Maintaining life
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To maintain homeostasis, the body uses control systems involving receptors, control centers, and effectors. A stimulus is detected by receptors and signaled to the control center. The control center then sends responses through effectors to balance the stimulus and maintain stable internal conditions, even as external environments change. Negative feedback mechanisms shut off or reduce stimuli to return the body to normal states, while positive feedback can increase stimuli and disrupt homeostasis. Homeostasis of body temperature through these control systems is essential for biochemical processes to function properly.
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Maintaining life
- 1. •Life functions:to subtain life,organism must be able to maintain its boundaries,move,respond to stimuli,digest nutrients and exrete wastes,carry on metabolism,reproduce itself and growth. •Survival needs include food, oxygen, water, appropriate temperature,and normal atmospheric pressure.Extremes(excesses or deficits)of these factors can be harmful.
- 2. Ability to maintain relative stable(balance)internal condition even though the external environment changes Involves keeping the parameter of the tissue fluid such as pH,temperature and salt concentration at the relatively constant level Necessary for survival and good health,its loss result illness or diseases.
- 3. Control mechanism have 3 elements: 1.Receptor that respond to environment changes 2.Control centre that assesses those change and produce a responds 3.Effector provides the means for control center’s response to the stimulus.
- 4. To maintain homeostasis, communication within the body is essential. The image below is an example of how a homeostatic control system works. Here is a brief explanation: Stimulus- produces a change to a variable (the factor being regulated). Receptor- detects the change. The receptor monitors the environment and responds to change (stimuli). Input- information travels along the (afferent) pathway to the control center. The control center determines the appropriate response and course of action. Output- information sent from the control center travels down the (efferent) pathway to the effector. Response- a response from the effector balances out the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis.
- 6. Afferent pathways- carry nerve impulses into the central nervous system. For instance, if you felt scorching heat on your hand, the message would travel through afferent pathways to your central nervous system. Efferent pathways- carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors (muscles, glands). The feeling of heat would travel through an afferent pathway to the central nervous system. It would then interact with the effector and travel down the efferent pathway, eventually making the person remove their hand from the scorching heat.
- 7. A mechanism that restore the body to a normal state. Shut off or reduce the intensity of the original stimulus. Example:: The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is another good example of a negative feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change . In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas stops releasing insulin.
- 8. Mechanism that promote a condition farther from normal level of function. Increase the original stimulus(disturbance) Usually harmful because it tends to produce unstable conditions. When the negative feedback mechanism in mammalian thermoregulation breaks down,an increase in temperature cause death Sometimes be useful,for example,the release of oxytocin during childbirth.
- 9. We need homeostasis for maintance of body temperature because most of the biochemical process vital to life occur eficiently only within a limited range of temperatures. Temperatures above or below these limits inhibit enzyme ad thus chemical reaction,discrupt vital functions such as breathing and circulation ang at extreme heat level,can denature enzyme and other protein.