This document provides an overview of the 12 lessons that will be covered in the B4 Homeostasis module. It introduces key concepts about homeostasis, including how the body regulates conditions like body temperature, water levels, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure. Each lesson will focus on a different aspect of homeostasis, starting with an introduction to homeostasis and negative feedback mechanisms in Lessons 1 and 2. Subsequent lessons will cover topics like enzyme function, temperature regulation, water homeostasis, and what can happen when homeostasis goes wrong.
This document discusses homeostasis, which refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body despite changes in the external environment. It describes how unicellular organisms evolved internal environments as multicellular organisms developed. The human body maintains homeostasis through various organ systems that cooperate via feedback mechanisms to keep conditions like temperature, pH, electrolyte levels, and oxygen/carbon dioxide levels within normal ranges. Homeostatic control mechanisms can involve negative or positive feedback loops to restore the body's normal state when disturbed.
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a constant internal environment despite changing external conditions. The document discusses various mechanisms that help regulate body temperature, including negative feedback loops, sweating, vasodilation, shivering, and changes in metabolism. When the body gets too hot, sweating and increased blood flow to the skin help cool it down. When cold, vasoconstriction and shivering generate heat while decreasing blood flow to the skin. Together these processes help keep the internal temperature within a narrow range to allow for optimal chemical reactions in cells.
Homeostasis refers to maintaining stable internal conditions despite external changes. The body uses control systems involving sensors, control centers, communication systems, and targets to regulate conditions like temperature, blood glucose, and blood pressure through negative and positive feedback loops. Most functions use negative feedback loops, which reverse changes to return the body to its set points. Positive feedback increases the rate of change away from set points when a rapid response is needed, such as during blood clotting or puberty.
Homeostasis refers to the process by which organisms regulate internal conditions to maintain a stable and constant environment. Negative feedback loops play an important role in homeostasis, as the response works to remove or reduce the stimulus to bring the regulated factor back to its normal range. Thermoregulation, the ability to maintain a stable body temperature, is an important example of homeostasis that allows for optimal biological functioning across different temperatures. Both behavioral and physiological mechanisms enable endothermic and ectothermic organisms to regulate their body temperatures.
The document discusses homeostasis and how the body maintains homeostasis. It covers:
1. The different levels of organization in the body from cells to organ systems and how they work together.
2. All the major organ systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) and how each helps maintain homeostasis.
3. Feedback mechanisms and examples like regulating blood sugar, temperature and fluid levels. Negative feedback loops work to reduce changes while positive feedback amplifies changes.
4. Consequences of homeostasis failing like diseases such as diabetes, and conditions involving electrolyte and acid-base imbalances.
The document discusses homeostasis and control systems in the human body. It explains that various internal variables like blood sugar, body temperature, and pH levels must stay within certain ranges to maintain homeostasis. When changes occur internally or externally, feedback systems work to regulate monitors, coordinating centers, and regulators to return levels to the normal range. Negative feedback is the most common type of response that works to reverse changes, while positive feedback reinforces changes. Multiple organ systems interact together to continuously monitor and adjust conditions to uphold homeostasis.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions essential for survival. Key aspects include concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste, pH levels, electrolyte and salt levels, and temperature regulation. The body has two fluid transport systems - blood circulation and exchange between blood vessels and tissues.
The nervous and endocrine systems control bodily functions and maintain homeostasis. The nervous system controls rapid responses while the endocrine system regulates metabolism via hormones. Negative feedback loops reverse stimuli to maintain balance, like temperature increasing exercise and triggering cooling. Positive feedback intensifies stimuli, like uterine stretching intensifying contractions during childbirth. Overall, feedback systems allow the body to precisely balance its internal environment.
Homeostasis is vital for maintaining the healthy functioning of the body. If homeostasis did not occur, it could lead to illness or even death. The body has various mechanisms in place to try and cope and restore homeostasis if it is disrupted.
Nutrients are substances that provide nourishment essential for life and growth. There are major nutrients including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Nutrients must be absorbed and exchanged between the blood and tissues via the circulatory system. Homeostasis, the tendency to maintain stable internal conditions, regulates nutrient exchange and other bodily functions through receptors, control centers, and effectors in feedback loops that can be positive or negative. Examples of homeostatic mechanisms include blood clotting, thermoregulation, blood homeostasis, and osmoregulation. Homeostasis is crucial for sustaining life by keeping innate variables like nutrient levels within optimal ranges.
This document provides an overview of general physiology concepts including:
- Physiology is the study of how cells, tissues, and organisms function
- Shivering occurs when we feel cold to help warm the body through involuntary muscle contractions
- The hypothalamus detects a fall in temperature and causes shivering to increase body temperature
- Homeostasis refers to maintaining a relatively constant internal environment through feedback mechanisms like negative feedback which acts to reverse changes and positive feedback which accelerates changes.
This document provides an introduction to physiology at NAIHS-COM in Kathmandu, Nepal. It defines physiology as the study of how the body functions at various levels of organization. The goals of physiology are to explain normal life phenomena in the human body and the factors responsible for life processes. Physiology emerged from ancient Ayurvedic sciences and modern physiology was pioneered by Claude Bernard. At NAIHS-COM, students learn about how different body systems function during normal and stressful situations and how homeostasis is maintained. They also learn about disease processes and potential treatments. Teaching methods include lectures, labs, problem-based learning and research.
1. The document discusses homeostasis and temperature regulation in the human body. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of constant internal conditions and describes how the skin, blood flow, sweating, and shivering help regulate body temperature.
2. The hypothalamus acts as the thermoregulatory center that detects temperature changes and coordinates responses like vasodilation and vasoconstriction to increase or decrease blood flow to the skin.
3. Other examples of homeostasis discussed include blood glucose regulation by the liver, pancreas, and hormones like insulin and glucagon. The kidneys also help regulate water, salts, and acid levels in the blood.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Feed forward control is when a control system anticipates a disturbance and activates the appropriate response before the disturbance occurs. This allows the system to be proactive rather than reactive.
2. While we have homeostatic mechanisms to regulate blood pressure, things like genetics, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions can cause these mechanisms to fail or become impaired over time. This leads to conditions like hypertension where blood pressure rises and remains elevated.
3. Yes, a single effector can work in both directions depending on the situation. For example, sweat glands can both increase sweating to cool the body during heat stress, or decrease sweating to conserve water during dehydration.
4
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body. It is achieved through homeostatic mechanisms that regulate factors like temperature, pH, and electrolyte concentrations. Any deviation from normal ranges can affect enzyme function and lead to death. Homeostasis involves coordinated responses from organs like the lungs, gut, liver, and kidneys as well as the endocrine and nervous systems. Negative feedback mechanisms help stabilize conditions that rise or fall outside normal levels through corrective responses that oppose the initial change. Examples include insulin regulation of blood glucose and baroreceptor control of blood pressure. Positive feedback mechanisms can also be useful in limited contexts like blood clotting and childbirth but generally promote instability.
1. The document discusses homeostasis and the factors that must be regulated to maintain homeostasis, including temperature, water concentration, nutrient/waste concentrations, and oxygen/carbon dioxide levels.
2. It explains that cells exchange nutrients and wastes with their surroundings, with the intracellular fluid conditioned by the interstitial fluid and plasma.
3. Homeostasis involves negative feedback loops between stimuli, receptors, control centers, and effectors to detect deviations from normal levels and restore balance.
The document discusses homeostasis and how the human body maintains stable internal conditions. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of stable internal conditions necessary for cell survival. Key systems like the circulatory, respiratory, and urinary systems act to regulate factors such as nutrient levels, pH, water concentration, and waste removal to maintain homeostasis. Negative feedback loops trigger responses to correct deviations from normal ranges. Disruptions in homeostasis can lead to pathophysiological states and even death if too severe.
All living things share certain characteristics:
1) They are made of cells, metabolize energy, respond to stimuli, reproduce, evolve over generations, and maintain homeostasis.
2) They are organized into hierarchical levels from cells to organisms and ecosystems.
3) They grow and develop throughout their lifecycles according to their unique processes of asexual or sexual reproduction.
The document provides information about homeostasis and how the human body regulates various processes and conditions to maintain homeostasis. It discusses how homeostasis involves maintaining stable internal conditions like blood glucose levels and body temperature. It describes negative feedback loops and specific examples like insulin/glucagon regulation of blood glucose and temperature regulation in the body. Medical conditions that result from homeostatic imbalances are also mentioned, such as diabetes, dehydration, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and gout.
Human Anatomy and Physiology : Introduction
PCI Syllabus, B. Pharmacy, BP101T
Session VI
Basic life processes, Metabolism, growth, responsiveness, differentiation, movement, reproduction.
Homeostasis. Definition, regulation, feedback system. Disorders, diseases and death. Signs and Symptoms.
This document contains notes from biology lessons on a variety of topics related to health, nutrition, disease, and plant growth. It discusses the components of a balanced diet, consequences of poor diets, factors that affect metabolic rate, links between modern diets and health problems, diseases caused by obesity, microbes and how they cause disease, the body's defenses against microbes, how antibodies fight disease, hormonal control of processes like blood glucose levels and the menstrual cycle, and how plant growth is regulated by hormones.
This document provides an overview of the contents of an A2 Biology unit on control systems. The unit covers topics including the human nervous system, nerve cells, the nerve impulse, synapses, receptors, muscle, animal and plant responses, control of heart rate, the hormone system, homeostasis, and molecular genetics. The genetics section will discuss topics such as the genetic code, protein synthesis, gene mutations, stem cells, control of gene expression, and biotechnology techniques including DNA sequencing and genetically modified organisms.
FISIOLOGI SENAM Control of the internal enviromentAmin Upsi
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 2 of a textbook on exercise science. It discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. Homeostasis refers to maintaining a constant internal environment, while steady state means the environment is constant but not necessarily normal. Most control systems use negative feedback to reverse disturbances. Exercise challenges homeostasis by disrupting variables like pH and temperature, but control systems can maintain steady state during submaximal exercise. Intense or prolonged exercise may exceed homeostatic control capacities.
This document outlines 5 tasks for an anatomy and physiology assignment for a BTEC Health and Social Care course. Task 1 involves describing cell structure and the main tissue types. Task 2 requires outlining the structure and function of the major body systems. Task 3 focuses on explaining the role of energy in the body and how body systems relate to energy metabolism. Task 4 involves discussing homeostasis and how the body responds to exercise. Task 5 requires collecting and interpreting data on body system functions before and after exercise.
This document provides information and guidelines about writing a report on homeostasis. It includes definitions of homeostasis, descriptions of the key components and mechanisms involved in maintaining homeostasis, examples of disruptions to homeostasis, and the adaptive advantages of homeostasis. Students are instructed to research and write a report that describes the purpose, components, and mechanism of a homeostatic control system, explains how balance is reestablished following a disruption, discusses the system's adaptive advantage, and analyzes an example of how a disruption could occur. The document also provides guidance on including citations and creating a bibliography to avoid plagiarism.
The document discusses bioenergetics and ATP production. It covers:
1. Cell structure including the cell membrane, nucleus, and mitochondria.
2. ATP is the energy currency of cells and is produced through anaerobic and aerobic pathways.
3. Anaerobic pathways include phosphocreatine breakdown and glycolysis, which produces ATP without oxygen. Aerobic pathways use oxygen during oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP.
4. Glycolysis breaks down glucose to pyruvate or lactate, producing ATP. The NADH and FADH2 produced carry electrons to fuel aerobic ATP production.
The document discusses the physiological effects of exercising in the heat and strategies for athletes to reduce the impact of heat. It covers acute responses like increased sweating and core temperature. It also discusses performance implications of dehydration and strategies for acclimation like improved sweating and cardiovascular function over 7-14 days. Drinking guidelines are provided to hydrate before, during and after competition with water and electrolytes in hot conditions.
The document discusses several physiological homeostasis mechanisms in the human body including water regulation, blood sugar control, and temperature regulation. It explains that negative feedback loops involving key organs like the hypothalamus and hormones help maintain conditions within tolerable limits. Diagrams and processes of osmoregulation, blood sugar regulation, and temperature control through endothermic and ectothermic responses are presented along with examples of homeostasis breakdown under extreme and prolonged conditions.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body. The body has mechanisms to keep key factors like temperature, water levels, and glucose concentration within normal ranges to allow cells to function properly. These mechanisms include sweating and vasodilation to cool the body down, vasoconstriction and piloerection to warm up, and insulin and glucagon regulation of glucose levels. The kidneys also help control water levels and remove waste from the blood in the form of urine.
The document discusses homeostasis, which refers to maintaining equilibrium and stable internal conditions in the body. It explains that homeostasis involves negative feedback loops. Three key components of homeostasis are discussed: the receptor, which detects changes; the control center, which receives this information; and the effector, which responds to changes detected by the receptor and instructions from the control center to restore balance. Homeostasis is important for survival as it regulates conditions like body temperature, blood glucose levels, blood pressure and more.
HOMOESTATIS.pptx Components, Training Principles and FITT PrincipleArriene Chris Diongson
The document discusses homeostasis and biological control systems. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of a stable internal environment and describes its two main stages as detecting changes from the stable state and counteracting to maintain homeostasis. It then defines biological control systems as functioning units that help maintain homeostasis, consisting of sensors, an integrating control center, and effectors. Negative feedback is described as when the response opposes the stimulus to restore the stable state. Examples of biological control systems that maintain homeostasis in the human body include regulating blood glucose levels, body temperature, blood pressure, and production of red blood cells.
The document discusses homeostasis and its importance in maintaining stable internal conditions in living organisms. It defines homeostasis as the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living systems. Key points include:
- Homeostasis involves negative feedback mechanisms that work to counteract stimuli and maintain equilibrium. It regulates variables like body temperature, pH, blood sugar levels, etc.
- The skin provides an example of homeostasis in action, with receptors detecting temperature changes and the brain signaling sweat glands and blood vessels to cool the body.
- Factors like genetics, diet, and toxins can influence homeostasis. Its breakdown can cause illness, while its importance lies in allowing organisms to function despite environmental changes.
The document describes a homeostasis experiment where a test subject underwent changes to maintain optimal homeostatic conditions. Key measurements like skin color, perspiration, body temperature, breathing rate, and heart rate were monitored during exercise. The findings show how these indicators change as part of the body's negative and positive feedback loops to regulate homeostasis during increased activity.
This document provides an introduction to human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure, and physiology as the study of body functions. It discusses the different subdivisions of anatomy including gross, microscopic, and regional anatomy. It explains that anatomy and physiology are closely related, as body structure influences function. The document also introduces homeostasis as the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions and regulate itself through various mechanisms.
The document discusses homeostasis and how the body maintains internal balance. It defines homeostasis as the stable internal environment of the body. It describes how homeostasis is achieved through negative feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to reduce any deviations from the normal set point. For example, if body temperature rises, the body engages mechanisms like sweating to cool down and return to the normal temperature. The document also mentions positive feedback loops help amplify necessary responses, like increased milk production when a baby suckles. Overall, the body uses feedback mechanisms and interactions between organ systems to constantly monitor and adjust internal conditions to maintain homeostasis.
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions such as temperature and blood sugar levels. It is regulated through feedback mechanisms - primarily negative feedback loops that work to reduce the effect of a stimulus and return the body to its set point. Key components of homeostasis include receptors that detect changes, a control center that receives this information and communicates messages, and effectors that respond to bring the condition back into the normal range. Examples provided include regulation of blood pressure and temperature through negative feedback as well as the positive feedback loop involved in blood clotting.
This document discusses homeostasis and control systems in the body. It defines homeostasis as the maintenance of nearly constant internal conditions and lists factors that are homeostatically regulated, including temperature, nutrient levels, and pH. It describes three main types of control systems: negative feedback, which opposes deviations from the set point; positive feedback, which amplifies changes; and feed-forward control, which anticipates changes. Negative feedback is the most common and acts through sensors, integrators and effectors to detect changes and restore the controlled variable to normal. Disruptions in homeostasis can lead to illness or death.
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Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate and maintain stable internal conditions necessary for survival, even when external conditions change. It operates through negative and positive feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to reverse changes that move conditions outside the normal range, like increasing heart rate in response to stress. Positive feedback loops intensify changes, like contractions during childbirth increasing in strength as pressure from the baby rises. Homeostasis is constantly disrupted by internal and external stimuli but feedback loops work to quickly restore equilibrium and prevent conditions from becoming dangerous.
lec 2 Homeostasis and its mechanism with examplesayeshavirk45
In this slide you will find introduction of homeostasis, mechanism of homeostasis, processes involve in homeostasis, nwgative amd positive feedback mechanisms with examples.
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition. It involves various mechanisms to regulate key variables such as temperature, fluid balance, and pH levels. Homeostatic control systems use negative feedback loops to detect changes and counteract them to return conditions back to normal. Positive feedback mechanisms can also be involved to accelerate necessary responses like clotting, but these are tightly regulated to avoid harm. Multiple organ systems work in coordination through neural and hormonal signaling to maintain homeostasis.
The document discusses homeostasis and cell injury. It defines homeostasis as the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes. It provides examples of homeostasis systems like temperature regulation and blood sugar levels. The document also discusses feedback mechanisms that help regulate homeostasis. It then covers causes of cell injury like hypoxia, chemicals, infections, and genetics. It explains the process of cell injury, including damage to mitochondria, membranes, ribosomes and the nucleus. Overall, the document provides an overview of homeostasis and the pathways involved in cell injury.
This document provides an overview of homeostasis in the human body. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stability and equilibrium by regulating physiological systems. This involves receptors that detect changes, a control center that processes information, and effectors that respond to restore conditions. Negative feedback mechanisms work to reverse changes, like increasing sweating to cool the body or accelerating breathing to expel more carbon dioxide. Together these homeostatic processes continually adjust the body's internal conditions to sustain life.
To maintain homeostasis, the body uses control systems involving receptors, control centers, and effectors. A stimulus is detected by receptors and signaled to the control center. The control center then sends responses through effectors to balance the stimulus and maintain stable internal conditions, even as external environments change. Negative feedback mechanisms shut off or reduce stimuli to return the body to normal states, while positive feedback can increase stimuli and disrupt homeostasis. Homeostasis of body temperature through these control systems is essential for biochemical processes to function properly.
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body. The internal environment is the extracellular fluid that surrounds cells, including blood and interstitial fluid. It contains nutrients, ions, and other substances necessary for cell survival.
The body uses homeostatic systems to regulate various physiological functions and maintain them within normal ranges. These systems have sensors, control centers, effectors, and feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback typically acts to reverse changes and stabilize functions, while positive feedback accelerates changes in some emergency responses.
Multiple body systems work together to maintain homeostasis of critical factors like pH, temperature, nutrient and oxygen levels, water balance, and more. The respiratory, circulatory, digestive, excret
This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as how body parts function. Different types of anatomy are described, including developmental, surface, regional, gross, microscopic, systemic, and comparative anatomy. The document outlines the 11 organ systems of the human body and describes the four basic tissue types. It defines homeostasis as the state of dynamic equilibrium in the body and discusses examples of homeostatic control mechanisms. Both negative and positive feedback loops are explained as ways the body regulates internal conditions.
The document provides an overview of lessons covering physics topics related to astronomy. It outlines 24 lessons that will cover telescopes, lenses, different types of telescopes, stars, the sun, moon and earth, eclipses, star distances, galaxies, and more. Each lesson includes objectives, literacy and numeracy focuses, and extension questions.
The document outlines a physics lesson plan covering topics related to telescopes, stars, galaxies, and the structure and composition of stars over 24 lessons. Key topics included refracting and reflecting telescopes, star distances and brightness, galaxies, stellar composition and nuclear fusion, and how a star's color relates to its surface temperature.
This document outlines a physics lesson plan on telescopes over 24 lessons. It will cover the different types of telescopes like refracting, reflecting, and radio telescopes. It will discuss how telescopes produce images using electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies. Key topics include lenses, star distances, galaxies, and the composition of stars. Lessons will include activities, literacy and numeracy focus, and questions for extension.
The document outlines a physics course covering topics related to astronomy and the structure of atoms and stars over 24 lessons. It provides learning objectives and activities for each lesson, including lessons on telescopes, the sun and planets, star distances and temperatures, galaxies, and the structure and behavior of atoms and gases.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a module about radiation and waves. It focuses on lesson P6.7, which discusses electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than visible light, including ultraviolet (UV) rays, X-rays, and gamma rays. The lesson objectives are to understand that these waves are ionizing radiation that can alter or damage living cells. Examples of sources, detectors, and uses of each type of wave are provided. Key concepts explained are that frequency increases and wavelength decreases as you move from radio waves to gamma rays in the electromagnetic spectrum.
This document provides an overview of 12 lessons on the wave model of radiation. It will cover topics such as what waves are, describing wave properties, how waves behave at barriers and boundaries, bending light beams, electromagnetic waves, radio waves, and radiation from space. The first lesson defines key terms like amplitude, wavelength, and frequency and explains the two main types of waves - transverse and longitudinal waves. Subsequent lessons will focus on reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference of waves.
The document outlines a route map for a 12 lesson course on electric circuits. It will cover topics like static electricity, electric charge, circuits, current, resistance, resistors, voltage, power, and electricity generation and distribution. It provides learning objectives and a sample activity for the first lesson which involves drawing a series circuit with batteries, a switch, light bulb, resistor and variable resistor and adding a voltmeter and ammeter.
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in 12 lessons on electric circuits. The lessons will cover static electricity, electric charge, circuit symbols, simple circuits, controlling and measuring current, resistance, resistor combinations, measuring voltage, electrical power, domestic appliances, generating electricity, and distributing electricity. Each lesson will have objectives, activities, extension questions, and a summary.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts and lessons covered in a physics module on forces and motion. Over 12 lessons, students will learn about forces in different directions, how objects start and stop moving, friction, reaction forces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, momentum, changes in momentum, car safety, laws of motion, work and energy, and kinetic and gravitational potential energy. Example questions and activities are provided to help students understand concepts like momentum, changes in momentum due to forces, and how safety features in cars like seatbelts reduce impact forces during collisions.
The document outlines a 12 lesson plan on the topic of forces and motion. It will cover key concepts such as forces in different directions, how objects start to move, friction, reaction of surfaces, speed, modeling motion, force interactions, changes in momentum, car safety, and laws of motion. Each lesson will include objectives, activities, literacy and numeracy focuses, and questions to help students understand the key topics being covered.
1. The document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and energy changes over 24 lessons.
2. Lesson C7.9 focuses on rates of reaction and how factors like temperature, concentration, and particle size can influence the rate. Collision theory and activation energy are also discussed.
3. Examples of reversible reactions are given where the direction can change based on conditions like temperature and pressure. Equilibrium is reached when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and concentrations no longer change.
This document outlines a chemistry lesson plan covering titrations. The lesson will teach students how titration is used as a quantitative technique to measure the concentrations of acids and bases by determining the volume needed of a standard solution to reach the endpoint of a neutralization reaction. Key concepts include using an indicator to identify the endpoint, repeating titrations to obtain an accurate average volume, and how titrations can be used to find the concentration of an unknown solution based on the reaction stoichiometry. The lesson will also discuss using data loggers and pH probes for higher precision measurements.
The document outlines a chemistry route map for studying various topics over 24 lessons, including alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, titrations, reaction rates, equilibrium, the chemical industry, and green chemistry. It provides lesson objectives, activities, and questions for lessons on alkanes, alcohols, and carboxylic acids, covering topics like their structures, properties, reactions, uses, and how they are produced.
This document outlines a route map for a chemistry module covering topics like alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, fats and oils, energy changes, chromatography, gas chromatography, titrations, rates of reaction, equilibrium, the chemical industry, green chemistry, industrial chemistry, theories on acidity, sampling, and making ethanoic acid. The module will focus on improving yield in industrial chemistry and reducing waste and pollution.
This document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry module that will cover various topics related to chemical synthesis, including the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, rates of reactions, and factors that affect rates. It focuses specifically on lesson 6.11, which discusses the different stages involved in chemical synthesis, and lesson 6.12, which is about measuring the yield of chemical reactions.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson course on chemical synthesis that covers topics such as the chemical industry, acids and alkalis, reactions of acids, salts, purity of chemicals, rates of reactions, catalysts, chemical quantities, stages of chemical synthesis, and measuring yield. The first lesson focuses on understanding the role and importance of the chemical industry and the difference between bulk and fine chemicals.
This document outlines a lesson plan on metals from the lithosphere. It will teach students how reactive metals are extracted from ores using methods like carbon displacement and electrolysis. Key concepts include metal ores, extraction methods, reactivity series, and calculating formula masses of compounds. Activities include matching metals to their ores, naming metals, and explaining extraction techniques and material uses based on reactivity.
This document provides an overview of the lessons that will be covered in a course on chemicals in the natural environment. The 12 lessons will cover chemicals found in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It outlines the key concepts, objectives and activities for the first lesson which will introduce the four spheres and focus on the chemicals found in each.
1. Ionic compounds form when a metal reacts with a non-metal, resulting in positively charged metal ions and negatively charged non-metal ions that bond together in a crystalline lattice structure.
2. When ionic compounds dissolve in water or melt, the ions become free to move and conduct electricity. During electrolysis, positively charged metal ions move to the cathode and negatively charged non-metal ions move to the anode.
3. Common ionic compounds include sodium chloride, formed from sodium and chlorine ions, and copper chloride, used in electrolysis to extract copper metal from its ionic form.
The document provides an overview of a 12-lesson chemistry course covering topics like the periodic table, alkaline metals, chemical equations, halogens, helium, atomic structure, electrons, salts, and ionic theory. It includes lesson objectives, activities, extension questions, and summaries for the first two lessons which focus on the periodic table and alkaline metals. Key points covered are the periodic table's arrangement of elements, properties of group 1 alkaline metals like their reactions with water and acids, and their similarities and reactivity trends.
In this follow-up session on knowledge and prompt engineering, we will explore structured prompting, chain of thought prompting, iterative prompting, prompt optimization, emotional language prompts, and the inclusion of user signals and industry-specific data to enhance LLM performance.
Join EIS Founder & CEO Seth Earley and special guest Nick Usborne, Copywriter, Trainer, and Speaker, as they delve into these methodologies to improve AI-driven knowledge processes for employees and customers alike.
Are you interested in dipping your toes in the cloud native observability waters, but as an engineer you are not sure where to get started with tracing problems through your microservices and application landscapes on Kubernetes? Then this is the session for you, where we take you on your first steps in an active open-source project that offers a buffet of languages, challenges, and opportunities for getting started with telemetry data.
The project is called openTelemetry, but before diving into the specifics, we’ll start with de-mystifying key concepts and terms such as observability, telemetry, instrumentation, cardinality, percentile to lay a foundation. After understanding the nuts and bolts of observability and distributed traces, we’ll explore the openTelemetry community; its Special Interest Groups (SIGs), repositories, and how to become not only an end-user, but possibly a contributor.We will wrap up with an overview of the components in this project, such as the Collector, the OpenTelemetry protocol (OTLP), its APIs, and its SDKs.
Attendees will leave with an understanding of key observability concepts, become grounded in distributed tracing terminology, be aware of the components of openTelemetry, and know how to take their first steps to an open-source contribution!
Key Takeaways: Open source, vendor neutral instrumentation is an exciting new reality as the industry standardizes on openTelemetry for observability. OpenTelemetry is on a mission to enable effective observability by making high-quality, portable telemetry ubiquitous. The world of observability and monitoring today has a steep learning curve and in order to achieve ubiquity, the project would benefit from growing our contributor community.
What Not to Document and Why_ (North Bay Python 2024)Margaret Fero
We’re hopefully all on board with writing documentation for our projects. However, especially with the rise of supply-chain attacks, there are some aspects of our projects that we really shouldn’t document, and should instead remediate as vulnerabilities. If we do document these aspects of a project, it may help someone compromise the project itself or our users. In this talk, you will learn why some aspects of documentation may help attackers more than users, how to recognize those aspects in your own projects, and what to do when you encounter such an issue.
These are slides as presented at North Bay Python 2024, with one minor modification to add the URL of a tweet screenshotted in the presentation.
Coordinate Systems in FME 101 - Webinar SlidesSafe Software
If you’ve ever had to analyze a map or GPS data, chances are you’ve encountered and even worked with coordinate systems. As historical data continually updates through GPS, understanding coordinate systems is increasingly crucial. However, not everyone knows why they exist or how to effectively use them for data-driven insights.
During this webinar, you’ll learn exactly what coordinate systems are and how you can use FME to maintain and transform your data’s coordinate systems in an easy-to-digest way, accurately representing the geographical space that it exists within. During this webinar, you will have the chance to:
- Enhance Your Understanding: Gain a clear overview of what coordinate systems are and their value
- Learn Practical Applications: Why we need datams and projections, plus units between coordinate systems
- Maximize with FME: Understand how FME handles coordinate systems, including a brief summary of the 3 main reprojectors
- Custom Coordinate Systems: Learn how to work with FME and coordinate systems beyond what is natively supported
- Look Ahead: Gain insights into where FME is headed with coordinate systems in the future
Don’t miss the opportunity to improve the value you receive from your coordinate system data, ultimately allowing you to streamline your data analysis and maximize your time. See you there!
Fluttercon 2024: Showing that you care about security - OpenSSF Scorecards fo...Chris Swan
Have you noticed the OpenSSF Scorecard badges on the official Dart and Flutter repos? It's Google's way of showing that they care about security. Practices such as pinning dependencies, branch protection, required reviews, continuous integration tests etc. are measured to provide a score and accompanying badge.
You can do the same for your projects, and this presentation will show you how, with an emphasis on the unique challenges that come up when working with Dart and Flutter.
The session will provide a walkthrough of the steps involved in securing a first repository, and then what it takes to repeat that process across an organization with multiple repos. It will also look at the ongoing maintenance involved once scorecards have been implemented, and how aspects of that maintenance can be better automated to minimize toil.
Interaction Latency: Square's User-Centric Mobile Performance MetricScyllaDB
Mobile performance metrics often take inspiration from the backend world and measure resource usage (CPU usage, memory usage, etc) and workload durations (how long a piece of code takes to run).
However, mobile apps are used by humans and the app performance directly impacts their experience, so we should primarily track user-centric mobile performance metrics. Following the lead of tech giants, the mobile industry at large is now adopting the tracking of app launch time and smoothness (jank during motion).
At Square, our customers spend most of their time in the app long after it's launched, and they don't scroll much, so app launch time and smoothness aren't critical metrics. What should we track instead?
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B4 lesson part one
1. B4 Homeostasis Route map Over the next 12 lessons you will study : Friday 21 October 2011 B4.1 Keeping the body constant B4.2 Negative feedback mechanisms B4.3 How do enzymes work B4.4 Factors affecting enzyme function End of module test B4.5 Getting hot, getting cold B4.6 Controlling your core temperature B4.7 Responses to changes in core temp B4.8 Osmosis and diffusion B4.9 Active transport in cells B4.10 Water homeostasis B4.11 Water homeostasis by ADH B4.12 When homeostasis goes wrong
2. B4.1 Keeping the body constant Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand that keeping conditions inside your body is called homeostasis. Understand why the body regulates inside the human body conditions including body temperature, water levels, blood sugar levels and blood pressure. We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour are three gases found in our atmosphere: a) why do you think oxygen is important b) why do you think carbon dioxide is important and c) why do you think water vapour is important ? Literacy: Homeostasis, control, feedback, blood pressure, blood sugar, water levels, body temperature, receptor, processor, effectors, incubation and thermostat. Numeracy: Your core body temperature is kept at an even 37 o C throughout your life. Any deviation from this ‘set point’ can make us feel unwell and even be fatal. Above 41 o C cellular enzymes start to denature and stop working . PLTS Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers Independent enquirers
3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Introduction: The control of the body’s internal environment is extremely important for us in terms of survival. Survival depends on our ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Although there are many more the two crucial ones you are going to study in this topic are temperature control and water balance. Your body is full of inputs and outputs and homeostasis is happening all the time. This process is controlled by your brain, receptors which detect change and effectors which make your body change it’s internal environment. Extension questions: 1: What is the normal temperature of the human body and what does the body do a) when it becomes too hot and b) too cold ? 2: Explain how the human body a) generates heat and b) loses heat to the surroundings ? 3: Explain two ways in which humans have adapted to survive extreme cold and extreme heat ? 4: Why do human need to maintain correct hydration and how do humans a) gain water and b) lose water from cells ? Know this: a: Know that keeping conditions the same inside the human body is called homeostasis b: Know that body temperature, blood sugar and pressure and water levels are all controlled within narrow limits. Friday 21 October 2011 B4.1 Keeping the body constant
4. B4.1 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: What key organs are involved in maintaining the correct levels of dissolved oxygen (O 2 ) in the blood ? Explain how the body gains and lose water and what key organs control correct hydrations levels in the body ? Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment within the body, for example water balance , blood sugar and body temperature Each of these internal ‘Controls’ is maintained by a separate ‘Mechanism’. The kidneys are very important . They are responsible for regulating blood water levels, re-absorption of substances into the blood, maintenance of salt and ion levels in the blood, regulation of blood pH, and excretion of urea. Homeostasis in humans body temp blood sugar body hydration blood pH blood nutrients blood pressure blood urea blood oxygen Key concepts
5. B4.1 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Negative Feedback tends to restore systems to their original level. Homeostasis is achieved by a negative feedback and involves Change in level of an internal factor (change from norm level) Detected by receptors / impulse send to hypothalamus Activates effectors / stimulates corrective mechanism Level of factor returns to norm Explain why humans have to maintain a core body temperature of 37 o C ? Other than sweating what other responses can the body make to help lose heat from its core ? Other than shivering how else doe the body generate or slow heat lost from its core ? set point internal temp 37 o C Stimulus: rising temperature Stimulus: falling temperature Response: sweating Response: shivering Feedback control Key concepts
6. B4.1 Plenary Lesson summary: receptor response centre constant Friday 21 October 2011 If a baby is born very prematurely it cannot carry out homeostasis and may need to be placed in an incubator in the hospital. The incubator was developed in the 1950s and has saved countless lives. It works by keeping the environment around the baby very constant whilst making sure the baby receives the right amount of food and water. How Science Works: Research into feedback in control systems and how negative feedback helps the body control internal conditions like body temperature, blood sugar and pH. Preparing for the next lesson: The body needs to keep it’s internal environment ________. Changes in temperature, blood sugar or pH for example are detected by _________ cells. This information is then passed to the processing __________ where a _________ is coordinated to return the internal environment back to normal levels. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Babies cannot control their own internal body temperature as well as adults ? False True 2: The body can survive great variations in temperature and still survive ? False True 1: Both blood pH and blood sugar are controlled tightly by the body ?
7. Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand that conditions in the body are controlled by negative feedback. Understand how receptors can detect change and how the body respond to reverse the effects of a change. We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: A central heating system in a house uses negative feedback to keep control the temperature of a house. Explain how the key elements, the boiler, the radiators and the thermostat function to keep the house at a set temperature ? Literacy: Negative feedback, feedback control, set point receptors, effectors, feedback, temperature, antagonistic, change and response. Numeracy: Premature babies cannot control their own internal body temperature so they are placed in an incubator which is kept at 32°C and is controlled by very accurate computers which detect change. PLTS We will focus on thinking about where you are going, what you will do next and what you will need to do it. Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners Team workers Effective participators Self managers B4.2 Feedback in control systems
8. Friday 21 October 2011 Extension questions: 1: Write down two objects or systems in your house that use negative feedback ? 2: Write a definition of negative feedback ? 3: Explain why conditions in the body never stay quite the same ? 4: How does the human body reverse a) the effects of heat loss and b) the effects of heat gain ? 5: In a car how does the driver maintain a constant speed ? Know this: a: Know that internal conditions in the body are controlled by negative feedback. b: Know that the body responds to change in order to reverse the effects of that change. Introduction: Negative feedback systems are all around you. For example if the temperature in your fridge goes up the motor turns on to cool it down. Your body also uses negative feedback to control it’s internal environment. Example: An incubator. If the temperature in an incubator falls too low the heater is switched back on and the temperature goes back up. When the temperature is high enough the heater is switched off. This type of control is called negative feedback. B4.2 Feedback in control systems
9. B4.2 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Look at the diagram opposite left, what happens when blow sugar levels become low ? Why is it important for the body to control blood sugar levels ? Feedback control is the basic mechanism by which systems, whether mechanical, electrical, or biological, maintain their equilibrium or homeostasis. In the higher life forms, the conditions under which life can continue are quite narrow. An everyday example of a feedback control system is an automobile speed control, which uses the difference between the actual and the desired speed to vary the fuel flow rate. Since the system output is used to regulate its input, such a device is said to be a closed-loop control system set point 90 mg/ml blood sugar Stimulus: low blood sugar Receptor: Detects low blood sugar Process centre: Receives and processes information Response: Norm blood sugar levels Effect: Bring about change glucagon released Stimulus: high blood sugar Receptor: Detects high blood sugar Process centre: Receives and processes information Response: Norm blood sugar levels Effect: Bring about change insulin released Key concepts
10. Diabetics cannot control their own blood sugar, which hormone can they no longer produce ? During your sleep which hormone acts on the liver and muscle tissue to keep blood sugar levels constant ? The blood sugar level is the amount of glucose in the blood. Normally blood glucose levels stay within narrow limits during the day, controlled by two hormones: Insulin and glucagon. After a sugar rich meal, insulin acts to take sugar form blood into liver and muscle tissues. Between meals glucagon does the opposite, therefore between the two hormones blood sugar levels are controlled. B4.2 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: High blood glucose is detect by the pancreas Pancreas releases insulin making liver cells to take up glucose Other body cells like skeletal muscle also take up glucose As the glucose is taken up, blood glucose levels all Key concepts
11. B4.2 Plenary Lesson summary: state effectors control artificial Friday 21 October 2011 The use of negative feedback in machines is another example of technology copying the amazing way in which the human body works. Without these control systems the body’s internal conditions would fluctuate widely meaning that we would not function properly. How Science Works: Research into how enzymes work and what role they play in digestion and cellular respiration. Preparing for the next lesson: Negative feedback allows for __________ in both natural and artificial systems. Feedback is controlled by antagonistic _________ which allow for two way control. It is the work of these effectors which allow conditions to remain in a steady _______. An incubator is an example of an ____________ feedback mechanism. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: An effectors brings about change back to normal set levels ? False True 2: During change the body will respond to try ad reverse this change ? False True 1: Blood sugar levels are controlled by two hormones insulin and glucagon ?
12. B4.3 Enzymes Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand that enzymes are the catalysts for many chemical reactions. Understand that without enzymes processes in our body would take too long. Understand the lock and key model of enzymes. We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Write a sentence about a) what enzymes are made of b) Where do we find most enzymes and c) what role to enzymes play in i) digestion and ii) cellular respiration ? Literacy: Enzymes, metabolism, digestion, catalysts, reactions, molecules, substrate, products, lock ad key, rate, lipases, proteases and, carbohydrases Numeracy: Enzymes can increase the rate of reaction between molecules by up to 10, 000 million times. Without this increase in reaction rate life would not be possible. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers
13. B4.3 Enzymes Extension questions: 1: Explain how enzymes might be useful in washing powder ? 2: Digestion of food relies on both physical and chemical digestion. Which involves enzymes breaking food molecules into small molecules before their absorption ? 3: An enzyme works like a key fitting into a lock. Explain this sentence ? 4: Cyanide is a poison that stops an key cellular enzyme from working. What does cyanide do to a person ? Know this: a: Know that enzymes are catalyst that speed up many biological reactions. b. Know that enzymes will only work with certain reactions. This means they are substrate-specific. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Enzymes are protein molecules in your body which are perfect at speeding up reactions in your body. Because they are so good at this we call them catalysts. Enzymes are all different in size and shape but they are all similar in that they are made up of amino acids and help to control the speed of reactions. The shape of an enzyme is very important in deciding what reaction it will help to speed up. Some enzymes work by breaking down large molecules into small molecules whilst others work by adding two molecules together. This always takes place in a special part of the enzyme called an active site.
14. B4.3 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain how starch is broken down into glucose inside the digestive system by enzymes ? Which enzymes breakdown a) proteins and b) lipids ? Enzymes are the biological substance (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur at a sufficiently quick rate to support complex life. Enzymes complete very specific jobs only able to bind specific substrates. They are very specific locks and the compounds they work with are the special keys. Enzymes can be denatured by high temperatures. digestion cellular carbohydrases respiration lipases protein building proteases metabolism Function of enzymes in the human body Key concepts
15. Look at the above diagram explain what happens to the substrate molecules when it is bound onto the active site of the enzyme ? Explain what we mean when we say the enzyme is ‘recycled’ and used gain in further chemical reactions ? Enzymes work by binding onto specific substrate. The enzyme then speeds up the rate at which the product molecule is formed at the active site (the substrate molecules is either broken down or combined with another molecule) The product molecules now leaves the enzyme and the enzyme is recycled and used for further reactions. B4.3 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: How enzymes recognise and change substrates Key concepts
16. B4.3 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: What happens to the body’s enzymes as your core temperature goes above 42 to 43 o C ? Explain (on the level of how enzymes work() why you reaction time and speech stars to slow when you become cold ? There are many enzymes in the human body which either breakdown or build up molecules: The optimum performance of most human enzymes is at about 37 o Celsius, or the temperature of the human body. Exposing enzymes to elevated temperatures can cause them to denature, which basically means they will no longer be functional. Exposing them to lower temperatures can slow the rate at which enzymes work meaning that cellular respiration wouldn’t happen quick enough to support life. Normal body temperature Fever Coma CNS shutdown 37 o C 39 o C 41 o C 43 o C 44 o C 25 o C 30 o C 33 o C Death Coma & death Muscle failure Hypothermia shivering Temperature affecting how enzymes work Key concepts
17. B4.3 Plenary Lesson summary: protein fast specific active Friday 21 October 2011 Enzymes are used in biological washing powders because they are ideal at breaking down organic stains caused by food. Poisons such as hydrogen cyanide are known to stop important enzymes working in your respiratory system causing death quickly in humans. Hydrogen cyanide can also be used effectively as a weed killer. How Science Works: Research into how pH and temperature can affect how enzymes perform. Preparing for the next lesson: Enzymes are organic molecules made of __________. Each enzyme has a certain shape and is __________ to the compound that can join with it. The _________ site is where the compound slots into the enzyme. Without enzymes reactions cannot occur at a ______ enough rate. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: The place in an enzyme where a reaction happens is called the active site ? False True 2: Enzymes can be both temperature and pH sensitive ? False True 1: Enzymes help speed up the rate of reaction of chemical reactions ?
18. B4.4 Factors affecting enzyme function Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand what effect temperature and pH have on enzymes Understand the optimal conditions that enzymes work under in the human body. Understand how enzymes can be denatured in certain conditions. We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Biological washing powders work by using enzymes to ‘digest stains found on clothing. Unlik Non biological powders you can only use at very low temperatures. Explain why biological washing powder will not work at very high temperatures ? Literacy: Enzymes, active site, catalysts, optimal conditions, pH, temperature, denatured, amylase, pepsin, catalase, amylase, catalase, protease and optimum. Numeracy: Enzymes in the human body can work at a range of pHs from 4.8 to 7.6. In the mouth the pH is a slightly basic 7.6 so salivary amylase works best at this pH. The mouth is kept basic to reduce enamel erosion from acidic foods PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers
19. B4.4 Extension questions: 1: Why do you think enzymes found in a) the stomach work well at a low pH (2) and b) the mouth work at a high pH of around 7.5 ? 2: Explain a) why warming enzymes increase the rate of reactions and b) very high temperatures cause the reaction to stop ? 3: What happens to the rate of reaction if an active site of an enzyme is damaged by high temps of extreme pHs ? 4: The enzymes involve in making sperm work best at 34 o C and not 37 o C, does this explain why the testis are outside the body ? Know this: a: Know what effects changing temperature and ph have on enzyme function. b: Know that each enzyme found in the human body will work best at an optimal set of conditions including pH and temperature. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: For reactions to take place molecules must bump into each other. At lower temperatures this happens less often so the rate of the reaction is slower. A higher temperature means more collisions and therefore a higher rate of reactions. However, if the temperature goes too high the shape of the active site changes and the enzyme is denatured. In the human body a large number of enzymes are best suited to work at 37°C because this is the normal temperature of the body. pH levels also affect how well an enzyme works. pH in the body depends on location and enzymes tend to change to suit the environment they are in. Factors affecting enzyme function
20. B4.4 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Look at the two graphs above, explain the shape of the graph for a) temperature versus enzyme activity and b) pH versus enzyme activity ? Enzymes are denature by high temperatures. What does denatured mean ? Enzymes are used by living cells as catalysts. This means that one particular enzyme will act as a catalyst for one particular reaction but nothing else. An enzyme will work best at a particular temperature and pH, called its optimum conditions. Enzymes usually work best in warm conditions (around 40 °C) unlike chemical catalysts which often work best when they are warm. Rate of reaction Temperature o C pH Rate of reaction 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 6 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 Optimal conditions for enzymes Key concepts
21. B4.4 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain what would happen to Cod fish if you placed in in a warm sea like the Mediterranean with an average temperature of 20 o C ? Explain why scientists are very interested at using enzyme extracted form species that live in hot spring including the bacteria pictured above ? Different species are adapted to different habitats including different environmental temperatures. In hot springs there are thermophillic bacteria that can live comfortably at 70 o C. In the Atlantic, cod live in sea temperature that rarely get above 4 o C even in the summer. Each species will have enzymes that are best suited to the environmental conditions that the organism lives. Thermophillic bacteria lives at 70 o C Atlantic cod lives at 4 o C Optimal temperature conditions for enzymes Key concepts
22. B4.4 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain why mouth pH cannot be acidic and must be above 7 ? Explain why the pH of the stomach is a very acidic 2 ? In the human body there are many digestive enzymes that work at different pH. Changes in pH alter an enzyme’s shape. Different enzymes work best at different pH values. The optimum pH for an enzyme depends on where it normally works. For example, intestinal enzymes have an optimum pH of about 7.5. Enzymes in the stomach have an optimum pH of about 2. Stomach enzyme (pH 2.1) Mouth enzyme (pH 7.4) Optimal pH conditions for enzymes Key concepts
23. B4.4 Plenary Lesson summary: pH pepsin amylase optimal Friday 21 October 2011 Enzymes are worth billions of pounds to industries around the world. They are used in making medicines, food and other household goods. They are used by scientists because of the unique molecules they make or that they are able to speed up the rate of reaction making an industrial process more profitable. How Science Works: Research into what happens when the body becomes cold or hot and how we are evolved to protect our core body temperature from changes in body’s set point of 37.4 o C Preparing for the next lesson: Temperature and ____ are both very important in deciding how well an enzyme works. If temperature and pH are both right we say the conditions are __________. The enzyme which breaks down carbohydrates in your mouth is called _________ and the enzyme which breaks down proteins in your stomach is called __________. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Enzymes can be permanently damaged by extremes in temperatures ? False True 2: Enzymes break down large molecules into small molecules ? False True 1: Enzymes found in the stomach work at a low pH ?
24. B4.5 Getting hot, getting cold Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand that the body controls its own internal core temperature to a very narrow set point of 37.4 o C Understand how the body gains or loses heat to and from its surroundings. We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Explain two way in which your body can a) conserve heat and b) help lose heat from its core ? Literacy: Core body temperature, hypothermia, hypothermia, vasodilatation, vasoconstriction, sweating, shivering, metabolism, extremities, respiration and thermal imaging Numeracy: Human use about 100 joules of energy every second. About 60% of this energy is used to keep the core body temperature at 37 o C. At this temperature, enzymes involved in both digestion and cellular respiration work best PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers
25. B4.5 Getting hot, getting cold Extension questions: 1: What cellular process is heat released from in cells ? 2: Where in the body is it most important to keep at the correct temperature ? 3: How does heat produce during cellular respiration escape from the body ? 4: How is heat distributed from the core to the extremities ? 5: How does the body reduce the rate of heat loss from its core ? Know this: a: Know that the body controls its own internal core temperature to a very narrow set point of 37 o C. b: Know that humans can stay in hot environments (e.g sauna) at a temperature of over 100°C for hours without their core temperature rising significantly. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: Like any other object the human body will gain heat energy if it is cooler than the surrounding environment. If it is warmer then it will lose heat. Our bodies are warmed up from the inside by the energy released during respiration. This takes place constantly in our cells and allows us to keep our core body temperature at around 37°C. To keep our bodies at this temperature heat gain must be equal to heat loss. Sometimes this is easier said than done especially if the temperature around us changes. The body can also make the certain parts like the fingers and toes cooler which helps to keep other important organs at the correct temperature.
26. B4.5 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain what part of your body is a) the warmest and b) the coolest. How could you show this ? Explain why your blood is important in helping your extremities keep warm and what happens to the blood supply to you fingers ad ties when during extreme hypothermia ? Cellular respiration generating heat energy C 6 H 12 O 6 (s) + 6O 2 (g) 6H 2 O (l) + 6CO 2 (g) C 6 H 12 O 6 6H 2 O 6O 2 6CO 2 We all need energy to function and we get this energy from the foods we eat. A very useful by product of cellular respiration is heat energy. Cellular respiration occurs in small parts of the cell called the mitochondria. Here glucose is broken down using oxygen forming carbon dioxide, water and heat. This heat energy is then distributed around the body by the circulatory system. Key concepts
27. B4.5 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Explain the difference between the body’s response on a hot and cold day and how do these response help maintain a core body temperature of 37.4 o C ? Explain why your body shut off the blood supply to your fingers and toes during severe hypothermia ? Core body temperature is kept constant despite varying outside temperatures. Heat generated by both cellular respiration and muscle activity warms the core. The circulatory stream distributes this heat energy to the extremities. When you are cold or during hypothermia, the blood supply to your extremities is reduced. This can often results in frostbite during severed hypothermia. Human body responding to changing temperature Decrease metabolism increase metabolism sweating vasodilatation no sweating vasoconstriction hair lays flat undress hair stand up dress Key concepts
28. B4.5 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: In the sauna, suggest three ways in which the dog would have responded to the high external temperature ? Why did Charles Blagden place a piece of raw steak into the sauna alongside the dog ? 200 years ago, a scientist called Charles Blagden placed a living dog and raw steak in a sauna, at a sweltering 120 o C. After 1 hour, the dog was panting hard, but well. He looked back in the room to find that the steak was completely cooked. What prevented the flesh of the living mammals from cooking ? The experiment showed that homeothermic animals, such as mammals, adjust to changing external temperature changes with some sort of built-in system. Changing core temperature during a sauna Start > 1 hour > 10 hours Key concepts
29. B4.5 Plenary Lesson summary: blood cells feedback respiration Friday 21 October 2011 Humans can withstand extremes of environments living in areas that can range form very cold -50 o C to a very warm + 50 o C. This is all because we can use several physiological and behavioural strategies to helping us maintaining our core internal temperature. How Science Works: Research into how humans sense their internal core temperature and the physiological and behavioural responses humans make to maintain a steady internal core body temperature Preparing for the next lesson: The body produces it’s own heat energy in _______ during the process of _____________. Humans can tolerate extremes of heat and cold due to the way in which the body controls internal temperature. This is an example of negative ___________. Heat is transferred around the body via the __________. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Most heat is generated in the heart and brain False True 2: Heat energy in the body comes from the food that we have eaten. False True 1: When it is cold, heat from the extremities is redirected to the trunk.
30. B4.6 Controlling your core temperature Decide whether the following statements are true or false: Lesson objectives: Understand how the body warms itself and cools itself through behavioural and physiological responses. Understand how the core temperature of the body changes throughout the day. We will focus on. Friday 21 October 2011 First activity: Give one behaviour and one physiological response to a) a warm day and b) a cool day ? Numeracy: Did you know that although the core temperature is controlled, there are very small fluctuations throughout the day. Our core temperature is lowest when we wake and highest following exercise of a large protein rich meal. PLTS Independent enquirers Creative thinkers Reflective learners We will focus on Team workers Effective participators Self managers Literacy: Core body temperature, hypothermia, hypothermia, vasodilatation, vasoconstriction, sweating, shivering, metabolism, extremities, respiration and thermal imaging
31. Extension questions: 1: On what kind of day is washing hanging on a line most likely to dry and explain why ? 2: What causes goose pimples on your skin ? 3: What time of day do you think your core temperature would be at it’s a) highest and b) lowest ? 4: Why do you think it is so important for the brain to detect change ? 5: Why does a humid day feel unpleasant ? Know this: a: Know how the body has evolved physiological responses to cool and warm itself. b: Know how our core temperature fluctuates during the day. Friday 21 October 2011 Introduction: The brain is extremely sensitive to temperature change and it receives messages from receptor cells in the body which tell it when the temperature has changed. The brain then coordinates a response from effectors around the body which bring about either an increase or decrease in temperature until normal conditions are re-established. These effectors include muscles and sweat glands. The temperature control centre can be found in the hypothalamus in the brain. Throughout the day your body’s temperature changes depending on things like sleep, activity level and eating. B4.6 Controlling your core temperature
32. B4.6 a Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Core body temperature varies due to an individuals metabolism rate, the higher (faster) it is the higher the normal body temperature. Other factors that might affect the body temperature of an individual may be the time of day or the part of the body in which the temperature is measured at. The body temperature is lower in the morning, due to the rest the body received, and higher at night after a day of muscular activity and after food intake Look at the graph above and answer the following questions: When is the core temperature at its lowest and highest Why does the core temperature rise after a meal and exercise Why does the core temperature fall during sleep Key concepts Fluctuations in core body temperature exercise Sleep meal Time of day Temperature 0 C 00.00 08.00 12.00 20.00 00.00 08.00 37.4 37.0 36.5 38.0 38.5
33. B4.6 b Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Other than vasodilatation and our hair trapping a layer of air, how else does the body respond to a low core body temperature ? Give a behavioural response to a low core body temperature ? All warm blooded animals need to control their core body temperature so they can avoid hyper or hypothermia. The skin’s main role is either to increase or reduce heat loss to our surroundings. It has a number of strategies to carry out this important function. Our core body temperature needs to be maintained at 37.4 o C, so that all our enzymes can function properly. Negative feedback loop Hair stands on end insulated core Hair stands on end insulated core Physiological responses to cold environments Key concepts
34. Why are the young and old at particular risk of hypo or hyperthermia ? Even small increases in the core temperature can lead to coma and death. During hyperthermia, where core body temperature rises by only 2 to 3 o C, digestive enzymes and those enzymes that carry out cellular respiration can begin to denature and cease to function. If the core temperature is not reduced by sweating or increased blood flow to the skin it can be fatal. Negative feedback loop B4.6 c Look at the photograph and information and answer all the questions: Other than vasoconstriction and our hair laying flat, how else does the body respond to a high core body temperature ? Hair lays flat helping heat loss Vasodilatation helps heat loss through skin Physiological responses to warm environments Key concepts
35. B4.6 Plenary Lesson summary: Co-ordinated brain sweating responses Friday 21 October 2011 In addition to helping your body maintain its core temperature and preventing water loss, the skin also has several other important roles. It lets you sense the external environment allowing you to feel pain, touch and pressure. It also protects you against UV light from our sun. Skin cells are constantly replaced so any cells that are damaged by UV radiation or chemicals in the air are lost. How Science Works: Research into how the skin through vasoconstriction and vasodilatation helps the body keep its core temperature stable. Preparing for the next lesson: The hypothalamus in the _______ controls the temperature of the body. It can control a variety of __________ to bring about changes in the internal temperature. Shivering, __________ and goose bumps are all examples of __________ physical responses to a change in temperature. Decide whether the following statements are true or false : False True 3: Skin has a fat layer to help reduce heat loss form the core to the surroundings ? False True 2: Sweating works to cool down our skin by water evaporating from its surface ? False True 1: Shivering is sued by the body to help it cool the core ?