An intriguing feature of protein folding is that the overall behavior obeys simple physical
rules, but the finer details show a great deal of complexity. The scaling of thermodynamic …

In vitro, computational, and theoretical studies of protein folding have converged to paint a
rich and complex energy landscape. This landscape is sensitively modulated by …

Backgound: The role of intermediates in protein folding has been a matter of great
controversy. Although it was widely believed that intermediates play a key role in minimizing …

Highlights•This review discusses how folding in the test tube differs from folding in vivo.•New
research is shedding light on the complex in vivo folding landscape.•Many selective …

Experimental and theoretical studies together are providing insights into the mechanism by
which proteins fold. Our present knowledge of the essential aspects of the folding reaction is …

▪ Abstract Simulation of protein folding has come a long way in five years. Notably, new
quantitative comparisons with experiments for small, rapidly folding proteins have become …

This Commentary clarifies the meaning of the funnel diagram, which has been widely cited
in papers on protein folding. To aid in the analysis of the funnel diagram, this Commentary …

Proteins appear to fold by diverse pathways, but variations of a simple mechanism–
nucleation-condensation–describe the overall features of folding of most domains. In …

The prevailing current view of protein folding is the thermodynamic hypothesis, under which
the native folded conformation of a protein corresponds to the global minimum of Gibbs free …

We describe here a general model of the kinetic mechanism of protein folding. In the Foldon
Funnel Model, proteins fold in units of secondary structures, which form sequentially along …