10 pathogenesis of_infection_-_i
•Download as PPT, PDF•
2 likes•654 views
The document discusses the pathogenesis of infections, including the typical routes of entry for pathogens, how they spread within the body, and how the body eliminates them. It explains that pathogens usually enter through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin, then spread locally or through the blood and lymphatic system to target organs. The document also outlines the major routes and mechanisms by which pathogens are eventually eliminated from the body.
Report
Share
Related slideshows
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (19)
Viewers also liked
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to 10 pathogenesis of_infection_-_i
Similar to 10 pathogenesis of_infection_-_i (20)
More from MUBOSScz
More from MUBOSScz (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
10 pathogenesis of_infection_-_i
- 1. Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and St. Anna Faculty Hospital in Brno Miroslav Votava, Vladana Woznicová PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION – I Lecture for 2nd-year students May 4 t h , 200 9
- 2. What is the pathogenesis? Pathogenesis: explains the origin and development of pathological symptoms What does the pathogenesis of infection include? Way of spreading the agent through macroorganism Mechanisms of defence against it; Actual causes of symptoms: a) either directly the infectious agent, b) or the reaction of macroorganism to it
- 3. Spreading of agent through the macroorganism Portal of entry (skin, mucosae, placenta) -> -> sites of primary multiplication : portal of entry vicinity regional lymphatic nodes -> actual spread (dissemination of agent): by means of lymph, blood, per continuitatem, along nerves -> target organ : typically in viral diseases -> sites of elimination from macroorganism : may not be the same as portal of entry
- 4. P ORTAL OF ENTRY Respiratory tract mucosa Lungs Gastrointestinal tract mucosa Skin and hypodermis Urogenital tract mucosa Conjunctiva and cornea Placenta
- 5. Respiratory tract mucosa – I Nose and nasopharynx: respiratory viruses ( rhinoviruses, coronaviruses , adenov . ), HSV, viruses of exanthematic infections (measles, rubella, chickenpox), amoebae ( Naegleria , Acantamoeba, Balamuthia ) Secondary bacterial agents: Haemophilus influenzae, Strept. pneumoniae, Staph. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis Chronic infections: ditto + Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. rhinoscleromatis
- 6. Respiratory tract mucosa – II Tonsil s and pharynx: respiratory viruses, EBV, coxsackieviruses A; Str. pyogenes , other β-hemolytic streptoc., S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Candida albicans; Toxoplasma gondii Epiglottis: Haemophilus influenzae type b
- 7. Respiratory tract mucosa – III Larynx and trachea: parainfluenza viruses, influenza viruses, RSV, adenoviruses; Chlamyd ophila pneumoniae , Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae Secondarily: S. aureus, H. influenzae Bronchi: influenza v., adenoviruses, RSV, parainfluenza v., RSV; M. pneumoniae, Ch. pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis Sec.: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus, Moraxella catarrhalis Bronchioles: RSV
- 9. Lungs Bronchopneumonia: S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, H. influenzae; Legionella pneumophila, K. pneumoniae , E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis Atypical pneumonia: M. pneumoniae, influenza virus A, Ch. pneumoniae ; Chlamydia psittaci (ornithosis) , Coxiella burnetii (Q fever); Pneumocystis jirovecii, CMV, atypical mycobacteria, Nocardia asteroides Subacute and chronic pneumonia: anaerobes ( Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella ), Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- 11. Gastrointestinal tract mucosa Oral cavity: HSV , Candida albicans Oesophagus: CMV, C. albicans Stomach: Helicobacter pylori Small intestine: Campylobacter jejuni, salmonellae (incl. Salmonella Typhi), ETEC, EPEC etc., Yersinia enterocolitica, Vibrio cholerae ; enteroviruses (polio!), rotaviruses, noroviruses; Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum; tapeworms, pinworms, roundworms, flukes etc. Large intestine and rectum: Shigella sonnei (bacterial dysentery), Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery)
- 13. Urogenital tract mucosa Classic venereal infections: Neisseria gonorrhoeae ( gonorrhoea), Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Haemophilus ducreyi (chancroid), Klebsiella granulomatis (granuloma inguinale), Chlamydia trachomatis L1-L3 (lymphogranuloma venereum) Other sexually transmitted diseases (STD): Ch. trachomatis D-K, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum; papillomaviruses, HBV, HCV, HSV-2, HIV-1; Cand ida albicans; Trichomonas vaginalis
- 15. Conjunctiva and cornea Conjunctiva: Strept. pneumoniae , S. aureus, H. influenzae, Moraxella lacunata; Chlam. trachomatis D-K, N. gonorrhoeae; adenoviruses (types 3, 8 , 19), en teroviruses (type 70), HSV Cornea: S. aureus, Strept. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa; Acanthamoeba castellanii; Bacillus cereus; oportunistically pathogenic moulds; HSV , VZV, adenoviruses ( type 8)
- 17. Skin and hypodermis – I Intact skin: leptospirae, larvae of hookworms ( Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus ) and Strongyloides stercoralis , cercariae of schistosomes, bilharziellae and trichobilharziae (swimmers itch) Small cracks in skin: S. aureus, S. pyogenes, Bacillus anthracis, F. tularensis, Rickettsia prowazekii; wart viruses, milker´s nodes v., cowpox virus; dermatophytes Bite of arthropods: arboviruses; borreliae, ehrlichiae, rickettsiae, coxiellae, bartonellae, Yersinia pestis ; plasmodia, trypanosomes, leishmaniae and others)
- 18. Skin and hypodermis – II Wounds: S. aureus, S. pyogenes, Clostridium tetani, gas gangrene clostridia, coagulase negative staphylococci etc. Wounds and bites by animals: rabies v., Spirillum minus, Pasteurella multocida , Capnocytophaga canimorsus, S. aureus, Streptobacillus moniliformis; Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae , Burkholderia pseudomallei Burns: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pyogenic cocci
- 20. Skin and hypodermis – III Wounds in water: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila ; Vibrio vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, Mycobacterium marinum Wounds in the tropics: Dermatophilus congolensis, Rhodococcus equi, Mycobacterium ulcerans, Mycob. marinum; Sporothrix schenckii and many other micromycetes
- 21. Placenta Congenital infections Viral: rubella v. (Rubivirus ), parvovirus B19 ( Erythrovirus ), cytomegalovirus (CMV), varicella-zoster v. (VZV), herpes simplex v. (HSV) Bacterial: Treponema pallidum, Listeria monocytogenes Parasitic: Toxoplasma gondii
- 23. Spreading by means of lymph s kin -> regional lymphatic nodes: pyogenic cocci, F. tularensis, Y. pestis ; arboviruses oropharynx, tonsils -> cervical nodes: S. pyogenes, C. diphtheriae, M. tuberculosis, anaerobes ( Actinomyces israeli , Prevotella ), T. gondii l ungs -> hilar nodes: M. tbc, B. anthracis, other respiratory pathogens genital mucosa -> inguinal nodes: Treponema pallidum, Ch. trachomatis L1-L3 , H. ducreyi Peyer plaques -> mesenteric nodes: Yersinia enterocolitica , enteric adenoviruses, enteroviruses
- 24. Spreading by means of blood Agents of all generalized infections: exanthematic viruses, enteroviruses, arboviruses, Treponema pallidum, Salmonella Typhi and many others Agents of pneumonia commonly appear in blood: especially Strept. pneumoniae More rarely agents of other systemic and local infections: during meningitis, pyelonephritis (urosepsis), suppurating wounds and suchlike
- 26. Spreading per continuitatem From cell to cell: HSV, RSV, listeriae, yersiniae By means of secretion down the mucosa: agents of respiratory, enteric and urogenital infections From the site of arthropod biting to its vicinity: arboviruses, Borrelia burgdorferi From the wound to adjacent tissue: Streptococcus pyogenes, Clostridium perfringens From the middle ear to meninges: S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b From lungs to pleura: agents of pneumonia
- 27. Spreading along nerves Either axonally (within nerve fibres), or by progressive infection of Schwann sheath HSV, VZV, B-virus, rabies virus Mycobacterium leprae Naegleria fowleri tetanic toxin
- 28. E LIMINATION
- 29. Elimination of agent from the body From the mucosa of respiratory tract and oral cavity, intestine, urogenital tract, eye From skin lesions By means of urine From blood
- 30. Elimination from respiratory tract Sneezing: in particular agents of common cold (rhinoviruses, coronaviruses), from bacteria e.g. Neisseria meningitidis Coughing: other respiratory viruses (primarily influenza virus), exanthematic viruses (VZV, morbilli virus, rubella virus), N. meningitidis , B. pertussis, M. tuberculosis, Y. pestis
- 31. Elimination from alimentary tract Saliva: HSV, EBV, mumps virus, Str. pyogenes Stool: enteroviruses (incl. poliovirus), HAV, HEV salmonellae incl. S. Typhi, shigellae, EPEC, ETEC etc., V. cholerae, C. difficile Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia Ascaris lumbricoides, Taenia saginata
- 32. Elimination from urogenital tract From diseased mucosae: Agents of classic venereal infections: in Europe N. gonorrhoeae, T. pallidum Agents of other sexually transmitted diseases (STD): C. trachomatis D-K, papillomaviruses, HSV-2 By means of urine: Salmonella Typhi Congenital infections (rubella virus, CMV) Exotic viruses of hemorrhagic fevers (Ebola)
- 33. Elimination from skin lesions Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pyogenes Varicella-zoster virus (agent of chickenpox and shingles) Papillomaviruses (agents of warts) Dermatophytes (e.g. Trichophyton rubrum ) Sarcoptes scabiei (itch-mite)
- 34. Elimination from blood By means of vectors: tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus Rickettsia prowazekii, Yersinia pestis Borrelia recurrentis Plasmodium malariae By means of small cracks in mucosa: HBV, HIV
- 35. Recommended reading material Paul de Kruif: Microbe Hunters Paul de Kruif: Men against Death Axel Munthe: The Story of San Michele Sinclair Lewis: Arrowsmith André Maurois: La vie de Sir Alexander Fleming Hans Zinsser: Rats, Lice, and History Michael Crichton: Andromeda Strain Albert Camus: Peste Victor Heisser: An American Doctor Odyssey Richard Preston: The Hot Zone David Tyrrell & Michael Fielder: Cold Wars Please mail me other suggestions at: [email_address] Thank you for your attention