The World Trade Organization (WTO) came into being on January 1, 1995 replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO oversees international trade and resolves trade disputes between member nations. It aims to ensure free and fair trade globally through agreements covering trade in goods, services and intellectual property. The WTO currently has 153 member countries and works to lower trade barriers through negotiations while providing a framework for implementing trade agreements and monitoring national trade policies.
The WTO is an international organization that regulates trade between nations. It was established in 1995 and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO has 161 member states and seeks to liberalize trade through agreements while allowing governments to meet social objectives. It provides a framework and forum for resolving trade disputes through consultation, panels, and appeals.
The WTO was established in 1995 to oversee global trade. However, it has struggled in recent years due to ambitious goals and the failure of trade negotiations. While initially powerful, the WTO is no longer able to carry out basic tasks like multilateral trade negotiations due to a lack of consensus among member countries. In particular, the US and EU have lost interest in multilateral trade agreements and instead prefer bilateral deals. The entry of China into the WTO in 2001 also impacted the organization as China greatly expanded exports. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture established rules for domestic farm subsidies, market access, and export competition but developing countries like India were given more time to comply with certain provisions like tariff reductions.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO) in three parts. It begins with an overview of the WTO as an international organization dealing with global trade rules. It then discusses the key facts about the WTO such as its location, establishment, membership size, and budget. Finally, it outlines some of the basic principles of the WTO like non-discrimination, reciprocity, and enforceable commitments.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 as the successor to GATT and provides the institutional framework for implementing and monitoring adherence to trade agreements between its 153 member countries. The WTO aims to liberalize trade and ensure a stable global trading system through negotiations and a dispute resolution process. Major functions of the WTO include administering trade agreements, providing a forum for trade negotiations, handling trade disputes, and monitoring national trade policies.
An introduction to the wto (lecture one)Arslan Ali
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 and is based in Geneva, Switzerland, with 149 member countries. The key functions of the WTO are to oversee trade relations between member nations, provide a forum for negotiations, settle trade disputes, and conduct trade policy reviews. The document outlines the organizational structure and history of the WTO, including that it grew out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in 1947. Major agreements under the WTO framework include GATT, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS
This document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is the international organization that oversees global trade rules between nations. The WTO aims to ensure trade flows freely and predictably. It was established in 1995 but built upon the multilateral trading system originally set up under GATT over 50 years prior. The document outlines several key principles and agreements of the WTO system including most favored nation status, national treatment, and agreements on agriculture, services, intellectual property and other areas.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It has 164 member countries. The WTO aims to ensure trade flows smoothly and predictably by establishing a framework for trade policies and settling disputes between members. Key principles of the WTO include non-discrimination between trading partners, reciprocity in trade agreements, transparency in trade policies, and safety valves that allow members to restrict trade in limited circumstances such as to protect health or the environment. The WTO oversees agreements on trade in goods, services, and intellectual property protection.
The most favoured nation (MFN) clause is a status granted by one country to another to ensure non-discriminatory trade. Countries with MFN status receive reduced tariffs and cannot be discriminated against in trade. The MFN status prevents preferential treatment to certain countries and guarantees equal trade terms. It is an important principle governed by the World Trade Organization that covers trade in goods, services, and intellectual property rights. While MFN aims to promote fair trade, exceptions are made to support developing countries through systems like the Generalized System of Preferences.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an international organization that oversees and liberalizes global trade. The WTO aims to improve welfare by administering trade agreements, facilitating trade negotiations, and settling trade disputes. The document outlines the key WTO agreements and principles of non-discrimination, predictability, competitiveness, and benefits for developing countries. It also discusses the impact of WTO on India, including increased exports and foreign investment as well as developmental issues.
Trade related investment measures {trims}suyash gunjal
The document discusses the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) of the WTO. It provides background on TRIMs, including that they prohibit certain trade-related investment measures imposed by countries that discriminate against foreign investment or violate WTO principles. It summarizes a dispute between the US, EU and India involving India's local content requirements and trade balancing requirements in its automotive sector, which were found to be inconsistent with TRIMs. It also notes developing countries' concerns that TRIMs limit their policy space for industrialization.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates and liberalizes international trade between its member states. It seeks to ensure fair competition and a predictable trading system through agreements covering agriculture, telecommunications, intellectual property and more. The WTO has over 160 member countries and its decisions are made by consensus or majority vote. It also provides a dispute resolution process to handle trade disputes between members. While the WTO has reduced trade barriers and increased market access, developing countries argue it has adversely impacted poor farmers by exposing them to competition from heavily subsidized agricultural imports from developed nations. India has called on the WTO to prioritize agreements that would allow developing countries to temporarily increase duties to counter such import surges and protect domestic food security programs
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is the UN body dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. It was established in 1964 and has 194 member countries. UNCTAD aims to help developing countries make informed decisions to reduce global economic inequality and promote sustainable development. It undertakes research, provides a forum for discussions, and offers technical assistance on issues related to trade, investment, technology, and the specific needs of developing, landlocked, small island, and least developed nations.
The document summarizes the key aspects of dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization (WTO). It outlines the improvements made relative to the prior GATT system, including establishing automatic procedures for establishing panels and adopting reports. The main stages of dispute settlement under the WTO are described as consultations, panel establishment, panel procedures, appellate review, implementation, and determination of a reasonable period of time for compliance. The document provides an example case between Antigua/Barbuda and the United States regarding gambling services to illustrate how the dispute settlement process works.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the origins of the WTO in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the Uruguay Round negotiations that established the WTO in 1995. It describes the WTO's functions of liberalizing trade and providing a framework for resolving trade disputes between members. The document also discusses preferential trade agreements, regional integration efforts like the European Union, and debates around issues like the environment, labor standards, and regionalism.
International threaties/ convention - Introduction, Definition, Codification law of treaties,Types of treaties, Reservation, Registration and publication, Observation , application and Interpretation of treaties,Treaties and third states , Invalidity of treaties, Termination of treaties, Conclusion
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade and replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995. The WTO aims to help the trading system become more transparent, fair and predictable through agreements and by settling trade disputes between members. It also provides technical assistance to developing countries. The document outlines the structure, functions, principles and relevant agreements of the WTO including TRIPS and TRIMS as well as its role in promoting development.
World Trade Organization - functions, principles and trade agreements
Case Studies include USA vs Mexico (Tuna), USA vs ASIA (Shrimp) and USA vs EU (Poultry)
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international body that oversees and liberalizes global trade. It was established in 1995 as the successor to GATT. The WTO deals with negotiating and implementing trade agreements between nations and ensures compliance. It is governed by a Ministerial Conference, General Council, and a Director-General.
This document discusses Most Favored Nation (MFN) status in international trade. It provides definitions, explaining that MFN means a country receives equal trade advantages as another country's most favored trading partners. MFN status and national treatment are cornerstones of WTO trade law. The document outlines the history of MFN and differentiates between conditional and unconditional MFN status. It discusses advantages like increased market access and competitiveness for smaller countries, as well as disadvantages like lack of protection for domestic industries. Exceptions to MFN are allowed under some trade agreements.
The document provides information on the structure and functions of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and provide formal organization to regulate international trade. The key goals of the WTO are to improve standards of living, ensure full employment, increase production and trade, and ensure optimal use of global resources in a sustainable manner. It oversees agreements on goods, services, intellectual property, and dispute settlement between member countries.
The major motto of this ppt is to ignite entrepreneurship skills and manifestation of corporate skills among the students lacking in entrepreneurial skills.
Human Resource is the unique and valuable assets of the organization. But selecting the right person right time and right place plays a vital role for the organization.But before going for choosing the right number of people, we need to decide how to plan what number of people is required for the organization. in this present PPT i have highlighted the the role of HRP and its importance.
This document discusses the need for employee training and different training methods. It begins by outlining reasons for training like improving performance, updating skills, and meeting organizational goals. It then describes different types of on-the-job and off-the-job training methods. On-the-job methods include job instruction, apprenticeships, job rotation, and committee assignments. Off-the-job methods include lectures, simulations, case studies, and role playing. The document concludes by noting training needs to be assessed and tailored to organizational objectives.
The document summarizes the key outcomes of the 2013 Bali Ministerial Conference of the WTO, known as the Bali Package. It consisted of three agreements: the Trade Facilitation Agreement to streamline customs procedures, duty-free access for Least Developed Countries, and the Peace Clause regarding food stockpiling subsidies. India initially opposed the facilitation agreement due to concerns that developed countries could use it to pressure India to lower its agricultural subsidies. However, India gained concessions by linking the agreement to the Peace Clause, which prevents disputes over developing country subsidies for staple crops until a permanent solution is reached by 2017. The package aims to boost global trade but critics argue it primarily benefits large corporations and developed nations.
Entrepreneurship Development PPT IntroductionMadhusudhanGoud
Entrepreneur is the person who can change the fate of the environment and also society at large. in this PPT i explained the introduction of entrepreneurship and its importance.
The document discusses the selection process in organizations. It defines selection as the process of choosing the most suitable candidate for a job from available applicants. The key steps in the selection process discussed are job analysis, developing job specifications, recruitment, preliminary screening interviews, tests and evaluations, core interviews, reference and background checks, and making a final job offer. The document also discusses different types of interviews like preliminary, selection and decision-making interviews conducted during this process.
The document provides information about the World Trade Organization (WTO). It notes that the WTO was established on January 1, 1995 and succeeded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO aims to supervise and liberalize international trade between its 153 member countries. It has an annual budget of 196 million Swiss francs and 629 staff members. The WTO seeks to promote free trade and resolve trade disputes between countries.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing international trade rules and settling disputes between member nations. The WTO has nearly 150 member countries and its core principles include non-discriminatory treatment between trading partners, freer trade through negotiated tariff reductions, predictability through binding and transparency of trade commitments, and fair competition through agreed rules. While the WTO aims to liberalize trade, it allows developing countries flexibility in implementation and supports continued negotiation of trade issues. Some criticisms argue it favors commercial interests over other issues, but the WTO disputes these claims and emphasizes its role in facilitating trade to boost growth
The World Trade Organization is seeking deals on fish subsidies and COVID-19 vaccines as global trade tensions rise due to the war in Ukraine. Over 60 WTO members support a new method for calculating allowed food subsidies that accounts for inflation and uses recent reference prices instead of old 1986-1988 prices. Developing countries are negotiating longer transition periods of 5-7 years or up to 25 years to implement agreements. The WTO is also trying to finalize an agreement to end subsidies for overfishing and reach a compromise on a vaccine intellectual property waiver.
The World Trade Organization is seeking deals on fish subsidies and COVID-19 vaccines as global trade tensions rise due to the war in Ukraine. Over 60 WTO members support a new method for calculating allowed food subsidies that accounts for inflation and uses recent reference prices instead of old 1986-1988 prices. Developing countries are negotiating longer transition periods of 5-7 years or up to 25 years to implement agreements. The WTO is also trying to finalize an agreement to end subsidies for overfishing and reach a compromise on a vaccine intellectual property waiver.
International Business Dynamics by Nagarjun Reddy module 3PNagarjunReddyReddy
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO), regional trade blocks, and India's adoption of liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) policies. It provides background on the WTO, including that it was established in 1995 and provides a framework for global trade rules. It also describes regional trade blocks and strategic alliances between countries. In addition, it outlines India's LPG policies introduced in 1991 to liberalize and open its economy, including the goals, components (liberalization, privatization, globalization), impacts, and examples of privatization in India.
World Trade Organization- Brief OverviewKashyap Shah
How and WHY GATT changed to WTO ?
What are the various functions & objectives of WTO.
Some of the key characteristics of WTO Agreements
From India's Perspective- Advantages & Disadvantages
this will help us all understand the principles of the WTO and how they already work to eliminate discrimination, increase predictability, openness, etc.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created after World War II to promote international trade by reducing trade barriers through negotiated tariff reductions. While intended to be a formal international organization, GATT remained an agreement. Its purposes of reducing trade barriers and promoting standards of living have been subsumed by the World Trade Organization. The WTO establishes global trade rules through member consensus and resolves trade disputes. Its aims are to increase trade and provide a platform for trade negotiations.
Vskills international trade and forex professional sample materialVskills
The World Trade Organization (WTO) supervises and liberalizes international trade according to agreements signed by member governments. It provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements and resolving disputes. The WTO aims to promote open trade for the benefit of all through principles like non-discrimination, transparency, and binding commitments. It currently has 153 member countries and seeks to facilitate global trade through negotiations like the Doha Round.
Lecture 5 ib 404 institutional framework for international businessMahir Jawad
The WTO is run by its member governments through councils and committees made up of all members. Major decisions are made by consensus of members. The highest authority is the Ministerial Conference which meets every two years. Between conferences, the General Council handles day-to-day work. Three broad councils oversee trade in goods, services, and intellectual property. Subsidiary committees address specific issues. The WTO system is based on principles of non-discrimination, freer trade through negotiation, predictability, fair competition, and encouraging development.
The document discusses the World Trade Organization (WTO). It describes the WTO as an international organization that oversees and liberalizes international trade according to agreements negotiated and signed by most of the world's trading nations. The WTO seeks to help trade flow smoothly and predictably between nations by administering trade agreements, settling disputes, and assisting developing countries, among other functions. Key principles of the WTO's trading system include non-discrimination, reciprocity, binding and enforceable commitments, and transparency.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It has 153 member countries. The WTO oversees agreements between members, provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements, and acts as a forum for resolving disputes. Its goal is to ensure trade flows freely, predictably, and beneficially between nations.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade. It officially commenced in 1995, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The WTO deals with regulation of trade between countries and provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements as well as resolving disputes. It aims to liberalize trade based on five principles: non-discrimination, reciprocity, binding commitments, transparency, and safety valves to restrict trade in limited circumstances. Decisions are made by consensus among member governments. The WTO also oversees a dispute settlement process to enforce adherence to trade agreements.
The document discusses the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its replacement by the World Trade Organization (WTO). GATT was established in 1947 to promote international trade by reducing trade barriers between member nations. In 1995, GATT was replaced by the WTO, which expanded the scope of international trade rules to include services, intellectual property, foreign investment, and established a stronger dispute resolution process. The WTO aims to facilitate the free flow of goods, services, and ideas across borders through multilateral trade agreements and a rules-based system.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 as the successor to GATT and is based in Geneva. The WTO aims to liberalize trade through agreements covering goods, services, and intellectual property. These agreements require transparency and set procedures for resolving disputes between members. The WTO works to promote open trade for the benefit of all members, including developing countries. It has over 150 member countries representing over 97% of global trade.
The document presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the objectives, history, structure, principles, agreements, and role of the WTO. The WTO aims to help trade become more smooth, fair, free and predictable through administering trade agreements and resolving disputes between member nations. It also provides special provisions and assistance to developing countries. The WTO's role is to promote open, fair and undistorted global competition through trade liberalization and economic reforms.
The document presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses the objectives, history, structure, principles, agreements, and role of the WTO. The WTO aims to help trade become more smooth, fair, free and predictable through administering trade agreements and resolving disputes between member nations. It also provides special provisions and assistance to developing countries. The WTO's role is to promote open, fair and undistorted global competition through trade liberalization and economic reforms.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with global trade rules between nations. It has three main functions: 1) serving as a negotiating forum for trade agreements, 2) establishing a set of rules for international commerce through negotiated agreements, and 3) providing a place to settle trade disputes between member governments. The overriding goal of the WTO is to help trade flow freely while preventing undesirable side effects, which is important for economic development.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international body that oversees global trade rules. Its key functions are to ensure trade flows freely, predictably, and smoothly. The WTO agreements provide the legal framework for global trade and guarantee members' trade rights and access to foreign markets in a transparent, non-discriminatory manner. The WTO also provides a dispute settlement process to peacefully resolve trade conflicts among members.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the international body that oversees global trade rules and settles disputes between countries. It aims to ensure trade flows freely, predictably, and openly. The WTO has over 150 member countries and agreements cover trade in goods, services, and intellectual property. It also has a dispute settlement process to peacefully resolve conflicts between members.
With the advent of dynamic business environment challenges triggers rigorous changes in the present context. Unless organizations unleash substantial resources,finds tough to survive. Among the resource, human resources are the critical and valuable asset of the organization and to face the intensified competition with your rivalries, manpower have to craft with tools and techniques. Business Etiquettes plays a vital role not only enhancing the employees morale at the workplace but also project them as brand advocates.
Importance of rural entrepreneurship in rural areas and how to overcome the curb of migration from rural to urban areas. opportunities for village people in transforming village citizens into corporate nation citizens.
The document discusses entrepreneurial strategy for new market entry. It defines new entry as offering a new product, offering an existing product in a new market, or creating a new organization. Entrepreneurial strategy involves both generating and exploiting new entry opportunities in a way that maximizes the benefits of newness while minimizing costs. The key aspects of entrepreneurial strategy discussed are assessing new entry opportunities, developing an entry strategy, and managing newness through the creation of a new organization.
The 1991 Industrial Policy in India aimed to liberalize and globalize the Indian economy. Key objectives included removing restrictions on foreign direct investment and domestic entrepreneurs. Major reforms included relaxing industrial licensing, allowing more foreign investment and technology, revising public sector policy, and reducing monopolistic restrictions. The policy reduced the number of industries requiring licenses from 25 to 6, and allowed up to 51% foreign equity in priority sectors. It also aimed to increase efficiency and competitiveness of public sector firms through portfolio reviews and greater autonomy. The reforms integrated India's economy with global markets and increased private participation.
This document discusses foreign direct investment (FDI) in India. It defines FDI and other related terms like foreign institutional investors, depository receipts, and foreign currency convertible bonds. It outlines different forms of FDI like joint ventures, acquisitions, and wholly owned subsidiaries. The document also discusses factors that influence FDI, reasons for companies to invest abroad, and costs and benefits of FDI to both home and host countries. It provides examples of sectors where FDI is prohibited in India and explains the process for an Indian company to receive FDI.
The document discusses the business environment and its key components. It states that each business operates within a unique environment that influences and is influenced by the business. It also notes that facets of business are changing more rapidly in the new economy compared to earlier years. The document outlines the micro and macro environment, including factors such as consumers, competition, and technological, economic, cultural, social, and political conditions that comprise the overall business environment.
This document defines key terms and characteristics related to entrepreneurship. It discusses that an entrepreneur is someone who starts a business by taking on risk and uncertainty. The document outlines characteristics of successful entrepreneurs like passion for their business, customer focus, perseverance, and a tolerance for risk. It also provides examples of entrepreneurs like Bill Gates, Michael Dell, and Larry Ellison. The functions of an entrepreneur are identified as generating ideas, conducting market research, raising funds, recruiting employees, and taking on business operations and risk. Qualities like hard work, leadership, analytical skills, innovation, and self-confidence are described.
HR plays an important role in mergers and acquisitions by defining the new organizational architecture and identifying parts that need restructuring. The HR department must conduct an audit to assess what needs to change, and identify methods to renovate architectural components. HR also needs to set clear priorities like promoting teamwork and implementing pay-for-performance programs. During strategic evaluations, HR should provide data on its return on investment and be rated by customers to assess how its initiatives support business strategy goals.
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
Beyond the Advance Presentation for By the Book 9John Rodzvilla
In June 2020, L.L. McKinney, a Black author of young adult novels, began the #publishingpaidme hashtag to create a discussion on how the publishing industry treats Black authors: “what they’re paid. What the marketing is. How the books are treated. How one Black book not reaching its parameters casts a shadow on all Black books and all Black authors, and that’s not the same for our white counterparts.” (Grady 2020) McKinney’s call resulted in an online discussion across 65,000 tweets between authors of all races and the creation of a Google spreadsheet that collected information on over 2,000 titles.
While the conversation was originally meant to discuss the ethical value of book publishing, it became an economic assessment by authors of how publishers treated authors of color and women authors without a full analysis of the data collected. This paper would present the data collected from relevant tweets and the Google database to show not only the range of advances among participating authors split out by their race, gender, sexual orientation and the genre of their work, but also the publishers’ treatment of their titles in terms of deal announcements and pre-pub attention in industry publications. The paper is based on a multi-year project of cleaning and evaluating the collected data to assess what it reveals about the habits and strategies of American publishers in acquiring and promoting titles from a diverse group of authors across the literary, non-fiction, children’s, mystery, romance, and SFF genres.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
Beginner's Guide to Bypassing Falco Container Runtime Security in Kubernetes ...anjaliinfosec
This presentation, crafted for the Kubernetes Village at BSides Bangalore 2024, delves into the essentials of bypassing Falco, a leading container runtime security solution in Kubernetes. Tailored for beginners, it covers fundamental concepts, practical techniques, and real-world examples to help you understand and navigate Falco's security mechanisms effectively. Ideal for developers, security professionals, and tech enthusiasts eager to enhance their expertise in Kubernetes security and container runtime defenses.
No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
Satta Matka Dpboss Kalyan Matka Results Kalyan ChartMohit Tripathi
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
Kalyan Matka Kalyan Result Satta Matka Result Satta Matka Kalyan Satta Matka Kalyan Open Today Satta Matka Kalyan
Kalyan today kalyan trick kalyan trick today kalyan chart kalyan today free game kalyan today fix jodi kalyan today matka kalyan today open Kalyan jodi kalyan jodi trick today kalyan jodi trick kalyan jodi ajj ka.
2. TRADE
Trade involves the transfer of
the ownership of goods or services from one
person or entity to another in exchange for other
goods or services or for money. Possible
synonyms of "trade" include "commerce" and
"financial transaction". A network that allows
trade is called a market.
11/10/2015
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V.MadhsudhanGoud,AssistantProfessor,
GPCET
3. TRADE BARRIERS
Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions
on international trade. The barriers can take many forms,
including the following:
Tariffs
Non-tariff barriers to trade
Import licenses
Export licenses
Import quotas
Subsidies
Voluntary Export Restraints
Local content requirements
Embargo
Currency devaluation
Trade restriction
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V.MadhsudhanGoud,AssistantProfessor,
GPCET
4. A tariff is a tax on imports or exports (an international
trade tariff).
1.Advolerem tariff
2.Specific Tariff
Non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs) or sometimes called
"Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)" are trade barriers that
restrict imports.
An import license is a document issued by a national
government authorizing the importation of certain goods
into its territory. Import licenses are considered to
be non-tariff barriers to trade when used as a way to
discriminate against another country's goods in order to
protect a domestic industry from foreign competition.
Each license specifies the volume of imports allowed, and
the total volume allowed should not exceed the quota.
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V.MadhsudhanGoud,AssistantProfessor,
GPCET
5. A subsidy is a form of financial aid or support
extended to an economic sector (or institution,
business, or individual) generally with the aim of
promoting economic and social policy. Although
commonly extended from Government, the term
subsidy can relate to any type of support - for
example from NGOs or implicit subsidies. Subsidies
com: direct (cash grants, interest-free loans) and
indirect (tax breaks, insurance, low-interest loans,
depreciation write-offs, rent rebates)
11/10/2015
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V.MadhsudhanGoud,AssistantProfessor,
GPCET
6. A voluntary export restraint (VER) or voluntary
export restriction is a government-imposed limit on
the quantity of some category of goods that can be
exported to a specified country during a specified
period of time.
Typically VERs arise when industries
seek protection from competing imports from
particular countries. VERs are then offered by the
exporting country to appease the importing country
and deter it from imposing explicit (and less
flexible) trade barriers.
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V.MadhsudhanGoud,AssistantProfessor,
GPCET
7. An embargo (from the Spanish embargo,
meaning hindrance, obstruction, etc. in a
general sense, a trading ban in trade
terminology and literally "distraint" in
juridic parlance) is the partial or complete
prohibition of commerce and trade with a
particular country or a group of countries.
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V.MadhsudhanGoud,AssistantProfessor,
GPCET
8. WHAT IS THE WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION?
“The World Trade Organization is
‘member-driven’, with decisions taken by General
agreement among all member of governments and it
deals with the rules of trade between nations at a
global or near-global level. But there is more to it
than that.”
9. They deal with: agriculture, textiles and clothing,
banking, telecommunications, government purchases,
industrial standards and product safety, food sanitation
regulations, intellectual property, and much more.
The WTO agreements are lengthy and complex
because they are legal texts covering a wide range of
activities.
10. WTO: THE BEGINNINGS/ HISTORY
The World Trade Organization (WTO) came into
being on January 1st 1995. It was the outcome of the
lengthy (1986-1994) Uruguay round of GATT
negotiations. The WTO was essentially an extension
of GATT.
It extended GATT in two major ways. First GATT
became only one of the three major trade agreements
that went into the WTO (the other two being the
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and
the agreements on Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)).
12. CONTI...
Second the WTO was put on a much sounder
institutional footing than GATT. With GATT the
support services that helped maintain the agreement
had come into being in an ad hoc manner as the need
arose. The WTO by contrast is a fully fledged
institution (GATT also was, at least formally, only an
agreement between contracting parties and had no
independent existence of its own while the WTO is a
corporate body recognized under international law).
13. FACT FILE OF WTO
Location Geneva, Switzerland
Established 1 January 1995
Created by Uruguay Round negotiations
(1986-94)
Membership 153 countries on 23 July 2008
Budget 189 million Swiss francs
for 2009
Secretariat staff 625
Head Pascal Lamy (Director-
General)
15. WHY WTO?
• To arrange the implementation,
administration and operations of
multilateral (involving three or more
participants) and Plurilateral trade
agreements (power which shared between
different countries)
• To arrange the forum for deliberations for
the member nations in regard to their
multilateral trade relations in issues deal
with under the agreements
16. CONTI...
• To provide a framework for implementing
of the results arising out of the
deliberations (long and care full
agreements/consideration) which taken
place at ministerial conference level
• To manage the created understanding on
rules and procedure governing the
settlement of disputes
17. CONTI...
To manage effectively and efficiency the
trade policy review mechanism (TRIM)
To create more together relationship with
all nations in respect of global economic
policy-making, it would cooperate with
the IMF and the world bank & its
affiliated Organisations.
18. FUNCTIONS OF WTO
Administering WTO trade agreements
Forum for trade negotiations
Handling trade disputes
Monitoring national trade policies
Technical assistance and training for developing countries
Cooperation with other international organizations
19. PRINCIPLES OF WTO
The basic principles of the WTO (according to the WTO):
Trade Without Discrimination
1. Most-favoured-nation (MFN): treating other people
equally Under the WTO agreements, countries cannot
normally discriminate between their trading partners. Grant
someone a special favour (such as a lower customs duty rate for
one of their products) and you have to do the same for all other
WTO members.
2. National treatment: Treating foreigners and locals
equally Imported and locally-produced goods should be
treated equally — at least after the foreign goods have entered
the market. The same should apply to foreign and domestic
services, and to foreign and local trademarks, copyrights and
patents.
20. CONTI...
Freer trade: gradually, through negotiation
Lowering trade barriers is one of the most obvious means of
encouraging trade. The barriers concerned include customs
duties (or tariffs) and measures such as import bans or quotas
that restrict quantities selectively
Predictability: through binding and transparency
Sometimes, promising not to raise a trade barrier can be as
important as lowering one, because the promise gives
businesses a clearer view of their future opportunities. With
stability and predictability, investment is encouraged, jobs are
created and consumers can fully enjoy the benefits of
competition — choice and lower prices. The multilateral
trading system is an attempt by governments to make the
business environment stable and predictable.
21. CONTI...
Promoting fair competition
The WTO is sometimes described as a “free trade” institution,
but that is not entirely accurate. The system does allow tariffs
and, in limited circumstances, other forms of protection. More
accurately, it is a system of rules dedicated to open, fair and
undistorted competition.
Encouraging development and economic reform.
The WTO system contributes to development. On the other
hand, developing countries need flexibility in the time they
take to implement the system’s agreements. And the
agreements themselves inherit the earlier provisions of GATT
that allow for special assistance and trade concessions for
developing countries.
23. ROLE OF WTO
The main goal of WTO is to help the trading industry to
become smooth, fair, free and predictable. It was organized to
become the administrator of multilateral trade and business
agreements between its member nations. It supports all
occurring negotiations for latest agreements for trade. WTO
also tries to resolve trade disputes between member nations.
Multi-lateral agreements are always made between several
countries in the past. Because of this, such agreements become
very difficult to negotiate but are so powerful and influential
once all the parties agree and sign the multi-lateral agreement.
WTO acts as the administrator. If there are unfair trade
practices or dumping and there is complain filed, the staff of
WTO are expected to investigate and check if there are
violations based on the multi-lateral agreements.
24. TRIMS, AND TRIPS OF WTO
1) Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
TRIMs refers to certain conditions or restrictions imposed by a
governments in respect of foreign investment in the country
The agreement on TRIMs provides that no contracting party
shall apply any TRIM which is inconsistent with the WTO
Articles.
2)Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS)
The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement
administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO) that sets
down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual
property (IP) regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO
Members
25. CONTI...
It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994.
TRIPS contains requirements that nations' laws must meet for
copyright rights, including the rights of performers, producers
of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations;
geographical indications, including appellations of origin;
industrial designs; integrated circuit layout-designs; patents;
monopolies for the developers of new plant varieties;
trademarks; trade dress; and undisclosed or confidential
information.
specifies enforcement procedures, remedies, and dispute
resolution procedures.
26. THE RELEVANCE OF WTO
• The system helps promote peace.
• The system allows disputes to be handled constructively.
• A system based on rules rather than power makes life
easier for all.
• Freer trade cuts the cost of living.
• It gives consumers more choice and a broader range of
qualities to choose from.
• Trade raises incomes.
Trade stimulates economic growth and that can be good
news for employment
The basic principles make the system economically more
efficient, and they cut costs.
27. Doha Round
The Doha Development Round or Doha Development
Agenda (DDA) is the current trade-negotiation round of
the World Trade Organization (WTO) which commenced
in November 2001 under then director-general Mike
Moore. Its objective is to lower trade barriers around the
world, and thus facilitate increased global trade.
The Doha Round began with a ministerial-level meeting
in Doha, Qatar in 2001. Subsequent ministerial meetings
took place in Cancún, Mexico (2003), and Hong Kong
(2005). Related negotiations took place in Paris, France
(2005), Potsdam, Germany (2007), and Geneva,
Switzerland (2004, 2006, 2008);
Progress in negotiations stalled after the breakdown of
the July 2008 negotiations over disagreements concerning
agriculture, industrial tariffs and non-tariff barriers,
services, and trade remedies.
11/10/2015
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V.MadhsudhanGoud,AssistantProfessor,
GPCET
28. DUMPING AND ANTI DUMPING MEASURES
It is the process of selling the product at below the on
going market price and /or the price below the cost of
production .
Types of Dumping:
1.Intermittent Dumping: when the production of a
product is more than the demand in the home country,
the stocks piled up even after sales. In such case, the
producer sells the remaining stock in abroad at low price
without reducing the price in domestic countries.
11/10/2015
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V.MadhsudhanGoud,AssistantProfessor,
GPCET
29. 2.Persistent Dumping: The monopolist sells the remaining
production in foreign countries at a low price
continuously.
3.Predatory Dumping: The monopolists sells the product in
a foreign market at a low price initially, after some time
they increase the rate when the competitors leave the
market.
Objectives of Dumping:
1.Enter the foreign market
2.Sell surplus production
3.Develop the trade relations
11/10/2015
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V.MadhsudhanGoud,AssistantProfessor,
GPCET
30. EFFECTS OF DUMPING
Importing Country:
1.Decline in sales and profits
2.Changes in tastes and preference of people
3.Increase the deficit of BoP.
Exporting country:
1.Consumers pay higher price
2.Finds good market for their goods and services
3.Earns foreign exchange
11/10/2015
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V.MadhsudhanGoud,AssistantProfessor,
GPCET