This document discusses the plight of Burmese Chin women refugees in India who face gender-based violence and lack of protection. It notes that between 75-80% of the world's refugees are women and children. The women refugees from Burma's Chin state in India lack access to education, jobs, healthcare, and freedom of movement. They are vulnerable communities facing discrimination. While India and international organizations have brought some attention to Burmese refugees, the situation of women refugees in India requires more effective policies and assistance to protect them from violence and improve their living conditions.
This document provides an overview of Indonesia's recent history and current state. It discusses how Indonesia has transformed dramatically from being on the brink of catastrophe a decade ago to now enjoying political stability, economic growth, and democratic reforms under President Yudhoyono. However, it also notes Indonesia still faces significant challenges like poverty, corruption, and the ongoing threat of Islamic extremism. Overall the assessment is that while problems remain, Indonesia has come a long way and its prospects for continued improvement are better than ever.
SITUATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OVERVIEW IN BURMA (JANUARY – APRIL 2020)MYO AUNG Myanmar
The document provides an overview of the human rights situation in Burma from January to April 2020. It discusses concerns around the militarized COVID-19 response, censorship of free press and ongoing conflicts in Rakhine, Shan and Karen states that are displacing civilians and restricting access to aid. Human rights abuses documented included killings, torture, arrests and restrictions on media that were primarily committed by the Burma Army across the ethnic states. Civil society groups are working to address humanitarian needs but fighting continues despite calls for ceasefires.
No Home for Mr Biswas
The Supreme Court's order that the National Register of Citizens be updated in a time-bound manner has stripped up a hornest's nest in assam with 40 lakh people rejects and families split. The growing tensions and political interface could provide a volatile mix.
HUMAN RIGHT WATCH AND BURMA(MYANMAR) UPDATE JULY 2018MYO AUNG Myanmar
HUMAN RIGHT WATCH AND BURMA(MYANMAR) UPDATE JULY 2018
https://www.hrw.org/sitesearch/BURMA%202018
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/09/us-strengthen-targeted-sanctions-burma
US: Strengthen Targeted Sanctions on Burma
46 Groups Call Legislation ‘Imperative’ to Address Atrocities
https://www.hrw.org/video-photos/satellite-imagery/2018/02/23/demolition-gwa-son
February 23, 2018-Demolition of Gwa Son
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/09/reuters-journalists-charged-myanmar
July 9, 2018 3:30PM EDT Dispatches
Reuters Journalists Charged in Myanmar
Targeted for Exposing Massacre of Rohingya
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/04/myanmar-accountability-needed-stem-continuing-abuses-against-rohingya
July 4, 2018 11:18AM EDT
Myanmar: Accountability needed to stem continuing abuses against Rohingya
Interactive dialogue with the High Commissioner for Human Rights
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/04/02/myanmar-quash-conviction-former-child-soldier
April 2, 2018 12:00AM EDT
Myanmar: Quash Conviction of Former Child Soldier
Protect Victims of Underage Military Recruitment
Democratization in Myanmar Prospects, Possibilities and Challengesijtsrd
This paper endeavors to provide a comprehensive overview of the democratization process in Myanmar. As today’s reality in Myanmar cannot be well understood without referral to its history of democratic struggle, it starts with a brief history of Myanmar that gives an account of several significant incidents that the country experienced from the pre independence period to the last democratic election in 2015. The next section discusses about some specific features of the incumbent government of Myanmar which gives an understanding of how much democratic the government has been actually. In the subsequent section, identifying some important areas whose proper management or utilization can take the democracy in Myanmar to the next level, it concludes. Md. Abdul Hannan "Democratization in Myanmar: Prospects, Possibilities and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33125.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/33125/democratization-in-myanmar-prospects-possibilities-and-challenges/md-abdul-hannan
The document discusses how Indian political leaders have failed to uphold the ideals of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of India's constitution. While paying lip service to Ambedkar and his fight against caste hierarchy, most leaders have done little to dismantle casteism. Indian democracy has also failed to ensure multifaceted development and equal opportunities for all citizens, as Ambedkar envisioned. Poverty, illiteracy and threats to security continue to plague the lives of many. The emergence of communal, casteist and corrupt forces in politics has undermined Ambedkar's vision for an egalitarian India.
This document summarizes an exhibition created by Amnesty International Ireland's Iran Group about women's rights activists in Iran. The exhibition profiles 19 activists who fight for women's rights in Iran despite facing imprisonment or exile. It is intended to showcase the important work of women and men defending women's rights in Iran on a daily basis and tell their stories. The exhibition aims to celebrate these activists and their work.
There is significant religious conflict in Myanmar between Buddhists and the Rohingya Muslim minority. The Rohingya have faced persecution including being denied citizenship and having their villages attacked, forcing thousands to flee. While the Burmese government supports discrimination against the Rohingya, it refuses independent investigations into crimes against humanity. Negotiating a resolution will be difficult as the Buddhist community does not want to discuss changes, but international intervention may be needed to help establish equality and end the genocide.
This presentation discusses the vast emigration of educated Iranians since 1979 when Iran transitioned to an Islamic republic. It notes that in 2013, Iran executed 529 people compared to 38 in the United States. It highlights how the lack of basic human rights and opportunities in Iran has led to a "brain drain" as many educated citizens leave, costing Iran's socioeconomic development. Interviews with experts suggest political reforms respecting civil liberties could help address this issue.
The document discusses several issues related to women's rights and gender discrimination in India. It notes that while the Indian constitution guarantees equality, in practice there remains a large gulf in gender justice. Successive governments have done little to improve the situation. India ranks poorly on gender equality indices and crimes against women such as rape are still common. While some laws have been strengthened after recent reforms, women remain reluctant to report crimes due to security, social and other barriers. The document argues that more needs to be done to protect women's rights and remove barriers to justice in India.
Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republicijtsrd
This paper is an inquisition on the impact of primordial politics on democratic consolidation in Nigerias fourth republic. Data for the research was gathered from secondary sources including Books, Journals, Newspapers, Magazines, and the Internet. The analysis of the data gathered was based on the historical descriptive method which attempts to understand the phenomenon of primordial politics by determining it process of evolution, growth, and dynamic of internal changes. Findings revealed that socio political and economic deprivation amounting to internal colonialism by one section of the country over the others has bred frustration leading to recourse to ethnicism as expressed in the pattern of voting. The paper therefore recommends, Constitutional amendments, rotational presidency and two party system as a panacea for nationalism. Diri, Benjamin B. | Godwin Isaiah Jaja "Primordial Politics and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38537.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/38537/primordial-politics-and-democratic-consolidation-in-nigeria’s-fourth-republic/diri-benjamin-b
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Rohingya are a Muslim ethnic group living primarily in Burma and Bangladesh. [1] They have faced decades of persecution and discrimination. [2] The Burmese government considers them non-citizens and has restricted their basic rights. [3] Hundreds of thousands of Rohingya have fled to Bangladesh and other countries to escape abuse. [4] The Rohingya remaining in Burma continue to face human rights violations including rape, forced labor, and destruction of their villages. [5] Long term solutions require changes to government policy and improving community relations and living conditions. [6] International advocacy and support for Rohingya refugees can also help address this humanitarian crisis.
Genocide aganinst rohingya muslims a classical model of ethnic cleansingBelayet Hossen
These are slides of article entitled "Genocide against Rohingya Muslims: A Classical Model of Ethnic Cleansing", which were presented in "International Conference on Forced Migration", held between 5th-7th December 2017 at International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM).
Denial of Citizenship Rights and Marginalisationsabrangsabrang
This document provides context and background for the book "Denial of Citizenship Rights and Marginalisation: Linguistic Bengali and Muslim Minorities in Assam". It discusses the history of migration to Assam, legislation around detecting illegal migrants, and issues with the "D" voters list that labels some citizens as "doubtful", disproportionately impacting Bengali Hindus and Muslims. It aims to initiate debate and action to secure the rights of innocent citizens facing discrimination in Assam.
The document summarizes the human rights situation in Afghanistan between 2001-2013. It outlines improvements such as the approval of a new constitution, new laws protecting human rights, and signing international conventions. However, it also notes ongoing challenges including insecurity, violence against women, and weak rule of law. Civilian casualties remain high with over 3,000 killed or injured in the first eight months of 2013 alone. The Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission was created and has helped increase public awareness, but illegal armed groups and lack of access to justice in remote areas continue to be problems.
The document analyzes 60 communications issued by 11 UN Special Rapporteurs to Bahrain between 2011-2016. The communications detail the Bahraini government's systematic efforts to discriminate against its Shia population, suppress opposition, and violate rights to expression, assembly, and association. The communications express concern over issues like torture, due process violations, suppression of demonstrations, persecution of human rights and political activists, and restrictions on freedom of expression and association through imprisonment of activists. The communications demonstrate the UN's significant concern regarding a variety of ongoing human rights issues in Bahrain.
advertising on trial - Truthful responsibility at the heart of advertising AMU
This document discusses misleading and false advertising. It begins by defining false and misleading advertising as any published claim that is deceptive or provides consumers with an incorrect understanding of a product. False advertising can result in financial loss or damage to consumers. The document then examines circumstances where trademarks can be used to mislead customers without legal sanctions. It argues for an alternative conception of trademarks' economic function to understand their informational value and advertising functions. The document concludes that proposed changes to India's Consumer Protection Bill are insufficient to eliminate discrepancies in how false advertising is interpreted.
Effective Protection of Refugees in Iran-With an Overview on Iran’s Internati...AMU
This document discusses refugee protection in Iran based on Iran's international responsibilities. It provides context on the large numbers of Afghan and Iraqi refugees hosted by Iran. It outlines the rights refugees have under Iran's domestic laws, including residency permits, access to healthcare and education, rights to employment and social security, freedom of religion, travel documentation and potential naturalization. It also discusses international agreements Iran is party to for facilitating voluntary repatriation of Afghan refugees when conditions allow in their home country. The document analyzes how effective implementation of international conventions combined with efforts of governmental and non-governmental organizations can help improve refugee protection in Iran.
Effective Protection of Refugees in Iran-With an Overview on Iran’s Internati...AMU
This document discusses refugee protection in Iran based on Iran's international responsibilities. It provides context on the large numbers of Afghan and Iraqi refugees hosted by Iran. It then summarizes Iran's domestic laws and regulations regarding refugee rights, such as residency permits, employment, healthcare access, education, and pathways to citizenship. The document also discusses international agreements Iran is party to for facilitating voluntary refugee repatriation when conditions allow in countries of origin.
Social Security in Informal Sector: A Myth or realityAMU
This document discusses social security for workers in India's informal sector. It provides an overview of India's social security system and the constitutional rights related to social security. While India has enacted some laws to provide social security benefits like health insurance and pensions, they mainly cover organized sector workers and do not adequately address the needs of unorganized sector workers who make up around 90% of the workforce. The Unorganized Workers Social Security Act of 2008 aims to provide welfare schemes for this group but it lacks dedicated funding, does not recognize social security as a right, and does not establish an empowered regulatory body to implement it effectively. Overall, the document argues that more needs to be done to expand social security coverage and protections to India's vast un
Study on Honor Killing as a Crime in India-Cause and SolutionsAMU
This document summarizes an article on honor killings in India, including causes and legal protections. Honor killings occur when family members believe a person has brought shame or dishonor, such as choosing one's own partner. Causes mentioned include refusing an arranged marriage, seeking divorce, pre-marital relationships, and in some cases just rumors. The document outlines protections against honor killings in the Indian Constitution regarding equality, life, and marriage choice. It also discusses international laws India has signed like CEDAW, which prohibit discrimination including in marriage. However, honor killings continue despite these legal frameworks.
UNHCRrefugee policy, operation of ng os and women refugees’ empowerment in indiaAMU
UNHCR and NGOs play important roles in empowering women refugees internationally and in India. They provide skill development training programs that help women refugees gain economic independence and decision-making power within their families and communities. However, many challenges remain in fully implementing such programs and policies in India to meaningfully improve women refugees' lives. Greater state and international support is needed to review and strengthen livelihood programs that could make women refugees more self-sufficient and protected.
“Empowerment through information and communication technologies-women's persp...AMU
This document discusses the empowerment of women through information and communication technologies (ICTs) in India. It begins with an abstract and introduction discussing the importance of ICT access in promoting socioeconomic development and women's lives. It then provides background on government initiatives and legal frameworks in India related to gender equality and women's empowerment.
The main body discusses how ICTs like communication technologies and information networks can empower women by improving access to education, work opportunities, health services, and participation in decision making. It provides examples of specific ICT projects in India aimed at women. While ICTs provide opportunities, barriers like lack of technical skills and education in developing countries must still be addressed. Overall, the document argues that
The Incident of Foot comfort company - A case studyAMU
The Foot Comfort company faced labor strikes due to outsourcing production to China, which workers feared would reduce incomes and jobs. The strikes lasted over 5 months, severely impacting the company. Negotiations increased wages but a new union refused renewed agreements. The company locked out 300 workers without proper notice, viewing it as a way to deter future strikes. However, this sacrificed employees and ignored legal requirements for dispute resolution processes between unions and management, exacerbating the conflict. The root issues included lack of job security assurances, ineffective communication, and passive management that failed to consider employee needs when implementing strategic changes.
PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF REFUGEE LAW IN PROTECTION OF REFUGEES IN INDIA- SOCIAL...AMU
This document discusses refugee law and social security for refugees in India. It notes that while India hosts millions of refugees from countries like Tibet, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Sudan, it does not have a specific refugee law and refugees' social security rights are inadequate. The document examines how different refugee groups like Tibetans, Sri Lankan Tamils, and Chakmas are treated differently in terms of rights to employment, healthcare, education, and social welfare. It argues that India's approach to refugees lacks a strong legal basis and does not sufficiently uphold its obligations under international refugee conventions, resulting in refugees facing insecurity and hardship.
Existence gaps in effective protection of refugees in iran with an overview ...AMU
This document discusses Iran's domestic laws regarding refugees and its international responsibilities for protecting refugees. It notes that Iran is host to one of the world's largest refugee populations, with around 1 million Afghan refugees and 28,000 Iraqi refugees registered in 2015. While Iran is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, there are gaps in effectively protecting refugees. The document examines Iran's refugee laws and regulations, refugee rights in Iran such as residency and work permits, but notes that most refugees remain in Iran illegally without full legal rights. It analyzes the waves of Afghan and Iraqi refugee influxes to Iran and their status. To better understand the refugee situation and protection gaps, the document argues that Iran's domestic refugee laws and international obligations
“Syrian Women Refugees and Their Human Rights – Recent Events and Challenges”AMU
This document discusses the human rights status of Syrian women refugees and challenges in effectively protecting their rights. It notes that women and children make up a large portion of refugees globally and face increased risks. While international laws exist to protect refugees, enforcement can be lacking, especially for women who face discrimination and human rights abuses both in their home countries and as refugees. The document calls for reforms to better identify and protect at-risk refugee women through improved legal protections and services that respect their basic rights, safety, and security.
A team leader provides guidance, instruction, and leadership to a group to achieve results. As the learning advocate, the team leader should develop his capabilities by responding to identified concerns and reflecting on technical tasks. It is important for the team leader to allocate time to learn with the group to enhance capabilities, refine methodology, and encourage cross-project learning.
Development Programs in India“With an Overview on UNHCR’s Refugee Policy and...AMU
The document discusses refugee women in India and the importance of skill development training programs for them. It outlines several benefits of such programs, including helping refugee women gain knowledge, resources, decision-making power, and self-confidence. It also identifies some challenges refugee women face in accessing education and employment, such as economic hardships, domestic responsibilities, and cultural constraints. The document then highlights various examples of vocational training programs conducted in India for refugee women from Afghanistan, Myanmar, Somalia and other countries to teach skills like language, martial arts, weaving, sewing, and cooking. It emphasizes the need for India to implement stronger policies and strategies to better support refugee women through education, employment opportunities, and skill development.
Mukherji, the president of Goodwill Corporation, implemented a open door policy to improve upward communication and address employee issues. Through this policy, Mukherji was able to resolve complaints like one from Anand about his manager overcommitting the department. By facilitating a three-party meeting between Anand, his manager, and himself, Mukherji helped the manager recognize problems from Anand's perspective and make improvements to better support employees.
“Study on Actors and Activities in the Area of ICT and Women Empowerment in I...AMU
The document discusses ICT (information and communication technologies) and its role in empowering women in India. It defines ICT and women's empowerment. ICT can be a powerful tool for perpetuating gender disparities if women's specific needs within their social contexts are not considered. Key ways ICT can empower women include increasing educational opportunities, ensuring gender perspectives in projects, and designing appropriate technologies. However, barriers to women's access and use of ICT in India include poverty, illiteracy, socio-cultural norms, early marriage, language barriers, and lack of ownership of devices. Both government and non-government organizations are working on initiatives to promote women's empowerment through ICT, but gaps remain between
EVALUATING PERFORMANCE OF IRAN’S DOMESTIC LAWS ON EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF REF...AMU
Iran hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world, with over 1 million registered Afghan refugees and 28,000 Iraqi refugees according to 2015 data. Iran's domestic laws provide some protections for refugees, including the ability to seek asylum, reside temporarily in camps while status is determined, and access basic services if registered. However, many refugees remain unregistered and lack full legal rights. Improving cooperation between Iran's domestic laws and neighboring countries could help create a more unified response to large refugee crises.
The document provides an overview of labor laws and dispute resolution mechanisms in India. It discusses:
1) The historical background of labor legislation in India and how the original colonial laws were modified for independent India.
2) The key objectives of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 which provides machinery for regulating employer-employee relations and settling disputes through collective bargaining, mediation, adjudication and other means.
3) The primary mechanisms established under the Act for settling disputes, including collective bargaining, mediation and conciliation, investigation, arbitration, and adjudication. Adjudication involves mandatory resolution of disputes by labor courts and tribunals.
Share capital refers to the portion of a company's equity obtained by issuing shares to shareholders in exchange for cash or assets. There are several types of shares including preference shares, which give shareholders preferential rights over equity shares. Preference shares can be cumulative, participating, convertible, or redeemable. Equity shares do not carry preferential rights and shareholders have voting rights. A company's share capital is divided into the authorized capital stated in its memorandum, the issued capital that has been subscribed for, and the subscribed capital representing amounts called and paid.
A critical study on sureties ; courts competent to make order ; appeal and re...AMU
This document discusses several key topics:
1. It defines sureties and guarantors in legal contracts.
2. It examines courts that are competent to make orders, including ensuring testators are mentally competent when writing wills.
3. It outlines the processes of appeal and revision to higher courts to challenge lower court decisions.
Organizational development faces trends that will impact its future, including changes in the economy, workforce, technology, and organizations. In the short term, OD may experience more conflicts as it balances traditional humanistic values with increasing pragmatism. However, in the long term, OD is likely to become more integrated as it adapts to its changing environment. It will grow more embedded in operations, technologically enabled with shorter cycles, interdisciplinary, diverse, and cross-cultural.
Healthcare issues of the rohingya and the lack of support from the ASEAN organization. This ppt describes the current situation of the rohingya under the burmese military.
The document provides background information on federalism and discusses how federalism could help address issues in the Philippines. It defines federalism as a system that shares powers between the federal and regional governments. It notes that most stable countries have federal systems while unitary systems are more prone to corruption. It outlines how federalism could establish powerful economic regions, provide funding support to less developed areas, empower local governments, and provide incentives for development outside Metro Manila. Federalism could also help address the Mindanao conflict and reduce the influence of political dynasties. Overall, the document argues that adopting a federal system in the Philippines could lead to more balanced development, greater local autonomy, and help solve long-standing problems.
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 Burma-Bureau of Democracy,...MYO AUNG Myanmar
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016
Burma
https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper
2016 Human Rights Reports – Secretary’s Preface
https://www.forbes.com/profile/rex-tillerson/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Tillerson
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=265324
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016
Burma
Burma has a quasi-parliamentary system of government in which the national parliament selects the president, and constitutional provisions grant one-quarter of national, regional, and state parliamentary seats to active duty military appointees; all other seats are open to elections. The military also has the authority to appoint the ministers of defense, home affairs, and border affairs and assume power indefinitely over all branches of the government should the president declare a national state of emergency. In November 2015 the country held nationwide parliamentary elections that the public widely accepted as a credible reflection of the will of the people. The then opposition party, the National League for Democracy (NLD), chaired by Aung San Suu Kyi, won 390 of 491 contested seats in the bicameral parliament. Parliament elected NLD member U Htin Kyaw as president in March and created the position of State Counsellor for Aung San Suu Kyi in April, cementing her position as the country’s de facto leader.
Civilian authorities did not maintain effective control over the security forces.
http://burmese.voanews.com/a/myanmar-army-still-involving-strong-under-new-nld-government-/3752110.html?ltflags=mailer
ျမန္မာလူ႕အခြင့္အေရးအဓိကျပႆ နာ ၃ ရပ္ ၂၀၁၆ ကန္အစီရင္ခံစာေထာက္ျပ
The Rohingya people in Myanmar's Rakhine State have faced decades of persecution, including restrictions on freedom of movement, citizenship, education, and employment. Since 2016, hundreds of thousands of Rohingya have fled military-led violence and taken refuge in Bangladesh. The crisis has been termed an "information blackhole" as Myanmar has not allowed access to human rights groups or media. Aung San Suu Kyi has faced international criticism for her response to the abuses against the Rohingya by the military.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document summarizes a research paper on human trafficking in the disaster-affected areas of Assam, India. It finds that natural disasters and loss of traditional livelihoods have increased vulnerability to trafficking. Poverty, lack of employment opportunities, gender inequality, illiteracy, and political instability are identified as factors that make people more susceptible to false promises of employment and exploitation. The paper examines migration patterns from Assam's rural areas and increasing numbers of missing women and children. It concludes that empowering women through education, awareness campaigns, and economic opportunities could help address the root causes that enable trafficking to thrive. Coordinated efforts are needed from government, NGOs, and communities to prevent exploitation and protect vulnerable groups.
This document provides an overview of human rights violations. It begins with definitions of direct and indirect violations by states as well as failures to protect vulnerable groups. A brief history notes that while the Universal Declaration of Human Rights established equal rights in 1948, violations still occur daily in many parts of the world. Major examples of violations in India are then discussed, including caste-based discrimination, communal violence, restrictions on freedom of expression and association, and violence against women and children. The document concludes with recommendations for protecting human rights such as speaking up, volunteering, donating to organizations, and standing up against discrimination.
SUSPICIOUS MINDS: THE MYANMAR NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION’S TRUST DEFICITMYO AUNG Myanmar
SUSPICIOUS MINDS: THE MYANMAR NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION’S TRUST DEFICIT
https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2017/11/29/suspicious-minds-the-myanmar-national-human-rights-commissions-trust-deficit/
https://www.facebook.com/progressivevoice/posts/10155844207264890
Progressive Voice, together with Acdd Burma and Smile Education and Development Foundation(Yangon), released a joint report on
the performance of the Myanmar National Human Rights Commission (MNHRC) today.
The report is the Myanmar chapter of the Asian NGO Network on National Human Rights Institutions (ANNI) annual report on the
performance and establishment of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) in Asia, which was formally released in Bangkok on 29 November, 2017
to coincide with the Asian Pacific Forum on National Human Rights Institutions.
The Myanmar chapter highlights key issues related to the MNHRC including a trust deficit among civil society, its lack of independence and
transparency from the executive and its failure to speak out on the most pressing human rights issues facing Myanmar today
The document discusses democratization, good governance, and Burma as a case study. It provides background on Burma under military rule, including repression of citizens, poverty, and lack of access to basic services. It then discusses steps toward democratization, including elections and reforms in recent years. However, it notes there are still challenges to establishing rule of law and reducing military influence. The document concludes by listing attributes of good governance that Burma should work toward, such as respect for democracy, human rights, independent judiciary, freedom of press, education, religious freedom, and economic development.
The document discusses India's relationship with freedom and democracy. It notes that while documents like the Magna Carta and speeches by leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. promoted freedom and equality, realities today are still imperfect. India's record on development and hunger is not strong, and the caste system continues to negatively impact Dalits. While reforms have been introduced, the system persists and upper castes still dominate government, media, and business. True equality and an end to caste-based discrimination have not been achieved.
The document discusses human rights in India, including:
1) India's constitution enshrines fundamental rights for all citizens regardless of attributes and the country recognizes universal human rights.
2) However, violations of human rights continue in many parts of India, including extrajudicial killings, communal violence, conflicts involving Maoist insurgents, and restrictions on freedom of expression and civil society.
3) While India has established institutions like the National Human Rights Commission to protect rights, effective implementation and accountability remain challenges as impunity persists for abuses committed by state security forces and non-state actors.
I grew up in the organisation learning language, science, mathematics and Mao’s ideology. Soon I learnt computers and began typing press releases, revolutionary poems, revolutionary messages for posters and banners. As I crossed age 12, I was given a chance to choose the weapon I would like to train. I preferred INSAS1 [automatic] rifles and carbines.
This 17-year-old girl had already spent over a decade in one of several left wing armed groups operating across ten states in central India when Child Soldiers International and HAQ: Centre for Child Rights (HAQ CRC) interviewed her in the Indian state of Jharkhand in August 2015. She had run away after an altercation with one of her superiors who suspected that she had been communicating with police informers. Terrified that she or her family would face reprisals from the group, she was in hiding at the time of the interview.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Human rights violation in myanmar and syriaManmeet Chawla
The document discusses human rights violations in Myanmar and Syria. In Myanmar, there are restrictions on freedom of religion, speech, and press. The Rohingya Muslim minority faces discrimination and many have fled violence to refugee camps in Bangladesh. In Syria, the civil war began with pro-democracy protests in 2011 that were cracked down on by President Bashar al-Assad, leading to over 220,000 deaths. Millions of Syrians have become refugees and the country has seen economic decline and spread of diseases due to the conflict. Both countries continue to face issues upholding basic human rights.
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016 By Amnesty International, ENGLISH V...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa16/3511/2016/my/
ENGLISH VERSION-
MYANMAR: ANNUAL REPORT COUNTRY ENTRY 2016
By Amnesty International, 24 February 2016, Index number: ASA 16/3511/2016
Authorities failed to address rising religious intolerance and incitement to discrimination and violence against
Muslims, allowing hardline Buddhist nationalist groups to grow in power and influence ahead of the November
general elections. The situation of the persecuted Rohingya deteriorated still further. The government
intensified a clampdown on freedoms of expression, association and peaceful assembly. Reports of abuses of
international human rights and humanitarian law in areas of internal armed conflict persisted. Security forces
suspected of human rights violations continued to enjoy near-total impunity.
HATE AND TARGETED VIOLENCE AGAINST CHRISTIANS IN INDIA - REPORT 2017sabrangsabrang
The document is a report by the Religious Liberty Commission of the Evangelical Fellowship of India that documents 351 cases of violence against Christians in India in 2017. It summarizes that violence against religious minorities, especially Christians, increased in 2017 with the ruling BJP and affiliated Hindu groups ratcheting up hate campaigns and targeting of individuals. States like Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Madhya Pradesh saw the highest number of cases. Notable incidents included the arrest of Christmas carol singers in Madhya Pradesh and Christian children being detained on accusations of forced conversion while traveling for church activities. The report expresses concern over the lack of protection for religious minorities from the government and legal system.
Human rights movement in india vibhuti patelVIBHUTI PATEL
The document summarizes the history and key issues of the human rights movement in India. It discusses (1) the emergence of human rights organizations in response to the Emergency Rule of 1975-1977, (2) the various social issues and populations they advocate for including women, Dalits, farmers, and religious minorities, and (3) the major campaigns around rights to information, displacement, communalism, and prison reforms.
1. Pakistan has a poor human rights record and high levels of violations against minorities, women, and children. While Pakistan is signatory to international human rights declarations and covenants, domestic implementation and enforcement of these protections is lacking.
2. Factors contributing to human rights issues include prolonged periods of authoritarian rule hindering democratic development, discriminatory laws against religious minorities and women, widespread poverty, and more recently increased militant violence.
3. While some progress has been made through expanded civil society and media advocacy, strengthening the rule of law, democratic institutions, and government commitment to rights are still needed to better protect Pakistanis from human rights abuses.
The document discusses human rights and provides examples of violations. It defines human rights as those inherent to human dignity. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights established international standards in 1948. Examples of violations include over 400 children dying from lead poisoning in Nigeria, over 1,000 Rohingya homes burned in Myanmar, and the death of Syrian refugee Aylan Kurdi attempting to reach Canada. The conclusion calls for more effective protection of rights through United Nations organizations and other advocates.
The document discusses the oppression of minorities in Pakistan. It notes that since Pakistan's inception, successive regimes have violated the rights of minorities as enshrined in international standards. Minorities like Hindus, Christians, Ahmadis and Shias have faced discrimination, violence and forced conversions. The root cause is a lack of enlightened leadership and the influence of extremist Islamic groups on politicians seeking power. However, liberal forces now have an opportunity in the upcoming elections to promote progressive values of democracy, pluralism and human rights by appealing to Pakistan's original syncretic traditions and sidelining corrupt political elements.
Similar to "Unrecognized Burma Women as Refugee in India- They Need Protection against Gender- Based Violence" (18)
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This document reviews the integration of organizational strategy with human resource development (HRD) policies. It discusses how HRD, through personnel training, career development, and organization development, helps organizations meet changing needs, execute strategies, and influence stakeholders. The literature identifies that HRD must be strategic by contributing to goals and aligning with business strategy. HRD can shape goals and strategies, not just support them. Effective integration of HRD policies with organizational strategies requires assessing needs, developing integrated solutions, and achieving organizational outcomes.
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Golden Rule of Interpretation by Puja Dwivedilegalpuja22
introduction to the Golden Rule of Interpretation
Definition and Origin:
The Golden Rule of Interpretation is a guiding principle utilized in legal systems worldwide to decipher and implement laws justly and reasonably.
Its roots trace back to ancient legal philosophies, notably derived from the Latin maxim "interpretatio cessat in claris," meaning interpretation ceases when the meaning is clear.
Purpose and Function:
The primary objective of the Golden Rule is to empower judges and legal interpreters to depart from the literal interpretation of statutes when adherence to such interpretations would lead to absurd, unjust, or unreasonable outcomes.
Unlike the strict adherence to the literal meaning prescribed by the Literal Rule, the Golden Rule allows for flexibility in interpretation, ensuring the law's application aligns with the broader principles of justice and fairness.
Evolution and Adaptation:
Over time, the Golden Rule has evolved to meet the changing needs and societal values of legal systems. It adapts to modern contexts, technological advancements, and evolving understandings of justice.
Its application varies across different legal jurisdictions but remains a fundamental tool in statutory interpretation worldwide.
Literal Rule vs. Golden Rule
Literal Rule:
The Literal Rule is a traditional approach to statutory interpretation that mandates strict adherence to the plain and literal meaning of the words used in a statute.
Under this rule, judges are expected to interpret legislation based solely on the language's explicit wording, without considering underlying intentions, societal implications, or potential absurdities that may arise from a literal interpretation.
Golden Rule:
In contrast, the Golden Rule of Interpretation provides judges with the discretion to depart from the literal meaning of statutes when necessary to avoid absurd or unjust outcomes.
It serves as a balancing mechanism, allowing courts to interpret laws in a manner that aligns with broader principles of justice, fairness, and legislative intent.
While the Literal Rule focuses solely on textual analysis, the Golden Rule recognizes the need for flexibility and adaptability in legal interpretation, particularly in complex or ambiguous situations.
Illustrative Example:
Case Law Example: State of Madhya Pradesh v. Azad Bharat Financial Company (1967)
This case exemplifies the application of the Golden Rule, where the literal interpretation of the Opium Act of 1878 would have led to the unjust confiscation of a vehicle due to the presence of contraband.
By applying the Golden Rule, the court interpreted the statute in a manner that prevented injustice, highlighting the rule's essential role in safeguarding fairness and equity in legal proceedings.
HARMONIOUS CONSTRUCTION RULE by Puja Dwivedilegalpuja22
INTRODUCTION TO HARMONIOUS CONSTRUCTION RULE:-
Harmonious construction is a principle of statutory interpretation aimed at reconciling conflicting provisions within a legal framework.
It involves interpreting statutes in a manner that avoids inconsistencies and gives effect to the overall legislative intent.
This rule is pivotal in resolving legal disputes where different laws or constitutional provisions appear to conflict.
PRINCIPLES OF HARMONIOUS CONSTRUCTION RULE:-
Interpret statutes to avoid conflicts and give effect to legislative intent.
Maintain consistency within legal frameworks.
Balance conflicting provisions while upholding constitutional values.
ROLE OF JUDICIARY IN HARMONIOUS CONSTRUCTION:-
Judiciary acts as a mediator in resolving legal conflicts.
Courts ensure harmonious interpretation of laws to uphold justice.
Judicial decisions establish precedents for future legal disputes.
CASE LAWS :-
Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore (1957)
Citation:
Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore, 1957 (AIR 1958 Mys 38)
Fact:
Trustees of Sri Venkataramana Temple filed a suit under Section 92 of CPC regarding the exclusion of Harijans from the temple after the enactment of the Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act (Madras V of 1947).
The temple trustees claimed that the temple was private and exclusively meant for Gowda Saraswath Brahmins, hence exempt from the Madras Act.
Issue:
Whether the Madras Temple Entry Authorization Act applied to Sri Venkataramana Temple despite the trustees' claim of its private nature.
Whether Section 3 of the Madras Act violated Article 26(b) of the Indian Constitution, which protects the rights of religious denominations.
Judgment:
The High Court of Madras ruled that while the public could worship in the temple, the trustees had the right to exclude the general public during certain ceremonies reserved for Gowda Saraswath Brahmins.
The Supreme Court clarified that the Madras Act applied to Sri Venkataramana Temple and harmonized Articles 25(2)(b) and 26(b) of the Constitution to uphold the Act's validity, ensuring access to the temple for all classes of Hindus.
K.M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra (1961)
Citation:
K.M. Nanavati v. The State of Maharashtra, 1961 (AIR 1962 SC 605)
Fact:
Naval Commander K.M. Nanavati was accused of murdering his wife's secret lover, Prem Ahuja.
Nanavati was tried under IPC Sections 302 and 304, and a special jury acquitted him.
Issue:
Whether the decision of the special jury acquitting Nanavati was logical given the evidence of the case.
Whether the suspension order by the Governor under Article 161 of the Constitution could be applied while the case was sub-judice.
Judgment:
The High Court of Bombay overturned the jury's decision, holding Nanavati guilty of murder based on the circumstances of the case.
The Supreme Court ruled that Article 161's suspension power couldn't be exercised while the case was pending before the judiciary, emphasizing the importance of harm
The subject matter of this study is the legislation and practice of disciplinary liability for corruption and corruption-related offenses in Ukraine and, in a comparative aspect, abroad.
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The Lockdown on Minimum Wage: Everything you need to know:tanisha333186
The Minimum Wages Act, of 1948, serves as the overarching legislation governing minimum wage determination and enforcement across the country. This act outlines the procedures for fixing and revising minimum wage rates, taking into account factors such as cost of living, inflation, and skill levels. Additionally, it mandates the establishment of Minimum Wage Advisory Boards at the state and central levels to advise the government on wage-related matters.
"Unrecognized Burma Women as Refugee in India- They Need Protection against Gender- Based Violence"
1. International Journal of Research
Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals
p-ISSN: 2348-6848
e-ISSN: 2348-795X
Volume 03 Issue 8
April 2016
Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 549
Unrecognized Burma Women as Refugee in India-
They Need Protection against Gender-Based Violence
1
Shima Azizi, 2
Seied Beniamin Hosseini
1
Shima Azizi, BAL, L.L.M, Research Scholar in Law, Department of Studies in Law, University
of Mysore (azizishima27@yahoo.com)
2
Seied Beniamin Hosseini, BA., L.L.B., PG Student in MBA, B.N. Bahadur Institute of
Management Sciences (BIMS), University of Mysore(beniamin.hosseini@gmail.com)
-ABSTRACT
In the present study, the researcher is going to consider the present status of women Burmese- Chin
refugees, recognized as well as unrecognized one. It is worth mentioning that, between 75 to 80 percent of the
world’s refugees is women and children and many of them have been living in camps and emergency situations for
generations and India also is no exception. The women Chin refugees in India almost have not enjoyed the rights of
education, occupation, freedom of movement and accessing to health care services and so forth.
Therefore, it is not enough to leave policies and practices in refugees to ad hoc administrative decision, especially
when women refugees as vulnerable communities are under discriminatory conditions. Unfortunately the policies
and strategies to incorporate women have not yet been implemented sufficiently to bring about the real improvement
in the lives of Burmese refugee women in India and it is clear that refugees, men as well as women particularly
those refugees who are living in camps in Mizoram are not getting all necessary assistance from Indian government.
The present research work will prove that in Indie, the appropriate national law towards making law conforming to
constitutional and international obligations and more state and international development level programs through
international non-governmental and governmental agencies for protecting and empowerment of Burmese refugee
women and reviewing UNHCR’s livelihoods programes to be needed.
Keywords: India, Burmese-Chin women Refugees, Gender –Based Violence, NGOs, UNHCR
1- INTRODUCTION
Burma the land of Pagodas is an important country in
south East Asia. It has Bangladesh and India to the
West, China to the North East, Laos in the East, and
the Thailand to the South East as neighbors. Burma
was in „1886-1937‟ a province of British India. It
became politically and administratively a part of
British India after the third and final Anglo- Burmese
war of „1885-86‟. In 1947, once again become a
separate political entity and finally, in 1948 Burma
ultimately became an independent country. The
Burma Independent Act of the British Parliament was
given the royal assent on 1947 and subsequently it
became a sovereign independent state outside the
common wealth. In the intervening years between
1948 and 1962, Burma was constantly faced with the
problem of insurrection involving communists,
dissident political activists, army and ethnic minority
groups. The political dissent, the economic hardship
of people and the curtailment of social and political
rights driving several students activists, youths and
2. International Journal of Research
Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals
p-ISSN: 2348-6848
e-ISSN: 2348-795X
Volume 03 Issue 8
April 2016
Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 550
members of political parties including the elect
member of parliament, decided to leave the country
and continue their struggle for democracy from
outside. The economic condition deteriorated further
in 1990 which led to renewed economic migration
from the country in search of livelihood and
economic survival. Therefore, it is necessary to
separate these two categories of migrants‟ means
political and economically migrants from each other.
Unfortunately the 73 per cent of the people in the
Chin state exist below the poverty level which giving
Chin state the highest poverty rate out of Myanmar
states. Most of the Christian in Chin state facing
systematic religious discrimination at the hands of
Burmese government and are often forced to convert
to Buddhism.[1]
According to Human Rights Watch, recruiting and
kidnapping of children to the military is common
place. An estimated 70,000 of the countries, „350,000
– 400,000‟ soldiers are children, there are also
multiple responds of wide spread child labor. A 2002
report by the Shan Human Rights Foundation states
that 25 per cent of the rapes resulted in death, in
some incidences with bodies being deliberately
displaced to local communities and 61 per cent were
gang – raped, women were raped within military
bases and in some cases women were detained and
raped repeatedly for period of up to four months. A
2003 reports states that, no safe place, Burma‟s army
and the rape of ethnic women by “refugees
international” further documents the widespread use
of rape by Burma‟s soldiers to brutalize women from
fire different ethnic nationalities.[2] In recent events
in „2011- 2012‟Burma democratic reforms are an
ongoing series of political, economic and
administrative reforms undertaken by the military
Back government. One of important reforms was the
establishment of general amnesties of more than 200
political prisoners, and institutions of new labor laws
which allows labor unions and strikes, relaxation of
press censorship and regulations of currently
practices. The government has embarked reforms
towards liberal democracy, mixed economy and
reconciliation.
The report has provided in 2012 in Freedom in the
World, noted that: “Despite these initial signs of
progress, it remained unclear how far the reforms
would go, and numerous conflicts between the
government and the country‟s ethnic minority
militias remained unresolved”. On November 2012,
Samantha Power, US resident Barracks Obama
special assistance to the president on human rights
wrote:“Serious human rights abuses against civilians
in several regions continue, including against women
and children.”Forced labor, human trafficking and
child labor are also common, the military is also
notorious for rampant use of sexual violence as an
instrument of control, including allegations of
systematic rates and taking of sex slaves by the
military a practice which continued in 2012.
One of the most important reforms in Burma is, the
government has convened and independent National
Human Rights Commission (NHCR) consisting of
the 15 retired bureaucrats and academics and
releasing political prisoners. As of April2013,
according to assistance association for political
prisoners, there are currently 176 political prisoners.
And 23 July2013, 73 political prisoners were released
but about 100 political prisoners were still remained.
The government has however, denied the presence of
other human right issues such as alleged army abuses
against ethnic minorities, claiming that in ethnic
areas; only local insurgent groups violate human
rights. It is noteworthy to say that there are still
various human rights abuses in Burma which are
including, land confiscation, arbitrary arrest and
detain local activists and ethnic peoples, forced
labors in most percent child labor and child soldiers,
torture against rural protestors ethnic, civilians and
prisoners, human trafficking such as labor and sex
trafficking, using rape and sexual violence as a
weapon of war in Burma and taking women as a
sexual slaves, Extrajudicial killing and Ethnic
cleansing.[3] Further the country still lacks an
independent judiciary system, which remains
politicized and closely tied to the government, for
instance, lawyers who defend “prisoners of
conscience” are routinely stripped of their license to
practice law. Burma today is a paradox signs of
changes abound, yet many of old problems remain.
3. International Journal of Research
Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals
p-ISSN: 2348-6848
e-ISSN: 2348-795X
Volume 03 Issue 8
April 2016
Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 551
Human Rights Spokesperson who was co-sponsored
with Human Rights Watch asserted that: “while legal
reform is underway, old laws used to stifle dissent
have not been repealed. No improvement seen in the
human rights situation. The military also takes
women as forced labor, and in some case subjects
them to sexual violence. Press freedom has not
improved in the part of conducting hostilities and
specially the military abuses.[4]
Towards the Burmese- chin refugee‟s condition in
India; it is noteworthy to say that the situations of the
Burma refugees have got the attention of many
international organizations but the Burmese refugees
in India are not much known. From the study of
Victor Biak Lian on October 2002, refugee
coordinator, Chin Human Rights Organization
CHRO, “it was felt that, there was a need for
humanitarian assistance, capacity building, such as
educational program, health care, organizational
management training, gender training, refugee rights
training and so forth for the Burmese refugees”.
Therefore, since the women Burmese- Chin refugees
in India have not enjoyed the rights of education,
occupation, accessing to sufficient health care
services and freedom to movement and other kinds of
humanitarian aids, there is need to consider various
aspects in finding the best solution for the effective
protection of Burmese women refugees in India.
2-BURMA WOMEN REFUGEE’S
STATUS IN INDIA
A wave of Burma refugees stated pouring into in
India in 1988. Burma has a 1,463 kilometers long
border with India touching to North Eastern states of
Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and
Mizoram. Almost the 85 per cent of the people came
here after the 1988 pro-democracy movement and
especially during the post 1992 elections. These
people include those who opposed the military
government, people in search of economic survival
due to the conditions of forced labor and people who
fear of violence and political repression by the
military government. There are approximately 2000
refugees from Burma registered with UNHCR and
residing in the Delhi region and estimated 70,000
more unrecognized refugees from Burma in India.
The majority of Burmese in India are living in the
North Eastern region, mainly in the states of Manipur
and Mizoram. The Christian ethnic Chine people
from Burma have been subjected to human rights
abuse by Burma state actors for more than 25 years.
Human rights violence has forced more than 100,000
Chins to flee across the border to Mizoram in
Northeast India. India accepts an ad hoc approach in
the absence of specific refugee legislation towards
refugees, means governing refugee status by political
and administrative decision under Foreigners Act
1946 and Citizenship Act 1955 and the ad hoc nature
has led to:
1- Varying treatment of different refugee
groups.
2- Under the Foreigner Act 1946 , it is criminal
offence to be without valid travel or
residence documents, in this act, there is no
distinguish between refugees and other
foreigners, therefore refugees is faced by
deportation and detention through this act.
3- Despite the support by UNHCR and other
NGOs the majority of refugees in India
experience great hardship, both
economically and socially.
India does not officially recognizes refugees within
its borders and is not the party of 1951 convention
and 1967 protocols and nor does have a domestic
legal framework for the protection of refugees.
Furthermore the UNHCR has not permitted by India
to access to Mizoram. Also, there is no humanitarian
assistance as well as the absence of legal protection
in Mizoram. The lack of legal mechanism and
policies on refugees is one of the fundamental flaws
of refugee protection in India. India has undertaken
an obligation by ratifying the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights and the International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural rights to
accord an equal treatment to all non citizens
wherever possible.
4. International Journal of Research
Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals
p-ISSN: 2348-6848
e-ISSN: 2348-795X
Volume 03 Issue 8
April 2016
Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/ P a g e | 552
Article 22[5] of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights which was adopted by the General Assembly
of the United Nation is very important article in the
lives of refugees particularly women refugees
because the overall development of refugees is not
possible without the enjoyment of economic, social
and culture rights. But what about the wage earning
employment in Article 17, rationing in Article 20,
housing in Article 21, public education in Article 22
and labor legislation and social security in Article 24
of the 1951 convention of status of refuges, all these
right same as those rights have mentioned in
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but today‟s
the Burma refugees and other groups are not enjoyed
with whole rights mentioned in these two legislations
because India is not the signatory of this
convention.[6]
In developing country like India, the refugee women
naturally experience the same problems as do other
women in the country which are poverty, lack of
adequate food and safe drinking water, large families,
high rate of child mortality and relatively poor health.
No doubt, Chin women refugees face some more
problems due to their unstable situation means
unrecognized as a refugee and also most of them
can‟t be under the UNHCR‟s assistance organization,
namely the after effects of violence, Prosecution and
other traumatic events.
Article 21 of the Indian constitution gives right to life
and personal liberty to every person including the
foreigners. The scope of this Article widened by the
supreme court of India to include some of the
economic, social and cultural rights such as right to
livelihood, right to education. These rights are
necessary for the development of an individual, but
we should mention here, half of the women refugees
don‟t know about the basic human rights. A person
who knows about these rights can demand rights and
can raise voice against their violation. Most of the
refugee women in India were the victims of human
rights violations in their country of origin and
therefore they were comparatively comfortable in
India but on the other hand many of them have not
enjoyed the right to movement and for going abroad
they needed permission of the government of India.
Therefore because of these restrictions as in their
opinion they could not enjoy other important rights
such as rights to education and right to occupation in
the absence of freedom of movement. Single women
and widows face additional problems as they have to
wait for hours together standing in a queue, have to
bribe guards or offer sexual favors in exchange for
food. Right to health is another important aspect of
protection of refugee women as their access to health
care services is really important both for their own
health and for the welfare of the broader community,
because the health of a family depends upon the
health of women who is the prime provider of health
care to family. Therefore women‟s knowledge of
healthy environment and taking actions against
diseases as well as that of family planning is
important for the health of the refugee community.
The women refugee may suffer physical disabilities,
loss of limb or they may be victims of mine
explosion. They face various gynecological problems
related to early marriages, frequent pregnancies,
septic abortions, and unsanitary conditions during
birth and so forth. Further they are also susceptible to
water born diseases like typhoid, cholera, dysentery
and infectious hepatitis. In addition physical health
problem, some women refugees also suffer mental
health problem, they face emotional problems and
difficulties in adjustment resulting from loss of
family and community support. More serious mental
health problems arising from torture and sexual abuse
prior to or after the flight are not uncommon.
As it mentioned earlier there are Main problems of
women refugees in India; first, they are subjected to
the constant threat of forced repatriation or
deportation and raising concerns of refoulment
because any refugee who enters India without
authorization is considered an illegal immigrant.
Secondly, they have an ambiguous legal status and
are treated differently depending on which country
they are from. Thirdly among women refugee‟s
communities, prostitution is common, with many
women forced into the sex industry. Fourthly there is
lack of education and employment opportunities
specifically for women as the India authorities have
assumed them with residence permits, but denial
them from work permits. And finally UNHCR
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mandate to protect and assist refugees extends only to
those recognized refugees who are living in Delhi but
not unrecognized refugees who are living in
Mizoram. Therefore the situation of the unregistered
refugees who are not recognized either by UNHCR
or the government of India is worst of all. There are
numerous cases related to Chin women refugees who
are sexually assaulted by the local Indian men. Many
of them face perverse sexual and gender based
harassment and violence in New Delhi by local
peoples and many other gender based violence by
refugee people communities. The Burmese-Chine
refugees are facing some difficulties in Indie which
are detailed in;
2.1. Livelihood issue
Most of the Chin refugees are malnourished and they
work very hard in the jungle, construction site and
other places but they could not effort to eat nutritious
food. Their life in camps is miserable and there is
lack of all the basic amenities like food, health care
and so forth. They are not only worried about the
availability of food for the next meal but also the fear
of being evicted again from the camps and also from
harassment by the local Mizoram.[7] Main livelihood
problems of women Chin refugees in India are, first,
is poverty and their social status that is very low so,
their children forced into child labors and secondly is
lack of employment opportunities which force them
to work long and in dangerous place and hours. And
those women who forced to scavenge for food from
night markets are more at risk of sexual harassment
and many of them face with wage discrimination and
harassment by employers and work colleagues and in
most of the time they face domestic violence and
family breakdown.
2.2. Health issues
The Chin refugees staying in Mizoram face
many health problems, such as Malaria, Diarrhea and
cold. But the main problem which they can‟t afford is
to buy medicines because they don‟t have money,
therefore they remain sick for long time and the
hospital does not provide free medicine. Main health
problems of Chin women refugees in India are
unsanitary living conditions, malnutrition, expensive
medicine and mental health issues including
depression and suicide resulting from domestic
violence, increased cases of HIV/ AID and alcohol
abuse by men, unfortunately there are high rate of
marital rape and domestic abuse resulting in injury
and Complication in pregnancies among Chin
refugee community.[8]
2.3. Education issues
There is no provision for educational
facilities for the Chin students in Mizoram. In
government schools, parent still fined difficulty since
they could not afford to buy the uniforms and books
though they do not pay the monthly fees. Another
problem is lack of birth certificate for registration in
schools, language problem and lack of sufficient
money which they can afford to send their children to
the private school by teaching in English. On the
other hand education allowances which are provided
by UNHCR are insufficient. Main education problem
of Chin women refugees in India is preference given
to male children to attend school but girls, which lead
to limited participation of uneducated women in
community and family decision and forced
uneducated girls into early marriage and early
pregnancy. The next reason is discrimination and
harassment of children by teachers and students in
school, therefore children do not want to attend
schools due to harassment and they are not given a
choice to learn English or Burmese and forced them
to learn Hindi. Therefore increased rate of
uneducated women and girls is led to increased
discrimination and harassment in community. [9]
2.4. Accommodation issues
Chin refugees also face with so much
difficulty in gaining accommodation without
reference and because of overcrowded and
inadequate living conditions with poor sanitation
many of Chin women are victims of discrimination
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and harassment, rape and sexual violence from
landlords and local community and there are many
cases that girls are forced to married soon. There is
Lack of privacy for married couples and families,
therefore single men and women forced to share
cramped accommodation which cause mental health
issues among women, lack of personal dignity,
especially for women and girls and finally domestic
violence, marital rape and unwanted pregnancy.
Therefore unrecognized Burmese refugees are facing
with more problems in India in compare with
recognized one, like there is no access to UNHCR
services or implementing partners, there is no
allowed to participate in UNHCR meeting, there is no
access to refugee health care services and UNHCR
financial supports. Therefore, because of lack of
identity and work permits, women are at increased
risk of sexual harassment and rape and unfortunately
they are vulnerable to police harassment and arrest
and most of the time they have to do unsafe and
illegal abortion[10] towards recognized Chin
refugees, UNHCR subsistence allowances is received
only for the first six months and then reduced or cut
entirely. Therefore inadequate subsistence allowances
is one of the major problem was cited by women
refugees in India. Specifically Chin women refugees
are under particular Problems like;
1- Exploitation, discrimination and abuse in the
work place or at home.
2- High rates of gender based violence.
3- Rape and sexual assault, women face the
usual cultures and social stigmatization
barriers to reporter‟s incidences of sexual
abuse, in result mental health issues.
4- Women are beaten and abused within the
house by the refugee men and victims of
domestic violence rarely have any option to
better their circumstances because they often
dependent to their husbands capital and
therefore leaving a violent relationship or
reporting incident of domestic violence and
risking isolation is a dangerous issue.
5- Lack of the state protection and the
opportunities for free movements.
6- Surplus income to escape situations of
violence and discriminations.
3- POTENTIAL LOCAL ORGANIZATION
IN PROTECTION OF CHIN REFUGEES IN
INDIA
There are various local organizations towards
Burmese or Chin refugee in India like,
3.1.Chin women organization CWO, this
organization has been conducting women exchange
programme and different Chin groups share
information and have discussion on other issues.
They conduct English classes and Chin language and
they have training programs on human rights and
women rights.
3.2. Chin Women Union (CWU), which was formed
in 1997. It has established a clinic called “Mother and
Child Clinic” in 2001, without consultation fee and
free basic medicine. It provides money to the students
for buying uniforms and books and the scholarship
for high school level partners for children who are
residing at Mizoram.
3.3. Chin Refugee Committee (CRU), it looks in the
society of the Chin refugees residing in Lunglei
District and makes refugee identity card.
3.4. DON BOSCO, this organization is one of
UNHCR related partners which assists refugees in
finding employment in the informal sector and is
responsible for the top up scheme in which those
refuges who find employment through the agency are
given an allowance each month to bring their income
up to a basic monthly salary. Furthermore it Provides
computer and language courses in increasing
refugee‟s skills and enhance their chances of finding
employment and to negotiate with employment and
allocate top “entitlement begins their wages to the
Indian minimum”. Under this organization, women
were discriminated against, receiving lower wages
than the Indian workers and losing money for tax.
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3.5.The Social Legal Information Centre (SLIC), it
provides legal assistance to refugees, for file
renewals, Naturalization, legal, protection and
intervention to all UNHCR recognized refugees in
Delhi.
3.6.The Young Men’s Christian Association
(YMCA), it provides only partial or imbursement of
costs for treatment received at government hospitals.
Therefore the only way to access treatment at the
hospitals was through YMCA. The cost of their
treatment is much higher and not covered by
UNHCR. Further it has been responsible for all
refugee education and training courses since early
1996. They are also in charge of distributing and
implementing the educational assistance programs, to
refugees recognized under the mandate of UNHCR.
But unfortunately unregistered refugees don‟t have
access to these assistances. They lack assistance from
any formal services providers and are at a greater risk
of exploitation by landlords and employers. They
have no access to local trusting authorities and
therefore have no means for redress over dispute.
3.7.Voluntary Health Association Delhi (VHAD),
this is one of the four implementing partners of
UNHCR who implement programmes and work only
with the UNHCR recognized refugees. Sometimes
there is no doctors in these clinics and are manned
only by nurses that this is a big problem for refuges
when they are facing with serious health problems
3.8.The Women’s League of Burma (WLB), it
believes women participation in the national
reconciliation and peace building process is essential
and that to contribution of women in the struggle to
bring about human rights, democracy and equal
rights for all nationalities in Burma will have a great
impact. A major goal of the refuge system is to find
durable solutions for those who have been forced to
flee their countries. About the Chin refugees,
resettlement to a third country may be necessary both
for the refugee protection and as the only possible
durable solution to their situations. Sadly, in most
repatriation, the peace that brought return was short
lived and further displacement occurred in
subsequent years. Refugee women also express their
anxieties about return. As one report notes, they are
ongoing for their home country but they first
conditions for going back is that there must be
each[11] Peace and democratization have become
realities in number of places. With this promising
international development, therefore repatriation is
not an easily achieved solution for Chin refugees.
3.9. Mizoram Women Association (MITIP), it was
established 6th
July of 1974 and it‟s headquarter is
located at Aizowl, the capital of Mizoram. It is solely
for the welfare and improve of the society
particularly women and children. It take up the issues
on discrimination and unjust for the destitute women
in general. [12]
3.10.OFERR, its special attention has given to
meeting the needs of refugee women, children and
vulnerable groups.
3.11.TOM, it is an NGO based in Delhi which was
established in 1992. The basic and larger objectives
and methodology of TOM which have been evolved
in the process of interaction and involvement in
creating a broad based platform on support of
struggle-based people‟s movements in the sub-
continent and issue based campaigns at national and
regional levels and organizing workshops and
training programmes, consultations, conferences and
conventions on substantive or political issues around
which struggles and campaigns are taking place in
the sub-continent. Further it provides a Forum for
debate by formulating, when necessary, a
political/ideological framework and opening it up for
debate and discussion among movements, who may
face ideological or organizational crisis, and to
engage in research and study on issues that concerns
TOM directly in the process of its work while
responding to the demands of movements. It also
engages in production and dissemination of print and
electronic materials with a view to generate popular
awareness on issues of public concerns, impact of
globalization on economy, displacement due to anti
people development programmes, environmental and
industrial hazards, anti-labor measures like restriction
of trade union rights, exploitation through economic
oppression of women, issues concerning backward
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caste and other minorities, human rights, justice,
democratic rights and promotion of a peace
constituency, in other words the fundamental
objective is to promote a system of core values and
principles that are vital for building a new society
with peace, democracy, secularism, human rights,
socio-economic and gender justice, good governance
and so forth.
TOM has also constantly been involved in
collaboration with other human rights, democratic
rights and civil rights groups both within India and
outside. It is a partner member of the South Asia
Forum of Human Rights (SAFHR-based in
Kathmandu) and has jointly organized programmes.
A key programme is the South Asian Consultation on
Refugees, Displaced Persons and the Stateless –
Need for National Laws and Regional Cooperation.
TOM is engaged with SAFHR in advocacy and
campaign towards influencing the Indian Parliament
to come out with an open policy on refugees and
enact legislation for protection of refugees.
3.12.The Refugee Desk, since2003, the desk has
been involved in many activities. The Desk played a
crucial role in providing legal representation and
assistance Burmese refugees, asylum seekers or
newcomers who has been arrested and jailed for
demonstration against UNHCR‟s policies and
practices in November 2003. The desk is involved in
documenting the living conditions of the refugees,
cases of harassment and molestation by the local
people and police, case histories of Human Rights
violation in Burma from the refugees. Furthermore
there are other various association towards Burmese
or Chin refugees in India like; Mizo Student
Association, MZP, Mizoram Senior Association,
MUP and ZORO, Zo Reunification Organization and
so forth.
4- BARRIERS IN EFFECTIVE PROTECTION
OF BURMA REFUGEES
There are particular barriers in effective protection of
Burma refugees in India like, Chin women and
children are often assaulted in their own homes by
local Indian men and they always have financial
hardship barriers to pursuing a formal police
complaints and legal case. Further there is an
inefficient Indian legal system toward refugees,
therefore preventing them in accessing to justice and
effective forms of redress specifically for Chin
refugee survivors. Furthermore, the UNHCR and its
assistance agency face limitation with regards to
available fund to survive who are victims of gender-
based violence and only are applied on recognized
Burmese refugees.
Between the numerous genders based violence
happening; only one case of a Chin refugee woman
has resulted in a successful conviction. And the
accused was sentences to 10 years in prison and fines
Rs: 60,000. The court also directed the New Delhi
government to pay reparations to the women under
the New Delhi Victim‟s Compensation, which
entitles a rape survivor to a minimum compensation
of Rs: 300,000. The UNHCR also perused local
integration as the primary durable solution for Chin
refuges, but the Chin refugee community in New
Delhi views third country resettlement as the only
viable solution for them.[13]
5- CONCLUSION
Burmese refugees are harassed because they lack of
formal legal status, as most of them do not have
residential permit in India. Therefore without formal
legal standing in India, they cannot assimilate.
Furthermore the subsistence allowances which the
refugees get initially at the beginning from UNHCR
sometimes are reduced or completely terminated and
this policy was introduced in India to promote self
reliance permits, but when the refugees are denied of
work permits, how they can makes any attempt of
self reliance and it almost impossible and illegal.
Therefore when the refugee are denied subsistence
allowance they are left without food and some of the
landlords threaten them of throwing out of their
houses, as they could not pay the house rent. The
situation of unrecognized and asylum seekers who
cannot take any kind of monetary assistance from
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UNHCR in compare is really worst at all.[14]
Therefore some recommendation can be suggested in
improving of Chin refugees situation like, India
should review Indian national policy towards
refugees and try to commit as a signatory to the 1951
Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. Particular
focus should be placed on investigation police and in
the judicial system towards these vulnerable
communities in India. Furthermore, there is need to
provide more awareness training to local
communities on women and child refugee rights by
supporting international and local NGOs and to
priorities resettlement options for women refugees at
risk. Moreover, the UNHCR must hold implementing
partner organizations like YMCA, DON BOSCO,
and SLIC responsible to provide adequate assistance
with health, accommodation, education, job
placement, legal representation and advice and
consider third country resettlement applications as a
recommended durable solution. Towards women
refugees under gender based violence, the UNHCR
Funded Women‟s Centre should take a more active
mediation role in cases of violence against women
and also in decision making process and the
community organization must raise awareness of
domestic violence issues and react against it. The
government of India must permit UNHCR to send its
representatives to Mizoram and Manipur with the
responsibility of assessing the needs of refugees not
currently receiving assistance and to provide
UNHCR support services and allow UNHCR
permanent access to Mizoram. Therefore as we know
to leaving policies and practices in refugees to an ad
hoc administrative decision is not sufficient in
effective protection of refugees in India and it is clear
that refugees who are living in camps in Mizoram are
not getting all necessary assistance from Indian
government and the situation of unrecognized Chin
refugees in India is miserable. Therefore, state and
international development level programs through
NGOs and governmental agencies for protecting and
effective protection of Burmese- Chin refugee
women and reviewing UNHCR‟s livelihoods
programes towards them to be needed.
6- REFERENCES
[1]. Sanjeev Kumar Mallick,” Livelihood of Burmese
refugees and homeless people in Delhi”,(Tata
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[2]. Human Rights in Myanmar, Retrieved from:
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[3].Rachel Wagley,“Top Ten Human Rights Abuses
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[10]. Snehel Fadnavis; Women Refugees in India;
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[11]. Snehel Fadnavis; Women Refugees in India;
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[13]. Rosalinn Zahau & Rachel Fleming, “A constant
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[14].Victor Biak Lian, Dr Achan Mungleng&K.
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