The Right to Information Act (RTI Act) was enacted in 2005 to bring transparency and accountability to the working of public authorities in India. It grants citizens the right to access information held by public bodies, subject to certain exemptions. Key aspects of the RTI Act include designated Public Information Officers who are required to respond to information requests within 30 days, appeal processes for information rejections, and penalties for non-compliance. Citizens can use the RTI Act to obtain information from public authorities for a small fee.
Dr. Sanjay Sawant Dessai gave a presentation on the Right to Information Act 2005. He discussed what RTI is, whose right it protects, the types of information covered, how to obtain information, and the process for appeals. He explained that RTI aims to empower citizens and promote government transparency and accountability. He outlined the roles of Public Information Officers and the timelines for responding to and appealing RTI requests. He also described the types of information that must be publicly disclosed and exemptions to disclosure.
The Right to Information Act (RTI) was enacted in 2005 to provide citizens access to information held by public authorities and promote transparency. It allows citizens to request information from any public authority through application in writing or electronically. While most government information can be accessed, there are some exemptions like information related to national security, court proceedings, trade secrets etc. The RTI has been very effective in uncovering corruption, though some activists have faced threats and attacks while using the law.
The document discusses Shreya Singhal's challenge of Section 66A of India's IT Act for violating freedom of speech. It summarizes her reasons for filing the petition in 2012 after arrests were made under the section. The Supreme Court ultimately struck down the section in 2015, upholding fundamental rights. The document also discusses the evolution of the right to information in India, from its constitutional basis to the landmark Right to Information Act of 2005, which aims to increase transparency and accountability.
The document discusses the Right to Information Act in India. It was passed by Parliament in 2005 to provide citizens access to information held by public authorities. Any citizen can request information from a public authority, which must reply within 30 days. It also requires authorities to proactively disclose certain information. The Act covers all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. It establishes a system for citizens to appeal if their information requests are denied. Certain types of information like national security, privacy, and trade secrets are exempt from disclosure.
The document summarizes India's Right to Information Act, which was enacted in 2005 to promote transparency in government. It mandates timely responses to citizen requests for government information. The summary includes key points about the objectives of empowering citizens and ensuring transparency, definitions of public authorities and information, coverage of central and state governments, exemptions to disclosure, procedures for requesting information, associated fees and time limits, appeal processes, and penalties for non-compliance.
This document provides an overview of India's Right to Information (RTI) Act, including definitions of key terms, the objectives and need for the Act, procedures for requesting information, applicable timelines and fees, penalties for non-compliance, exemptions to disclosure, and abbreviations used in the Act. Specifically, it defines "public authority" and "information", outlines the steps to request information or file appeals, notes the timeframes to receive responses (30 days for PIO, 35 for APIO, 48 hours if affecting life/liberty), and lists exemptions like national security, court contempt, and privacy.
This document discusses different types of intellectual property rights (IPR). It defines intellectual property as creations of the human intellect that include intangible creations such as books, music, inventions and artistic works. The three main types of IPR discussed are patents, which protect inventions; trademarks, which protect distinctive signs used to identify goods and services; and copyrights, which protect original creative works. The document also outlines other types of IPR including geographical indications, industrial designs, trade secrets and neighboring rights. It provides examples of patented inventions, trademarks and copyrighted works to illustrate these different types of IPR.
The document provides an overview of the Right to Information Act in India through a presentation. It explains that the RTI Act was necessary to make the government more transparent and accountable to citizens. Key points covered include what information can be accessed under RTI, the roles of Public Information Officers, exempted organizations, how to file information requests, response timelines, and the appellate process. The overall purpose of the RTI Act is to empower citizens with access to information from public authorities.
This presentation on The RTI Act 2005 is for general understanding of the netizens. The act was enacted to upheld Transparency & Accountability in Public offices.
The Right to Information Act was implemented in India to provide citizens the right to access information from public authorities in order to promote transparency and accountability. It applies to all states and union territories except Jammu and Kashmir. The Act requires public authorities to disclose information proactively and respond to requests within a 30 day period. It also establishes penalties for non-compliance and appeal processes for information seekers. However, there are exemptions for information that could affect national security, investigation processes, or commercial interests.
The document discusses the Trademarks Act of 1999 in India. It provides an introduction to trademarks and outlines some key features of the 1999 Act, including allowing registration of trademarks for services, establishing an appellate board for disputes, and increasing the registration and renewal period from 7 to 10 years. The document also summarizes two important trademark court cases - Amul vs Ichhamati Co-Operative Milk Producers Union Limited and SBL Limited v. Himalaya Drug Company. Finally, it discusses the concept of trade dress and summarizes a case regarding Colgate's claim against Anchor for allegedly copying its tooth powder packaging design.
The Right To Information Act (RTI), 2005lokeshgoyal37
This document provides an overview of India's Right to Information Act of 2005. It explains that the Act gives citizens the right to request information from public authorities and obligates authorities to provide information to citizens. It outlines the types of information that can and cannot be accessed under the Act, such as exemptions for national security or court-privileged information. It also describes the process for requesting information, potential reasons for denial, and appeal procedures if a request is rejected or goes unanswered. Lastly, it states that citizens have a duty to use the Act to promote transparency and accountability in government.
The document discusses the key aspects of the Right to Information Act passed in India in 2005. It outlines the salient features of the act including its goal of maximum disclosure and transparency of information held by public authorities. It defines the right to information and public authority. It describes the responsibilities of Public Information Officers, procedures for information requests, exemptions, penalties for non-compliance, and appellate process.
The document contains information about several individuals including their names and contact numbers. It also contains multiple paragraphs discussing the right to information in India, including its historical context, legal basis under the constitution, key court judgements, and provisions under the Right to Information Act 2005. The act aims to promote transparency and accountability in governance. It establishes a regime for citizens to access information held by public authorities within defined timeframes.
RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005 ,FULL THEORY-MANPREET SINGH (B.COM)MANPREETSINGHPANESAR1
Right to information act 2005, all theory considered features ,merits ,demerits and functions etc.in briefly explained in this content . thanks for viewing this topic and do not forget to hit the like button ....
The document summarizes key aspects of the Right to Information Act 2005 in India, which aims to promote transparency and accountability in governance. It discusses the objectives of the act, what information can be accessed, exceptions, procedures for filing information requests, penalties for non-compliance, and responsibilities of public authorities to proactively disclose information. The act established central and state information commissions to hear appeals related to information requests.
The document discusses the Right to Information Act in India. It provides 3 key points:
1) The Right to Information is a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution as access to information is necessary for protecting life, liberty, and forming opinions.
2) The Right to Information Act established a process for citizens to access information from public authorities and provides a grievance mechanism for those denied information.
3) Some examples of successes using Right to Information applications include exposing illegal water extraction in New Delhi, helping a hawker fight police harassment in Delhi, and a life convict proving their innocence in Andhra Pradesh.
The Right to Information Act was passed in 2005 and provides citizens a legal right to access information from public authorities in order to promote transparency and accountability. It defines public authorities as those established by the constitution, parliament, or state legislatures. Citizens can request information in writing from public information officers and pay applicable fees. Requests must be responded to within 30 days, with some exceptions for urgent matters affecting life or liberty. While most public information is disclosed, there are exemptions around national security, privacy, and other sensitive matters. Appeals can be made if information requests are denied.
The document discusses the key features and sections of the Jammu and Kashmir Right to Information Act 2009. It outlines the 28 sections in the Act and the 13 provisions in the Rules. It summarizes the eligibility to seek information, definitions of public authorities and information, roles of Public Information Officers, application process, fees, timelines for response, exemptions to disclosure, appeal process, penalties for non-compliance, and the importance of proactive disclosure of information under Section 4 of the Act.
1. The Right to Information Act was introduced in 2005 to promote transparency and accountability in government bodies by giving citizens the right to access information held by public authorities.
2. The Act empowers citizens to request information from any public body, inspect government documents, take notes and certified samples, and obtain information in electronic or print form.
3. Implementation of the Act has led to greater transparency in government operations, increased citizen participation in governance, and reduced corruption by making government bodies more accountable for their actions and decisions.
RTI India -Development factors and the loopholes in itSrikanth Kuthuru
This presentation includes the details about the development in india using RTI , the drawbacks of it and some suggestions for the improvement of the act.
This document outlines the appeal process and penalties under the Right to Information Act of India. It discusses the time limits for filing an appeal, which is 30 days from the date of receipt of the decision by the Central Public Information Officer or expiry of the response timeframe. The appeal authority may admit appeals filed after the deadline if sufficient cause is shown. It also describes the appeal authority's powers, which include imposing penalties up to Rs. 25,000 on officers who deny information without reasonable cause or give incomplete responses. Certain intelligence and security organizations are exempt from most provisions of this act.
The document provides an overview of the Right to Information Act 2009 in Jammu and Kashmir. Some key points:
- The Act aims to provide citizens the right to access information held by public authorities, promote transparency, and curb corruption.
- It establishes a practical regime for citizens to obtain government records and replaced previous state RTI acts.
- The Act follows the structure of the central RTI Act of 2005 and applies to both state and central government bodies in Jammu and Kashmir.
- It outlines procedures for filing RTI applications, timelines for responses, fees, exemptions, obligations of public authorities, and establishes the State Information Commission to oversee the law.
The document discusses several Supreme Court cases related to the Right to Information Act (RTI).
In the first case, the Supreme Court held that personal details disclosed in income tax returns and documents related to punishment of employees are exempt from disclosure under Section 8(1)(j) of the RTI Act. However, some service-related information like appointment and promotion orders must be disclosed.
The second case discusses the right of examinees to inspect their evaluated answer sheets under the RTI Act. While re-evaluation was not allowed, inspecting answer sheets was held to be permissible.
The third case discusses that while applicants can access opinions and orders under RTI, they cannot question the reasons for such decisions,
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great presentation on rti act 2005,
The document summarizes key aspects of the Right to Information (RTI) Act 2005 in India. It outlines who can make requests under the Act (all citizens), how to make requests and appeal denials, the types of information covered, obligations of public authorities to proactively disclose information, and exemptions. The purpose of the Act is to promote transparency and accountability in government bodies.
This document outlines the key aspects of the Right to Information Act in India, including its objectives, limitations, definitions, and requirements for suo moto disclosures by public authorities. The objectives are to promote transparency and accountability in governance. Public authorities must proactively publish and disseminate various types of information, including their organizational structure, policies, budgets, procurement processes, and details of discretionary grants and foreign tours. The document also defines key terms like "information", "public authority", and "right to information".
1. The document discusses the first appeal procedure under the RTI Act in India. It provides details about filing a first appeal with the First Appellate Authority if the applicant is dissatisfied with the Public Information Officer's response.
2. It notes common complaints that First Appellate Authorities do not take appeals seriously and do not try to provide information. There are demands to impose fines on FAAs for inaction.
3. The document outlines the timelines and process that FAAs should follow in disposing appeals, including giving speaking orders and furnishing information directly if necessary.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Right to Information Act 2005 in India such as:
1) It defines what constitutes "information" and a "public authority" according to the Act.
2) It outlines the obligations of public authorities including proactively disclosing information, maintaining records, and responding to requests within a specific timeframe.
3) It describes the types of information that are exempt from disclosure such as information related to national security or that received in confidence.
4) It provides details on the complaint and appeal process through the Central Information Commission for issues related to information requests.
The document provides an overview of the Right to Information Act 2005 in India. It discusses that the Act provides citizens with the legal right to access information from public authorities to promote transparency and accountability. It defines public authority and the types of information that can be accessed. It outlines the procedure for requesting information, associated timelines and fees. It also discusses exemptions and penalties under the Act. The Act aims to empower citizens, reduce corruption and make the government more responsive by promoting openness in its functioning.
The document provides information about the Right to Information Act 2005 in India. It discusses that some see RTI as a tool while others see it as a weapon. It then asks several questions about information, rights, and who will provide and benefit from information obtained through RTI requests. The rest of the document outlines the RTI application process, appeal process, exemptions, penalties, common uses of RTI, government obligations, where RTI requests can be filed, examples of people who have used RTI, and differences before and after filing RTI requests. Useful websites related to RTI are also provided. The document encourages citizens to use their right to information responsibly.
Presentation on Right to Information Act : by Hemant Goswami : Burning Brain Society : at Chandigarh Central State Library, Sector 17, Chandigarh 160017 INDIA
The document discusses the Right to Information Act of 2005 in India. It covers when the Act came into force, what types of organizations it covers, the obligations of public authorities under the Act, what information can and cannot be disclosed, the process for requesting information, associated timelines and fees, and grounds for rejection of information requests.
Right to Information Act (RTI) a powerful law enacted in year 2005 for better governance in the country. RTI law is backed by Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution of India which talks about freedom of speech and expression. For proper usage of this right one should have proper information about the Public Authority. Public Authority carries wider meaning than only government. There are two objectives of RTI Act, 2005, one is to bring transparency and accountability in governance and other one is to setting up of Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commission (SIC) to hear appeals and complaints. There are lot of peculiarities in working of CIC and various SICs. Some state commissions are performing exceptionally well whereas some are lagging behind. Most of the state information commission offices are facing challenges in terms of vacancies which ultimately leading to backlog of appeals and complaints. Second biggest challenge is appointment of efficient Information Commissioners who can dispose cases in effective way and in timely manner. There are Information Commissioners who have given landmarks orders and disposed off large number of cases. Thus we can see the role of information commissioner is crucial for successful implementation of RTI Act, 2005.
Present paper will critically analyze working of Information Commission at central and state level alongwith some important orders delivered by CIC and SIC.
The document provides information on how citizens can use the Right to Information (RTI) Act to get work done by government departments or request information from public authorities. It outlines the key steps which include filing an RTI application to the concerned public information officer (PIO), waiting up to 30 days for a response, filing an appeal if no response is received, and potentially receiving compensation if work is not completed. It also defines what constitutes a public authority under the RTI Act and provides details on application formats, fees, sending the application via registered post, and recent developments regarding the scope of the RTI Act.
RTI is a powerful tool in the hands of right citizens and any Indian citizen can exercise his RIGHT to demand accountability and transparency in public offices. Here is the compilation of few case studies that can be used for training, awareness and education. Please contact the author for more case studies for FREE OF COST guidance.
The Right to Information Act 2005 establishes the right to information for Indian citizens to promote transparency and accountability in public authorities. Key aspects include:
1) It establishes Central and State Information Commissions to oversee the act and investigate decisions of Public Information Officers.
2) Public authorities must publish information about their structure, functions, duties, decision-making processes etc. and designate Public Information Officers to provide information to citizens.
3) Citizens have the right to request and receive information from public authorities, who are obligated to maximize disclosure of information to the public.
The Right to Information Act 2005 establishes a regime of transparency in India that overrides the Official Secrets Act. It gives Indian citizens the right to access information held by public authorities. The Act defines 'information' broadly and places obligations on public authorities to proactively disclose information. It also establishes procedures for citizens to request information, appeal rejections of requests, and penalties for non-compliance. The Act aims to promote transparency and contain corruption in governance.
The document provides an overview of the Right to Information Act 2005 in India, which was enacted to promote transparency and accountability in government organizations. It describes the objectives of the act, eligibility to make information requests, procedures for requesting information, fees and appeal processes, and definitions of key terms. The act aims to provide citizens access to information held by public authorities in order to empower transparency.
The Right to Information Act 2005 establishes the right to information for citizens of India to promote transparency and accountability in government bodies. It allows citizens to request information from public authorities through written applications and imposes time limits for responses. It also establishes procedures for appeals if information requests are denied. The Act exempts certain security and intelligence organizations from disclosure and excludes some categories of sensitive information.
Right to information and consumer protection actSonia Verma
The document provides information on the Right to Information Act in India. It defines information and the rights of citizens to access information from public authorities. It outlines that citizens have the right to inspect documents, take notes and certified copies. It also discusses that the Act gives rights to citizens of India and provides some exceptions for NRIs and PIOs. The document outlines the process and requirements for filing RTI applications, including fees, timeframes and formats. It also discusses recent developments, anonymous applications and the ability to approach consumer forums for deficiencies in information provided under RTI.
The Right to Information Act was enacted in 2005 to provide citizens access to information held by public authorities in order to promote transparency and accountability. It extends to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. Any citizen can request information from a public authority, to which the public information officer has 30 days to respond. If denied, citizens can file internal and external appeals. The Act also establishes penalties for non-compliance and exempts certain information such as cabinet papers and information provided by foreign governments.
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS.pptxKuriakoseBaby1
- Public authorities must maintain and index all records to facilitate access under the Right to Information Act. They must also computerize records where reasonable to do so.
- Authorities must publish information like their functions, decision processes, policies, committees, employee directories, budgets and programs within 120 days.
- The objectives of the Act are to empower citizens to access information from the government, ensure transparency, and promote accountability.
- Citizens can make information requests in writing or electronically, providing details of the information sought. Requests generally must be processed within 30 days, though extensions are allowed in some cases. Fees of Rs. 10 apply but are waived for some.
The document provides an overview of the Right to Information Act 2005 in India. Some key points:
- The Act was passed in 2005 to promote transparency and accountability in government. It gives Indian citizens the right to request and receive information from public authorities.
- Information that can be requested includes documents, emails, reports, and data held by government departments and agencies. Some types of information related to privacy, investigations, and national security are exempt.
- The Act establishes procedures for requesting information, designates Public Information Officers to handle requests, and sets timelines for responses. It also creates an appeals process and penalties for non-compliance.
- The goal is to empower citizens by increasing access to government information
The document provides an overview of the Right to Information Act in India, including its purpose, timeline, key aspects, and implementation. It aims to promote transparency and accountability in governance. Key points include:
- The Act ensures citizens' right to information from public authorities to contain corruption and have an informed democracy.
- It establishes certain obligations of public authorities like proactive disclosure of information and designation of Public Information Officers.
- There are provisions for appeals and penalties for non-compliance. State Information Commissions oversee its implementation.
Duites and Responsibilities of Public Information Officer under the Right To ...ParthSagdeo2
Salient features of the RTI act and PIOs are officers designated by the public authorities in all administrative units or offices under it to provide information to the citizens requesting information under the Act. Any officer, whose assistance has been sought by the PIO for the proper discharge of his or her duties, shall render all assistance and for contraventions of the provisions of this Act, such other officer shall be treated as a PIO.
The document provides an updated guide on the Right to Information Act of 2005 for all stakeholders in India. It summarizes the key aspects of the Act, including the definition of public authority and information, the rights of citizens to seek information, exceptions to disclosure, procedures for appeals, and assistance available to information seekers. The guide is intended to help both information seekers and public authorities understand and implement the provisions of the Act.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the Right to Information Act 2005 in India. The objectives of the act are to promote transparency and accountability in public authorities, contain corruption, and increase citizens' awareness of their rights. It gives citizens the right to access information from public authorities, subject to certain exemptions. It also outlines the obligations of public authorities, such as designating Public Information Officers, publishing information proactively, and responding to requests within a maximum of 30 days. Penalties are prescribed for non-compliance by public authorities.
The document provides an updated guide on the Right to Information Act of 2005 in India. It summarizes the key aspects of the Act, including its objectives of empowering citizens, promoting transparency, and enhancing democratic participation. It defines important terms like "information", "public authority", and the roles of Public Information Officers and Assistant Public Information Officers. It outlines citizens' rights to access information held by public bodies in various forms, as well as limitations. It also discusses how the RTI Act takes precedence over other laws and who is eligible to request information.
The Right to Information Act was published in 2005 to provide Indian citizens the right to obtain information from public authorities. It aims to promote transparency and accountability in government bodies. Under the Act, all public authorities must appoint Public Information Officers to receive and respond to requests for information from citizens within 30 days. While most government information must be provided, there are some exemptions such as information that would breach privacy or impede law enforcement. Citizens can appeal to higher authorities if their requests are denied. The Act also requires the government to promote awareness about right to information.
The document provides frequently asked questions and answers about the Right to Information (RTI) Act of India. It defines key terms like information, public authority, public information officer, and assistant public information officer. It outlines the application process for seeking information, including fees, timelines, appeal process, exemptions, and assistance available. The summary provides an overview of the document's purpose and content.
This document provides frequently asked questions and answers about the Right to Information (RTI) Act in India. It defines key terms like "information", "public authority", and the roles of the Public Information Officer and Assistant Public Information Officer. It outlines the process for filing RTI applications, including fees, timelines, appeal process, exemptions, third party information, and assistance available to applicants. The document explains that most government organizations are subject to the RTI Act, except certain intelligence and security agencies which have partial exemptions.
The document contains 17 frequently asked questions about the Right to Information (RTI) Act in India. Some key points addressed in the summary are:
- Public authorities are required to designate Public Information Officers who are responsible for providing information to applicants under the RTI Act.
- There is no specific application format required, but applications must include the applicant's name and address. No reasons for seeking information needs to be provided.
- Information requested from Central Government authorities normally must be provided within 30 days, or 48 hours if it concerns life or liberty. Appeals processes are available if information is not provided in time or the applicant is dissatisfied with the response.
- Certain intelligence and security organizations are exempt from
The document contains 17 frequently asked questions about the Right to Information (RTI) Act in India. Some key points addressed in the summary are:
- Public authorities are required to designate Public Information Officers who are responsible for providing information to applicants under the RTI Act.
- There is no specific application format required, but applications must include the applicant's name and address. No reasons for seeking information needs to be provided.
- Information must generally be provided within 30 days, or 48 hours if it concerns life or liberty. Appeals can be made if information is not provided on time or the applicant is dissatisfied with the response.
- Certain intelligence and security organizations are exempt from most information requests under the
The Right to Information Act was enacted in 2005 to promote transparency and accountability in the working of public authorities in India. The objectives of the act are to provide citizens the right to access information held by public bodies, reduce corruption, and empower citizens to participate in governance. The act covers all government bodies and sets up independent information commissions to oversee compliance. It requires public bodies to disclose information proactively and respond to requests within a month, with penalties for non-compliance. Exemptions are provided for information related to security, commercial interests, and personal privacy.
The Right to Information Act provides citizens with a legal framework to access information held by public authorities in India. It applies to all government bodies except in Jammu and Kashmir. Citizens can request information in writing from the Public Information Officer, who has 30 days to respond. Certain information like national security or privacy details are exempt. If unsatisfied with the response, citizens can file appeals internally and then with the state information commission. The goal is to promote transparency and accountability in government.
This document provides an overview of the Right to Information Act in India. It begins with presenting the act and providing its objectives which are to promote transparency and accountability in public authorities. It then discusses the background leading to the passage of the act. The key aspects covered include the steps to file an RTI request, important definitions in the act like public authority and information, responsibilities of public authorities and public information officers, and grounds for rejection of information requests. In summary, the document outlines the Right to Information Act of India and its provisions to provide citizens access to information from public authorities.
The document discusses the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) of 1995 in India. Some key points:
- DPCO 1995 aimed to regulate drug prices and ensure adequate supply of essential medicines at fair prices. It was replaced by DPCO 2013.
- Previous versions of DPCO were introduced in 1966, 1970, 1979, and 1987 to control rising drug prices.
- DPCO 1995 defined key terms like bulk drugs, formulations, and ceiling prices. It explained how the government would fix prices of scheduled bulk drugs and formulations.
- Manufacturers had to provide drug price information to the government annually or when seeking price revisions. The government could recover overcharges or revise prices under certain circumstances.
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It examines the flow behavior of complex fluids that do not follow Newton's or Hooke's laws. Rheology seeks to establish relationships between applied forces and induced geometrical effects in fluids, and between rheological properties and molecular structure. It is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates physics, chemistry, and continuum mechanics. Rheological experiments investigate properties like viscosity, yield stress, and viscoelastic effects in non-Newtonian fluids such as foods, personal care products, and biofluids.
1. The document discusses various topics related to surface tension and surface phenomena including measurement methods, factors that influence surface tension, absorption vs adsorption, spreading of liquids, and surface activity of molecules.
2. Key concepts covered are how temperature affects surface tension, techniques for measuring surface tension like the stalagmometer and drop weight methods, and the relationship between surface tension and factors like concentration of electrolytes.
3. The role of surface active molecules in lowering surface tension and enabling emulsification is also summarized.
This document provides background information on reaction rates and mechanisms. It discusses how factors like reactant concentrations, temperature, catalysts, and surface area can influence reaction rates. It also defines concepts like the rate law, rate constant, reaction order, energy of activation, and Arrhenius equation. Methods for determining reaction order are described, including by varying reactant concentrations and analyzing integrated rate expressions for zero, first, and second order reactions. The effects of temperature on reaction rates are also addressed through the Arrhenius equation.
Adsorption is the process where matter accumulates at the interface between two phases, such as a gas transferring to the surface of a liquid. This occurs due to higher surface energy at interfaces compared to interior molecules. Adsorption equilibria can be modeled using isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET, which relate the amount adsorbed to concentration in solution. Factors like adsorbate properties, pH, temperature, and presence of other solutes influence adsorption extent and isotherm shape.
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It governs the flow of fluids in the body like blood, lymph, and mucus. From a rheological perspective, materials are solids, liquids, or gases depending on whether their shape and volume remain constant under forces. The flow properties of materials determine how easily substances like emulsions and ointments can be processed and used. Materials can exhibit Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow based on whether their viscosity changes with applied stress. Key non-Newtonian flows include plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant. Factors like polymer structure, hydration, pH, and temperature affect the rheological properties of pharmaceutical products.
The document discusses forecasting and management by objectives (MBO). It defines forecasting as predicting future conditions to guide activities and performance. Forecasting involves analyzing past and present data from internal and external sources. The importance of forecasting includes planning, coordination, control, and facing challenges. Limitations include assumptions and costs. MBO is a goal setting approach involving subordinates in consultation to relate individual performance to organizational goals. It aims to measure performance, foster growth, and enhance motivation. Limitations include problems setting goals and potential pressure.
This document discusses planning, forecasting, goals, objectives and strategies. It explains that planning provides a method for identifying objectives and designing activities to achieve objectives. Forecasting is important for planning and there are qualitative and quantitative forecasting methods described, including the Delphi method. Goals and objectives clarify the mission and how it will be achieved, with objectives being specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound. Strategies suggest ways to achieve goals and objectives.
The document discusses various aspects of organization including its nature, need, principles, types, and structure. It defines organization as a structure consisting of relationships between individuals and positions, and as a process of arranging activities to achieve goals. The key aspects of organization discussed are the common purpose, division of labor, communication, and rules/regulations. The document also outlines the steps in organizing as identification, grouping, and assigning activities and duties. It notes that organization facilitates administration, growth, and optimal resource use.
The document discusses the process of conducting marketing research. It defines marketing research as the systematic gathering and analysis of data related to marketing goods and services. The purpose is to help businesses identify opportunities and reduce risks. The document then outlines the 7 steps to effective marketing research: 1) define problems/opportunities, 2) set objectives/budget/timelines, 3) select research methods, 4) design instruments, 5) collect data, 6) analyze data, and 7) present findings. Both secondary research (existing sources) and primary research (surveys, interviews) are discussed.
Leadership involves influencing followers to achieve common goals willingly through a dynamic social process. Key features include followers, an active working relationship, and achieving goals through inspiration rather than fear. Leadership styles include autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire approaches. Trait, behavioral, and situational theories provide frameworks for understanding effective leadership. Motivation refers to internal drives directing energy toward goals. Important motivation theories include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory, McGregor's Theory X and Y, and equity theory.
This document discusses communication and provides information on:
1) The communication process involving a sender, message, encoding, medium, receiver, decoding, and feedback.
2) Verbal and nonverbal communication methods.
3) Factors that influence perception in communication like biases and stereotypes.
4) Different communication media and their relative information richness, from most to least being face-to-face, telephone, email, impersonal writing.
5) Barriers to effective communication and skills for managers to improve communication.
Communication is the exchange of ideas, facts, opinions or emotions to create mutual understanding. The communication process involves a sender encoding and transmitting a message through a channel to a receiver who decodes it. Barriers to effective communication include physical barriers, psychological barriers like tuning out opposing ideas, language problems, and nonverbal distractions. Communication can be improved by providing feedback, avoiding grandstanding, and using appropriate channels of communication like downward, upward, horizontal, and diagonal channels as well as formal and informal networks.
Standards institutes like BIS, ISO, FDA, and WHO work to improve quality of life by developing and harmonizing standards. BIS is India's national standards organization established in 1986 to facilitate standardization and quality control. It develops over 17,000 standards and certifies products and quality management systems. ISO is an international NGO with 161 member countries that develops voluntary consensus standards to facilitate global trade. FDA regulates food, drugs, medical devices and other products in the US. WHO works to attain the highest level of health globally and harmonize health standards between 194 member countries.
The document discusses the TRIPS agreement and its impact on Indian patent law. Some key points:
- TRIPS established minimum global standards for intellectual property protection, including recognizing 7 types of IP rights like patents and copyright. It required countries to provide patent protection for inventions in all fields of technology.
- India initially only allowed process patents for food, drugs etc. TRIPS allowed India a 10 year transition period to implement product patents in all areas.
- The 2005 Patent Act Amendment in India fully complied with TRIPS by granting product patents for all inventions effective January 1, 2005. It also addressed issues like patentability criteria, opposition processes, and compulsory licensing.
Golden Rule of Interpretation by Puja Dwivedilegalpuja22
introduction to the Golden Rule of Interpretation
Definition and Origin:
The Golden Rule of Interpretation is a guiding principle utilized in legal systems worldwide to decipher and implement laws justly and reasonably.
Its roots trace back to ancient legal philosophies, notably derived from the Latin maxim "interpretatio cessat in claris," meaning interpretation ceases when the meaning is clear.
Purpose and Function:
The primary objective of the Golden Rule is to empower judges and legal interpreters to depart from the literal interpretation of statutes when adherence to such interpretations would lead to absurd, unjust, or unreasonable outcomes.
Unlike the strict adherence to the literal meaning prescribed by the Literal Rule, the Golden Rule allows for flexibility in interpretation, ensuring the law's application aligns with the broader principles of justice and fairness.
Evolution and Adaptation:
Over time, the Golden Rule has evolved to meet the changing needs and societal values of legal systems. It adapts to modern contexts, technological advancements, and evolving understandings of justice.
Its application varies across different legal jurisdictions but remains a fundamental tool in statutory interpretation worldwide.
Literal Rule vs. Golden Rule
Literal Rule:
The Literal Rule is a traditional approach to statutory interpretation that mandates strict adherence to the plain and literal meaning of the words used in a statute.
Under this rule, judges are expected to interpret legislation based solely on the language's explicit wording, without considering underlying intentions, societal implications, or potential absurdities that may arise from a literal interpretation.
Golden Rule:
In contrast, the Golden Rule of Interpretation provides judges with the discretion to depart from the literal meaning of statutes when necessary to avoid absurd or unjust outcomes.
It serves as a balancing mechanism, allowing courts to interpret laws in a manner that aligns with broader principles of justice, fairness, and legislative intent.
While the Literal Rule focuses solely on textual analysis, the Golden Rule recognizes the need for flexibility and adaptability in legal interpretation, particularly in complex or ambiguous situations.
Illustrative Example:
Case Law Example: State of Madhya Pradesh v. Azad Bharat Financial Company (1967)
This case exemplifies the application of the Golden Rule, where the literal interpretation of the Opium Act of 1878 would have led to the unjust confiscation of a vehicle due to the presence of contraband.
By applying the Golden Rule, the court interpreted the statute in a manner that prevented injustice, highlighting the rule's essential role in safeguarding fairness and equity in legal proceedings.
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An example of a petition written pro-se by the victim to defend against delusional false accusation by an abuser.
Writ of Certiorari written by an autistic defendant who is a victim of harassment and was falsely accused by her very own abuser.
Individuals with autism has difficulties in communicating, and this gives plenty of advantages for abusers because autistic individuals are naive and not able to defend themselves due to communication issues. The abuser in this case happens to be a school principal who bullies and harasses disabled students and parents on regular basis, but she is able to walk away free because of her craftiness and her exceptional abilities to lie. She is a pathological liar and she is able to deceive law enforcement and the court. This document describes the truth and the ordeal that one of her victims had to go through without being able to get help because the abuser was able to manipulate a large number of people. This document also shows how the current justice system fails to accommodate disabilities especially autism spectrum disorders. Despite a campaign by Pennsylvania Supreme Court to enable autistic individuals to access justice, the courts in Pennsylvania, including the Supreme Court itself is still far far away from understanding Autism. Autistic people have to suffer in silence, and many of them are victims of abuse but they are not able to defend themselves. This explains why suicide rates amongst autistic populations are extremely high.
An Accusation (Egypt Authority Caused The Bomb In The Church 2016) with Signa...Gerges francis
AN ACCUSATION (EGYPT AUTHORITY CAUSED THE BOMB IN THE CHURCH 2016)
(The Cathedral "El-Botrosyia" Church Bomb December 2016)
Written on Thursday 26th October 2023
THE ACCUSATION
I'm, the undersigned, Gerges Francis Tawdrous Gerges, provide A claim against Egypt authority tells "Egypt Authority Caused To Put The Bomb In The Church 2016"
In details- the bomb of El-Botrosyia Church (The Cathedral in Abbsia- Cairo) in 2016 is made by Egypt authority-Also the next 2 bombs in the churches of (Alexandria and Tanta) are made by Egypt authority- I provide the details and proves for this claim
THE ACCUSATION REASON
General / Ahmed Saeed- The Manager Of North Cairo Security caused to use the bomb in El-Botrosyia Church to kill me –
Gerges Francis Tawdrous Gerges – Egyptian- Christian- male – date of birth 9/10/1974
Passport No. A11263731 ID No. 27410090102716
THE ACCUSATION DETAILS
First- The Summary
The bomb in El-Botrosyia Church (The Cathedral in Abbsia- Cairo) is used to kill me- the person ordered to use it is the General/ Ahmed Saeed- The Manager Of The North Cairo Security Sector- when I had discovered this information, I had tried to inform our Pope (his holiness Tawadrous II), but I couldn't, And They know I have discovered this information for that they had to inform the president (Almost the bomb is used without the president knowledge)- as a result- The Egypt president /Abdel Fatah El Sisis he himself ordered to use the two other bombs in the churches of (Alexandria and Tanta) which are occurred after El-Botrosyia Church bomb- he did that as a cover by claim all bombs are made as terrorist works
(CONT)
HARMONIOUS CONSTRUCTION RULE by Puja Dwivedilegalpuja22
INTRODUCTION TO HARMONIOUS CONSTRUCTION RULE:-
Harmonious construction is a principle of statutory interpretation aimed at reconciling conflicting provisions within a legal framework.
It involves interpreting statutes in a manner that avoids inconsistencies and gives effect to the overall legislative intent.
This rule is pivotal in resolving legal disputes where different laws or constitutional provisions appear to conflict.
PRINCIPLES OF HARMONIOUS CONSTRUCTION RULE:-
Interpret statutes to avoid conflicts and give effect to legislative intent.
Maintain consistency within legal frameworks.
Balance conflicting provisions while upholding constitutional values.
ROLE OF JUDICIARY IN HARMONIOUS CONSTRUCTION:-
Judiciary acts as a mediator in resolving legal conflicts.
Courts ensure harmonious interpretation of laws to uphold justice.
Judicial decisions establish precedents for future legal disputes.
CASE LAWS :-
Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore (1957)
Citation:
Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore, 1957 (AIR 1958 Mys 38)
Fact:
Trustees of Sri Venkataramana Temple filed a suit under Section 92 of CPC regarding the exclusion of Harijans from the temple after the enactment of the Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act (Madras V of 1947).
The temple trustees claimed that the temple was private and exclusively meant for Gowda Saraswath Brahmins, hence exempt from the Madras Act.
Issue:
Whether the Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act applied to Sri Venkataramana Temple despite the trustees' claim of its private nature.
Whether Section 3 of the Madras Act violated Article 26(b) of the Indian Constitution, which protects the rights of religious denominations.
Judgment:
The High Court of Madras ruled that while the public could worship in the temple, the trustees had the right to exclude the general public during certain ceremonies reserved for Gowda Saraswath Brahmins.
The Supreme Court clarified that the Madras Act applied to Sri Venkataramana Temple and harmonized Articles 25(2)(b) and 26(b) of the Constitution to uphold the Act's validity, ensuring access to the temple for all classes of Hindus.
K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra (1961)
Citation:
K.M. Nanavati v. The State of Maharashtra, 1961 (AIR 1962 SC 605)
Fact:
Naval Commander K.M. Nanavati was accused of murdering his wife's secret lover, Prem Ahuja.
Nanavati was tried under IPC Sections 302 and 304, and a special jury acquitted him.
Issue:
Whether the decision of the special jury acquitting Nanavati was logical given the evidence of the case.
Whether the suspension order by the Governor under Article 161 of the Constitution could be applied while the case was sub-judice.
Judgment:
The High Court of Bombay overturned the jury's decision, holding Nanavati guilty of murder based on the circumstances of the case.
The Supreme Court ruled that Article 161's suspension power couldn't be exercised while the case was pending before the judiciary, emphasizing the importance of harm
The subject matter of this study is the legislation and practice of disciplinary liability for corruption and corruption-related offenses in Ukraine and, in a comparative aspect, abroad.
The purpose of the study is to identify gaps, contradictions and other shortcomings in the legislative regulation and practice of disciplinary liability for corruption and corruption-related offenses and, on this basis, taking into account positive foreign experience, to propose appropriate amendments to Ukrainian legislation.
1. 1
THE RIGHT TO INFORMATIONTHE RIGHT TO INFORMATION
(RTI) ACT 2005(RTI) ACT 2005
Rajveer Bhaskar
Assistant Professor, RCPIPER
2. The RTI Act 2005:2
The RTI act 2005 was enacted by permission and
authority of His Excellency, President of India.
This act was enacted by the Parliament on
15.06.2005 and notified in the Gazette of India
dated 21.06.2005.
It extends to the whole of India except the State
of Jammu and Kashmir.
3. The RTI Act 2005: Who3
Who can exercise his / her right under The RTI Act
2005?
The answer is:
Subject to the provisions of this Act, all citizens shall
have the right to information.
4. Definitions4
What is Information?What is Information?
Information means any material in any form, including
records, documents, memos, e-mails, opinions, advices,
press releases, circulars, orders, logbooks, contracts,
reports, papers, samples, models, data material held in
any electronic form and information relating to any
private body which can be accessed by a public authority
under any other law for the time being in force.
5. 5
What is Record?What is Record?
Record includes
•Any document, manuscript and file
•Any microfilm, microfiche and facsimile copy of a
document
•Any reproduction of image or images embodied in such
microfilm (whether enlarged or not); and
•Any other material produced by a computer or any
other device
6. 6
Who is Public Authority?Who is Public Authority?
It is any authority or body or institution of self government establishedIt is any authority or body or institution of self government established
or constituted.or constituted.
• By or under the Constitution
• By any other law made by Parliament
• By any other law made by State Legislature
• By notification issued or order made by the appropriate
Government, and includes any-body owned, controlled
or substantially financed, non-Government
organization substantially financed, directly or
indirectly by funds provided by the Govt.
7. The RTI Act 2005: How7
How To Request Information?How To Request Information?
A person, who desires to obtain any information under
this Act, shall make a request in writing or through
electronic means in English or Hindi or in the official
language of the area in which the application is being
made, accompanying such fee as may be prescribed, to
public authority by providing contact details.
8. Need for RTI Act
Because it helps to:
Promote openness, transparency and accountability
in the working of every public authority.
Reduce Corruption
Prevent administrative arbitrariness
Bridge the gap between providers and recipient of
public services
Make citizens part of decision making
Make administrative responsive
Strengthen the foundations of democracy
8
9. The RTI Act 2005: Fee9
Is There Any Fee To Seek Information?Is There Any Fee To Seek Information?
FEE TO BE ACCOMPANIED WITH THE RTI APPLICATION
• In case of central govt. departments, INR 10.00 by
way of cash under proper receipt, demand draft,
bankers cheque, Indian postal order, money order or
cash deposited at designated post offices.
• In case of state govt. departments, particularly in
Maharashtra state, INR 10.00 by way of cash under
proper receipt, demand draft, banker’s cheque,
money order or court fee stamp.
10. The RTI Act 2005: Process10
How Is Your Application Dealt?How Is Your Application Dealt?
Public Information Officer (PIO) on receipt of a
request, as expeditiously as possible, and in any case
within thirty (30) days of the receipt of the request,
either provide the information on payment of such
fee as may be prescribed or reject the request for
any of the reasons specified like security, copyright,
commercials, etc.
14. The RTI Act 2005: Cost
A4 or A3 size paper Rs 2 for each page plus
postage
Fixed price materials At printed cost plus
postage
Diskette or Floppy or CD Rs. 50 plus postage
Inspection cost Free for first hour, Rs. 5/-
for every subsequent
hour or fraction thereof
14
Does Information comes at a cost?Does Information comes at a cost?
Oh yes, because nothing is free.
15. The RTI Act 2005:
Machinery & Hierarchies
APIO Assistant Public Information Officer
PIO Public Information Officer
AA Appellate Authority
IC Information Commissioner
SIC State Information Commissioner
CIC Central Information Commissioner
DOPT Department of Personnel & Training
15
You must know below terms well!You must know below terms well!
16. The RTI Act 2005:
Machinery & Hierarchies
Shri Wajahat Habibullah - Chief Information Commissioner
Central Information Commission
Block No. IV, 5th
Floor, Old JNU Campus,
New Delhi 110 067 Tel: (011) 26717352, 26717355
Shri Suresh Joshi - State Chief Information Commissioner
Maharashtra Information Commission
13th
Floor, New Administration Building,
Opp. Mantralaya, Mumbai 400 032 Tel: (022) 22856078
Shri Vijay Kuwalekar - Information Commissioner
Pune Division, New Administrative Building (Near Council Hall)
Camp, Pune – 411 001
16
Important offices for Ready Reference!Important offices for Ready Reference!
17. The RTI Act 2005: Appeals17
What if you don’t get information requested?What if you don’t get information requested?
If you don’t get proper response or requested
information from public authority or from its pubic
information officer within 30 calendar days, you can
file complaint with Information Commission or file an
appeal with first appellate authority.
Similarly, you can file complaint or appeal (as above)
for late response or for demand of cost of information
which is unreasonable.
18. The RTI Act 2005: First Appeal18
Where and how to file first appeal?Where and how to file first appeal?
You will have to move an appeal application along
with the prescribed appeal fee. In Maharashtra, it is
court fee stamp of INR 20/-. In Central Government
offices, there is no fee. First appellate authority is the
officer senior to public information officer. On receipt
of your appeal, this appellate authority will call an
explanation from PIO, might invite you to hear you
and will pass an reasonable order within 30-45 days.
19. The RTI Act 2005: Second Appeal19
Where and how to file Second appeal?Where and how to file Second appeal?
If you are not satisfied with response of public
information officer and order passed on your appeal
by first appellate authority of particular public
authority, you can file second appeal with State
Information Commissioner or Central Information
Commissioner, as the case may be.
There is no prescribed time limit for getting response
or order at this level. Too many cases are piled up
with these offices.
20. The RTI Act 2005: Imp. Sections20
The RTI Act has more than 30 sections and itsThe RTI Act has more than 30 sections and its
subsections. In order to get response everysubsections. In order to get response every
time, one must study all sections andtime, one must study all sections and
amendments in the act from time to time.amendments in the act from time to time.
Section 3: All citizens have the right
Section 4: Proactive disclosures by authorities
Section 6: Request for obtaining information
Section 7: How your requests will be treated
Section 8: Exemptions
Section 19 (1): First appeal
Section 19 (3): Second appeal
Section 20: Penalties and Disciplinary actions
21. Section 4: Obligation of PA
Every PA shall maintain all its records duly catalogued and
indexed in a manner and the form which facilitates the right to
information under this act and ensure that all the records that are
appropriate to be computerized are, within a reasonable time
and subject to availability of resources, computerized and
connected through a network all over the country on different
systems so that access to such records is facilitated.
21
22. Section 4: Publish within 120 days
1) Particulars of organization, function and duties
2) The powers and duties of its officers and employees
3) The procedure followed in the decision making process,
including channels of supervision and accountability
4) The norms set by it for the discharge of its functions
5) The rules, regulations, instructions, manuals, and records,
held by it or under its control or used by its employees for
discharging it functions
6) A statement of categories of documents that are held by it
or under its control
22
23. 7. The particulars of any arrangement that exists for
consultation with, or representation by, the members of the
public in relation to the formulation of its policy or
implementation thereof.
8. A statement of the boards, councils, committees and other
bodies consisting of two or more persons constituted as its
part or for the purpose of its advice, and as to whether
meetings of those boards, councils, committees and other
bodies are open to the public or the minutes of such
meetings are accessible for public
9. A directory of its officers and employees
10. The monthly remuneration received by each of its officers
and employees, including the system of compensation as
provided in its regulations
11. The budget allocated to each of its agency, indicating the
particulars of all plans, proposed expenditures, and reports
on disbursements made
23
24. 12. The manner of execution of subsidy programs
including the amounts allocated and the details of
beneficiaries of such programs.
13. Particulars of recipients of concessions, permits or
authorization granted by it.
14. Details in respect of the information, available to or
held by it, reduced in an electronic form
15. The particulars of facilities available to citizens for
obtaining information, including the working hours
of a library room, if maintained for public use.
16. The names, designations and other particulars of
the Public Information Officers
17. Such other information as may be prescribed; and
thereafter update this publication every year.
24
25. Section 8: Exempted Organizations
IB, RAW of the Cabinet Secretariat
DRI, Central Economic Intelligence Bureau
Directorate of Enforcement
Narcotic Control Bureau
Aviation Research Centre, Special Frontier Force,
BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CISF, NSG,
Assam Rifles, Special Service Bureau
Special Branch (CID) Andaman & Nikobar
The Crime Branch (CID-CB) Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Special Branch, Lakshadweep Police
25
26. Information can not be shared
Sovereignty and Integrity Of India
Prevented by courts
Breach of privilege of Parliament
Trade secret, Intellectual property
Fiduciary relationship
Info received from foreign Government
Life and physical safety of any person
Issues under investigation
Cabinet papers
Invasion in privacy
26
27. Penalties
• The penalty levied under the RTI
Act at the rate of Rs. 250/- a
day, up to a maximum of Rs.
25,000/-, is recovered from the
salary of officials.
January 14, 2016Avinash Murkute | Pune | M: 9822698070
27
Editor's Notes
Developed for creating awareness about The RTI Act 2005
Published RTI case studies in prominent newspapers
Do you have passport? It might be useful if someone ask you proof of citizenship.
Private bodies are also covered in The RTI Act 2005
Information in computers can not be hidden
Information in computers can not be hidden
The RTI Act 2005 is magical as there is no ambiguity about any terminology.
Very simple to use. Do not need any expertise or any lawyer. Do is yourself but with utmost care. Sample application will work on same server only.
Different states have different provisions now. Please check amendments from time to time.
30 days are calculated as calendar days. No holiday.
Help PIO, draft application sensibly and its win-win game.
If you are dissatisfied with response from PIO, you can file first appeal.
Be prepared to fight unto last, it might take long journey. But remember: we are just visitors to this planent.
For more details please refer regulation of fee and cost, amended.
Please ensure to write all requests to PIO by name so that it will reach him without any delay or loss.
Do check online references.
Second level support is provided in act. Most applicants are satisfied at this level.
Generally, first appellate authority try to protect public information officers
It takes years to get response from Information Commissions. Timelines to be explained in details.
Do not invoke The RTI Act 2005 without comprehending all the sections under The RTI Act 2005.