The document discusses conventional microbiological techniques used in diagnostic microbiology laboratories. It describes how Robert Koch and Ronald Ross helped develop culturing pathogens and the discovery that specific microbes cause diseases. It also discusses how conventional techniques like growing bacteria in broth or on solid media, staining, and microscopy are still important today, but that molecular biology techniques may revolutionize disease diagnosis in the future. Gram staining remains one of the most rapid diagnostic methods for identifying bacteria in clinical specimens.
The use of a machine designed to follow repeatedly and automatically a predetermined sequence of individual operations.
AUTOMATED WASHING
AUTOMATED MEDIA PREPARATORS
AUTOMATED COLLECTION AND
PROCESSING OF SAMPLES
CYTOSPIN
AUTOMATED GRAM STAINING
AUTOMATED STREAKING
SPIRAL PLATER
AUTOMATED ANTIBIOTIC -
SENSITIVITY SYSTEM
AUTOMATIC COLONY COUNTER
AUTOMATED URINE MICROSCOPY -
ANALYSER
The presentation summarises important methods and protocols of Clinical Microbiology. It may be useful to learners of Clinical microbiology at the undergraduate label. The presentation describes the procedures for collecting clinical samples, transport, and testing. It also describes the different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and standards.
SAFETY RULE AND REGULATION IN MICROBIOLOGICAL LABOURATORYvivek kumar
Safety rules and regulations are necessary in microbiology laboratories to prevent adverse health effects. Key safety procedures include:
- Following good lab practices like wearing protective equipment, properly labeling samples, and disinfecting work surfaces.
- Using aseptic techniques to prevent contamination of cultures.
- Properly disposing of contaminated waste through autoclaving or using sharps containers.
- Knowing emergency procedures like the locations of eye washes, showers, and how to handle spills.
- Adhering to biosafety levels which are determined by the risk of pathogens being studied.
It has been developed for the detection, enumeration & identification of bacteria & yeasts in clinical specimens.
It is an instrument used for automatic computer-assisted identification of bacteria
It mainly involves staining, motility test, cultural characteristics, a series of biochemical tests.
The automatic bacteria identification system automatically identifies the bacteria in very short time.
MacConkey agar is a selective and differential medium used to isolate and differentiate gram-negative enteric bacteria like E. coli and Salmonella. It contains lactose and bile salts which allow lactose-fermenting bacteria to grow as red or pink colonies due to acid production, while lactose-nonfermenters form colorless colonies. MacConkey agar is widely used to detect intestinal pathogens in food, water and clinical samples. Quality control involves testing for growth of E. coli and no growth of beta hemolytic Streptococcus.
The document discusses various staining techniques used to visualize bacteria under a microscope. It describes the principles of simple staining using single dyes like methylene blue or carbol fuchsin. Differential staining techniques like Gram staining and acid-fast staining are also covered, which use multiple dyes to categorize bacteria based on cell wall characteristics. Special stains used to highlight specific bacterial structures such as capsules, flagella or spores are mentioned. Detailed procedures for common staining methods like Gram stain, acid-fast stain and Albert stain are provided. The document aims to explain the use of staining to differentiate bacterial types and visualize their morphology.
Shigella dysenteriae is a gram-negative, non-motile bacillus that causes dysentery. It grows well at 37°C in nutrient broth, forming colorless colonies on MacConkey agar and red colonies without black centers on XLD agar. S. dysenteriae infection is caused by ingesting contaminated food or water and leads to dysentery characterized by bloody mucus in stool. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically for pus cells and macrophages, culturing on selective media to isolate non-lactose fermenting colonies, and conducting biochemical tests and slide agglutination with specific antisera. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol are used
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing – disk diffusion methodsAnn Sam
This document provides information on antimicrobial susceptibility testing using disk diffusion methods. It discusses the importance of AST for treating infectious diseases and monitoring antimicrobial resistance. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method is described in detail, including media preparation, inoculum standardization, disk and antibiotic solution preparation, quality control strains, incubation, reading zones of inhibition, and interpreting results according to CLSI guidelines. Special considerations are given to organisms like MRSA, VISA, and inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococci.
Sugar fermentation tests, Cetrimide agar medium, Hugh Leifson medium Shivam kumar Sriwas
1. The document discusses sugar fermentation, how to test for it using media like phenol red carbohydrate broth, and the interpretation of results.
2. Hugh Leifson medium and Cetrimide agar are described as media used to differentiate bacterial metabolism and isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively.
3. Key components, principles, preparation, and expected results are outlined for both Hugh Leifson medium and Cetrimide agar tests.
This document discusses various methods for automated detection and identification of microorganisms in clinical microbiology laboratories. It describes several automated blood culture systems that use instrumental devices to incubate and monitor blood culture bottles. It also discusses rapid identification systems like API 20E strips and instruments like Vitek 2, BD Phoenix, and Microscan Walkaway that can identify bacteria based on biochemical testing of microorganisms. The document concludes with an overview of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry which enables rapid protein-based identification of bacteria and fungi from cultures.
Collection, transport & storage of clinical specimensDolatsinh Zala
The document provides guidelines for safely collecting, transporting, and storing clinical specimens. It recommends using personal protective equipment like gloves and lab coats during collection. Specimens should be placed in leakproof containers and transported quickly in dedicated transport bags or autoclaved before disposal. For transport over long distances, specimens must be packaged in a triple container system with absorbent material to contain any leaks. Proper storage conditions are also outlined depending on the specific test or specimen type.
This document discusses biosafety and biosafety cabinets. It defines biosafety as safety precautions that reduce risk of exposure to infectious materials. There are 4 biosafety levels depending on the risk of the microbe, with level 4 being the highest risk. Biosafety cabinets provide protection to personnel, environment, and products being handled. There are 3 classes of biosafety cabinets - Class I provides personnel and environmental protection; Class II provides personnel, environmental, and product protection; Class III provides highest level of containment for dangerous pathogens. The document outlines practices for different biosafety levels and cabinet classes.
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
This document discusses biological safety cabinets (BSCs), which are intended to protect laboratory workers from aerosols and airborne particles. It describes the three classes of BSCs - Class I, II, and III - and their varying degrees of protection. Class I BSCs protect the worker, Class II protect the worker and environment, and Class III protect the worker, environment, and product. The key features of each class are explained, including HEPA filtration and air flow patterns. Proper use and maintenance of BSCs is also covered.
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF CLINICAL SAMPLESNCRIMS, Meerut
Principles of Sample Collection:
Aseptic precautions to minimize chances of
contamination.
Appropriate anatomic sites
Adequate volume
Adequate no. of samples
Appropriate time
Appropriate container with proper labelling
Before initiation of anti-microbials
Adequate information in request form
This document discusses quality assurance in clinical microbiology. It emphasizes that test results must be clinically relevant, reliable, timely, and correctly interpreted. It defines quality and discusses factors that influence it, including pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages. Total quality management aims to control all variables that could affect test quality. Standard operating procedures, good laboratory practices, and quality control procedures are important to ensure accurate results.
This document discusses various methods for identifying bacteria, including traditional phenotypic methods, immunochemical methods, and genotypic molecular methods. Phenotypic methods involve examining bacterial morphology, staining characteristics, growth requirements, and biochemical reactions. Immunochemical methods like immunofluorescence and ELISA use antigen-antibody reactions for identification. Molecular identification methods analyze bacterial DNA sequences. Correct specimen collection, handling, and transport are essential for accurate identification. Identification determines clinical significance and appropriate treatment.
Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) is used to isolate and cultivate fungi and yeasts from clinical specimens. It contains nutrients like dextrose and enzymatic digest of casein to support fungal growth, and antibiotics to inhibit bacteria. The document outlines the materials, composition, and procedure to prepare SDA media. Colonies are examined after incubation and typical morphologies can indicate fungal species present. However, SDA may not promote conidiation in some fungi and antimicrobials could inhibit some pathogens.
Automated system for bacterial identificationDEEKSHANT KUMAR
[DOWNLOAD IT OPEN IT WITH MICROSOFT POWERPOINT THEN YOU WILL BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE TOPIC COVERED.]
1. WHOLE TEXT IS RELIABLE.
2. TEXT HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM STANDARD TEXT BOOK FOR MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY.
3. SOME PICTURE HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM JOURNAL.
This document provides instructions for streaking bacteria on a petri dish. It describes the history and purpose of petri dishes, which are used to culture microorganisms while separating them from airborne contaminants. The document then outlines the 9 step process for streaking bacteria on an agar plate, which involves sterilizing an inoculating loop, transferring bacteria in a zigzag pattern, rotating the plate and repeating to isolate individual colonies. The plates are incubated upside down overnight to allow the bacteria to grow.
Healthcare-associated infections affect 1.4 million patients worldwide annually according to WHO. Proper hand hygiene is the most important and cost-effective way to prevent these infections. Alcohol-based hand rubs should be used for routine hand cleaning as they are effective against multidrug-resistant pathogens. Hospitals should ensure optimal hand hygiene practices and monitor compliance, as multidisciplinary programs promoting increased alcohol hand rub use can reduce infection rates.
Dr. T.V. Rao began creating educational content on various websites like articlesbase.com which received positive feedback. This encouraged him to contribute to more sites like slideworld.org and scribd.com. He joined medmicrobes.com as an editorial member, creating over 350 topics on microbiology. His work was recognized by WHONET.org and he became an editorial board member on slideshare.com, gaining over 1 lakh viewers. However, one challenge is creating courses that meet clear learning objectives. He finds the best approach is getting feedback from learners and revising content based on their needs. Overall, accepting change and contributing value to learners is the key to surviving in e-learning
The document discusses effective communication strategies for teachers. It emphasizes that communication is the most important skill in teaching, as teachers must convey ideas, information, and expectations to students in a variety of ways, including speaking, gestures, and writing. It provides tips for teachers to communicate effectively, such as using multiple modes to engage different learners, being aware of body language, leveraging new technologies, and soliciting feedback to improve. Overall, the document stresses the importance of good communication skills for teachers to motivate students and facilitate learning.
This document discusses floor disinfection in hospitals. It notes that hospital floors become contaminated through various means and can harbor pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proper cleaning and disinfection of floors is important to prevent the spread of infections. Effective disinfection involves first removing dust and debris before mopping or scrubbing floors with a disinfectant solution. Frequent changing of mop heads and disinfectant solutions is also recommended for optimal disinfection.
This document provides an overview of medical microbiology for medical graduates. It discusses what medical microbiology is, the importance of studying it, and some key concepts. Some highlights include how microorganisms are classified, the contributions of early scientists like Leeuwenhoek and Pasteur, Koch's postulates for determining causative agents of disease, and the different types of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites that can cause human illness. The document emphasizes understanding microbial classification, pathogenesis and treatment of infectious diseases.
This document discusses surgical site infections (SSIs), including causes, symptoms, and strategies for prevention. It notes that while advances have been made in infection control, SSIs remain common, with the CDC estimating that 1 in 3 surgeries result in infection. SSIs can range from superficial wound infections to serious infections involving deep tissues or implants. Proper hand hygiene and aseptic techniques during surgery are emphasized as important prevention strategies. New technologies like antibacterial sutures may also help reduce SSIs when combined with proper antibiotic use and infection protocols. Coordination between surgeons, nurses, and other professionals is important for identifying and treating SSIs.
Blood cultures are used to detect infections in the bloodstream. It is a critical test where blood is injected into bottles containing culture media to grow any microorganisms present. It is important to collect blood cultures properly using sterile technique to avoid contamination. The optimal method is to draw at least 10ml of blood from a vein and inject equal amounts into aerobic and anaerobic bottles. It is also important to label the cultures properly and provide relevant patient information.
Smartphones have radically changed medicine by giving doctors access to medical information, records, and colleagues from any location. Apps allow remote monitoring of patients and diagnostics like ECG readings. As sensors and artificial intelligence improve, smartphones will take on more medical roles like monitoring organs and managing chronic conditions. While technology expands access to care, doctors will still be needed for human touch, guidance, and complex treatments. Overall, smartphones are transforming healthcare by connecting doctors, patients, and data in new ways.
L.interrogans is a gram-negative, aerobic spirochete bacterium that causes leptospirosis. It appears as tightly coiled, thin, and flexible spirals under microscopy. It grows best aerobically at 28-30°C in enriched semisolid or liquid media like Fletcher's Media or EMJH media. L.interrogans strains from different parts of the world are serologically related but can vary antigenically, forming the basis for serological classification. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection spread via contact with water or soil contaminated by animal urine and it can cause fever, jaundice, kidney damage, and liver failure in its most severe
This document lists various bacteria and the diseases they cause. It is organized into two stages, with each stage listing the bacteria and a brief description of 1-2 diseases or infections associated with each one. Some of the bacteria and diseases listed include Bordetella pertussis and whooping cough, Salmonella typhi and typhoid fever, Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumonia/meningitis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis.
The document discusses the pathogenesis of infections, including the typical routes of entry for pathogens, how they spread within the body, and how the body eliminates them. It explains that pathogens usually enter through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin, then spread locally or through the blood and lymphatic system to target organs. The document also outlines the major routes and mechanisms by which pathogens are eventually eliminated from the body.
The document discusses nosocomial infections, including their etiology and methods of diagnosis. It describes that bacteria, viruses, and fungi can cause nosocomial infections. Specific pathogens are listed for each category. Methods of diagnosing common types of nosocomial infections like UTIs, bacteremia, pneumonia, and surgical infections are outlined. These involve collecting appropriate specimens and examining through microscopy, culturing, or other tests to identify the causative organism.
There are over 100,000 known fungal species that inhabit different environments. Only around 600 species can cause disease in humans. Historically, invasive fungal infections were rare in immunocompromised patients but have increased in recent decades due to factors like improved diagnostics and more immunosuppressed individuals. Fungi use various virulence factors like thermal tolerance, dimorphism, and production of toxins or extracellular enzymes to establish infections by evading or weakening the host's immune response.
This document discusses various respiratory tract infections including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It defines respiratory tract infection and further classifies them as upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) or lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), noting that LRTIs such as pneumonia are more serious. It then discusses specific URTIs including the common cold, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, sinusitis and their causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatments. It also discusses specific LRTIs including bronchitis and pneumonia, their classifications, causes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment approaches.
This document discusses microbial genetics and genetic recombination in bacteria. It explains that genetic recombination produces genetic variation through the processes of meiosis, fertilization, and crossing over. In bacteria, genetic transfer can occur through transformation, transduction, or conjugation. Transformation involves uptake of naked DNA from the environment. Transduction involves transfer of DNA between bacteria via bacteriophages. Conjugation requires an F plasmid and involves transfer of DNA through direct contact between bacterial cells. These processes of genetic transfer and recombination generate genetic diversity in bacterial populations.
This document provides information on laboratory tests for diagnosing several common STIs/RTIs. It discusses the basic terminology used in laboratory testing and then focuses on specific organisms and the tests available to detect each one. For syphilis, it describes tests to directly identify Treponema pallidum such as darkfield microscopy as well as non-treponemal and treponemal serological tests. Similar information is provided on tests for gonorrhea, chlamydia, chancroid, herpes, donovanosis, lymphogranuloma venereum, and causes of genital discharge. Common laboratory techniques mentioned include microscopy, culture, PCR and various antigen or antibody detection methods.
The document discusses guidelines for collecting wound swab specimens. It states that wound swabs are important samples sent to microbiology to identify bacteria and fungi causing infections. However, current practices for collecting and identifying specimens have deficiencies. The document then provides guidance on proper techniques for collecting representative wound swab samples, including cleaning the wound, using sterile swabs, sampling various areas, and promptly transporting swabs to the microbiology lab.
This document provides an overview of antifungal drugs. It begins with an introduction to fungi and fungal infections. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and drug interactions of various antifungal drug classes including azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, allylamines, and antimetabolites. It also discusses the screening of antifungal drugs and factors contributing to the spread of fungal diseases.
The document discusses methods for identifying bacterial pathogens. It describes three main categories of identification methods: phenotypic, immunological, and genotypic. Under phenotypic methods, it discusses microscopy techniques like Gram staining, acid-fast staining, and fluorescent staining. It also discusses culturing bacteria on different media like blood agar, MacConkey agar, and chocolate agar to examine colony morphology and biochemical characteristics. Successful identification relies on proper specimen collection, handling, and using techniques like microscopy, culture-based analysis, and immunological or molecular testing.
The document discusses advances in diagnostic microbiology, including newer molecular techniques that are transforming the field. It notes that techniques like functional genomics, gene delivery, and transgenic animal models are helping address questions in infectious diseases. The text highlights how microbiology labs are evolving, with automation and standardized testing replacing older labor-intensive methods. Rapid identification of pathogens through techniques like MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is emphasized as critical for improving patient outcomes in sepsis.
This document discusses the skills required for identifying bacteria in diagnostic microbiology. It notes that successful microbiology work requires precision in identifying microbes and applying biological concepts. The document outlines skills students should develop, including planning laboratory investigations, performing diagnostic tests, and operating instruments. It emphasizes identifying bacteria from pure and mixed cultures. The document provides guidance on techniques like gram staining, hanging drop preparations, streak plating on selective and differential media, and picking isolated colonies for further analysis. The goal is to evaluate students' ability to isolate and identify bacteria from a mixed culture unknown.
The program file has been made with the vision for basic responsibilities of the Medical Microbiologists for optimal decisions in Diagnostic Microbiology, Every specimen reflects the scenario in the ongoing process of infection in the human body ( from vivo to vitro) , However it is important to know the predictive value of the tests we do in the laboratory or else the blind processing will certainly harmful if not useful Dr.T.V.Rao MD
doctortvrao@gmail.com
The document provides information on organizing and operating a bacteriology laboratory. It discusses the importance of the laboratory for hospitals and the roles and basic skills of microbiologists and lab professionals. It covers classifying and identifying common microorganisms like bacteria, examining specimens directly and through staining, culturing specimens using different media, and following sterile technique to prevent contamination. The document emphasizes the need for collecting, transporting, and processing specimens correctly to obtain accurate results and properly diagnose and treat patients.
This document discusses establishing mycobacteriology laboratory services in India. It outlines the need to improve diagnostic capacity for tuberculosis (TB) and drug-resistant TB. Establishing quality-assured diagnosis through microscopy, culture, and drug susceptibility testing (DST) in laboratories is critical for effective TB care and treatment. The document also reviews various TB diagnostic tools and their limitations, including microscopy, culture, and newer molecular tests. It emphasizes the importance of strengthening laboratory infrastructure, supplies, training, and quality management to enhance diagnostic capacity.
The document discusses the history and increasing importance of automation in microbiology laboratories, particularly for blood cultures, noting that traditional culture methods can take 72 hours for results while rapid automated methods are needed to identify pathogens faster to guide antibiotic treatment for infections like sepsis. It also outlines the steps involved in optimal blood collection for cultures, including patient preparation, materials, and techniques to maximize success in collecting pediatric samples.
This document discusses laboratory safety procedures for working with tuberculosis (TB) specimens. It outlines the risks of TB in laboratory settings and recommends biosafety levels for different procedures. Direct smear microscopy carries a low risk while manipulating cultures poses a high risk. Biosafety level 3 practices and containment equipment are required for propagating cultures. Generating infectious aerosols is the main risk, so procedures that may aerosolize particles like processing specimens or cultures require biosafety cabinets and proper ventilation. Special precautions are also needed for multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) TB strains given the increased risks they present.
This document discusses emerging challenges in diagnostic microbiology and ways laboratories can improve. It covers topics such as ensuring proper specimen collection, developing basic skills in identification techniques like gram staining, improving clinical interactions and reporting, using technology and automation effectively, and performing quality surveillance to monitor antimicrobial resistance and infections. The author emphasizes practicing fundamentals thoroughly before relying on automation and stresses the importance of the clinical microbiologist's role in providing timely, accurate results to optimize patient care and outcomes.
The document discusses the importance of proper specimen management in diagnostic microbiology. It states that specimen management has the most influence on accurate laboratory results and patient outcomes. Recent recognition of specimen management as a critical process for diagnostic success is discussed. The key points are that proper specimen management through appropriate collection and transport is essential for accurate diagnosis, influencing treatment decisions and reducing errors. Rejection of poor quality specimens and communication with clinicians is important.
The document discusses the importance of proper specimen management in diagnostic microbiology. It states that specimen management has the most influence on accurate laboratory results and patient outcomes. Proper specimen management is key to accurate diagnosis, reduces errors, and directly impacts patient care and therapeutic decision-making. The document provides guidance on appropriate specimen collection and processing techniques to ensure representative samples and meaningful diagnostic results.
PHENOTYPIC METHODS OF Bacterial identification- conventional & automated.pptxPiaS13
This document discusses various methods for bacterial identification, including phenotypic and genotypic methods. Phenotypic methods are based on observable physical or metabolic characteristics and include microscopic morphology, staining characteristics, colony morphology, environmental growth requirements, biochemical reactions, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Genotypic methods detect specific genes or nucleic acid sequences to identify bacteria. Conventional phenotypic identification methods discussed in detail include direct microscopy using various staining techniques, bacterial culture using different media to isolate and grow bacteria, and examining colony morphology.
The document discusses various parasitic infections that can affect the central nervous system. It covers how parasites can cross the blood-brain barrier and challenges in diagnosing neuroparasitic infections. Common methods include microscopy examination of blood or tissue samples, as well as newer techniques like PCR and antigen detection tests. Specific infections discussed in detail include malaria, toxoplasmosis, and infections caused by free-living amebae. The document emphasizes the importance of integrating clinical signs and laboratory diagnostic methods for accurate diagnosis of neuroparasitic diseases.
This document discusses new technologies for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. It describes how microscopy using light emitting diodes has advanced diagnosis by providing a simple, robust method. Molecular tests like PCR and line probe assays can rapidly detect TB and drug resistance from samples, but are more expensive and complex. The WHO endorses tests like Xpert MTB/RIF that can simultaneously detect TB and rifampicin resistance in a few hours. While promising, molecular methods still have limitations around cost, availability, and cannot replace clinical assessment.
methods in diagnostic microbiology ppt.pptxriazsohail448
This document discusses diagnostic methods in microbiology. It outlines various laboratory techniques used to diagnose infectious diseases, including microscopy, culture-based methods, and biochemical tests. Specific staining techniques are described, such as Gram stain, acid-fast stain, spore stains, and potassium hydroxide testing. Proper collection, transport, and storage of biological specimens is also emphasized as crucial for obtaining accurate and timely microbiological results.
The document discusses interpretation of antibiograms and trends in antibiotic sensitivity and resistance. It provides guidance on creating accurate antibiograms, including using standardized testing methods and monitoring emerging resistance trends locally. Antibiograms are important tools for clinicians to inform empirical antibiotic treatment decisions based on local resistance patterns of common organisms.
The document discusses hospital antibiograms, which are periodic summaries of antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates in a hospital. They are useful for clinicians to assess local susceptibility rates and monitor resistance trends over time. The document covers various topics related to antibiograms including how they are tested, interpreted, and documented. It emphasizes the importance of generating antibiograms using standardized methods and interpreting them carefully based on multiple factors.
Blood culturing is the most important test for detecting pathogens in the bloodstream. It involves collecting blood in specialized bottles that contain growth media for aerobic and anaerobic organisms. It is critical that the collection procedure is done aseptically. Newer automated systems can continuously monitor blood cultures and detect microbial growth within 24-48 hours, providing faster results than conventional methods. Rapid identification of pathogens in positive blood cultures is important for guiding appropriate treatment.
Similar to CONVENTIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES (20)
Dr. T.V. Rao discusses what makes a good lecture. Some key points include:
- A good lecture is well-structured, engaging, and covers the essential material in a clear manner.
- Effective lecturers demonstrate expertise on the topic, use examples to illustrate concepts, and generate interest among students.
- While lecturing remains an important teaching method, especially for large classes, lecturers should aim to actively involve students through questions and other techniques.
- Preparation, clear communication, enthusiasm, and knowledge of the subject matter are hallmarks of successful lecturing. A good lecture facilitates learning while sparking students' curiosity.
The document discusses antibiotic resistance and the need for antibiotic policies in hospitals. It provides background on the development of antibiotic resistance over time. The key points are:
- Inappropriate antibiotic use promotes the spread of resistant bacteria. Hospital settings can foster drug resistance.
- An antibiotic policy aims to reduce resistance by optimizing antibiotic use and educating staff. The policy is developed with input from microbiologists, pharmacists, and clinicians.
- The hospital infection control committee implements and monitors adherence to the antibiotic policy. Continuous education is needed to ensure appropriate antibiotic prescribing.
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii and can cause encephalitis and neurological disease in patients with low CD4 counts. It is diagnosed through imaging, blood tests, and sometimes brain biopsies. Treatment involves antiparasitic drugs and maintaining CD4 counts through antiretroviral therapy. Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium parasites and causes diarrhea. It is transmitted through contaminated water or food. Microsporidiosis is caused by various protist parasites and can infect the gut or other organs. It is diagnosed through stool or tissue samples and treated with antiparasitic drugs and antiretroviral therapy. Isosporiasis is
Artificial intelligence shows promise in helping to control infectious diseases and reduce antimicrobial resistance in three key ways:
1) AI can enhance disease surveillance and early detection of outbreaks by integrating diverse data sources to identify patterns.
2) It can help optimize antimicrobial treatment by recommending personalized therapy regimens based on a patient's clinical information.
3) Over time, AI may become an indispensable public health tool by facilitating more accurate intervention strategies and optimizing resource allocation to curb disease spread.
1) Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis observed higher mortality rates of women giving birth in the medical student ward compared to the midwife ward in the 1840s.
2) He discovered that the doctors in the medical student ward were coming directly from dissecting corpses to examining women without washing their hands, possibly transmitting infections.
3) Semmelweis mandated that doctors wash their hands with chlorine before examinations, which dramatically reduced the mortality rates in the medical student ward. This provided early evidence that hand hygiene reduces healthcare-associated infections.
Dr. T.V. Rao discusses causality department practices and environmental safety measures. Proper cleaning and disinfection are top priorities to prevent transmission of infectious agents and protect human safety. Dedicated cleaning practices are especially important when dealing with patients admitted with infectious diseases like diarrhea. Adherence to cleaning protocols and use of appropriate disinfectants can reduce healthcare-associated infections.
Biosecurity and infection control in hospitals aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. It includes proper hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection of surfaces, use of personal protective equipment, and isolation techniques. Ensuring strict adherence to protocols through staff training and environmental monitoring is key to reducing healthcare-associated infections and protecting patients, staff, and the community.
This document discusses how microbiologists can improve clinical care through better laboratory reporting. It emphasizes providing accurate, clinically relevant results and clear interpretive comments to aid clinician decision making. Effective communication between the laboratory and clinicians is key. The document also highlights challenges such as information overload, confusion over terminology, and ensuring rapid reporting, especially for ICU patients.
This document discusses ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), including its definition, risk factors, pathogenesis, prevention strategies, and more. Some key points:
- VAP is pneumonia that develops in intubated patients and is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in the ICU. The risk is 6-21 times higher for mechanically ventilated patients.
- Common risk factors for VAP include underlying illnesses, prolonged mechanical ventilation, supine position, and comorbidities like diabetes or heart failure.
- Bacteria are usually the cause, often multidrug-resistant pathogens like Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter, and MRSA.
- Prevention strategies include
This document discusses hospital-acquired infections and strategies for prevention. It begins by honoring Ignaz Semmelweis, who in the 1800s established that handwashing reduced maternal mortality during childbirth by 90%. The document then discusses the nature and consequences of hospital-acquired infections. Key strategies for prevention discussed include the importance of handwashing, environmental cleaning, immunization, and establishing infection control committees and antibiotic policies. The challenges of drug resistance and maintaining standards with staff turnover are also addressed.
This document discusses biosecurity and biosafety in healthcare settings. It defines biosecurity as a strategic approach to analyzing and managing risks to human, animal, and plant life from infectious diseases. Biosafety refers to measures that reduce exposure to potentially infectious materials. The document outlines various infection control methods used in hospitals including standard precautions, hygiene practices like hand washing, and managing nosocomial infections and needlestick injuries. It emphasizes the importance of education and surveillance to improve patient safety.
Artificial intelligence has the potential to significantly impact the practice of medicine. It is being used in areas like disease diagnosis using machine learning models, personalized treatment through precision medicine, and providing virtual assistants that can answer patient questions. AI also has benefits such as improving patient safety by reducing errors, lowering healthcare costs, and increasing access to care through tools like chatbots. However, medical professionals need more education on AI applications and their ethical use to ensure they improve patient outcomes.
The document discusses MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), including what it is, how it develops resistance, types of infections it causes, risk factors, screening and testing methods, and prevention strategies. MRSA is a strain of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics like methicillin and oxacillin. Screening high-risk patients and implementing good hand hygiene are effective ways to control the spread of MRSA infections in healthcare settings.
This document discusses the history and methods of sterilization and disinfection. It begins with a brief history of sterilization dating back to the invention of the autoclave in 1862. It then covers terminology related to sterilization and discusses various sterilization methods including physical methods like heat, filtration, and irradiation as well as chemical methods. Factors that influence the efficacy of sterilization methods are also examined. The document provides an overview of the development and principles of sterilization.
This document discusses antimicrobial stewardship and the importance of appropriate antibiotic usage. It notes that nearly half of hospitalized patients receive antimicrobial agents. However, there has been misuse of antibiotics through treating trivial infections, commercial pressures, and a lack of understanding of antibiotic principles. This has led to a rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The document advocates for antimicrobial stewardship programs in hospitals to optimize clinical outcomes while reducing unintended consequences of antibiotic usage like toxicity, resistance, and costs. Such programs involve formulary restrictions, guidelines, education, and prospective audits to ensure appropriate antibiotic selection and usage.
Cephalosporins are a class of antibiotics derived from the fungus Cephalosporium. The first generation was introduced in 1964 and provided activity against gram-positive cocci. Subsequent generations have increasingly broader coverage of gram-negative organisms. Mechanisms of resistance include beta-lactamase production and changes to penicillin-binding proteins. Later generations are used for serious hospital-acquired infections and as drugs of last resort for pathogens like Salmonella.
Coxsackieviruses were discovered in 1948-49 in Albany, New York and were named after the town of Coxsackie where samples were originally obtained. They belong to the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus which also includes poliovirus and echovirus. Coxsackieviruses are divided into two groups - A and B - based on their pathogenicity in mice. Group A causes myositis while Group B causes muscle and neuronal tissue damage. Common diseases include hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, and myocarditis. Transmission is usually via the fecal-oral route. While there is no vaccine, treatment involves rest, fluids, and
This document discusses hospital-associated infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections. It covers topics such as the history of infection control efforts dating back to Ignaz Semmelweiss, the impact of HAIs on patients and hospitals, common causes of HAIs, and strategies for prevention and control of infections. This includes the importance of hand hygiene, infection control committees and policies, and guidelines for reducing various device- and procedure-related infections.
The document discusses Enterobacteriaceae, a family of Gram-negative bacteria commonly found in the intestines. It describes their characteristics, classification, and important pathogenic members. Key points include:
- Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes that ferment glucose and reduce nitrates. They include both commensals and pathogens.
- Major pathogenic genera include Escherichia, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, and Proteus.
- E. coli is further classified based on virulence factors and infections caused, including gastroenteritis from enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic, and enteroaggregative strains.
The document discusses antibiotics and the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. It notes that while antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 1940s, overuse and misuse has led to more antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It describes how antibiotic resistance develops and spreads when bacteria are exposed to sub-lethal antibiotic levels. The document advocates judicious antibiotic use in humans and animals to help reduce resistance and prolong the usefulness of current antibiotics, as no new classes have been introduced in decades. It also supports documenting antibiotic susceptibility data using the WHONET program to help monitor local and global resistance trends.
More from Society for Microbiology and Infection care (20)
Introduction to Dental Implant for undergraduate studentShamsuddin Mahmud
Introduction to Dental Implant
Dr Shamsuddin Mahmud
Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics
Nortth East Medical College (Dental Unit)
Definition of Dental Implant
A prosthetic device
made of alloplastic material(s)
implanted into the oral tissues beneath the mucosal and/or periosteal layer and
on or within the bone
to provide retention and support for a fixed or removable dental prosthesis.
Classification of Dental Implant
According to placement within the tissue
Blade/Plate form implant
According to Material Used
A) METALLIC IMPLANTS
Commercially pure Titanium
Cobalt chromium molybdenum
Titanium aluminum vanadium
Stainless steel
B) NON-METALLIC IMPLANT
Zirconium
Ceramic
Carbon
According to the ability of implant to stimulate bone formation
A) Bio active
Hydroxyapatite
Tri Calcium Phosphate
B) Bio inert
Metals
Parts of Dental Implant
Implant fixture
Implant mount
Cover screw
Gingival former/healing screw/healing abutment/permucosal extension
Impression post/impression transfer abutment
Implant analogue
Abutment
Fixation screw
Implant Fixture
Implant Mount
Connected to the fixture
Function: used to carry implant from its vital to the prepared osteotomy site either by hand or with a ratchet/ handpiece adaption
Cover Screw
component that is used to cover the implant connection during the submerged healing of the implant
Function: preserves the patency of the connection by preventing any soft tissue ingrowth in the connection
Gingival former/ Healing Abutment/ Healing screw
Screw/ abutment used to create the soft tissue emergence profile around the implant.
Time of placement:
During 1st surgery – One step surgery
After Osseointegration – Two step/stage surgery
Gingival former/ Healing Abutment/ Healing screw
Placed in the site 2-3 weeks for soft tissue healing
Function:
Create gingival emergence profile
Formation of biological width
Impression post/impression transfer abutment
component that is used to trans- fer the implant Hex position and orientation from the mouth to the working cast.
Types
Closed tray
Open tray
Implant analogue/
component which has a different body but its platform and connection are exactly similar to the implant. The analogue is used to replicate the implant platform and connection in the laboratory mode.
Abutment
Abutments
Advantages of Dental Implant Retained Prosthesis
Maintain bone height and width by preventing bone resorption
Maintain facial esthetics
Improve masticatory performance
Improve stability and retention of prosthesis
More esthetics
Increase survival times of prostheses
There is no need to alter adjacent teeth
Improve psychological health
Disadvantages of Dental Implant Retained Prosthesis
Very expensive.
Cannot be used in medically compromised patients who cannot undergo surgery.
Longer duration of treatment
Requires a lot of patient co-operation because of repeated recall visits are essential
INDICATION OF DENTAL IMPLANT
Dental implants can successfully restore all
Hemodialysis: Chapter 11, Venous Catheter - Basics, Insertion, Use and Care -...NephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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The Revolutionary Nature of Needleless Double Transfer Spikes in HealthcareNanchang Kindly Meditech
It's likely that you have witnessed medical personnel using needles to transmit fluids or medicines if you have ever visited a hospital or other healthcare facility. But as technology advances, needleless double transfer spikes are becoming more and more common and revolutionizing the delivery of healthcare.
CASE PRESENTATION ON ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS.Bhavana
This is a case presentation of a 72 year old female patient who was admitted in the hospital with the chief complaints of loose stools since 6 Days and generalised weakness and history of one episode of vomiting (one day back).
Regenerative Medicine in Chronic Pain ManagementReza Aminnejad
Regenerative technologies are the future of medicine. The current clinical strategy focuses primarily on treating the symptoms but regenerative medicine seeks to replace tissue or organs that have been damaged by age, disease, trauma, or congenital issues.
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CASE PRESENTATION ON CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE) WITH HE...Bhavana
This is a case presentation of a 70 year old female patient who was admitted in the hospital with the chief complaints of right sided upper limb and lower limb weakness and with mouth deviation towards the left, and nausea and fever.
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A medical treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors by damaging their DNA. When the DNA is damaged, cancer cells can no longer divide and grow, and they eventually die.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified description of the physiology of insulin and glucagon.
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the synthesis and release of insulin
2. Explain the mechanism of action of insulin
3. Discuss the metabolic functions of insulin
4. Elucidate the effects of insulin on adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver
5. Enlist the factors which stimulate and inhibit the release of insulin
6. Explain the mechanism of action of glucagon
7. Discuss the metabolic functions of glucagon
8. Elucidate the role of insulin and glucagon in glucose homeostasis during the fasting and fed states
9. Discuss the role of other hormones in the glucose homeostasis
10. Differentiate between the types of diabetes mellitus
11. Explain the pathophysiology of the features of diabetes mellitus
12. Discuss the complications of diabetes mellitus
13. Explain the rationale of oral hypoglycemic drugs
14. Describe the features of hyperinsulinemia
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 79, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 24, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 39, Berne and Levy Physiology, 7th edition
4. Chapter 19, Human Physiology, From Cells to Systems by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
5. Chapter 3, Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology, Bruce A. White and Susan P. Porterfield, 4th edition
6. Insulin and Insulin Resistance, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1204764/
7. Complications of diabetes mellitus,
https://pdb101.rcsb.org/global-health/diabetes-mellitus/monitoring/complications
कायाकल्प क्लिनिक: पटना के अग्रणी सेक्सोलॉजिस्ट और स्किन केयर विशेषज्ञ
पटना का एक शानदार स्वास्थ्य सेवा प्रदाता, कायाकल्प क्लिनिक, आपके स्वास्थ्य और त्वचा की देखभाल में विशेषज्ञता प्रदान करता है। हमारे नवीनतम तकनीकी समाधानों और अनुभवी विशेषज्ञों के साथ, हम पुरुष और महिलाओं के स्वास्थ्य सम्बंधित मुद्दों को हल करते हैं। यहां पर हम प्रदान करते हैं:
Expert Treatment for Sex Issues at Kaya Kalp Clinic in Patna -best sexologist in patna
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Discover the Best Sexologist in Patna: Expert Care at Kayakalp Clinic
Kayakalp Clinic - Best Sexologist in Patna
Kayakalp Clinic - Best Sexologist in Patna
When it comes to sexual health, finding the right expert is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. At Kayakalp Clinic in Patna, we pride ourselves on providing exceptional care for a wide range of sexual health issues. If you’re searching for the best sexologist in Patna, look no further. Our team of highly skilled professionals is here to help you navigate and resolve your concerns with confidentiality and compassion.
Why Choose Kayakalp Clinic?
1. Experienced Professionals
Our sexologists are highly trained and experienced in dealing with various sexual health issues. They stay updated with the latest advancements in the field to provide the best care possible.
2. Comprehensive Services
At Kayakalp Clinic, we offer a wide range of services, including:
- Treatment for erectile dysfunction
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- Counseling for low libido
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3. Personalized Treatment Plans
We understand that every individual is unique, and so are their health concerns. Our sexologists take the time to understand your specific needs and create personalized treatment plans to ensure the best outcomes.
Interventional radiology is a medical specialty that uses imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound, to guide minimally invasive procedures to diagnose and treat a variety of conditions. These procedures can be an alternative to open surgery, often resulting in shorter recovery times for patients.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/AWaobASkZM4
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/1cQRmJ3SKWc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga- MALE CIRCUMCISION, ITS Vs SOCIOCULTURAL BELIEFS (C...Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
MALE CIRCUMCISION consists of the surgical act of removing the foreskin (skin that covers the glans of the penis), leaving the glans more prominent and better cleanable.
MALE CIRCUMCISION itself has medical as well as sociocultural implications, as it has been proven to be an act that can minimize SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs), especially HIV, but it also represents the SOCIOCULTURAL IDENTITY of some people, respectively.
Now, in a SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE like that of Mozambique where the prevalence of HIV is around 12.5% which corresponds to approximately 2 million people living with HIV, where the province of GAZA is the most seroprevalent with a positivity rate of 21% (INSIDA, 2021), it is extremely necessary to THOROUGHLY scrutinize all possibilities for preventing or minimizing the spread of HIV and other STIs.
4. A great quotes by Ronald Ross
• I have failed in finding parasites
in mosquitoes fed on malaria
patients, but perhaps I am not
using the proper kind of
mosquito
• “The screws of my microscope
were rusted with sweat from my
forehead and hands, and its last
remaining eye-piece was cracked
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 4
5. Beginning of Diagnostic Microbiology
•In the late 1800s, the realization that
identifiable microbes caused specific
diseases led to pathogens Specific medical
diagnosis. Although the time honoured
techniques of growing bacteria in broth or
solid cultures and staining and examining
them under microscopes are still important
today20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 5
6. A GREAT QUESTION TODAY HOW
KEEN WE ARE WITH THE WORK
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 6
8. The Real Good of the Past in
Diagnostic Microbiology
• In the good old days, the
microbiology laboratory used
to be a labour intensive
place equipped with
incubators and microscopes.
Microbiologists were patient
scientists waiting at least 24
hours before their isolated
cultures were grown enough
for identification
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 8
9. Where we stand Today
• Most neglected and least
invested specialty
• Reasons can be many
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 9
11. What is a Technique
A way of carrying out
a particular task,
especially the
execution or
performance of an
artistic work or a
scientific procedure
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 11
12. American Society for Microbiology encourages Artistic and
Conventional Techniques on Streaking and Culturing
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 12
13. A MATTER OF CONFLICT
WHO WILL COLLECT THE SPECIMENS
• Proper specimen collection,
container labelling, and
culture requests are the
responsibility of the
ordering physician.
Technologists in the Clinical
Microbiology Laboratory will
be familiar with specimens
of choice and proper
collection techniques
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 13
14. 14
SPECIMEN COLLECTION
whose duty it is ?
The specimen is the beginning. All
diagnostic information from the laboratory
depends upon the knowledge by which
specimens are chosen and the care with
which they are collected and transported.
—Cynthia A. Needham
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
15. If you accept the Truth many Suboptimal
Specimens are Processed
• I should share my
experience the ideal
collecting of a sample
remain with greater
challenges, we many
times receive
suboptimal sample for
processing, few posses
courage to reject, it just
goes
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 15
16. LABORATORY HANDLES THE SPECIMENS
• The technologist in the
laboratory will directly
handle specimens of
clinical and
environmental source
which are received from
the Postal Service or
hand carried to the
laboratory.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 16
17. Are we Collecting the Right specimens
• Select an appropriate
sites or organs for
sampling.
• Use sterile equipment
for sampling.
• Labelling the sample
• Keep and transfer the
sample inappropriate
medium and condition.20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 17
18. Microbiological techniques
• Bacteria will grow on
practically any source of
organic food which provides
carbon compounds to be
respired for energy, and
nitrogen compounds to be
incorporated into proteins
for growth. These
substances are normally
provided dissolved in water.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 18
20. General View on the Parameters Used in the Process of
Microorganism
Identification
• Before one can proceed
to identify a
microorganism, the
characteristics of that
organism have to be
determined in details.
The major characteristics
which are observed
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 20
21. Gram Staining continues to be Most rapid method
to diagnose
• The rapid Gram stain evaluation is
reliable, easy to perform, and well
suited for the routine clinical
laboratory
• Eg – CSF examination in
emergencies
• Sputum in case of acute
pneumonias
• Bacterial Vaginitis
• Any other transudates
• Pleural fluid
• Pericardial fluids
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 21
22. Molecular Biology in Infancy
• Molecular biology
techniques promise to
revolutionize the
diagnosis of infectious
disease—to date a
promise still in its
infancy
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 22
23. Laboratory Medicine Under threat
Microbiology is No exception
•Great questions to many
Microbiologists
How much Time we are spending in the
Laboratory
Who are doing the Bench work
Are laboratories equipped with minimal
requirements of infrastructure and Biosafety?20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 23
25. Use a bright field light microscope
• Use a bright field light
microscope to view and
interpret slides, including
• 1. correctly setting up and
focusing the microscope
• 2. proper handling, cleaning, and
storage of the microscope
• 3. correct use of all lenses
• 4. recording microscopic
observations
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 25
26. Properly prepare slides
• Properly prepare slides for
microbiological examination,
including
• A. cleaning and disposing of
slides
• B. preparing smears from solid
and liquid cultures
• C. performing wet mount and/or
hanging drop preparations
• D. performing Gram stains
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 26
27. Properly use aseptic techniques
• Properly use aseptic techniques
for the transfer and handling of
microorganisms and
instruments, including
• A. sterilizing and maintaining
sterility of transfer instruments
• B. performing aseptic transfer
• C. obtaining microbial samples
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 27
28. Use appropriate microbiological Media
and Test Systems
• A. Isolating colonies
and/or plaques
• B. Maintaining pure
cultures
• C. Using biochemical test
media
• C. Accurately recording
macroscopic
observations20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 28
29. Use standard microbiology laboratory
equipment correctly
• A. using the standard
metric system for
weights, lengths,
diameters, and volumes
• B. lighting and adjusting a
laboratory burner
• C. using an incubator
right Temperature to be
monitored20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 29
30. Streaking is the Beginning of learning
Alphabets in Microbiology
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 30
31. Streaking the Urine specimens is the best way
to learn the matters with precision
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 31
32. Streaking is Key to success in Separation of
Pathogens from Commensals
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 32
33. KNOW THE MICROBES BEFORE YOU
PROCEED
• The cultural characteristics of a microorganism usually
vary depending on the media used and many other
factors. Some experienced microbiologists could have
a good guess about the identity of a microorganism
just by its cultural characteristics, but this was proven
to be a bad technique. Students as well as
microbiologists are advised to follow strict procedures
for the identification of isolates from clinical
specimens.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 33
35. General View on the Parameters Used in the Process of
Microorganism
Identification
• Before one can proceed to identify a microorganism, the
characteristics of that organism have to be determined in
details In clinical terms, it is the shape, size, colour, elevation
and other characteristics of the colony formed on the culture
plate. In taxonomy, it includes the nutrient requirements for
the growth of the organism and the physical factors such as
temperature, pH and the incubation period. These factors
are used to identify certain pathogenic species but less
commonly used in routine procedures
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 35
36. Is our experience Matches Scientific Approach
• Some experienced
microbiologists could have a
good guess about the identity of
a microorganism just by its
cultural characteristics, but this
was proven to be a bad
technique. Students as well as
microbiologists are advised to
follow strict procedures for the
identification of isolates from
clinical specimens.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 36
37. BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Frequently, the identity of a species requires detailed
knowledge of its biochemical activities, since other
characteristics are not sufficiently distinctive or differential.
For example, the bacterium Escherichia coli, a normal
inhabitant of our intestinal tract, is indistinguishable
microscopically from Salmonella typhi, the bacterium that
causes typhoid fever. However, if these two bacteria are
examined for their metabolic (or biochemical)
characteristics, they are found to be very different and
distinguishable on this basis.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 37
38. Morphology and Staining
• This includes the
microscopic appearance of
a stained preparation of the
organism. Useful
information to be taken into
account, are the size of the
individual cells, cell shape
and arrangement and
staining reaction if
differential staining
procedures is used.20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 38
39. TILL TO DATE THERE IS NO FASTER
METHOD AS GRAM’S STAINING
• Some laboratories which
have a little facility could
give the report of a
microbiological
examination of a clinical
specimen just by stating
their morphological
characteristics and the
sensitivity testing results
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 39
40. LABORATORY HANDLES THE SPECIMENS
• The technologist in the
laboratory will directly
handle specimens of
clinical and
environmental source
which are received from
the Postal Service or
hand carried to the
laboratory.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 40
41. Gram staining most Rapid method as the
Situation warrants
• Look up reference images. If
you are not certain what a
bacteria is, look through a
collection of reference
images, sorted by shape and
result of the gram stain. You
can find databases online at
the National Microbial
Pathogen Database
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 41
42. Disadvantages of Microscopic methods
•Microscopy may suggest an etiologic agent, but
it rarely provides definitive evidence of infection
by a particular species.
• Microscopic findings regarding bacterial
morphology may be misleading, because many
species can be pleomorphic and conclusions can
be influenced by subjective interpretation of the
investigator.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 42
43. Staining is limited Sensitive
• Limited sensitivity is because a relatively large number
of microbial cells are required before they are seen
under microscopy (e.g. 104 bacterial cells/ml of fluid)
(Fredricks & Relman, 1999). Some micro-organisms
can even require appropriate stains and/or
approaches to become visible.
• Limited specificity is because our inability to speciate
micro-organisms based on their morphology and
staining patterns.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 43
44. Problems With Traditional Methods
• Cultivation-based methods insensitive for detecting some
organisms.
• Cultivation-based methods limited to pathogens with known
growth requirements.
• Poor discrimination between microbes with common
behavioural features.
• Failure to detect infections caused by uncultivated (e.g.,
novel) organisms, or organisms that fail to elicit a detectable
host immune response.
• Visual appearance of microorganisms is nonspecific.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 44
45. Problems With Traditional Methods
• Examples of Failures With Traditional Approaches
• Detection and speciation of slow-growing organisms takes
weeks
• (e.g., M. tuberculosis).
• A number of visible microorganisms cannot be cultivated
(e.g., Whipple bacillus).
• Diseases presumed to be infectious remain ill-defined with
not detected microorganism (e.g., abrupt fever after tick
bite).
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 45
46. Culture of fungi
• Fungi specimens
obtained from non sterile
sites must be inoculated
onto media containing
antibacterial agents.
Specimens should be
allowed to grow for 4 wk
before being discarded.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 46
47. Use of Physical Separation Procedures
Streak Plate technique
•As we have seen in
previous labs,
single colonies
may be achieved
by using the streak
plate technique
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 47
49. Most of us Miss the Parasites
•Parasites cause hidden epidemics, many practitioners
do not even think
•Microbiologists evaluate for Bacteriological examination
can miss the Parasites and Fungus
•Still our society there sare several parasitic infections
prevails
•Simpler techniques are missed as stool examination and
entrusted with most of the times to the technicians
without much understanding20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 49
50. Can we diagnose the stool parasites by
conventional methods with accuracy
•Microsporidia
•Isospora Belli &
Cyclospora
•Cryptosporidium
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 50
51. Parasitology Testing Laboratory Services
• This test evaluates stool for presence of parasites and levels of
beneficial flora, imbalanced flora, possible pathogenic
bacteria and possible fungal pathogens. This Comprehensive
Parasitology Profile uses the most technologically advanced
procedures to accurately identify a wide range of protozoal
parasites, including amoebae, flagellates, ciliates, coccidia and
microsporidia. This stool test can help reveal hidden causes
behind acute or chronic conditions that develop from
parasitic infection or dysbiosis.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 51
52. Empowering conventional techniques with
modern technology
• Specimens are carefully analysed by highly trained
technicians using computer-enhanced video
microscopy, new staining procedures, and advanced
immunoassay techniques. These accurate detection
methods allow for increased detection rates,
increasing the awareness of the important
relationship between parasitic infection and a broad
spectrum of illnesses and diseases
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 52
53. IS THE CONVENTIONAL METHODS CONVINCING
THE CLINICIANS YES / NO
•I am confident it is
certainly no many
times tests are
ordered without
forethought on the
existing the clinical
diagnosis and it is just
fishing in troubled
water,20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 53
54. Not a one step Diagnosis
•Even Today Many
Clinicians think
Microbiologist
diagnosis is one step
diagnosis as in
Biochemistry as we
many steps to be
perform coming to
minimal conclusions20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 54
55. MOVING TO FEATURE NEEDS
• In the get-it-done-yesterday environment Hospitals
and Microbiology laboratories are finding that the
traditional microbiological methodologies and
especially sending microbiological samples to outside
labs cost them time, money and opportunities
Internalizing the microbiology testing and especially
adopting rapid microbiological methods (RMM) can
significantly speed up the time to results from 7-10
days to 24-48 hours.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 55
56. Limitations of Conventional Microbiological Testing
• Conventional microbiological
methods have well-known
inherent limitations. These
include small test sample
volumes, prolonged incubation
periods, incompatibilities with
membrane filtration, and
ambiguity associated with using
turbidity as a detection endpoint
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 56
57. India can face many challenges
• The increase in worldwide travel,
coupled with increasing
immigration into the India,
contributes to the spread and
incidence of parasitic infections.
In addition, parasitic infections
are commonly transmitted
through fecally contaminated
food, water, or other materials
within this country.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 57
58. Conventional techniques of Malaria
• Current diagnostic methods for
malaria include clinical diagnosis,
microscopy, serology, molecular
diagnosis, and antibody detection.
Giemsa staining of the peripheral
blood smear is the gold standard
for the diagnosis of malaria, but
also has limitations. Using
microscopy as the only means of
diagnosing malaria can lead to
false negatives. Another diagnostic
tool is Rapid Diagnostic Tests or
RDTs also known as dipstick assays.
It
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 58
59. Gold Standard for diagnosis of Malaria
• The gold standard for the diagnosis
of malaria is the Giemsa staining of
the peripheral blood smear(Thick
and thin smear), but its also has its
limitations. However, even under
optimal conditions the sensitivity
of microscopy is only about twenty
parasites/μl of blood, and
subjective interpretation and
reader errors further reduce the
accuracy of diagnosis.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 59
60. Human dedication matters
• Conventional microscopic
examination of peripheral thick
and thin blood smears remains
the gold standard for malaria
diagnosis. Although this method
requires a trained microscopist,
and sensitivity and specificity
vary compared with recent
technical advances, it is
inexpensive and reliable.
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 60
61. Medical Microbiologists losing the working
opportunities
• While Rapid Microbiological
Methods (RMM) offer high
degree of automation,
significant reduction in time
to results, faster product
release, ability to employ
non-microbiologists to
operate the system, and
improved control;
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 61
62. My Dear Young Microbiologists
• Most people want to do excellent work. Apathy becomes a problem
when team members feel there is no solution or they have no voice
• I wish you are the future leaders in Microbiology for next 40 years
hope you all wish for change to live in comfort,
• Assess your role
• Purpose of the speciality
• Try Impress others with hard work and sincerity
• If Medical People do not wish to work some body take you place ?
• NEXT WHAT ?
20-02-2016 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 62
65. CDC helps in Digital diagnosis
➲The CDC now offers tele diagnosis to help laboratories diagnose
malaria and other parasitic diseases. When laboratories are not
certain about identifying parasites on a slide, they can e-mail to
the CDC images of the suspected parasites. Experts then review
the images and discuss findings with the submitting lab within
only a few hours, allowing near real-time diagnosis as well as an
opportunity for training in microscopic diagnosis.
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66. A long parasite of 15 cm was extracted without
damage to the physical structure
•An approximately 15
cm long filamentous
macroscopic
parasite was
extracted sent intact
in Normal saline, to
Microbiology
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68. As reported from CDC – Atlanta USA
• Based on the images, we agree this
is a female Dirofilaria (possibly D.
repens in India), as indicated by tall,
polymyarian musculature, external
cuticular ridges, and paired
reproductive tubes.
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69. World First for Malaria - mobile phone diagnosis
now available
• xRapid is a world first in
mobile health, providing
automatic diagnosis of
malaria via an iPhone app. It
is the first commercially
available mobile app that
has the functionality to
quickly and accurately
diagnose a major disease.
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70. ARE WE READY FOR CHANGE TO
AUTOMATION ?
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71. THE FUTURE OF DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY
IS CHANGING
• The physical structure of laboratories, staffing
patterns, work flow, and turnaround time have all
been profoundly influenced by technical advances.
The implementation of nucleic acid amplification-
based molecular techniques provides complementary,
rapid, and on-demand diagnosis services. These
changes will continue, and lead diagnostic
microbiology inevitably to a modern discipline, which
can face many challenges in the future.
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72. TODAYS PROBLEM WITH DIAGNOSTIC
MICROBIOLOGY
• We Teach More than what
we see, and diagnose
• WE Talk More ?
• We discuss more ?
• However we do less ?
• 1Bench work
2 Fail to improve the
laboratory skills ?
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73. Laboratories should progress with scientific
Developments
•Modern science is fast-moving, and no
laboratory can exist for long with a program
based on old facilities. Innovation and renewal
are required to keep a laboratory on the
frontiers of science.
• Burton Richter
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74. Wish to be A Better Microbiologist
• A microbiologist needs to be
both brilliant and methodical. An
ability to think critically and
analytically is a prerequisite, as
is an advanced understanding
and knowledge of computers.
• Microbiologists must be
experts at working with
statistics and must stay
abreast of developments in
statistical techniques
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75. How we can improve our Diagnostic
Microbiology
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