1995), Khanna et al. (2011) to characterize the Chaebols’ experience through Samsung’s case.

The article presents the results of the research on forming an optimal innovation potential structure for regions that can stimulate innovative activities. The author explores the factors influencing the innovative behavior of firms (strategies, incentives and barriers to innovation) and the scope of various innovation activities. The article proposes a model of an optimal innovation potential structure for regions based on the data of federal subjects of Russian Federation.

In the early-to-mid 1990s technology alliances suddenly surged to unprecedented levels – roughly 300% growth per year from 1990 to 1995 – and then declined just as precipitously. This massive increase in alliance activity caused the crystallization of a giant component in the global technology network that connected a large portion of the world’s firms, government labs, universities, and other organizations. However, when alliance activity declined, the component disintegrated. What caused this spike in alliance activity? And did this large-but-transient change in collaboration activity leave any enduring effect? The data here suggests that a major technology shock may have provoked this alliance surge. A technology shock may simultaneously unleash significant innovation opportunities, while creating great uncertainty in the economic environment. Though it is well-known that firms often use alliances both to respond to uncertainty and facilitate innovation, little is known about how technology shocks affect the collaboration behavior of firms, and how these two factors separately influence innovation outcomes. I integrate an inductive study of collaboration activity and a technology shock with existing research on economics, alliances and networks, to build a set of arguments about how technology shocks will influence alliance behavior, how changes in alliance behavior will influence the global technology collaboration network, and about how each of these changes is likely to influence the innovative outcomes of firms. I then explore the separate and joint effects of the technology shock and collaboration activity on innovation using a large sample panel study of patenting by North American firms.