Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It governs the flow of fluids in the body like blood, lymph, and mucus. From a rheological perspective, materials are solids, liquids, or gases depending on whether their shape and volume remain constant under forces. The flow properties of materials determine how easily substances like emulsions and ointments can be processed and used. Materials can exhibit Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow based on whether their viscosity changes with applied stress. Key non-Newtonian flows include plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant. Factors like polymer structure, hydration, pH, and temperature affect the rheological properties of pharmaceutical products.
1. The document discusses different types of deformation that solids undergo when external forces are applied, including elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and breaking.
2. Elastic deformation is reversible and follows Hooke's Law, relating stress to strain linearly. Plastic deformation is irreversible and leads to a permanent change in shape.
3. The document also defines moduli that quantify a material's resistance to different types of deformation, including Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. These properties depend on the material and can be used to characterize its stiffness.
This document discusses stability factors and applications of pharmaceutical suspensions. It notes that small particle size, increasing viscosity, and maintaining optimal temperature contribute to suspension stability. Suspensions are used for insoluble drugs, to improve drug stability, and to mask unpleasant tastes. Key factors for stability include particle size, viscosity, temperature, surfactants, hydrophilic colloids, solvents, and proper mixing procedures.
This document discusses rheology, which is the branch of physics dealing with the deformation and flow of liquids. It provides definitions and examples of different types of fluid flow, including Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant flow. Key aspects covered include viscosity, shear stress, yield value, and the effects of temperature, particle concentration, and other factors on rheological properties. Common instruments used to measure viscosity, such as capillary, falling sphere, cup and bob, and cone and plate viscometers are also described.
This document discusses an introduction to rheology and its importance in pharmacy. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, which include the importance of rheology in pharmacy applications, definitions and fundamentals, types of fluids, viscosity, measurements of viscosity, instrumentation, and viscoelasticity. The first section defines rheology and describes its importance in areas like manufacturing dosage forms, handling drugs for administration, topical applications, and more. The introduction provides definitions of key terms like shear stress and rate of shear. It also describes Newton's laws of viscous flow. The document goes on to classify fluids as Newtonian or non-Newtonian and describes different types of non-Newtonian fluids.
This document discusses suspensions, which are two-phase systems consisting of finely divided solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle. Suspensions can be classified based on administration route or particle size. They are useful for drugs with low solubility and can improve stability, release properties, and bioavailability compared to other dosage forms. However, suspensions are also prone to physical instability issues like sedimentation. The document outlines factors that affect sedimentation and strategies to improve suspension stability such as controlling particle size, viscosity, surface charge, and use of surfactants or flocculating agents. Wetting agents are also discussed which help disperse solid particles in the liquid vehicle by reducing surface tension.
Rheology is the science that study flow of fluids. Viscosity is the main parameter of flow. Newtonian & non newtonian are the two types of flow behavior according to newtons law of flow. non-newtonian flow can be plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant, thixotropic, antithixotropic or rheopexy. viscosity can be determined by using various viscometers such as capillary viscometer, cup & bob viscometer, cone & plate viscometer, falling sphere viscometer, brookfield viscometer, etc. factors affeting viscosity are intrinsic, extrinsic or temperature dependence.
This theory is explain by Derjaguin , Landau , Verway , Overbeek So it is known as DLVO Theory.
According to this theory , The forces on colloidal particles in a dispersion medium are due to –
1. Electrostatic Repulsion
2. London type Vander Waals Attraction
The document provides information about short term training conducted at Oniosome Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., including topics covered such as calibration of glassware, determination of melting point and solubility of drugs, determination of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value, thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, friability, dissolution, disintegration, and UV spectroscopy. It then discusses the definition of HLB value, how it indicates the polarity of surfactant molecules on a scale of 1-40, and how lipophilic and hydrophilic portions of surfactant molecules affect oil and water solubility. Finally, it outlines methods for determining HLB values and requirements, and applications of surfactants based
This document discusses factors that can cause instability in emulsions over time during storage. The three main changes that can occur are cracking, creaming, and phase inversion. Cracking is the separation of phases and can result from changes in emulsifying agents, solvents, microbes, temperature, or creaming. Creaming is the upward movement of dispersed globules, which depends on globule size, density differences, viscosity, and storage temperature. Phase inversion is a change from one emulsion type to the other, such as oil-in-water to water-in-oil, brought on by electrolytes, phase volume ratios, temperature, or emulsifying agents. Proper packaging, labeling, and storage conditions can help promote emulsion
INCLUDES SPREADING COEFFICIENT AND ITS THEORY AND ALSO FEW OF ITS APPLICATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL FIELD
WILL BE HELPFUL FOR B PHARMACY STUDENTS
INCLUDES HOW IT IS DERIVED AND ALSO HOW IT IS RELATED TO SPREADING OF A CREAM OR OINTMENT ON OUR SKIN
IMPORTANCE OF SPREADING COEFFICIENT
This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It begins by defining a suspension as a disperse system where an insoluble solid internal phase is uniformly dispersed throughout an external liquid phase. Particle size is important for suspensions to be classified as coarse or colloidal. Suspensions differ from solutions in that particles remain dispersed rather than dissolving. Sedimentation occurs over time due to particle size and density. Suspending agents are added to prevent sedimentation by increasing viscosity. The document discusses formulation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of suspensions.
This document discusses factors that affect the flow properties of powders. It describes three common tests to evaluate powder flowability: Carr's compressibility index, Hausner ratio, and angle of repose. Carr's index and Hausner ratio indicate flow based on tapped density measurements. Angle of repose measures the slope of a powder pile. The document also outlines factors like particle size, shape, surface forces, and additives that influence flow and methods to improve powder flow properties.
This document discusses different types of deformation of solids including plastic deformation, elastic deformation, and the Heckle equation. It defines stress as force per unit area and strain as the measure of deformation. The key types of stress are direct, indirect, and combined, while the main types of strain are tensile, compressive, and shear. Elastic modulus determines the amount of force required for deformation. The Heckle equation models the densification of powders under compression and can be used to determine the yield pressure of particles from the slope of the linear region of the Heckle plot.
R. VIJAYAKUMAR., M Pharm,
Research Scholar
department of Pharmaceutical Technology.
Anna university- BIT
Tiruchirappalli
III Semester.
UNIT-IV / Micromeritics
Pharmaceutical Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable mixtures of two immiscible liquids stabilized by an emulsifying agent. They can be oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions depending on the dispersed and continuous phases. Emulsifying agents like surfactants, hydrocolloids, and solid particles form protective films around droplets and increase viscosity to prevent coalescence. Stability issues include creaming, cracking, and phase inversion. Methods to enhance stability are reducing droplet size, increasing viscosity, using emulsifying agents, and controlling storage temperature.
1. The document discusses liquid dosage forms, which provide advantages over solid forms like faster absorption.
2. Liquid dosage forms are classified as monophasic containing one phase like syrups, or biphasic containing two phases like suspensions and emulsions.
3. Key liquid dosage forms are described including their composition, preparation, and uses both internally and externally. Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of suspensions, including their classification, properties, formulation, and stability. Key points include:
- Suspensions are heterogeneous systems with an insoluble dispersed phase distributed throughout a continuous phase. They can be classified based on their intended use, concentration of solids, particle size, and electrokinetic properties.
- Interfacial properties like surface tension affect particle flocculation and sedimentation. Surfactants can reduce surface tension to promote deflocculation.
- Particle size, concentration, and Brownian motion influence sedimentation rates. Flocculated particles settle faster but are easier to redisperse than deflocculated particles.
- Stable suspensions are formulated using vehicles to
This document discusses kinetics and drug stability. It defines chemical kinetics as the study of reaction rates and explains zero-order, first-order, and mixed-order reactions. Factors that affect reaction rates like temperature, light, and solvents are also covered. The document also discusses complex reactions, kinetics of drug decomposition, stability testing strategies, accelerated stability analysis, and shelf life prediction. Finally, it addresses stability considerations for solid dosage forms.
Theory and factors affecting filtration,discuss different types of filters us...Irresolute Tanvir
This document discusses different types of filters used in pharmaceutical processes. It begins by introducing filtration and the factors that affect filtration rates. It then explains several filtration theories and mechanisms. The document discusses various filtering media and factors that influence media selection. Finally, it describes several common filter types used in pharmaceuticals, including bag filters, cartridge filters, air filters, HEPA filters, gas filters, and strainers.
This document provides an overview of rheology concepts including:
1. It defines rheology as the science concerned with the deformation of matter under stress.
2. It describes Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, explaining that Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity while non-Newtonian fluids have variable viscosity.
3. It discusses the different types of non-Newtonian flow - plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant - and provides examples of materials that exhibit each type of flow.
Rheology is the science that studies the flow and deformation of matter, especially fluids and semisolids, under stress. The document discusses various rheological concepts including viscosity, Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow, plastic flow, pseudoplastic flow, dilatant flow, thixotropy, and anti-thixotropy. It provides examples of different rheological behaviors exhibited by pharmaceutical formulations like suspensions, emulsions, and gels. Various viscometers used to characterize the rheological properties of such formulations are also described.
This document discusses rheology, the science of deformation of matter under stress. It defines tensile and shearing stresses and explains reversible and irreversible deformations. Viscosity is introduced as the resistance of fluids to flow, with Newtonian fluids obeying the law of proportionality between stress and shear rate. Non-Newtonian fluids are divided into time-dependent categories like thixotropy and time-independent types including plastic, pseudoplastic and dilatant flows. Specific examples and rheograms are provided to illustrate different fluid behaviors.
Rheology is the science of flow and deformation of matter under stress. There are two main types of materials: Newtonian and non-Newtonian. Newtonian materials follow Newton's law of viscosity, where shear stress is directly proportional to shear rate. Non-Newtonian materials do not follow this relationship and can be plastic, pseudoplastic, or dilatant. Pseudoplastic materials become less viscous at higher shear rates, while dilatant materials become more viscous. Thixotropic materials are pseudoplastic and their viscosity is time-dependent, decreasing under shear and increasing back over time after shear is removed.
SY - PP II - Rheology and Newtons Law of Flow.pdfKeval80
This document discusses rheology, which is the science of deformation and flow of matter. It defines key terms like viscosity, shear stress, and rate of shear. It explains Newton's law of flow and describes Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems. It also discusses factors that affect viscosity like temperature, thixotropy, and different types of viscosity. Finally, it describes common methods to measure and determine viscosity, such as capillary, falling ball, rotational, and other viscometers.
This document discusses rheology and the importance of understanding flow properties in pharmaceutical manufacturing and product administration. It defines rheology as the study of flow and deformation of matter under stress. The document covers various types of fluid flow including Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic and dilatant. It also discusses thixotropy and measurement of viscosity using single point viscometers like Ostwald and falling sphere, as well as multi-point viscometers like cup and bob and cone and plate. Understanding rheology is important for developing dosage forms and ensuring their proper handling and administration.
Rheology is the study of the flow and deformation of matter under stress. It describes the relationship between force, deformation, and time. The term rheology was coined in 1920 and comes from Greek words meaning "to flow" and "study of". Rheology applies to both liquids and solids, and deals with viscoelastic materials that have properties of both solids and liquids when subjected to forces over time.
1. The document discusses various types of fluid flow including Newtonian and non-Newtonian systems.
2. It describes properties like viscosity and how they are measured using instruments like capillary viscometers, falling sphere viscometers, and rotational viscometers.
3. Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit time-dependent viscosity changes under stress like thixotropy, and can have plastic, pseudoplastic, or dilatant behaviors that alter viscosity with shear rates.
Rheology is the science describing the flow and deformation of matter under stress. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to flow and is dependent on factors like temperature, pressure, and shear rate. Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity regardless of shear rate, while non-Newtonian fluids have variable viscosity. Common non-Newtonian behaviors include plastic flow, pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) flow, and dilatant (shear-thickening) flow. Thixotropy is time-dependent shear thinning where viscosity decreases under shear and recovers with time. Viscometers like capillary, falling ball, and rotational viscometers are used to measure viscosity. Rheology is important in formulation development
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. There are several types of rheological properties including stress, viscosity, viscoelastic modulus, creep, and relaxation times. Rheology is important in manufacturing pharmaceutical dosage forms and applications like ointments, syrups, suspensions, and emulsions where rheological properties influence acceptability, bioavailability, and handling. Materials can exhibit Newtonian, plastic, pseudo-plastic, or dilatant flow depending on the relationship between shear stress and shear rate. Viscometers are used to determine viscosity and classify fluids as Newtonian or non-Newtonian.
This document discusses rheology and viscosity measurement techniques. It covers key topics like:
1) Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow, including plastic, pseudoplastic and dilatant systems.
2) Measurement of viscosity using viscometers like capillary, falling sphere and rotational viscometers.
3) Phenomena like thixotropy, antithixotropy and their significance in formulations.
The document provides an overview of important rheological concepts and methods to characterize the flow behavior and viscosity of formulations.
Physical Pharmacy M02 discusses rheology and the measurement of viscosity. It covers Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow, including plastic, pseudoplastic, and dilatant behaviors. Key concepts are thixotropy and antithixotropy. Methods to measure viscosity include capillary, falling sphere, and rotational viscometers. Understanding viscosity is important for formulating drug delivery systems and ensuring patient acceptability.
This document discusses rheology, which is defined as the science dealing with the flow and deformation of materials under stress. It provides definitions of key rheological terms like viscosity and describes different flow patterns such as Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic and dilatant flow. Specific techniques for determining viscosity are outlined, including capillary viscometry, falling sphere viscometry, cup and bob viscometry, and cone and plate viscometry.
This document discusses rheology, which is the study of how materials flow and deform under stress. It provides definitions of key rheological terms like viscosity, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. Newtonian fluids have a linear stress-strain relationship where viscosity is constant, while non-Newtonian fluids have nonlinear or time-dependent stress-strain behaviors. The document also describes how viscosity is measured and explains the differences between solid, liquid, and gas states in terms of how they deform under forces.
A STUDY ON VISCOUS FLOW (With A Special Focus On Boundary Layer And Its Effects)Rajibul Alam
This document summarizes a study on viscous flow with a focus on boundary layers and their effects. It defines viscosity and describes the boundary layer that forms along a solid surface moving through a fluid. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers are differentiated. The boundary layer equations are presented and used to derive the Navier-Stokes equations that govern viscous fluid flow. Key properties of boundary layers like thickness and velocity profiles are discussed. The interaction of boundary layers and shockwaves is also summarized.
This document discusses rheology and viscosity. It defines rheology as the science of flow of fluids and deformation of solids under stress. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow and is important in formulation of products like creams, ointments, and suspensions. The document describes different types of fluid flow based on viscosity, such as Newtonian, plastic, and pseudoplastic flow. It also discusses instruments used to measure viscosity like capillary, falling sphere, cup and bob, and cone and plate viscometers. Thixotropy, where the viscosity of a fluid decreases under shear stress over time, is also covered.
The document discusses the Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) of 1995 in India. Some key points:
- DPCO 1995 aimed to regulate drug prices and ensure adequate supply of essential medicines at fair prices. It was replaced by DPCO 2013.
- Previous versions of DPCO were introduced in 1966, 1970, 1979, and 1987 to control rising drug prices.
- DPCO 1995 defined key terms like bulk drugs, formulations, and ceiling prices. It explained how the government would fix prices of scheduled bulk drugs and formulations.
- Manufacturers had to provide drug price information to the government annually or when seeking price revisions. The government could recover overcharges or revise prices under certain circumstances.
Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter. It examines the flow behavior of complex fluids that do not follow Newton's or Hooke's laws. Rheology seeks to establish relationships between applied forces and induced geometrical effects in fluids, and between rheological properties and molecular structure. It is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates physics, chemistry, and continuum mechanics. Rheological experiments investigate properties like viscosity, yield stress, and viscoelastic effects in non-Newtonian fluids such as foods, personal care products, and biofluids.
1. The document discusses various topics related to surface tension and surface phenomena including measurement methods, factors that influence surface tension, absorption vs adsorption, spreading of liquids, and surface activity of molecules.
2. Key concepts covered are how temperature affects surface tension, techniques for measuring surface tension like the stalagmometer and drop weight methods, and the relationship between surface tension and factors like concentration of electrolytes.
3. The role of surface active molecules in lowering surface tension and enabling emulsification is also summarized.
This document provides background information on reaction rates and mechanisms. It discusses how factors like reactant concentrations, temperature, catalysts, and surface area can influence reaction rates. It also defines concepts like the rate law, rate constant, reaction order, energy of activation, and Arrhenius equation. Methods for determining reaction order are described, including by varying reactant concentrations and analyzing integrated rate expressions for zero, first, and second order reactions. The effects of temperature on reaction rates are also addressed through the Arrhenius equation.
Adsorption is the process where matter accumulates at the interface between two phases, such as a gas transferring to the surface of a liquid. This occurs due to higher surface energy at interfaces compared to interior molecules. Adsorption equilibria can be modeled using isotherms such as Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET, which relate the amount adsorbed to concentration in solution. Factors like adsorbate properties, pH, temperature, and presence of other solutes influence adsorption extent and isotherm shape.
The document discusses forecasting and management by objectives (MBO). It defines forecasting as predicting future conditions to guide activities and performance. Forecasting involves analyzing past and present data from internal and external sources. The importance of forecasting includes planning, coordination, control, and facing challenges. Limitations include assumptions and costs. MBO is a goal setting approach involving subordinates in consultation to relate individual performance to organizational goals. It aims to measure performance, foster growth, and enhance motivation. Limitations include problems setting goals and potential pressure.
This document discusses planning, forecasting, goals, objectives and strategies. It explains that planning provides a method for identifying objectives and designing activities to achieve objectives. Forecasting is important for planning and there are qualitative and quantitative forecasting methods described, including the Delphi method. Goals and objectives clarify the mission and how it will be achieved, with objectives being specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound. Strategies suggest ways to achieve goals and objectives.
The document discusses various aspects of organization including its nature, need, principles, types, and structure. It defines organization as a structure consisting of relationships between individuals and positions, and as a process of arranging activities to achieve goals. The key aspects of organization discussed are the common purpose, division of labor, communication, and rules/regulations. The document also outlines the steps in organizing as identification, grouping, and assigning activities and duties. It notes that organization facilitates administration, growth, and optimal resource use.
The document discusses the process of conducting marketing research. It defines marketing research as the systematic gathering and analysis of data related to marketing goods and services. The purpose is to help businesses identify opportunities and reduce risks. The document then outlines the 7 steps to effective marketing research: 1) define problems/opportunities, 2) set objectives/budget/timelines, 3) select research methods, 4) design instruments, 5) collect data, 6) analyze data, and 7) present findings. Both secondary research (existing sources) and primary research (surveys, interviews) are discussed.
Leadership involves influencing followers to achieve common goals willingly through a dynamic social process. Key features include followers, an active working relationship, and achieving goals through inspiration rather than fear. Leadership styles include autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire approaches. Trait, behavioral, and situational theories provide frameworks for understanding effective leadership. Motivation refers to internal drives directing energy toward goals. Important motivation theories include Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory, McGregor's Theory X and Y, and equity theory.
This document discusses communication and provides information on:
1) The communication process involving a sender, message, encoding, medium, receiver, decoding, and feedback.
2) Verbal and nonverbal communication methods.
3) Factors that influence perception in communication like biases and stereotypes.
4) Different communication media and their relative information richness, from most to least being face-to-face, telephone, email, impersonal writing.
5) Barriers to effective communication and skills for managers to improve communication.
Communication is the exchange of ideas, facts, opinions or emotions to create mutual understanding. The communication process involves a sender encoding and transmitting a message through a channel to a receiver who decodes it. Barriers to effective communication include physical barriers, psychological barriers like tuning out opposing ideas, language problems, and nonverbal distractions. Communication can be improved by providing feedback, avoiding grandstanding, and using appropriate channels of communication like downward, upward, horizontal, and diagonal channels as well as formal and informal networks.
Standards institutes like BIS, ISO, FDA, and WHO work to improve quality of life by developing and harmonizing standards. BIS is India's national standards organization established in 1986 to facilitate standardization and quality control. It develops over 17,000 standards and certifies products and quality management systems. ISO is an international NGO with 161 member countries that develops voluntary consensus standards to facilitate global trade. FDA regulates food, drugs, medical devices and other products in the US. WHO works to attain the highest level of health globally and harmonize health standards between 194 member countries.
The document discusses the TRIPS agreement and its impact on Indian patent law. Some key points:
- TRIPS established minimum global standards for intellectual property protection, including recognizing 7 types of IP rights like patents and copyright. It required countries to provide patent protection for inventions in all fields of technology.
- India initially only allowed process patents for food, drugs etc. TRIPS allowed India a 10 year transition period to implement product patents in all areas.
- The 2005 Patent Act Amendment in India fully complied with TRIPS by granting product patents for all inventions effective January 1, 2005. It also addressed issues like patentability criteria, opposition processes, and compulsory licensing.
Codeavour 5.0 International Impact Report - The Biggest International AI, Cod...Codeavour International
Unlocking potential across borders! 🌍✨ Discover the transformative journey of Codeavour 5.0 International, where young innovators from over 60 countries converged to pioneer solutions in AI, Coding, Robotics, and AR-VR. Through hands-on learning and mentorship, 57 teams emerged victorious, showcasing projects aligned with UN SDGs. 🚀
Codeavour 5.0 International empowered students from 800 schools worldwide to tackle pressing global challenges, from bustling cities to remote villages. With participation exceeding 5,000 students, this year's competition fostered creativity and critical thinking among the next generation of changemakers. Projects ranged from AI-driven healthcare innovations to sustainable agriculture solutions, each addressing local and global issues with technological prowess.
The journey began with a collective vision to harness technology for social good, as students collaborated across continents, guided by mentors and educators dedicated to nurturing their potential. Witnessing the impact firsthand, teams hailing from diverse backgrounds united to code for a better future, demonstrating the power of innovation in driving positive change.
As Codeavour continues to expand its global footprint, it not only celebrates technological innovation but also cultivates a spirit of collaboration and compassion. These young minds are not just coding; they are reshaping our world with creativity and resilience, laying the groundwork for a sustainable and inclusive future. Together, they inspire us to believe in the limitless possibilities of innovation and the profound impact of young voices united by a common goal.
Read the full impact report to learn more about the Codeavour 5.0 International.
How to Manage Access Rights & User Types in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, who have access to the database they are called users. There are different types of users in odoo and they have different accesses into the database. Access rights are permissions that can be set for the individual or group of users. This slide will show How to Manage Access Rights & User Types in Odoo 17.
How to Empty a One2Many Field in Odoo 17Celine George
This slide discusses how to delete or clear records in an Odoo 17 one2many field. We'll achieve this by adding a button named "Delete Records." Clicking this button will delete all associated one2many records.
PRESS RELEASE - UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, JULY 16, 2024.pdfnservice241
The University of Ghana has launched a new vision and strategic plan, which will focus on transforming lives and societies through unparalleled scholarship, innovation, and result-oriented discoveries.
Postal Advocate manages the mailing and shipping spends for some of the largest organizations in North America. At this session, we discussed the USPS® July 2024 rate change. Postal Advocate shared all the important information you need to know for this coming rate change that goes into effect on Sunday, July 14, 2024.
We Covered:
-What rates are changing
-How this impacts you
-What you need to do
-Savings tips
Dr. Nasir Mustafa CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION "NEUROANATOMY"Dr. Nasir Mustafa
CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION
"NEUROANATOMY"
DURING THE JOINT ONLINE LECTURE SERIES HELD BY
KUTAISI UNIVERSITY (GEORGIA) AND ISTANBUL GELISIM UNIVERSITY (TURKEY)
FROM JUNE 10TH TO JUNE 14TH, 2024
APM event held on 9 July in Bristol.
Speaker: Roy Millard
The SWWE Regional Network were very pleased to welcome back to Bristol Roy Millard, of APM’s Assurance Interest Group on 9 July 2024, to talk about project reviews and hopefully answer all your questions.
Roy outlined his extensive career and his experience in setting up the APM’s Assurance Specific Interest Group, as they were known then.
Using Mentimeter, he asked a number of questions of the audience about their experience of project reviews and what they wanted to know.
Roy discussed what a project review was and examined a number of definitions, including APM’s Bok: “Project reviews take place throughout the project life cycle to check the likely or actual achievement of the objectives specified in the project management plan”
Why do we do project reviews? Different stakeholders will have different views about this, but usually it is about providing confidence that the project will deliver the expected outputs and benefits, that it is under control.
There are many types of project reviews, including peer reviews, internal audit, National Audit Office, IPA, etc.
Roy discussed the principles behind the Three Lines of Defence Model:, First line looks at management controls, policies, procedures, Second line at compliance, such as Gate reviews, QA, to check that controls are being followed, and third Line is independent external reviews for the organisations Board, such as Internal Audit or NAO audit.
Factors which affect project reviews include the scope, level of independence, customer of the review, team composition and time.
Project Audits are a special type of project review. They are generally more independent, formal with clear processes and audit trails, with a greater emphasis on compliance. Project reviews are generally more flexible and informal, but should be evidence based and have some level of independence.
Roy looked at 2 examples of where reviews went wrong, London Underground Sub-Surface Upgrade signalling contract, and London’s Garden Bridge. The former had poor 3 lines of defence, no internal audit and weak procurement skills, the latter was a Boris Johnson vanity project with no proper governance due to Johnson’s pressure and interference.
Roy discussed the principles of assurance reviews from APM’s Guide to Integrated Assurance (Free to Members), which include: independence, accountability, risk based, and impact, etc
Human factors are important in project reviews. The skills and knowledge of the review team, building trust with the project team to avoid defensiveness, body language, and team dynamics, which can only be assessed face to face, active listening, flexibility and objectively.
Click here for further content: https://www.apm.org.uk/news/a-beginner-s-guide-to-project-reviews-everything-you-wanted-to-know-but-were-too-afraid-to-ask/
Lecture Notes Unit4 Chapter13 users , roles and privilegesMurugan146644
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
Key Topics Covered:
Main Topic : USERS, Roles and Privileges
In Oracle databases, users are individuals or applications that interact with the database. Each user is assigned specific roles, which are collections of privileges that define their access levels and capabilities. Privileges are permissions granted to users or roles, allowing actions like creating tables, executing procedures, or querying data. Properly managing users, roles, and privileges is essential for maintaining security and ensuring that users have appropriate access to database resources, thus supporting effective data management and integrity within the Oracle environment.
Sub-Topic :
Definition of User, User Creation Commands, Grant Command, Deleting a user, Privileges, System privileges and object privileges, Grant Object Privileges, Viewing a users, Revoke Object Privileges, Creation of Role, Granting privileges and roles to role, View the roles of a user , Deleting a role
Target Audience:
Final year B.Sc. Computer Science students at Alagappa University seeking a solid foundation in RDBMS principles for academic and practical applications.
URL for previous slides
chapter 8,9 and 10 : https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/lecture_notes_unit4_chapter_8_9_10_rdbms-for-the-students-affiliated-by-alagappa-university/270123800
Chapter 11 Sequence: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/sequnces-lecture_notes_unit4_chapter11_sequence/270134792
Chapter 12 View : https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/rdbms-lecture-notes-unit4-chapter12-view/270199683
About the Author:
Dr. S. Murugan is Associate Professor at Alagappa Government Arts College, Karaikudi. With 23 years of teaching experience in the field of Computer Science, Dr. S. Murugan has a passion for simplifying complex concepts in database management.
Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Odoo 17 Events - Attendees List ScanningCeline George
Use the attendee list QR codes to register attendees quickly. Each attendee will have a QR code, which we can easily scan to register for an event. You will get the attendee list from the “Attendees” menu under “Reporting” menu.
2. Definition:
• The branch of physics, which deals with deformation
and flow of matter.
• Rheology governs the circulation of blood & lymph
through capillaries and large vessels, flow of mucus,
bending of bones, stretching of cartilage, contraction
of muscles.
• Fluidity of solutions to be injected with hypodermic
syringes or infused intravenously, flexibility of tubing
used in catheters, extensibility of gut.
3. From the rheological viewpoint systems are:
• Solid if they preserve shape & volume.
• Liquid if they preserve their volume.
• Gaseous if neither shape nor volume remains constant when
forces are applied to them.
4. To the pharmacist:
• Flow of emulsions through colloid mills,
• Working of ointments on slabs or roller mills.
• Trituration of suspensions in mortar and pestle.
• Mechanical properties of glass or plastic containers & of
rubber closures.
To the consumer:
• Squeezing toothpaste from a collapsible tube.
• Spreading lotion on his skin.
• Spraying liquids from atomizers or aerosol cans.
5. Types of Flow:
The choice depends on whether or not their flow properties
are in accordance to Newton's law of flow.
Newtonian Non - Newtonian
7. Newton Law of Flow:
• Laminar or Stream line: The bottom layer is
considered to be fixed in place. If the top plane of
liquid is moved at a constant velocity, each lower
layer will move with a velocity ∞ to its distance
from the stationary layer.
• Velocity gradient or rate of shear , dv / dr.
• The rate of shear indicates how fast the liquid flows
when a shear stress is applied to it. Its unit is sec-1
.
• The force per unit area (F'/A) required to bring about
flow is called the shearing stress and its unit is
dyne/cm2
.
8. F'/A = η dv / dr (1)
Where η is the viscosity.
Equation (1) is frequently written as:
η = F/G (2)
Where F = F'/A & G = dv/dr.
For Newtonian System is shown in the figure. A
straight line passing through the origin is
obtained.
9. Units of Absolute Viscosity:
The Poise (p), is the shearing force required to produce a
velocity of 1 cm/sec. between two parallel planes of liquid each
1 cm2
in area & separated by a distance of 1 cm.
The Centipois (cp), 1 cp = 0.01 poise.
Fluidity (φ) is the reciprocal of viscosity:
(φ) = 1/η (3)
Kinematic viscosity : is the absolute viscosity divided
by the density of the liquid
Kinematic viscosity = η/ρ (4)
The units of kinematic viscosity are the stoke (s( &
the centistoke (cs(.
10. Effect of Temperature on Viscosity:
Viscosity of a gas increases with the increase of
temperature.
Viscosity of liquid decreases as the temperature is raised
& the fluidity of a liquid, increases with temperature.
11. Non-Newtonian Systems:
• Non - Newtonian bodies are those substances, which fail to
follow Newton's law i.e. liquid & solid , heterogeneous
dispersions such as colloidal solutions, emulsions, liquid
suspensions and ointments.
• They are classified into 3 types of flow:
• Plastic.
• Pseudoplastic.
• Dilatant.
12. Plastic Flow:
Materials exhibiting plastic flow are known asMaterials exhibiting plastic flow are known as Bingham bodiesBingham bodies..
The plastic flow curve does not passThe plastic flow curve does not pass
through the origin & it intersects thethrough the origin & it intersects the
shearing stress axis (or will if theshearing stress axis (or will if the
straight part of the curve isstraight part of the curve is
extrapolated to the axis) at a particularextrapolated to the axis) at a particular
point referred to aspoint referred to as yield valueyield value.. (f)
A Bingham body does not begin toA Bingham body does not begin to
flow until a shearing stress,flow until a shearing stress,
corresponding to the yield value, iscorresponding to the yield value, is
exceeded.exceeded.
13. • The slope of the rheogram = mobility, ( fluidity in
Newtonian systems(.
• Its reciprocal is known as the plastic viscosity .
U = ( F-f ) / G (5)
• where f is the yield value, or (intercept, on the shear
stress axis in dynes cm-2
(.
• U is the plastic viscosity.
14. • Plastic flow is associated with the presence of flocculated particles
in concentrated suspensions.
continuous structure is set up.
• The yield value is present due to contacts between adjacent particles
(brought about by Van der Waal's forces).
• Consequently, the yield value is an indication of the force of
flocculation, the more flocculated the suspension, the higher will be
the yield value.
• Frictional forces between moving particles can also contribute to the
yield value.
• Once the yield value has been exceeded, any in shearing stress
(i.e. F-f ) brings about a directly proportional increase in G, the rate
of shear.
• Aplastic system resembles a Newtonian system at shear
stresses > the yield value.
15. Pseudoplastic Flow:
Polymers in solution, natural & synthetic
gums, e.g. liquid dispersions of tragacanth,
sodium alginate, methylcellulose.
The curve for a pseudoplastic material begins
at the origin (or at least approaches it at low
rates of shear). The curved rheogram
for pseudoplastic materials is due
to shearing action on the long
chain molecules of materials such
as linear polymers.
In contrast to Bingham bodies, there is no
yield value no part of the curve is
linear, one cannot express the viscosity of a
pseudoplastic material by any single value.
16. FN
= η' G (6)
The exponent N rises as the flow becomes increasingly non-
Newtonian.
When N = 1, equation (6) reduces to equation (2) & the flow
is Newtonian. F= η' G
The term η' is a viscosity coefficient.
Following rearrangement, equation (6) may be written in the
logarithmic form:
log G = N log F - log η' (7)
This is an equation for a straight line. Many pseudoplastic
systems fit this equation when log G is plotted as a function of
log F.
17. Shearing stress
Coiling & entanglement Alignment & disentanglement
Random & Brownian motion
in fluids
Shear stress applied to the fluid
Due to
18. • As the shearing stress the normally disarranged molecules
begin to align their long axes in the direction of flow.This
orientation reduces the internal resistance of the material and
allows a greater rate of shear at each successive shearing
stress.
• In addition, some of the solvent associated with the
molecules may be released, resulting in an effective lowering
of the concentration and size of dispersed molecules.
• An equilibrium exists between the shear induced changes and
random coiling tendency caused by Brownian motion which
entraps water inside the coils. The rate of entanglement and
randomization by Brownian motion is constant, while the rate
of disentanglement and alignment increases with increasing
shear stress.
• The viscosity diminishes as the shear is increased, so they
known as “shear thinning systems”.
19. FN
= η' G (6)
The exponent N rises as the flow becomes increasingly
non-Newtonian.
When N = 1, equation (6) reduces to equation (2) and
the flow is Newtonian. The term η' is a viscosity
coefficient.
Following rearrangement, equation (6) may be written in
the logarithmic form:
log G = N log F - log η' (7)
This is an equation for a straight line. Many pseudoplastic
systems fit this equation when log G is plotted as a
function of log F.
20. Dilatant Flow:
• Certain suspensions with a high percentage of
dispersed solids exhibit an in resistance to flow
with increasing rates of shear.
• Such systems actually increase in volume when
sheared & are called dilatant.
• Dilatant materials "shear thickening systems."
• When the stress is removed, a dilatant system
returns to its original state of fluidity.
21. • FN
= η' G (6)
• N is always < 1 and decreases as the degree of dilatancy
increases.
• As N approaches 1, the system becomes increasingly
Newtonian in behavior.
• Substances possessing dilatant flow properties are
invariably suspensions containing a high concentration
(about 50 % or greater) of small, deflocculated particles.
22. At rest:
Particles are closely packed with small interparticle
volume. The amount of vehicle in the suspension
is enough to fill this volume. The particles move
relative to one another at low rates of shear.
23. Applying shear stress
Particle ,
s arrangement is expanded, particles take an open form
of packing (dilate). The amount of vehicle in the suspension
is constant & becomes insufficient to fill the inter-particles voids.
The resistance to flow increases, the particles are no longer
completely wetted or lubricated by the vehicle.
Eventually, the suspension will set up as a firm paste.
24. Time-Dependent Behaviour:
Thixotropy:
• Newtonian systems: If the rate of shear was reduced
once the desired maximum rate had been reached, the
down curve would be identical with & superimposed on
the up-curve.
• Non Newtonian systems:
With shear-thinning systems (i.e., plastic &
pseudoplastic), the down - curve is frequently displaced
to the left of the up-curve.This means that the material
has a lower consistency at any one rate of shear on the
down-curve than it had on the up curve.This
phenomenon is known as Thixotropy.
25. Definition:
It is a comparatively slow
recovery, on standing of a
material which lost its
consistency through
shearing."
Thixotropy is only applied
to shear-thinning systems.
This indicates a breakdown of
structure (shear-thinning),
which does not reform
immediately when the stress
is removed or reduced .
26. Gel structure
Asymmetric particles, many points of contact,
network structure & rigid structure.
Sol structure
Breakdown of structure, flow starts, particles are
aligned and transform to sol (shear thinning)
Removal of Shearing stress
Shearing stress
Gel structure
Rebuild of the gel structure by brownian motion
(time is not defined)
27. • An aqueous dispersion of 8% w /w sodium bentonite
sets to gel within an hour or two after preparation when
undisturbed, but flows & can be poured within many
minutes after it had been stirred above the yield value.
After prolonged rest it reverts to a gel.
• Thixotropic systems usually contain asymmetric particles
which, possess numerous points of contact & set up a
loose three-dimensional network.
• At rest, this structure confers some degree of rigidity on
the system & it resembles a gel.
• As shear is applied & flow starts, this structure begins to
break down. Points of contact are disrupted & the
particles become aligned.
• The material a gel-to-sol transformation &
28. • Upon removal of the stress, the structure starts to
reform. This process is not immediate. It is a progressive
restoration of consistency as the asymmetric particles
come into contact with each other by undergoing random
brownian movement.
• The rheograms obtained with thixotropic materials are
dependent on:
1- The rate at which shear is increased or decreased.
2- The time for which a sample is subjected to any one
rate of shear.
29. Choice ofViscometer
“One point" instruments :
• provide a single point on the rheogram.
• Extrapolation of a line through this point to the origin will
result in the complete rheogram.
• Used for Newtonian fluids. Since the rate of shear is
directly proportional to the shearing stress.
• The capillary and falling sphere are for use only
with Newtonian materials
30. “Multi-point" instruments:
• Used with non-Newtonian systems
• The instrumentation used must be able to operate at a variety
of rates of shear.
• Cup and Bob , Cone and Plate viscometers may be used with
both types of flow system
31. :Falling SphereViscometer
The sample & ball are placed in the
inner glass tube & allowed to reach
temperature equilibrium with the
water in the surrounding constant
temperature jacket.
The tube & jacket are then inverted,
which effectively places the ball at
the top of the inner glass tube.
The time for the ball to fall between
two marks is accurately measured
& repeated several times.
For newtonian liquids:
B ( Sb – Sf ) η = t
32. • t= the time interval in sec.
• Sb & Sf are the specific gravities of the ball & fluid under
examination at the temperature being used.
• B is a constant for a particular ball and is supplied by the
manufacturer.
• The instrument can be used over the range 0.5 to 200,000
poise.
33. :Cone and PlateViscometer
The sample is placed at the center of the plate which is
then raised into position under the cone.
The cone is driven by a variable speed motor & the sample
is sheared in the narrow gap between the stationary plate
and the rotating cone.
The rate of shear in rev. /min. is increased & decreased by
a selector dial & the torque (shearing stress) produced
on the cone is read on the indicator scale.
A plot of rpm or rate of shear versus scale reading or
shearing stress may be plotted.
34. C is an instrumental
constant.
T is torque reading.
V is speed in revolution /
minute.
C T / V= η
U = C (T - T f ) / V
f = T f x C f C f is constant
Plastic materials
35. Advantages :
• The rate of shear is constant throughout the entire sample
being sheared. As a result, any change in plug flow is avoided.
• Time saved in cleaning & filling.
• Temperature stabilization of the sample during a run.
• The cone and plate viscometer requires a sample volume of 0.l
to 0.2 ml. This instrument could be used for the rheological
evaluation of some pharmaceutical semisolids.
36. Factors Affecting Rheological Properties in
Pharmaceutical Products:
Chemical Factors:
(a) Degree of Polymerization:
• Suspending agents, and emulsion stabilizers act in low
concentrations to produce viscous solutions (high molecular
weight).
• Lower concentrations of the high molecular weight grades of
synthetic & modified natural gums are used to obtain the
desired viscosity.
37. (b) Extent of Polymer Hydration:
• In hydrophilic polymer solution the molecules are completely
surrounded by immobilized water molecules forming a solvent layer.
Such hydration of hydrophilic polymers gives rise to an increased
viscosity.
• The solvate layer is strongly bound to the macromolecule
viscosity will be insensitive to pH changes or low concentrations of
electrolytes.
• Loose solvate around the macromolecules, pH & electrolytes will
produce variations in viscosity.
38. (c) Impurities, Trace Ions and Electrolytes
• Changing the viscosity of natural polymers, e.g. in
sodium alginate solution, the viscosity to the
gelling point traces of calcium are present
the formation of calcium alginate.
• At concentrations, electrolytes do not change the
viscosity of natural colloids in aqueous solution.
• concentrations, the salts compete for the adsorbed
water molecules, surrounding the hydrated polymer,
due to the affinity of the salt ions for water.
• As the polymer molecules become dehydrated, their
dispersions decrease in viscosity & precipitation
occurs
39. )d) Effect of pH:
• Changes in pH greatly affect the viscosity & stability of
the hydrophilic natural & synthetic gums.
• The natural gums usually have a relatively stable
viscosity plateau extending over 5 or 4 pH units. Above
and below this stable pH range viscosity decreases
sharply.
• Methyl cellulose has a stable pH range of 3 to 12.
• Sodium salts polymers are unstable in acid medium due
to the separation of the acid form of the polymer, e.g.
sodium alginate.
40. (E) Sequestering Agents and Buffers:
• Sequestering agents have a stabilizing effect on viscosity in
some polymer solutions, which are decomposed by traces of
metals.
Examples:
• Calcium ions the viscosity of sodium alginate. Addition of
sequestering agents i.e. EDTA or hexameta-phosphate will
viscosity in sodium alginate solutions.
• Tragacanth solution also suffers a rapid loss in viscosity,
regardless of the pH, in systems, which bind calcium ions,
i.e citrate buffers.
41. Physical Factors:
(a) Aeration:
• Aerated products usually result from high shear milling.
Aerated samples are more viscous or have more viscous
creamed layer than non-aerated samples.
• Some aerated emulsions will be less viscous & less stable
than un-aerated samples due to concentration of the
surfactant or emulsion stabilizer at the air liquid interface &
thus deletion of the stabilizer at the oil - water interface.
De-aeration is done:
• Mechanically by roll milling, which squeezes out the air.
Heat the aerated system.
42. (b) Light:
• Various hydrocolloids in aqueous solutions are reported to be
sensitive to light.These colloids include carbopol, sodium
alginate & sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
• To protect photosensitive hydrocolloids from decomposition:
• The use of light-resistant containers,
• Screening agents, antioxidants.
• In the case of carbopol, the use of sequestering
agents.
43. (c) The Degree of Dispersion and
Flocculation:
• In concentrated suspensions of 3% solids & higher, a
decrease in particle size of the solid phase, produce an
increase in the viscosity of the system.
• This viscosity increase to immobilization of the
vehicle with an increase in the fraction of the
suspension volume effectively occupied by the solid.
• The addition of insoluble solids to a Newtonian vehicle
non-Newtonian flow properties in system.
• The smaller the particle size of the dispersed solid phase,
the lower the concentration of the solids required to
produce non-newtonian flow and thixotropy.
44. Flocculation of a suspension system:
• Flocculation viscosity & thixotropy.
• The flocs or aggregates are held weakly together and
are capable of forming extended networks which give
the flocculated suspension its structural properties.
• Immobilization of a portion of the dispersing media in
the network & between the flocs viscosity.
45. Pharmaceutical and Biological Applications of
Rheology:
1- Prolongation of Drug Action:
• The rate of absorption of an ordinary
suspension differs from thixotropic suspension.
• Example: procaine penicillin G, a form of
penicillin, of relatively low water solubility.
Aqueous suspensions containing between 40 and
70% w/v of milled or micronized procaine
penicillin G + small amount of sodium citrate &
polysorbate 80 are thixotropic pastes & are of depot
effect when injected intramuscularly.
46. Ordinary suspension of
pencillin G
Thixotropy suspension of
pencillin G
I.M injection
Forms no depot, fast dispersion&
absorption so maintain therapeutic
Level for short time
Forms spherical deposits at site of
injection which resists disintegration
by tissue fluids& Small surface area
(absorption) so maintain therapeutic
Level for longer time
The formation of depot depends on: a- high yield value
b-fast thixotropic recovery after injection.
47. (2) Effect on Drug Absorption:
• The viscosity of creams and lotions may affect the rate of
absorption of the products by the skin.
• A greater release of active ingredients is generally possible
from the softer, less viscous bases.
• The viscosity of semi-solid products may affect absorption of
these topical products due to the effect of viscosity on the
rate of diffusion of the active ingredients.
48. (3)Thixotropy in Suspension and Emulsion
Formulation:
• Thixotropy is useful in the formulation of
pharmaceutical suspensions and emulsions. They
must be poured easily from containers (low viscosity)
• Disadvantages of Low viscosity:
• Rapid settling of solid particles in suspensions and rapid creaming of
emulsions.
• Solid particles, which have settled out stick together, producing
sediment difficult to redisperse ("caking or claying").
• Creaming in emulsions is a first step towards coalescence. (break down
of emulsion)
49. • A thixotropic agent such as sodium bentonite magma,
colloidal silicon dioxide, is incorporated into the suspensions
or emulsions to confer a high apparent viscosity or even a
yield value .
• At rest :
• High viscosities retard sedimentation & creaming .
• Yield values prevent them altogether; since there is no flow
below the yield stress, the apparent viscosity at low shear
becomes infinite
50. Pouring the suspension or emulsion from its container:
• Shaking at shear stresses above the yield value
• The agitation breaks down the thixotropic structure so
reducing the yield value to zero & lowering the apparent
viscosity.This facilitates pouring.
• Back on the shelf, the viscosity slowly increases again and the
yield value is restored as Brownian motion rebuilds the house-
of-cards structure of bentonite.