This document discusses refugee law and social security for refugees in India. It notes that while India hosts millions of refugees from countries like Tibet, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Sudan, it does not have a specific refugee law and refugees' social security rights are inadequate. The document examines how different refugee groups like Tibetans, Sri Lankan Tamils, and Chakmas are treated differently in terms of rights to employment, healthcare, education, and social welfare. It argues that India's approach to refugees lacks a strong legal basis and does not sufficiently uphold its obligations under international refugee conventions, resulting in refugees facing insecurity and hardship.
Reservation in india an overview by Rishikesh MandhaneRishikesh Mandhane
Reservation in India was introduced to promote social justice and advancement of socially and educationally backward classes and scheduled castes and tribes. It aims to correct historical wrongs and inequalities. However, over time the reservation system has become complex with many types of reservations, and there is ongoing debate around its impact on merit, efficiency and equality. Suggestions include reviewing the need and criteria for reservations regularly, focusing on socio-economic status over caste, and taking a holistic approach to rural development to eventually eliminate the need for caste-based reservations.
HIV & Law Indonesia - Back Ground Paper Aug ust 2009Yvonne Sibuea
The document provides background on legal services and human rights related to HIV/AIDS management in Indonesia. It identifies key legal issues such as discrimination, restrictive marriage and inheritance laws, and human rights violations. Gaps in current responses are assessed, including the need for sustainable legal services tailored to key populations' needs. Recommendations include designing services based on research, advocacy to reform discriminatory laws, and training for legal professionals, police and communities.
This paper focuses on various aspects of health care law including the constitutional perspective, obligations, and negligence of medical professionals and remedies available to
consumers of health care.
This document discusses minorities in India and the problems they face. It defines minority as a group that is less than half the total population based on religion or language, including Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Zoroastrians. The key problems minorities face are issues of identity, security, equity, feeling deprived, and psychological insecurity. The government has implemented some measures to address these problems, but challenges remain around discriminatory laws, access to justice, and representation of minorities in areas like employment and education.
A SWOT analysis of the Indian Legal system and the issues of people living wi...Vahista Dastoor
This document provides background information and context for a SWOT analysis of the Indian legal system regarding issues faced by people living with HIV (PLHIV) in West Bengal. It discusses the goals of SAATHII's Coalition Based Advocacy Project, which aims to empower PLHIV networks to demand their rights to health and access HIV services without discrimination. It outlines how the project involves documenting human rights violations, advocacy efforts, and establishing a Legal Aid Unit to provide legal support to PLHIV facing barriers. The introduction provides global and national context on HIV policies, noting worldwide issues of stigma and discrimination against high-risk groups.
This document summarizes an article about investment and land conflicts in industrial areas in Indonesia. It discusses how industrial development policies related to investment can cause conflicts between citizens, companies, and the government over land use. The article analyzes the relevant laws and regulations regarding investment, land, and industry in Indonesia. It also examines theories of authority, good governance, and progressive law to understand how to resolve land conflicts in a way that promotes community welfare.
Reservation in Education, Employment, Beneficiary group of the reservation System, Excluded from the reservation system, Advantages and Disadvantages of reservation system,
Role of right to information act 2005 in the human developmentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the role of the Right to Information Act 2005 in human development in India. It discusses how the right to information empowers citizens and fosters accountability and transparency, strengthening democracy. It traces the history of freedom of information laws globally and in India. It describes how the Indian judiciary has recognized the right to information as part of free speech protections in the constitution. It also outlines some reasonable restrictions on the right to information related to issues like national security, privacy, and confidential sources. Overall, the document analyzes how the Right to Information Act supports human development in India by promoting an informed citizenry and accountable governance.
Social security aims to protect workers and their families from economic distress caused by sickness, maternity, disability, unemployment, old age and death. India has various social security schemes for both organized and unorganized sector workers run by the central and state governments. However, only a small portion of Indian workers are covered under these schemes. There are problems like lack of universal social security, poor social governance, and exclusion of large sections of informal workers. Expanding coverage and ensuring inclusive, participatory schemes is needed to achieve social security for all.
The document discusses India's reservation policies and affirmative action programs. It outlines that quotas exist for underrepresented groups like Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes in government jobs, public education, and political positions. Private companies like Tata have also voluntarily implemented affirmative action programs through initiatives like skills training and relaxed hiring criteria for disadvantaged groups. While the policies have increased representation, issues around merit dilution and lower productivity in private industry remain. An ideal solution would be to remove all reservation criteria and ensure non-discrimination.
IRJET- A Study on the Issues of Reservation Policies in IndiaIRJET Journal
This document discusses the reservation policy in India. It provides background on the historical development of reservation policies dating back to the 19th century British rule. Key events discussed include the establishment of the first and second Backward Classes Commissions in 1953 and 1979 (Mandal Commission). The Mandal Commission recommended 27% reservation for Other Backward Classes. The document also outlines provisions in the Indian Constitution related to reservation, such as Articles 15(4), 16(4), 46, 341-342. It analyzes the criteria used to identify socially and educationally backward classes for the purposes of reservation. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the history and current framework of India's reservation system.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar played a pivotal role in drafting the Constitution of India. As the chairman of the Drafting Committee, he ensured that the Constitution established India as a sovereign, democratic republic that protects fundamental rights and promotes equality. Key aspects he advocated for included a parliamentary democracy, a single judiciary system, a common civil code, and reservation of political seats for marginalized communities. His vision was for an egalitarian society without discrimination based on caste or class. The Constitution reflects Ambedkar's efforts to establish both social and economic justice for all Indians.
This document provides an assessment of 61 years of affirmative action/reservation policies in India. It argues that reservation was intended to be a temporary measure but has become a permanent fixture. Reservation undermines merit and promotes reverse discrimination. It has strengthened caste divisions rather than removing inequalities. After 60+ years, officially there are still no communities that have crossed barriers of backwardness. True equality will be achieved by increasing merit for all rather than through illusory policies like reservation.
The document discusses India's reservation policy, which aims to promote access to education and government jobs for historically disadvantaged groups. It provides a history of reservations from the late 19th century under British rule to their codification in the Indian Constitution in 1950. Key events include the Mandal Commission recommendations in 1980 to expand quotas to other backward classes, exceeding 50% in some states. Debate continues around the appropriate scope and implementation of reservations.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in international relations discussed in a political science class, including:
- Democracy and its key principles such as majority rule, protection of minority rights, and consent of the governed.
- Federalism and its features such as division of powers between central and state/provincial governments.
- The parliamentary system in India and features such as a ceremonial head of state, executive drawn from the legislature, and collective responsibility of ministers.
- Concepts in international relations like power, sovereignty, and the elements and limitations of national power, including international law, morality, and world public opinion.
This document discusses the politics of reservation in India. It begins with an introduction to the reservation system and its origins in the caste system. It then provides details on the history of reservation in India including the recommendations of the Mandal Commission which increased quotas for Other Backward Classes. The document outlines the various beneficiary groups that receive reservations including Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, women and religious minorities. It also discusses what the Indian constitution says about reservation and some of the debates around its implementation.
Effective Protection of Muslim Women under Family Law in Iran and IndiaAMU
This document discusses family laws in Iran and India as they relate to Muslim women's rights. It notes that Muslim women face discrimination under these laws, including minimum marriage ages, need for guardian permission to marry, polygamy, lack of women's autonomy, inheritance discrimination, and lack of domestic violence laws. Both Iran and India have laws that restrict Muslim women's rights in marriage and personal freedoms. The document argues that reforms are needed to these family laws to better protect Muslim women's rights and empower them to have equal status as men.
“Empowerment through information and communication technologies-women's persp...AMU
This document discusses the empowerment of women through information and communication technologies (ICTs) in India. It begins with an abstract and introduction discussing the importance of ICT access in promoting socioeconomic development and women's lives. It then provides background on government initiatives and legal frameworks in India related to gender equality and women's empowerment.
The main body discusses how ICTs like communication technologies and information networks can empower women by improving access to education, work opportunities, health services, and participation in decision making. It provides examples of specific ICT projects in India aimed at women. While ICTs provide opportunities, barriers like lack of technical skills and education in developing countries must still be addressed. Overall, the document argues that
advertising on trial - Truthful responsibility at the heart of advertising AMU
This document discusses misleading and false advertising. It begins by defining false and misleading advertising as any published claim that is deceptive or provides consumers with an incorrect understanding of a product. False advertising can result in financial loss or damage to consumers. The document then examines circumstances where trademarks can be used to mislead customers without legal sanctions. It argues for an alternative conception of trademarks' economic function to understand their informational value and advertising functions. The document concludes that proposed changes to India's Consumer Protection Bill are insufficient to eliminate discrepancies in how false advertising is interpreted.
Social Security in Informal Sector: A Myth or realityAMU
This document discusses social security for workers in India's informal sector. It provides an overview of India's social security system and the constitutional rights related to social security. While India has enacted some laws to provide social security benefits like health insurance and pensions, they mainly cover organized sector workers and do not adequately address the needs of unorganized sector workers who make up around 90% of the workforce. The Unorganized Workers Social Security Act of 2008 aims to provide welfare schemes for this group but it lacks dedicated funding, does not recognize social security as a right, and does not establish an empowered regulatory body to implement it effectively. Overall, the document argues that more needs to be done to expand social security coverage and protections to India's vast un
Study on Honor Killing as a Crime in India-Cause and SolutionsAMU
This document summarizes an article on honor killings in India, including causes and legal protections. Honor killings occur when family members believe a person has brought shame or dishonor, such as choosing one's own partner. Causes mentioned include refusing an arranged marriage, seeking divorce, pre-marital relationships, and in some cases just rumors. The document outlines protections against honor killings in the Indian Constitution regarding equality, life, and marriage choice. It also discusses international laws India has signed like CEDAW, which prohibit discrimination including in marriage. However, honor killings continue despite these legal frameworks.
Effective Protection of Refugees in Iran-With an Overview on Iran’s Internati...AMU
This document discusses refugee protection in Iran based on Iran's international responsibilities. It provides context on the large numbers of Afghan and Iraqi refugees hosted by Iran. It outlines the rights refugees have under Iran's domestic laws, including residency permits, access to healthcare and education, rights to employment and social security, freedom of religion, travel documentation and potential naturalization. It also discusses international agreements Iran is party to for facilitating voluntary repatriation of Afghan refugees when conditions allow in their home country. The document analyzes how effective implementation of international conventions combined with efforts of governmental and non-governmental organizations can help improve refugee protection in Iran.
"Unrecognized Burma Women as Refugee in India- They Need Protection against G...AMU
This document discusses the plight of Burmese Chin women refugees in India who face gender-based violence and lack of protection. It notes that between 75-80% of the world's refugees are women and children. The women refugees from Burma's Chin state in India lack access to education, jobs, healthcare, and freedom of movement. They are vulnerable communities facing discrimination. While India and international organizations have brought some attention to Burmese refugees, the situation of women refugees in India requires more effective policies and assistance to protect them from violence and improve their living conditions.
UNHCRrefugee policy, operation of ng os and women refugees’ empowerment in indiaAMU
UNHCR and NGOs play important roles in empowering women refugees internationally and in India. They provide skill development training programs that help women refugees gain economic independence and decision-making power within their families and communities. However, many challenges remain in fully implementing such programs and policies in India to meaningfully improve women refugees' lives. Greater state and international support is needed to review and strengthen livelihood programs that could make women refugees more self-sufficient and protected.
Effective Protection of Refugees in Iran-With an Overview on Iran’s Internati...AMU
This document discusses refugee protection in Iran based on Iran's international responsibilities. It provides context on the large numbers of Afghan and Iraqi refugees hosted by Iran. It then summarizes Iran's domestic laws and regulations regarding refugee rights, such as residency permits, employment, healthcare access, education, and pathways to citizenship. The document also discusses international agreements Iran is party to for facilitating voluntary refugee repatriation when conditions allow in countries of origin.
The Incident of Foot comfort company - A case studyAMU
The Foot Comfort company faced labor strikes due to outsourcing production to China, which workers feared would reduce incomes and jobs. The strikes lasted over 5 months, severely impacting the company. Negotiations increased wages but a new union refused renewed agreements. The company locked out 300 workers without proper notice, viewing it as a way to deter future strikes. However, this sacrificed employees and ignored legal requirements for dispute resolution processes between unions and management, exacerbating the conflict. The root issues included lack of job security assurances, ineffective communication, and passive management that failed to consider employee needs when implementing strategic changes.
Existence gaps in effective protection of refugees in iran with an overview ...AMU
This document discusses Iran's domestic laws regarding refugees and its international responsibilities for protecting refugees. It notes that Iran is host to one of the world's largest refugee populations, with around 1 million Afghan refugees and 28,000 Iraqi refugees registered in 2015. While Iran is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, there are gaps in effectively protecting refugees. The document examines Iran's refugee laws and regulations, refugee rights in Iran such as residency and work permits, but notes that most refugees remain in Iran illegally without full legal rights. It analyzes the waves of Afghan and Iraqi refugee influxes to Iran and their status. To better understand the refugee situation and protection gaps, the document argues that Iran's domestic refugee laws and international obligations
“Syrian Women Refugees and Their Human Rights – Recent Events and Challenges”AMU
This document discusses the human rights status of Syrian women refugees and challenges in effectively protecting their rights. It notes that women and children make up a large portion of refugees globally and face increased risks. While international laws exist to protect refugees, enforcement can be lacking, especially for women who face discrimination and human rights abuses both in their home countries and as refugees. The document calls for reforms to better identify and protect at-risk refugee women through improved legal protections and services that respect their basic rights, safety, and security.
This document is a master's thesis submitted to the Department of Political Science at Aalborg University in Copenhagen, Denmark in October 2014. The thesis examines the main obstacles to durable solutions for Tamil refugees in India who fled the civil war in Sri Lanka. It focuses on the case study of Tamil refugees who have been living in a state of limbo in India for almost 30 years. The author uses securitization theory to analyze how both the Indian and Sri Lankan governments have securitized the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) issue as well as the refugee issue, making local integration in India and repatriation to Sri Lanka difficult. National politics have played a major role in this behavior.
A team leader provides guidance, instruction, and leadership to a group to achieve results. As the learning advocate, the team leader should develop his capabilities by responding to identified concerns and reflecting on technical tasks. It is important for the team leader to allocate time to learn with the group to enhance capabilities, refine methodology, and encourage cross-project learning.
Development Programs in India“With an Overview on UNHCR’s Refugee Policy and...AMU
The document discusses refugee women in India and the importance of skill development training programs for them. It outlines several benefits of such programs, including helping refugee women gain knowledge, resources, decision-making power, and self-confidence. It also identifies some challenges refugee women face in accessing education and employment, such as economic hardships, domestic responsibilities, and cultural constraints. The document then highlights various examples of vocational training programs conducted in India for refugee women from Afghanistan, Myanmar, Somalia and other countries to teach skills like language, martial arts, weaving, sewing, and cooking. It emphasizes the need for India to implement stronger policies and strategies to better support refugee women through education, employment opportunities, and skill development.
Mukherji, the president of Goodwill Corporation, implemented a open door policy to improve upward communication and address employee issues. Through this policy, Mukherji was able to resolve complaints like one from Anand about his manager overcommitting the department. By facilitating a three-party meeting between Anand, his manager, and himself, Mukherji helped the manager recognize problems from Anand's perspective and make improvements to better support employees.
“Study on Actors and Activities in the Area of ICT and Women Empowerment in I...AMU
The document discusses ICT (information and communication technologies) and its role in empowering women in India. It defines ICT and women's empowerment. ICT can be a powerful tool for perpetuating gender disparities if women's specific needs within their social contexts are not considered. Key ways ICT can empower women include increasing educational opportunities, ensuring gender perspectives in projects, and designing appropriate technologies. However, barriers to women's access and use of ICT in India include poverty, illiteracy, socio-cultural norms, early marriage, language barriers, and lack of ownership of devices. Both government and non-government organizations are working on initiatives to promote women's empowerment through ICT, but gaps remain between
EVALUATING PERFORMANCE OF IRAN’S DOMESTIC LAWS ON EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF REF...AMU
Iran hosts one of the largest refugee populations in the world, with over 1 million registered Afghan refugees and 28,000 Iraqi refugees according to 2015 data. Iran's domestic laws provide some protections for refugees, including the ability to seek asylum, reside temporarily in camps while status is determined, and access basic services if registered. However, many refugees remain unregistered and lack full legal rights. Improving cooperation between Iran's domestic laws and neighboring countries could help create a more unified response to large refugee crises.
The document provides an overview of labor laws and dispute resolution mechanisms in India. It discusses:
1) The historical background of labor legislation in India and how the original colonial laws were modified for independent India.
2) The key objectives of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 which provides machinery for regulating employer-employee relations and settling disputes through collective bargaining, mediation, adjudication and other means.
3) The primary mechanisms established under the Act for settling disputes, including collective bargaining, mediation and conciliation, investigation, arbitration, and adjudication. Adjudication involves mandatory resolution of disputes by labor courts and tribunals.
Share capital refers to the portion of a company's equity obtained by issuing shares to shareholders in exchange for cash or assets. There are several types of shares including preference shares, which give shareholders preferential rights over equity shares. Preference shares can be cumulative, participating, convertible, or redeemable. Equity shares do not carry preferential rights and shareholders have voting rights. A company's share capital is divided into the authorized capital stated in its memorandum, the issued capital that has been subscribed for, and the subscribed capital representing amounts called and paid.
Whether it’s the rich western world of Europe and America where millions of refugees have landed in hope of asylum, or the South-East Asian countries like Malaysia, and Bangladesh, where thousands of Rohingya Muslims have entered from Buddhist Myanmar, the world is witnessing a refugee crisis far intense than ever before.
Although India has decided to deport nearly 40,000 Rohingyas, who illegally entered India from Myanmar and Bangladesh borders, but on the other hand, India is home to nearly 3 lakh refugees from 30 odd countries.
Apart from refugees from neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan and Bangladesh, India also houses refugees from rich western countries like the US, UK, France, Germany and Australia.
According to the latest available data which was presented by Minister Of State for Home Affairs Kiren Rijiju in March 2016, a total of 2,89,394 refugees living in India (as on 31/12/2014) from 28 different countries which also included stateless people. This the number of refugees living in India legally and doesn’t include the numbers of Rohingyas and Bangladeshi migrants living illegally in India.
This PPT shows the situation of Refugees in India
IRJET- India’s Refugee Policy: An Analytical StudyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research article about India's refugee policy. It discusses how India has historically taken a humanitarian approach to refugees, balancing national security with providing asylum, though it lacks dedicated refugee laws. While not a signatory to international refugee treaties, India's constitution protects individual refugees. The article analyzes different refugee groups in India, such as those from Tibet, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, and argues that India should develop formal refugee laws that incorporate international legal standards while still allowing flexibility for security concerns.
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND ITS CLASSIFICATION 8-3-23.pdfYuvaraj880160
The document discusses the fundamental rights and duties enshrined in the Indian constitution. It begins by outlining the six fundamental rights - right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies. It then discusses the fundamental duties added to the constitution via the 42nd amendment, including duties to abide the constitution, promote harmony and protect the environment. The document concludes by noting that rights and duties are interrelated and fundamental duties are moral responsibilities to uphold rights and unity in India.
The Mental Healthcare Act of 2017 aims to align existing Indian laws with international conventions on disability rights. It introduces reforms such as advance directives, parity with physical illnesses, regulating all mental healthcare facilities, and protecting patient liberties and rights. The Act is analyzed in relation to principles in the Indian Constitution such as socialism, justice, equality, liberty, dignity, and fraternity. It is found to uphold these principles by integrating mental healthcare into general healthcare, promoting non-discrimination and community living, and protecting the rights of those suffering from mental illness.
This document discusses cultural and educational rights for minorities in India. It outlines that India has many religious, linguistic and caste-based minorities and that minorities still face discrimination and violence despite constitutional protections. It defines minorities as numerically smaller groups distinguished by shared characteristics. The constitution guarantees minorities the right to conserve their own culture under Article 29 and the right to establish and administer their own educational institutions under Article 30 to prevent discrimination. The purpose of these rights is to allow minorities to preserve their cultures while integrating into mainstream society and ensuring equal opportunities and secular education for all citizens.
This document discusses India's legal framework for protecting refugees. It notes that while India does not have a specific refugee law, refugees are protected by constitutional provisions like the right to life and liberty. The judiciary has also played a role in protecting refugee rights. The UNHCR assists refugees in India by helping them obtain refugee status and ensuring voluntary repatriation. The document calls for India to adopt model refugee legislation to provide a uniform legal framework for protecting refugees.
A Power Point Presentation on the Social Security of Women in India. Students can easily avail the facts through the presentation and hope it will prove to be a helpful piece for the assignments.
The minorities recognized under the Indian constitution are Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis, and Jains. In 2014, Jains were added to the list of recognized minorities. Minority rights apply to citizens of India who are part of a minority group residing in India. Discrimination against minorities has frequently led to their exclusion from citizenship in newly independent states. This exclusion deprives many stateless persons, who often belong to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities, of citizenship.
This document discusses children's rights in India and highlights areas where children's rights are being violated. It begins by providing population statistics on children in India and data on issues like malnutrition, lack of access to education, child labor, and commercial sexual exploitation of children. It then summarizes key provisions from the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child related to education, child labor, protection of children, and rights of disabled children. However, it notes that many of the rights guaranteed by the convention are not enforced in Indian laws or courts. The document calls for stronger protection of children's rights in India.
The document discusses India's "Mission Justice" movement, which aims to secure freedom and rights for India's children, inspired by the Quit India Movement. It notes that while India gained independence in 1947, the rights of its large child population are still being violated. The movement demands that children's rights as outlined by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which India ratified in 1992, are properly implemented, as many Indian children still face issues like lack of access to education, child labor, malnutrition, and exploitation.
Mission Justice launches a movement in 2010 for the freedom and rights of 50 crore Indian children, similar to the Quit India Movement of 1942. The document outlines how children's rights in India are not being upheld based on the Convention on the Rights of the Child that India ratified in 1992. It summarizes some key issues like lack of access to education, child labor, child trafficking, and discrimination faced by disabled and girl children. It calls for implementing all articles of the convention through a single comprehensive law and specialized courts for children's issues.
The document launches a movement called Mission Justice to advocate for the rights of children in India, inspired by the Quit India Movement. It summarizes that while India has ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the rights laid out in the convention are not properly implemented in law. Large numbers of Indian children still face issues like lack of access to education, child labor, malnutrition, lack of healthcare, and child abuse. The document calls for stronger legislation and legal provisions to truly protect children's rights in India in line with the international convention.
The document launches a movement called Mission Justice to advocate for the rights of children in India, inspired by the Quit India Movement. It summarizes that while India has ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the rights laid out in the convention are not properly implemented in law. Large numbers of Indian children still face issues like lack of access to education, child labor, malnutrition, lack of healthcare, and child abuse. The document calls for stronger legislation and legal provisions to truly protect children's rights in India in line with the international convention.
This document discusses children's rights in India and highlights areas where India is not in compliance with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It provides statistics showing issues like lack of access to education, child labor, malnutrition, lack of healthcare, and commercial sexual exploitation of children. It summarizes key articles from the convention on rights like protection from exploitation, right to education, protection for disabled children. However, it notes that India has not properly enacted these rights into legislation and enforcement is lacking. The document calls for a single, comprehensive law to protect children's rights based on the principles of the convention.
This document provides sample solutions to assignment questions for the BSHF-101 EM course. It includes solutions to two 500-word questions and four 250-word questions on various topics related to the course content, such as fundamental rights, human security, the Renaissance, social structure, and more. The solutions provide concise yet comprehensive overviews of the key topics and concepts in 3 sentences or less for each question.
Indian constitution and social legislation fundamental rightsBimal Antony
The document discusses the Indian Constitution and social legislation in India. It provides an overview of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, including rights to equality, freedom of speech and religion, and protections against exploitation. It then discusses how various social legislation acts in India, such as those relating to child marriage, maternity benefits, and senior citizens' welfare, help safeguard these fundamental rights and promote social justice. The conclusion states that social workers can use social legislation as a tool to advocate for human rights and ensure justice for vulnerable groups.
This document summarizes human rights related to education and health in India. It discusses the right to education under international law and the Indian Constitution, noting that elementary education is compulsory. It identifies problems accessing education in Lavasa, such as lack of infrastructure and teachers. For health rights, it outlines the right to medical care and notes issues in Lavasa, including a lack of doctors, medicines, and nearby hospitals. It proposes solutions like awareness campaigns, government doctor services, and new hospitals. The document concludes by discussing international conventions on education rights.
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Misleading Advertising Strategies: Issues and ChallengesAMU
This document discusses misleading advertising and issues related to it. It defines misleading advertising as claims that give consumers an incorrect understanding of a product. Misleading ads can harm consumers through financial losses or other damages. The document outlines types of misleading claims and practices, laws related to misleading advertising in India, examples of misleading techniques, challenges, and recommendations which include making ASCI membership mandatory and establishing a comprehensive advertising law.
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This document reviews the integration of organizational strategy with human resource development (HRD) policies. It discusses how HRD, through personnel training, career development, and organization development, helps organizations meet changing needs, execute strategies, and influence stakeholders. The literature identifies that HRD must be strategic by contributing to goals and aligning with business strategy. HRD can shape goals and strategies, not just support them. Effective integration of HRD policies with organizational strategies requires assessing needs, developing integrated solutions, and achieving organizational outcomes.
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Syrian Women Refugees and Their Human Rights’ protection – Recent Events and ...AMU
The document discusses the challenges facing Syrian women refugees, including human rights violations they experience. It notes that women refugees face issues such as displacement, family separation, sexual and gender-based violence including rape and sexual slavery. They often take on roles as heads of household but struggle with lack of legal protections, healthcare access, poverty and discrimination. The document calls for reforms to better protect refugee women under international law and ensure their rights are upheld in refugee camps and host countries.
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The document discusses the key aspects of the proposed Consumer Protection Bill of 2015 in India. It aims to replace the older Consumer Protection Act of 1986 by addressing gaps and introducing radical changes to ensure speedy justice for consumers. Some key points discussed include establishing an independent regulatory authority, introducing product liability provisions, provisions for class action lawsuits and mediation, recognition of unfair contract terms, introduction of a cooling-off period for returns, and stricter punishments for offenses. The bill is intended to provide a more comprehensive framework that protects online consumers and addresses issues around e-commerce as compared to the older legislation.
Mukherji implemented an open door policy to improve upward communication in his company. Some employees used the policy to complain about issues like inadequate policies, procedures, and conflicts with managers. Mukherji addressed these issues by raising them with senior managers and facilitating meetings between complaining employees and their managers. In one case, an employee complained about being overworked by his new manager, who had no management experience. Mukherji arranged a meeting where the manager listened openly and realized he was in over his head, welcoming Mukherji's offer of help to do a better job.
An Accusation (Egypt Authority Caused The Bomb In The Church 2016) with Signa...Gerges francis
AN ACCUSATION (EGYPT AUTHORITY CAUSED THE BOMB IN THE CHURCH 2016)
(The Cathedral "El-Botrosyia" Church Bomb December 2016)
Written on Thursday 26th October 2023
THE ACCUSATION
I'm, the undersigned, Gerges Francis Tawdrous Gerges, provide A claim against Egypt authority tells "Egypt Authority Caused To Put The Bomb In The Church 2016"
In details- the bomb of El-Botrosyia Church (The Cathedral in Abbsia- Cairo) in 2016 is made by Egypt authority-Also the next 2 bombs in the churches of (Alexandria and Tanta) are made by Egypt authority- I provide the details and proves for this claim
THE ACCUSATION REASON
General / Ahmed Saeed- The Manager Of North Cairo Security caused to use the bomb in El-Botrosyia Church to kill me –
Gerges Francis Tawdrous Gerges – Egyptian- Christian- male – date of birth 9/10/1974
Passport No. A11263731 ID No. 27410090102716
THE ACCUSATION DETAILS
First- The Summary
The bomb in El-Botrosyia Church (The Cathedral in Abbsia- Cairo) is used to kill me- the person ordered to use it is the General/ Ahmed Saeed- The Manager Of The North Cairo Security Sector- when I had discovered this information, I had tried to inform our Pope (his holiness Tawadrous II), but I couldn't, And They know I have discovered this information for that they had to inform the president (Almost the bomb is used without the president knowledge)- as a result- The Egypt president /Abdel Fatah El Sisis he himself ordered to use the two other bombs in the churches of (Alexandria and Tanta) which are occurred after El-Botrosyia Church bomb- he did that as a cover by claim all bombs are made as terrorist works
(CONT)
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Mischief Rule of Interpretation by Puja Dwivedilegalpuja22
INTRODUCTION:-
Definition: The mischief rule is a principle of statutory interpretation used by courts to determine the intention of the legislature when the language of a statute is unclear or ambiguous.
Origin: Developed by English judges in the 16th century to ensure that laws achieve their intended purpose.
Objective: The rule aims to address the 'mischief' or problem that the statute was intended to remedy.
Heydon's Case (1584):-
Background: this landmark case established the mischief rule.
Principle: The court should consider four things:
What was the common law before the making of the Act?
What was the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide?
What remedy has Parliament resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the Commonwealth?
The true reason of the remedy.
Case Laws:-
Smith v. Hughes, 1960 WLR 830
Facts: Prostitutes were soliciting in the streets of London, causing law and order issues. The Street Offences Act, 1959 was enacted to address this problem. However, after the enactment, prostitutes started soliciting from windows and balconies.
Issue: Whether soliciting from windows and balconies falls under the purview of the Street Offences Act, 1959?
Judgment: The court applied the mischief rule, interpreting the statute to prevent solicitation by extending the definition of "street" to include windows and balconies. Thus, the defendants were held liable under the Act.
Pyare Lal v. Ram Chandra
Facts: Pyare Lal was prosecuted for selling sweetened supari adulterated with an artificial sweetener under the Food Adulteration Act. He argued that supari is not a food item.
Issue: Whether supari falls under the definition of "food" according to the Food Adulteration Act?
Judgment: Applying the mischief rule, the court interpreted "food" to include items consumable by mouth. Thus, the prosecution was upheld, considering the Act's aim to prevent adulteration of consumable items.
Kanwar Singh v. Delhi Administration, AIR 1965 SC 871
Facts: The Delhi Corporation Act, 1902 authorized the corporation to round up abandoned cattle. The MCD rounded up cattle belonging to Kanwar Singh, who argued that the term "abandoned" didn't apply to his cattle.
Issue: Whether the term "abandoned" in the statute applies to temporarily unattended cattle?
Judgment: Applying the mischief rule, the court interpreted "abandoned" to include temporary loss of ownership, thus upholding the corporation's action.
Efforts to Accelerate the Development of Gaming Industry in Indonesia Through...AHRP Law Firm
Presidential Regulation No. 19 of 2024 on the Acceleration of the Development of the National Game Industry was promulgated on 12 February 2024. This presidential regulation accelerated and optimized the potential of games in Indonesia as one of the growth sectors of the creative-based economy. Find out more our insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
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PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF REFUGEE LAW IN PROTECTION OF REFUGEES IN INDIA- SOCIAL SECURITY AND POVERTY REDUCTION
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PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF REFUGEE LAW IN PROTECTION OF REFUGEES
IN INDIA- SOCIAL SECURITY AND POVERTY REDUCTION
SHIMA AZIZI*
SEIED BENIAMIN HOSSEINI**
*
BAL, L.L.M, PhD Scholar in Law, Post-Graduate Department of Law & Research, University of Mysore, India
**B.A., L.L.B., PG Student in MBA, B.N. Bahadur Institute of Management Sciences (BIMS), University of Mysore, India
Abstract
In this research work, the researcher is going to consider the effects of existence and non-
existence of specific law in the protection of refugees regarding their social security rights
and poverty reduction in India. India covers 4.5 lack refugees from various countries,
including Tibet, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka Afghanistan, and Sudan. Therefore, it’s very
important to study how the presence or absence of particular law regarding refugees and their
social security rights in India can be effective in reducing poverty among them which lead to
improving their quality of life. The objectives of the present study are to analyze the various
legislations relating to refugees and specifically the various Articles connected to their
welfare and social security under international and national dimensions and to examine
problems belong to India’s refugees encounter to the pursuit of their life strategies.
Furthermore, there is need to consider the state responsibility for the effective protection of
refugee’s welfare. This study is based on secondary data. In this regard, various libraries were
visited and some online journals and websites were reviewed. Therefore the researcher will
prove that the presence law towards refugee’s community and their welfare and social
security rights is not so stable and adequate and unfortunately, the Indian governments are
not recognizing and implementing the provisions of international conventions for the
protection of interests of refugees inadequately.
Keywords: India, Social Security, Refugee, Poverty Reduction, Human Right, UNHCR, ILO
Introduction
The Republic of India is the country which has received millions of refugees since its
independence. The government of India recognizes Tibetans, Chakmas and Sri Lankan
Tamils as refugees. Therefore, some other refugees who are residing in New Delhi taken care
by the UNHCR including Afghan, Iranian, Bhutanese and refugees from Sudan and Somalia.
These persons are assisted by the UNHCR and provided international protection and
assistance under its mandate. In international context, the Refugee Convention 1951 defines
“Refugee” as “A person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of
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race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is
outside the country of his nationality and is unable, or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to
avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being
outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or,
owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.1
Under the same context, the right of social security is recognized as human rights and
established the right to social security assistance for those unable to work due to sickness,
disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment for old age. The right to social
security is interrelated and interdependent with other economic, social and cultural rights, in
particular, the right to an adequate standard of living, including the right to food and the right
to housing, the right to work and the right to protection of family.2
In fact, social security
must be provided for everyone without discrimination based on health status, race, ethnicity,
age, sex, sexuality, disability, language, religion, national origin, income or social status.
India’s basic responsibility towards refugee is only to ensure their survival until they are able
to return home and it has tried to provide social security, education, and medical security only
regarding particular groups of refugees and grants to refugees on its soil. But what if the
refugee environment at home is not conducive for them to return to? A person is secure when
his or her life is not threatened, therefore for the refugee; security implies the physical,
psychological, financial and social security. India has an important role in the treatment of
refugees because of its position as a leader in the south Asia and its generosity setting an
example for other states in the region. India shelters one of the largest refugee populations in
the world, but unfortunately, Indian policies are discriminatory and inequitable even to the
member of the same groups like Tibetan. Therefore, definitely, there is a need for India to
adopt basic standards in conformity with the international community in treatment for the
refugees. India in addition to creating a particular domestic law requires accepting
international assistance and gives an open hand to UNHCR and other NGOs to monitor
refugee groups. Therefore India must reform its refugee policies because it doesn’t have an
adequate legal basis and refugees might face an insecure and harsh future. Hence, the
researcher is going to consider the obligations of India under international and national
structure with the aim of effective protection of refugees inside of its borders.
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Refugees and Social Security Rights in India
Refugees naturally experience the problems as unorganized labour in India, that is,
Poverty, lack of adequate food and safe drinking water, large families, high rates of child
mortality, relatively poor health. Lack of health insurance and malnourished India has
reserved its rights to apply its own municipal law in relation to foreigners. It has handled the
influx of refugees at the political and administrative levels. The government controlled social
security system in India applies to only a small portion of the population. Generally, India’s
social security schemes cover the following types of social insurance; pension, health
insurance and medical, maternity, gratuity, and disability. While a great deal of the Indian
population is the unorganized sector and does not have an opportunity to participate in each
of these schemes, Indian citizens in the organized sector and their employers are entitled to
coverage under the above schemes. In this regards, UNHCR discussed possible timelines to
address issues like the issuance of long-stay visas and work permits of refugees. The
constitution of India also protects aliens including refugees so far as equally before the law
and protection of life and personal liberty is concerned. In short, Articles 14, 21, 25(1), 27
and 28(3) are relevant in the context of refugees. Under the Indian constitution, no person can
be deprived of his life and personal liberty of every human being be it a citizen or refugee.
The state government can tolerate threat by one group of person to another group of persons.
Therefore the state government must act impartially and carry out its legal obligations to
safeguard several aspects of refugee everyday life such as; Right to work and non-
discrimination, Right to travel to courts, Right to education, Employment on wages and
salaries, Right to public assistance, Right to social security, Right to life, business like
agriculture, art, cottage industry, Right to health and well-being, Right to choose their place
of residence and to move freely within territory.3
In India, refugees from different countries
are treated differently, for instance, some refugees get work permits but refugees from other
countries don’t enjoy these privileges. In India, refugees are being dealt under the Foreigners
Act 1946, but this law does not deal with the term ”Refugee”, and the term “Foreigners” is
used to cover aliens temporarily and permanently residing in the country. As it is clear, under
this Act foreigner simply defines as “a person who is not a citizen of India”. On the other
hand, citizenship is the legal foundation on which the entitlements of the citizens to demand
necessities such as universal education, shelter, a social security system and the right to
employment and a secure livelihood. regarding to this issue the national human rights
commission (NHRC) has submitted numerous reports urging the promulgation of a national
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law, or at least, making changes or amendment to the outdated Foreigner Act 1946, which is
the current law consulted by authorities with regard to refugees and asylum seekers, because
the primary and most significant lacuna in this law is that it does not contain the term
refugees and this lacuna places refugees along with immigrants and tourists in this broad
category and depriving them of privileges available under the Geneva Convention.4
Therefore
refugee status in India is an inadequate judicial base for an individual in order to access the
fruits of a nation.
It should be noted here that the refugees in India don’t have right to wage earning
employment, self-employment or profession, but they can do that with the permission of the
government of India. They are not usually allowed to undertake any work since India has a
large population of unemployed citizens. Livelihood is a must which enables a secure and
self-determined life. Only with income can a person at least have the opportunity to gain
social mobility. But always there is an exception, like Tibetan refugees in India that enjoy the
right to employment and they are independency involved in their economic activities that
sustain their lives. In India, the state has started providing health insurance for the poor
Indians who are living under the poverty line, but in this program, even the Tibetan refugees
have excluded from the social security system. Therefore, Malteser International, in
cooperation with the Central Tibetan administration and the Micro Insurance Academy, has
developed a community-based health insurance for Tibetans who are living in India. At least
23,000 Tibetans with now are able to protect themselves against unexpected health costs. The
health insurance model is based on the existing Indian system, which is still in its early
stages.5
The government of India proposed three approaches regarding Tibetan refugees
welfare these were; first, resettlement in agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry,
secondly establishment of centers for training refugees in the production and sale of Tibetan’s
handicrafts and thirdly, an establishment of small industries to be run and operated by
Tibetans. So, they are allowed to engage themselves in wage-earning employment in
agriculture, agro-industries and handicrafts specially set up for their rehabilitation. They are
also engaged in small business such as selling of handicrafts and winter clothes.6
Furthermore, Indian government granted the Tibetan refugee who entered the 1970s, Indian
Residential Certificate for identification purpose, permission to work, domestic travel rights,
Indian identity certificate which allowed them to travel outside India and medical treatment.7
Therefore, as the past decades the Tibetan community has lived peacefully side by side with
local communities.8
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But unlike Tibetan refugees, the major problems of Sri Lankan refugees in India are the
government policies prevent them from security employment and contributing to the welfare
of the society that ensures them to work as an exploited, informal and unorganized labor
force. For this reason, many of women refugees become the victims of sexual harassment and
wage discrimination.9
On January 26, 2014, the Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health
Insurance schemes have extended to those Sri-Lankan Tamil refugees who are living outside
camps maintained by the state government. This would benefit 34,826 persons, who have
registered themselves with the local police stations as refugees.10
But another group of
refugees like Chakma and Afghan refugees had to find ways of earning some money; usually,
they work as a farming season with the lower price in compare with local labors. And this has
often caused tension with local people. And some other refugees are involved in selling
essential commodities, vegetables and other items grown inside relief camps. And in worse
condition, refugees from Myanmar face difficulties in India because they are very poor and
have the lower level of awareness and education as compared to some other refugee
communities. Shashi Tharoor as parliamentarian in his book “India Shastra” writes refugees
who come from countries like Myanmar, Afghanistan, Iran or Somalia have had to bear
serious disadvantages owing to technical and legal issues.11
With an overview of situations which described above, can be realized that the Indian
government attempted to isolate the new problem rather than allow it to combine with the
already existing complex of problems, thus keeping the balance of the labour market
undisturbed, however many east Pakistan refugees, as well as other refugees in India are
often involved in economic activities since their labor could be purchased at a level lower
than the market price for labor so their services are hired by local landlords.12
In “NHCR Vs
State of Arunachal Pradesh” Supreme Court of India case study, a large number of Chakmas
from East Pakistan were displaced and in consultation with the erstwhile NEFA
Administration were settled. They were also allotted some land in consultation with local
tribal. In this case, chakmas refugees have complained that they are being subjected to
repressive measures with a view to forcibly expelling from the state of Arunachal Pradesh. In
1994 by NHCR the chakmas filed a complaint of the persecution. Under the judgment, the
state of Arunachal Pradesh shall ensure the life and personal liberty of each and every
Chakma and the Union of India shall provide such additional force to protect their life and
liberty. Therefore there should be special refugee labor program for employers and refugee
labours which can prevent of tension with host labourers.
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India and Its International Responsibility
The problems of refugees are of international character because the involvement of two or
more states in the sense that they flee from one state to another state. India’s policies toward
refugees are without United Nation supervision. The status of refugee in international law is
constituted by a complex network of national, regional and international laws. The legal
instruments on the international plane are included the 1951 United Nation convention on the
Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocols Relating to Status of Refugees. Under chapter III
of the Refugee Convention 1951, the contracting state has been put under obligation to
provide employment including self employment and to carry on profession on the basis of
most favorable treatment to be given to the foreign nationals in the same circumstances and
under chapter IV of same convention, welfare schemes have been provided to make available
to the refugees namely; rights pertaining to their movements, jobs, housing, public education
and social security in the country of their refuge. In this context, Article 24 of the 1951
Refugee Convention towards “Labor Legislation and Social Security” in Sub Article 1 states
that; “ The contracting states shall accord to refugees lawfully staying in their territory the
same treatment as is accorded to nationals in respect of the following matters such as
employment injury, occupational diseases, maternity, sickness, disability , old age, death,
unemployment, family responsibility and any other contingency which according to national
laws or regulations , is covered by a social security scheme.
But it must be said that India is not a signatory of this convention and its related protocol and
it does not even have a special refugee law. But on the other hand, India has taken numerous
steps and measures to fulfill its international obligations in respect of refugees. For instance,
India has acceded to 1977 International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and 1979
International Covenants on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Article 9 of the recent
convention states that; “the state parties to the present covenant recognize the right of
everyone to social security, including social insurance.” There are many international
instruments which are ratified by India and recognized social security rights for refugees,
such as;
1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in Art: 22 states that; “Everyone as a
member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization
through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the
organization and resources of each state of the economic, social and cultural rights
indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality”.
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2. India also is a party to the International Labour Organization’s Convention No: 18
provide social security for refugees and stateless persons in addition to other persons
in the territory of the signatory state. This convention had been guided by a desire to
apply migrant’s workers or refugees the same regulations which governed nationals.
Because not all states that would sign the refugee convention were also member of the
ILO. 13
.
In the less developed countries like India, where duties under the economic covenant are
often avoided by reliance either on the covenant‘s duty of progressive implementation or on
its authorization for poor states to exclude non- citizens from the scope of economic rights,
while in the developed countries the obligations under Article 24(1) (a) of the refugee
convention are immediately binding, and applicable to all state parties, provide an important
source of entitlement for refugees who might otherwise not have been able to insist on access
to any form of labour protection. In America as a member of 1951 Refugee Convention,
refugees are provided social security through SSI program which is administered by the
social security administration by temporary assistance for needy families. And those refugees
who are the permanent residence and have paid taxes into the social security system are
eligible for social security disability benefits. And in Australia, a refugee who has permanent
residence receives exactly the same social security benefits as citizens in the same
circumstances.
Also the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in general
comment No: 19 state that: “Refugees, stateless persons and asylum seekers, and other
disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, should enjoy equal treatment in
access to non – contributory social security schemes, including reasonable access to health
care and family support, consistent with international standards.” In monitoring states, the
CESCR has highlighted the right to social security of refugees, in both developed and
developing states, and asylum seekers awaiting a decision. It is noteworthy that Art: 2(3) of
the ICESCR allows developing countries to limit rights provided to non- nationals; “
developing countries, with due regard to human rights and their national economy, may
determine to what extent they would guarantee the economic rights recognized in the present
covenant to non – nationals.”14
But refugees cannot be deprived of this right completely like
what we're seeing in India.
The UNHCR in India as an international watchdog body helps particular groups of refugees
through following matters such as; registering and providing documentation to asylum-
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seekers and refugees, seeking long-term solutions for refugees, assisting refugees in
becoming self-reliant and developing the skills and ability to support themselves and their
families. The UNHCR also offers medical services to recognized refugees through the
Voluntary Health Association of Delhi (VHAD). The VHAD clinic provides limited medical
facilities and basic medicines free of cost to refugees. VHAD/UNHCR also refers patients to
government hospitals and reimburses medical expenses to a limited extent, only if the patient
is being treated at a government medical facility. but in the case of certain diseases and
specialized surgery, either refugee encounter to many financial difficulties or finally, they
leave their treatments. It should be noted here that UNHCR could not intervene due to lack of
access to many refugees and asylum seekers communities for ensuring effective monitoring
and implementation of its health, education and legal services.15
Moreover, Article, 51 of Indian Constitution fosters respect for international law and treaty
obligation in dealings of organized people with one another, but the Article has started with
“the state shall endeavor to, therefore this sentences does not denote any obligations of the
Indian state regard international law16
while the parliament has a duty to carry out the treaty
obligations to enact the municipal law for the purpose of incorporation. From one side, India
has tried to fulfill its international obligation by extending its humanitarian assistance and
provides all kinds of protection to the refugees who entered into its territory but on the other
side the sovereign governments are not recognizing and implementing the provisions of
international conventions adequately for effective protection and welfare of refugees.
Conclusion
It can be easily seen from the foregoing paragraphs that India continues to take a
humanitarian view of the problem of refugees. .India has not enacted a special law to govern
‘refugees’ and it has not provided constitutional solution against the enormous refugee
problems besetting the country yet. Therefore India needs to bring its refugee law into
conformity with the international community and combines with the humanitarian needs of
the refugees and the security interests of the state for reducing poverty among refugees and
improving their quality of life. Also, the restricted role of the UNHCR as the international
watchdog body provides the reason for Indian policymakers to establish the framework of a
uniform national law on refugees which would be beneficial to the interest of the three main
parties namely the government of India, UNHCR and the refugee communities themselves.
The uniform national law helps to overcome on unequal and discriminatory treatment
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imposed on the refugee population by the Indian government or the other. Therefore, India
must reform its refugee policies and create particular determination of refugee term under
Foreigners Act 1946 through amendments or additions which help to distinguish refugees
from labour migrants. It is really clear that India through this amendment can better protect
this group of people who are residing inside of its borders. The determination of refugee’s
term can solve the problem of unwanted migrant workers who are receiving refugee status,
which is a major problem facing India. India also can formulate such a law in accordance
with the Tibetan refugee situation and the rights they enjoy as a model that can be entitled to
other types of refugees in India with purpose of effective protection of refugees and poverty
reduction among these vulnerable groups by providing them more self-sufficient and
protecting them from unexpected health problems.
References
1. Article 1(2), 1951 United Nation Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee
2. ARJUN NAIR, National Refugee Law for India, Benefits and Roadblocks, published by: Institute of
Peace and Conflict Studies , New Delhi, 11 December 2007
3. ATHITHAN JAYAPALAN, Refugee Status and Citizenship; The Refugee of Sri Lankan Tamils in
India, Published by: Counter Currents.org, 2012
4. BEN SAUL,DAVID KINLEY AND JACQUELINE MOWBRAY, The International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Commentary, Cases, and Materials, published by: Oxford
University Press, 2014
5. B.S CHIMNI, International Refugee Law, published by: SAGA Publication , New Delhi, 2000
6. JAMES C. HATHAWAY, The Rights of Refugees under International Law, Published by:
CAMBRIDGE University Press, 2005
7. PRAFULLA KUMAR NAYAK, Protection of Refugees; A Humanitarian Crisis in India, published by:
Law College Puri Odisha,
8. SNEHAL FADNAVIS, Women Refugees in India, Problems and Perspectives, Published by: Dattsons,
2007
9. Http://infochangeindia.org/agenda/migration-a-displacement/unhcrs-role-in-refugee-protection-in-
india.html
10. Http//www.malteser-international.org, Accessed on: 31/01/2016/ 1:45PM
11. Http//www.wcl.american.edu. Accessed on: 18/01/2016
12. Http//www. UNHCR.org.in, Accessed on: 07/01/2016, 9:45PM
13. Http/en.wikipedia.org, Accessed on: 17/01/2016
14. M. Hindustantimes,com/India, Accessed on: 14/sep/2015. 10:16 ISI
1
Article 1(2), 1951 United Nation Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee.
2
Http/en.wikipedia.org, 17/01/2016
3
PRAFULLA KUMAR NAYAK, Protection of Refugees; A Humanitarian Crisis in India, published
by: Law College Puri Odisha, p: 1
4
ARJUN NAIR, National Refugee Law for India, Benefits and Roadblocks, published by: Institute of
Peace and Conflict Studies , New Delhi, 11 December 2007. P:1
5
http//www.malteser-international.org, 31/01/2016/ 1:45PM
6
SNEHAL FADNAVIS, Women Refugees in India, Problems and Perspectives, Published by:
Dattsons, 2007, p: 231-232
7
http//www.wcl.american.edu. 18/01/2016
8
B.S CHIMNI, International Refugee Law, published by: SAGA Publication , New Delhi, 2000, p: 482
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9
ATHITHAN JAYAPALAN, Refugee Status and Citizenship; The Refugee of Sri Lankan Tamils in
Inida, Published by: Counter Currents.org, 2012
10
http//www.UNHCR.org.in, 07/01/2016, 9:45PM
11
M. Hindustantimes,com/India, 14/sep/2015. 10:16 ISI
12
B.S CHIMNI, International Refugee Law, published by: SAGA Publication , New Delhi, 2000, p:
502
13
JAMES C. HATHAWAY, The Rights of Refugees under International Law, Published by:
CAMBRIDGE University Press, 2005,p: 766
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