Microbiology drill 2
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This document lists various bacteria and the diseases they cause. It is organized into two stages, with each stage listing the bacteria and a brief description of 1-2 diseases or infections associated with each one. Some of the bacteria and diseases listed include Bordetella pertussis and whooping cough, Salmonella typhi and typhoid fever, Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumonia/meningitis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and tuberculosis.
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Microbacterias
The document lists bacterial pathogens grouped into three stages. Stage 1 lists 12 bacterial pathogens including Chlamydia pneumoniae which causes pneumonia, Francisella tularensis which causes tularemia, and Clostridium botulinum which causes botulism. Stage 2 rearranges the list, and Stage 3 further rearranges the list and highlights Chlamydia pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae as causing pneumonia.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Common symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Pneumonia is usually spread through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Treatment involves antibiotics if bacterial or antivirals if viral. Prevention strategies include vaccination, reducing indoor smoke and pollution, and improving nutrition and primary healthcare access.
Fungal pneumonia
Fungal pneumonia is a type of lung infection caused by fungi. It is most common in immunocompromised individuals. Symptoms are similar to bacterial and viral pneumonia and include cough, chest pain, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves culturing respiratory fluids or detecting fungal antigens. Treatment consists of antifungal drugs like amphotericin B and voriconazole. Prognosis depends on underlying conditions and can be as high as 90% mortality in immunocompromised patients if not treated promptly.
Pneumonia
This document provides an overview of different types of pneumonia, including classifications, typical causative organisms, and key characteristics. Community-acquired pneumonias are most commonly caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, while hospital-acquired pneumonias often involve drug-resistant organisms. Viral pneumonias tend to involve the interstitium rather than alveoli. Immunocompromised individuals are at risk for opportunistic fungal and viral pathogens. Granulomatous pneumonias like tuberculosis can appear chronic.
CLINICAL CLASSIFICATION OF TUBECULOSIS
The current clinical classification system for tuberculosis (TB) is based on the pathogenesis of the disease.
Pulmonary tuberculosis BY dr. shiv kumar
Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. It is transmitted through the air when people with the active form cough, sneeze or speak and expel infectious droplets. Symptoms may include cough, blood in sputum, excessive sweating at night, fatigue, fever and unintentional weight loss. Most people recover from primary infection without further issues, but the infection can remain inactive for years and later reactivate as active disease.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs but can affect any part of the body. Risk factors include poverty, crowding, illnesses that weaken the immune system like HIV, and malnutrition. There are two main types - primary tuberculosis occurs in those never exposed before while secondary tuberculosis occurs from reactivation of a previous infection. Diagnosis involves physical exam, sputum tests, chest x-rays, and culture of bacteria. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for several months. Preventive measures include isolation during early treatment, ventilation, cough hygiene, and masks.
Human health & diseases L03
This document discusses several human diseases caused by pathogens. It describes amoebic dysentery caused by the intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica transmitted through contaminated food and water. It also discusses ringworm fungi transmitted through contact with infected individuals. Finally, it discusses ascariasis caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides transmitted through contaminated vegetables and fruits, and filariasis caused by filarial worms transmitted by Culex mosquitoes which can cause elephantiasis.
Tuberculosis
The causative agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Belonging to the Family Mycobacteriaceae.
The other strains that cause tuberculosis are
M. bovis
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M. carnetti
M. microti etc
The morphological features of the bacteria are that it is a small, straight, slender rod shaped, non-motile, non-capsulated, non-spore forming, aerobic organism.
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Chapter24
The document provides an overview of several diseases that affect the respiratory system, including both the upper and lower tract. It discusses bacterial infections like strep throat, scarlet fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. It also covers atypical pneumonia, Legionnaire's disease, and some fungal diseases. For each condition, it describes the causative pathogen, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and other relevant details.
Pneumonia
This document provides an overview of pneumonia, including:
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites that leads to lung inflammation. It can range from mild to life-threatening.
- There are several types of pneumonia classified by cause, including bacterial, viral, fungal, chemical and aspiration pneumonia.
- Pneumonia is also classified by location (lobar vs. lobular), duration (acute vs. chronic), location of infection (community acquired vs. hospital acquired) and pathology (typical vs. atypical).
Bacterial diseases
This document summarizes several bacterial diseases:
Tuberculosis is caused by two types of bacteria and spreads through coughing or sneezing. It is diagnosed using tuberculin tests and treated with long-term antibiotic therapy. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and spreads through respiratory droplets. It produces a toxin that kills epithelial cells and blocks the respiratory tract. Pneumonia infects the lungs through inhaled droplets from infected individuals and is treated with antibiotics. Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that spreads through direct contact and is communicable.
Dr. sheth hhd (7) stigma infections
This document summarizes and compares key aspects of plague, tuberculosis, and leprosy such as causative organisms, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatments, and prognoses. It notes that plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria and can be transmitted by fleas, tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria and spreads through the air via coughs or sneezes, and leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria and spreads through nasal discharges. It provides details on the pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatments for each disease.
TUBERCULOSIS
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB), including:
- TB is caused by various Mycobacterium species, most commonly M. tuberculosis. It most often affects the lungs but can spread to other organs.
- Untreated TB can be fatal within 5 years. It is one of the top infectious killers worldwide. Risk factors include living in areas with high TB rates, poor healthcare access, and immunocompromised status.
- M. tuberculosis infects alveolar macrophages and forms lesions called tubercles. The immune response tries to wall off the bacteria in structures called granulomas. Latent TB occurs when infection is controlled, while active TB results if the immune response is overwhelmed.
2.respiratory infections
The document discusses various respiratory infections including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It covers topics such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung abscess, and bronchiectasis. Pneumonia can be lobar or bronchopneumonia and is classified based on clinical setting, organism, and morphology. Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium and presents as a chronic infection characterized by granulomas and tissue necrosis. Complications of respiratory infections include abscesses, bronchiectasis, and spread to other organs.
Air borne diseases
This document lists and describes various microorganisms that can cause airborne diseases, including bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Bordetella pertussis; fungi such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Aspergillus fumigatus; and viruses that cause diseases like smallpox, chickenpox, mumps, and influenza. It notes that the list of airborne pathogens and the diseases they cause is extensive and ongoing, posing threats to human life and challenges for combating new emerging pathogens.
PNEUMONIAS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR
PNEUMONIAS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIRProf Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
pneumonias made very easy for medical students and doctors.stress given on history taking and to arrive at correct diagnosis.EMAIL-drbashir123@gmail.comPneumonia
This document discusses various types and causes of pneumonia in children. It describes the differences between lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, and interstitial pneumonitis. Common infectious causes include respiratory viruses in young children and Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in older children. Clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prognosis are outlined. Pneumonia is a major cause of illness and death in developing countries. Immunizations have reduced cases of pneumonia from certain pathogens.
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PNEUMONIAS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE SOPORE KASHMIR
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Jaycris C. Agnes is a professional educator with over 12 years of experience as a school teacher. She has a Bachelor's degree in Secondary Education with a major in Biological Science. Her objective is to obtain a teaching position where she can utilize her strong dedication to students' development and educational needs. She has experience planning lessons, adapting to different learning styles, monitoring student performance, communicating with parents, and participating in professional development courses. Her achievements include implementing instructional programs to encourage academic potential and organizing remedial programs for students needing extra assistance.
Infectious diseases of the circulatory system
This document discusses the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It defines HIV as a retrovirus that infects CD4 cells and causes AIDS by weakening the immune system. AIDS is characterized by opportunistic infections and cancers occurring when CD4 cells decrease. The document outlines how HIV is transmitted, its stages of infection over 10 years including acute infection and asymptomatic periods, common signs and symptoms, and current drug treatments used to manage the virus.
Terrestrial Ecosystem
The document discusses different types of terrestrial ecosystems, including tropical rainforests, deserts, grasslands, tundra, temperate deciduous forests, and boreal forests. It describes the key abiotic factors, dominant plant and animal species, and global distributions for each ecosystem type. The factors that define terrestrial ecosystems include climate, latitude, humidity, seasonal variations, and elevation. Climate is a major determinant of ecosystem distribution and characteristics.
Hypersensitivity with AIDS .
Type I hypersensitivity, also known as immediate hypersensitivity, is an exaggerated immune response mediated by IgE antibodies. It causes allergic reactions and is triggered by exposure to common allergens like pollen, dust mites, animal dander, etc. Type IV hypersensitivity is a delayed cell-mediated response that occurs 48-72 hours after exposure and is characterized by induration and erythema, as seen in tuberculin skin tests. HIV attacks CD4 T cells, weakening the immune system and leaving the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. If untreated, HIV develops into AIDS, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or the presence of AIDS-defining illnesses.
Terrestrial Ecosystems
The document discusses terrestrial ecosystems and how they are defined by climate zones. It describes the frigid, temperate, and torrid climate zones that determine the types of ecosystems like tundra, taiga, deciduous forests, grasslands, deserts, and rainforests found in each zone. Key adaptations of plants and animals are also summarized for different ecosystems, such as epiphytes in rainforests and camouflage in deserts.
Anatomy and physiology reviewer
- Epithelial tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells with little extracellular matrix between them and a basement membrane. Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have many desmosomes.
- Cartilage tissues are slow to heal after injury because the cartilage cells are surrounded by fluid and lack a direct blood supply, making regeneration difficult.
- About 90% of cancers originate from epithelial tissue, as epithelial cells are continually replacing themselves and are susceptible to mutations. Inflammatory reactions typically occur in connective tissue.
Teaching with visual symbols report
This document defines visual symbols and discusses their instructional use. It identifies various types of visual symbols like drawings, cartoons, strip drawings, diagrams, charts, graphs and maps. It provides examples and guidelines for each type. The document emphasizes that visual symbols can represent and communicate complex information more effectively than text alone. It concludes that teachers should skillfully create and incorporate relevant visual symbols to enhance student engagement and learning.
Skeletal System Hand Out
The document provides an overview of the skeletal system. It begins by outlining the learning objectives which are to enumerate the roles and parts of the skeletal system, explain bone formation and aging, and discuss the importance of the skeletal system. It then details the various functions of the skeletal system including protection, movement, mineral storage, and sound transduction. It describes the general features of bones such as their parts, cells, markings and ossification. It also discusses bone remodeling, repair, and the types of bones. Finally, it examines the effects of aging on the skeletal system.
Skeletal System
The document provides information about the skeletal system. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which are to enumerate the roles of the skeletal system, explain bone formation and aging, and discuss the importance of the skeletal system. It then outlines the topics to be covered, including the functions of bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments and joints. General features of bones such as parts, cells, surface markings and types are described. The document discusses bone formation, remodeling, repair and classifications. It provides an overview of the axial skeleton and its divisions before focusing on details of the skull and its bones.
O.S. - ITE009
This document discusses different operating systems (OS), including Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Unix, and DOS for computers, as well as Windows Phone, iOS, and Android for mobile devices. It explains that an OS manages computer resources and provides an interface for user interaction. Examples of versions are given for each OS type.
Software- ITE009
Software consists of programs that provide instructions to control and direct computers to perform tasks. There are two main categories of software: system software which includes operating systems and programming languages, and application software such as custom-made transaction processing systems or commercial-off-the-shelf packages for education, productivity, games, security, and entertainment.
Gene Mutation - Genetics
A gene mutation is an alteration in DNA sequence that can change a single nucleotide or larger gene segments. The main types of mutations are point mutations, frameshift mutations, and repeat expansions. Point mutations include silent, missense, and nonsense mutations. Missense mutations can be conservative or non-conservative. Frameshift mutations alter the reading frame. Repeat expansions increase repeated DNA sequences. Specific diseases caused by gene mutations discussed include cystic fibrosis, cancer, and sickle cell anemia.
Meiosis
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, or sex cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It was discovered by Oscar Hertwig in 1876 while studying sea urchin eggs. Meiosis involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides of the cell. This reduces the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid daughter cells. Meiosis introduces genetic variation through independent assortment and crossing over during prophase I. This ensures offspring receive a unique set of chromosomes from each parent.
Gene Mutation
1. Gene mutations are alterations in DNA sequences that can change the genetic code and potentially cause genetic diseases.
2. The most common type of gene mutation is point mutations, which change a single DNA nucleotide and can be silent, missense, or nonsense.
3. Examples of diseases caused by gene mutations include sickle cell anemia from a missense mutation, various cancers from oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations, cystic fibrosis from a deletion mutation, and myotonic dystrophy and fragile X syndrome from trinucleotide repeat expansions.
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This PowerPoint includes all the relevant information and science about penile cancer and its management. Information is based on Campbell 12th edition and EAU 2024 updated guidelines.
Endocrine Physiology - Insulin and Glucagon
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified description of the physiology of insulin and glucagon.
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the synthesis and release of insulin
2. Explain the mechanism of action of insulin
3. Discuss the metabolic functions of insulin
4. Elucidate the effects of insulin on adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver
5. Enlist the factors which stimulate and inhibit the release of insulin
6. Explain the mechanism of action of glucagon
7. Discuss the metabolic functions of glucagon
8. Elucidate the role of insulin and glucagon in glucose homeostasis during the fasting and fed states
9. Discuss the role of other hormones in the glucose homeostasis
10. Differentiate between the types of diabetes mellitus
11. Explain the pathophysiology of the features of diabetes mellitus
12. Discuss the complications of diabetes mellitus
13. Explain the rationale of oral hypoglycemic drugs
14. Describe the features of hyperinsulinemia
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 79, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 24, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 39, Berne and Levy Physiology, 7th edition
4. Chapter 19, Human Physiology, From Cells to Systems by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
5. Chapter 3, Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology, Bruce A. White and Susan P. Porterfield, 4th edition
6. Insulin and Insulin Resistance, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1204764/
7. Complications of diabetes mellitus,
https://pdb101.rcsb.org/global-health/diabetes-mellitus/monitoring/complications
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- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/fUWI9boFc7w
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Factors influencing growth and deve.pdf
Factors influencing growth & development:
Growth & development depend upon multiple factors or determinants. They influence directly or indirectly by promoting or hindering the process.
The determinants can be grouped as Heredity & environment..
Heredity or genetic factors are also related to sex, race, & nationality. Environment includes both pre natal & post natal factors.
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- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/1cQRmJ3SKWc
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- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Techniques and Principles of Cleaning and Shaping
Principles of Cleaning
Nonsurgical root canal treatment is a predictable method of retaining a tooth that otherwise would require extraction. Success of root canal treatment in a tooth with a vital pulp is higher than that of a tooth that is necrotic with periradicular pathosis. The difference is the persistent irritation of necrotic tissue remnants, and the inability to remove the microorganisms and their by-products. The most significant factors affecting this process are tooth anatomy and morphology, and the instruments and irrigants available for treatment. Instruments must contact and plane the canal walls to debride the canal.
Morphologic factors such as lateral and accessory canals, canal curvatures, canal wall irregularities, fins, cul-de-sacs, and isthmuses make total debridement virtually impossible. Therefore the goal of cleaning not total elimination of the irritants but it is to reduce the irritants.
Currently there are no reliable methods to assess cleaning. The presence of clean dentinal shavings, the color of the irrigant, and canal enlargement three file sizes beyond the first instrument to bind have been used to assess the adequacy; however, these do not correlate well with debridement. Obtaining glassy smooth walls is a preferred indicator. The properly prepared canals should feel smooth in all dimensions when the tip of a small file is pushed against the canal walls. This indicates that files have had contact and planed all accessible canal walls thereby maximizing debridement (recognizing that total debridement usually does not occur).
Principles of Shaping
The purpose of shaping is to
1) facilitate cleaning and
2) provide space for placing the obturating materials.
The main objective of shaping is to maintain or develop a continuously tapering funnel from the canal orifice to the apex. This decreases procedural errors when cleaning and enlarging apically. The degree of enlargement is often dictated by the method of obturation. For lateral compaction of gutta percha the canal should be enlarged sufficiently to permit placement of the spreader to within 1-2 millimeters of the corrected working length. There is a correlation between the depth of spreader penetration and the apical seal.5 For warm vertical compaction techniques the coronal enlargement must permit the placement of the pluggers to within 3 to 5 mm of the corrected working length.6
As dentin is removed from the canal walls the root is weakened.7 The degree of shaping is determined by the preoperative root dimension, the obturation technique, and the restorative treatment plan. Narrow thin roots such as the mandibular incisors cannot be enlarged to the same degree as more bulky roots such as the maxillary central incisors. Post placement is also a determining factor in the amount of coronal dentin removal.
Unit-1 Introduction, Mental Health Nursing
Introduction of mental health nursing, Perspective of mental health and mental health nursing, Evolution of mental health services, treatment and nursing practices Mental health team, Nature and scope of mental health nursing, Role & function of mental health nurse inn various settings and factors affecting the level of nursing practice, concept of normal and abnormal behavior
rheumatoid arthritis conditions dr aseem
As a leading rheumatologist in Chandigarh, Dr. Aseem specializes in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of rheumatic conditions, including but not limited to:
Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the joints.
Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage.
Lupus: A systemic autoimmune disease that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs.
Ankylosing Spondylitis: A type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing pain and stiffness.
Gout: A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, and tenderness in the joints.
Psoriatic Arthritis: A type of arthritis that affects some people with psoriasis.
Vasculitis: An inflammation of the blood vessels that can cause a variety of symptoms.
Sjogren’s Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder characterized by dry eyes and mouth.
Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Dr. Aseem Goyal utilizes advanced diagnostic techniques to identify the underlying causes of rheumatic conditions. Our state-of-the-art facility is equipped with the latest technology to provide comprehensive diagnostic services, including:
Blood Tests: To check for markers of inflammation and autoimmune activity.
Imaging Studies: Such as X-rays, MRI, and ultrasound to assess joint and soft tissue damage.
Joint Fluid Analysis: To examine the fluid in the joints for signs of inflammation or infection.
Biopsy: In certain cases, a small tissue sample may be taken for further examination.
Treatment Approaches
Dr. Aseem Goyal adopts a holistic and patient-centered approach to treatment. Depending on the specific condition and its severity, treatment options may include:
Medications
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): To slow the progression of rheumatic diseases.
Biologic Agents: Targeted therapies that block specific pathways in the immune system.
Corticosteroids: To control severe inflammation quickly.
CASE PRESENTATION ON ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS.
This is a case presentation of a 72 year old female patient who was admitted in the hospital with the chief complaints of loose stools since 6 Days and generalised weakness and history of one episode of vomiting (one day back).
Introduction to Interventional Radiology.pptx
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5YS of local advanced non-small cell LCP after combined radical procedures significantly depended on: tumor characteristics, LC cell dynamics, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors, biochemical factors, hemostasis system, anthropometric data, adjuvant treatment and procedure type. Optimal strategies for local advanced LCP are: 1) availability of very experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity radical procedures; 2) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 3) precise prediction; 4) AT for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Subcutaneous nodules in rheumatic diseases Ahmed Yehia Assistant Professor of...
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MALE CIRCUMCISION consists of the surgical act of removing the foreskin (skin that covers the glans of the penis), leaving the glans more prominent and better cleanable.
MALE CIRCUMCISION itself has medical as well as sociocultural implications, as it has been proven to be an act that can minimize SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs), especially HIV, but it also represents the SOCIOCULTURAL IDENTITY of some people, respectively.
Now, in a SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE like that of Mozambique where the prevalence of HIV is around 12.5% which corresponds to approximately 2 million people living with HIV, where the province of GAZA is the most seroprevalent with a positivity rate of 21% (INSIDA, 2021), it is extremely necessary to THOROUGHLY scrutinize all possibilities for preventing or minimizing the spread of HIV and other STIs.Cardiovascular Physiology - Cardiac Failure
These simplified lecture slides by Dr Sidra Arshad offer a concise look at the cardiovascular effects of heart failure:
1. Define cardiac failure, its pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
2. Differentiate between the factors causing hyper-effective and hypo-effective heart functions
3. Differentiate between right and left heart failure based on their presentation
4. Outline the physiology of treatment of cardiac failure
Magion- The Best Source of Magnesium Supplementation
Are you ready to reap the benefits of this best magnesium supplement now? Visit us today to learn more about its health and vitality benefits.
Visit: https://wintersbiotechnology.com/magion/
Drugs Used in the Treatment of Arrhythmia
These are the class of Drugs that are used to treat and prevent cardiac arrhythmias by blocking ion channels involved in cardiac impulse generation and conduction. Class I drugs like quinidine and procainamide block sodium channels to prolong the action potential duration, while Class IB drugs like lignocaine shorten repolarization. Class III drugs like amiodarone block potassium channels to prolong the action potential. Calcium channel blockers like verapamil inhibit calcium influx. Other drugs include adenosine for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, beta blockers for supraventricular arrhythmias, and atropine for bradycardias. Adverse effects vary between drugs but include arrhythmias, heart block and QT prolong
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Microbiology drill 2
- 2. Stage 1
- 4. Brucella abortus and B. melitensis Brucellosis, undulant fever
- 5. Clostridium perfringens Gas gangrene, wound infection
- 9. Proteus vulgaris and P. morganii Gastroenteritis, U.t.i.
- 16. Streptococcus pyogenes Strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, septicemia
- 35. Stage 2
- 37. Brucella abortus and B. melitensis Brucellosis, undulant fever
- 38. Clostridium perfringens Gas gangrene, wound infection
- 42. Proteus vulgaris and P. morganii Gastroenteritis, U.t.i.
- 49. Streptococcus pyogenes Strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, septicemia