IFT which stands for Interferential Therapy is one of the types of electrotherapy used for the management of pain. The principle of interferential therapy is to cause two medium frequency currents of slightly different frequencies to interfere with one another. For example, if circuit A carries a current with the frequency of 4000Hz and Circuit B carry a current with a frequency of 3980 Hz, then the low frequency produced will be 20 Hz and this frequency is very useful in pain modulation. A new low-frequency current known as the beat frequency is equal to the difference in frequencies between the two medium frequency currents produced in the tissues at the point where the two currents cross.
It is basically used for the treatment of Chronic, Post Traumatic, and Post-surgical pains. The basic principle involves the utilization of effects of low frequencies (<250pps) without painful or unpleasant side effects. The major advantage of IFT is that it produces effects in the tissue, exactly where required without unnecessary and uncomfortable skin stimulation. This technique is widely used to elicit muscle contraction, promote healing and reduce edema.
Vector effect: The interference field is rotated to an angle of 450 in each direction, the field thus covers a wider area. This is useful in diffuse pathology or if the site of the lesion cannot be accurately localized.
Frequency swing: Some equipment allows a variation in the speed of the frequency swing. A rhythmic mode may be a continuous swing from 0 to 100 Hz in 5-10s and back in similar time or it may hold for 1-6s at one frequency followed by 1-6s at another frequency with a variable time to swing between the two.
Constant frequency: Some treatments may be carried out with the interference fixed at a certain frequency. Rhythmic frequency is useful if several types of tissues are to be treated at once. A variation in the frequency also overcomes the problem of tissue accommodation where the response of a particular tissue decreases with time.
WORKING PRINCIPLE: Interferential current therapy works by sending small amounts of electrical stimulation to damaged tissues in the body. The therapy is meant to boost the body's natural process of responding to pain, by increasing circulation thus produces hormones that promote healing. IFT delivers intermittent pulses to stimulate surface nerves and block the pain signal, by delivering continuous deep stimulation into the affected tissue. IFT relieves pain, increases circulation, decreases edema, and stimulates the muscles. A frequency of 100Hz may stimulate the large diameter A-beta fibers, which have an effect on the pain gate, and inhibit the transmission of small-diameter nociceptive traffic ( C and A-delta fiber), which effectively closes the gait to painful impulses. Interferential current Increases the circulation of blood thus reduces swelling.
This document discusses galvanic current and its use in stimulating denervated muscles. It defines galvanic current as a direct, unidirectional current that can cause pain due to its unidirectional nature. Interrupted galvanic current is introduced to overcome this by providing regular pauses in stimulation. Stimulating denervated muscles with galvanic current can help limit atrophy and edema until reinnervation occurs. Precautions must be taken when applying galvanic current due to potential dangers like burns or electric shock.
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are produced by rectifying alternating current into monophasic pulses. There are two main types - half wave rectification produces pulses with a duration equal to the interpulse interval at the original frequency, while full wave rectification produces continuous pulses at twice the original frequency. The pulses from diadynamic currents have a duration of 10ms, causing sensations from vibration to pain depending on intensity. Different current types like MF, DF, CP and LP are used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and preventing accommodation effects. Precautions must be taken due to the electrochemical changes and potential skin damage from the currents.
Electrical stimulation involves using a medium-frequency current to stimulate nerves and muscles. Specifically, it uses a 2500 Hz sinusoidal alternating current delivered in bursts at 50 Hz intervals of 10 ms on and 10 ms off. This Russian current protocol of 10 seconds on, 50 seconds rest, repeated for 10 cycles over 10 minutes was found to be effective for generating muscle fatigue. The stimulation aims to synchronously depolarize sensory and motor fibers, activate fast motor units, and strengthen muscles through electrically evoked contractions against an external load.
Micro-current is a treatment that uses a very small electrical current to stimulate cellular activity and speed up metabolism in tissues. It can tighten skin, reduce wrinkles and lines, and lift sagging muscles. A full course of micro-current treatments involves 10-12 sessions over 5-6 weeks, with different wave forms and programs targeting circulation, lymph drainage, lifting, and firming. Regular micro-current can help delay the signs of aging by promoting collagen and elastin production.
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
Modified galvanic current, or interrupted direct current, is a type of electrical stimulation where a direct current is pulsed on and off at regular intervals. The document discusses how this current is produced using a source, transistors, and a timer circuit. It describes the physiological effects of interrupted direct current such as sensory stimulation, hyperemia, electrotonus, pain relief, and accelerated healing. The document also provides guidelines for administering interrupted direct current and lists contraindications.
This document discusses pulsed shortwave therapy (PSWT), which delivers pulsed electromagnetic energy in short pulses with time gaps between. PSWT uses a similar 27.12MHz frequency as traditional shortwave diathermy but with lower mean power of 2-5W. It results in non-thermal tissue heating through effects on cell membranes and ion transport. PSWT is shown to increase healing factors like white blood cells in wounds and reduce edema and inflammation. Treatment doses and contraindications are provided. PSWT is compared to traditional shortwave diathermy, with PSWT having non-thermal rather than thermal effects.
The document discusses microwave diathermy (MWD), including its properties, production, therapeutic effects, indications, contraindications, and precautions. MWD uses electromagnetic waves between 300 MHz to 300 GHz to generate heat in superficial tissues up to 3 cm deep. It can be used to treat pain, muscle spasms, inflammation and other conditions affecting small, superficial areas like joints, muscles, and tendons. Proper application and monitoring are needed to avoid risks such as burns.
Medium Frequency Currents in Physiotherapy SRSSreeraj S R
Interferential therapy (IFT) is a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation technique developed in the 1950s. It involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents (usually around 4000 Hz) intersecting within tissues at a low frequency (150 Hz in the example) to induce an amplitude-modulated interference waveform. This allows IFT to achieve pain relief, muscle stimulation, increased blood flow and edema reduction similar to low frequency currents, but with improved skin tolerance due to the lower skin impedance at medium frequencies. IFT devices generate interference patterns within tissues using various modes like static, dynamic or bipolar applications of the modulated waveforms.
The document discusses ultrasound therapy, including its introduction, production, physiological effects, application techniques, methods, indications, and contraindications. Specifically, it explains that ultrasound therapy involves using high-frequency sound waves to treat soft tissue injuries and conditions. It describes how piezoelectric crystals or transducers are used to produce the therapeutic ultrasound and discusses direct contact and indirect immersion and bladder application as methods of delivery. The document also lists common uses of ultrasound therapy such as for soft tissue injuries, sprains, and arthritis, as well as who should avoid it like those with cancer lesions or metal implants.
Diadynamic currents are also called Bernard's currents based on a sine wave with a frequency of 50Hz. Due to the ease of generation of this current shape, they have been known almost from the beginning of electrotherapy, and their influence on the human body has been thoroughly studied.
This document discusses high volt pulsed galvanic stimulation (HVPGS), a type of neuromuscular stimulator that uses high voltage, low amperage, short pulses to penetrate deep tissues. HVPGS can produce muscle contractions and chemical changes, and is used for analgesia, wound healing, and other clinical applications. It allows for deep penetration without risk of tissue damage. Physiological effects include increased range of motion, edema reduction, and accelerated wound healing. Common indications are adhesive capsulitis, bursitis, cervical sprain, and post-operative conditions. Treatment involves 30-40 minute sessions 3 times per day.
Fluidotherapy is a heating modality that uses a stream of heated air to fluidize fine particles like corn cob inside a cabinet. This creates air pockets and bubbles that transmit heat and tactile stimulation to the body part inside. It works by convection to transfer heat from the circulating heated air and particles to increase blood flow and assist with pain relief. The fluidized particles allow limbs to float freely and exercise to be performed inside the cabinet. Research studies have found fluidotherapy may help reduce edema but is not effective for improving hand function in rheumatoid arthritis patients. It also does not provide as much rewarming for mild hypothermia as warm water immersion.
Contrast bath therapy involves soaking an injured area in alternating hot and cold water baths to increase blood flow and decrease joint stiffness. The temperature changes from hot to cold and back again produce a "pumping effect" that helps remove swelling through improved venous and lymphatic drainage. A full contrast bath treatment consists of soaking in warm water for 10 minutes, cold water for 1 minute, repeated three times, ending with warm water. Contrast baths can help relieve pain, stiffness and swelling through induced vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels.
Interferential therapy is a form of electrical stimulation that uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency beating effect deeper in the tissues. It can provide analgesic, anti-inflammatory and muscle stimulation effects. IFT is applied using electrode pads or probes placed on the skin over the treatment area. Parameters like frequency, intensity, and application time can be modified based on the condition being treated. Common indications include pain, muscle spasm, edema, and post-surgical issues. Proper application and monitoring of settings is needed to provide benefit safely.
The document discusses strength duration curves, which plot the electrical stimuli needed to elicit a muscle contraction over a range of stimulus durations. It describes how to perform the test and interpret the results, including details on:
- Plotting S-D curves after 20 days post-injury to assess innervation status
- The typical shape of normal, denervated, and partially denervated curves
- Additional metrics that can be measured from S-D curves like rheobase and chronaxie
- Factors that can influence the curves and what different curve patterns indicate
Physiological and therapeutic uses of low frequency(F/G) currentsThangamani Ramalingam
This document provides a history of electrical stimulation and its applications from 420 BC to modern times. It discusses types of electrical stimulators, how stimulation works at the cellular and tissue levels, and applications such as muscle contraction, tissue regeneration, pain management, and more. The basic model of electrotherapy is described involving generator, electrodes, and tissue. Parameters for different treatment applications are outlined including muscle re-education, strengthening, range of motion, and denervated muscle stimulation. Safety considerations and contraindications are also covered.
Sinusoidal current produces a sine wave alternating current of 50 Hz, giving 100 pulses per second with durations of 10ms each, alternating direction 50 times in each direction. It is produced from mains power by reducing the voltage to 60-80v using a step down transformer. When passed through the body, sinusoidal current causes changes in ion concentrations at cell membranes, producing muscle contraction in nerves and ionic movement in other tissues. It is commonly used to cause rhythmic muscle contractions and relieve pain and reduce swelling by alternately changing cell membrane permeability. Indications include pain and pain/swelling, while contraindications include skin lesions, infections, and impaired sensation.
This document provides an overview of interferential current therapy. It discusses the history and principles of interferential current, including how two alternating medium frequency currents intersect to produce amplitude modulation at a low frequency. It describes parameters like frequency, dosage, sweep patterns and techniques like bipolar and quadripolar application. The physiological effects of interferential current like pain relief, muscle stimulation and increased blood flow are explained. Indications, contraindications and precautions for its use are also summarized.
Interferential therapy involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents through tissues simultaneously. This causes the currents to interfere with each other, producing a low frequency interference current. The interference current has characteristics of low frequency stimulation and can be used therapeutically. Proper positioning of electrodes is important to ensure the interference effect occurs in the desired treatment area. Parameters like amplitude, frequency, and sweep time can be adjusted to achieve different physiological effects for various indications. Common electrode types used include plate and vacuum electrodes.
Interferential therapy is a form of electrical stimulation that uses two medium frequency currents between 4000-5100 Hz to generate low frequency interference currents between 1-100 Hz at targeted tissue depths. This allows for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increased blood flow and lymphatic drainage without the limitation of skin resistance. Electrodes are placed diagonally over the area of interest and current intensity is gradually increased until felt by the patient. Contraindications include coagulation issues, arterial disease, infections and pacemakers. Typical applications are for pain, swelling, muscle stimulation and tissue healing.
Interferential therapy involves applying medium frequency alternating currents between 1000-10,000 Hz to the body. It is produced by the interference of two medium frequency currents, creating a beat frequency current that can penetrate tissues more easily than direct or low frequency currents. The beat frequency current flows maximally along diagonal paths through the tissues. Interferential therapy can be used to reduce pain, increase blood flow and reduce edema. It has various applications for pain relief, muscle stimulation and stress incontinence. Care must be taken with proper electrode placement and settings to avoid potential dangers like burns. Research studies have shown interferential therapy can help reduce fibromyalgia pain and improve sleep quality.
1) Interferential therapy involves applying two alternating medium-frequency currents that intersect in the body tissue to produce an interference beat frequency current for therapeutic purposes.
2) The beat frequency current can stimulate different tissues at different frequencies - nerves at 1-150Hz, muscles at 1-100Hz, increasing blood flow at 10-25Hz, and reducing edema at 1-10Hz.
3) Indications for interferential therapy include relief of chronic pain, absorption of exudates, and stress incontinence. General contraindications include pacemakers, malignancy, and infections. Local contraindications include open wounds and metal in the skin.
Interferential therapy involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents intersecting in the body to produce a low frequency interference current. This current is able to penetrate deeper into tissues than direct current, allowing for pain relief and muscle stimulation. The interference current is modulated to create a beat frequency effect. Different electrode types and application methods exist to target specific areas. Physiological effects include reducing pain, increasing blood flow and muscle stimulation. Treatment parameters like frequency, duration and method of application are chosen based on the condition and treatment goals.
The document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), including its principles, working mechanisms, and applications. IFT involves applying two medium frequency currents simultaneously to generate low frequency interference currents in the body. Key points include:
- IFT uses medium frequencies between 1000-10,000 Hz to generate low frequency currents from 50-150 Hz. This allows for deeper, more comfortable current penetration.
- IFT can be applied using bipolar, static quadripolar, or vector scan quadripolar methods depending on the treatment area and desired effects.
- Physiological effects include pain relief, muscle stimulation, increased blood flow, and edema reduction depending on the frequency used.
Medium frequency currents between 1000-10000 Hz are used therapeutically for pain management and wound healing. Rebox, Russian, and interferential currents are types of medium frequency currents. Interferential currents use two medium frequencies (e.g. 4000 Hz and 3900 Hz) that interfere in tissues to produce a low frequency beat current for deep tissue treatment without skin irritation. Common applications include pain, muscle spasm, edema, and delayed bone healing.
1. Interferential stimulation uses two alternating currents at different frequencies to generate interference currents that can effectively stimulate deep tissues with less discomfort than other forms of electrical stimulation.
2. The quadripolar technique positions four electrodes around the painful area so that the interference currents branch off at 45 degree angles, maximizing treatment within this area.
3. Interferential stimulation units allow adjustment of settings like intensity, beat frequency, mode, and time to customize treatment for conditions like pain, spasm, edema, and delayed union.
It is a direct current named after inventor Dr.L. Galvani. 2. Its direction of polarity is constant and passing continuously in one direction only, so termed as constant direct current. 3. Because of its unidirectional property, when applied to a muscle tend to contract and remain in that position till it is brought to zero, which seems to be very painful. GALVANIC CURRENT
This document provides an overview of electrical stimulation including:
- Definitions of terms like knobology, different current types (AC, DC, pulsed), and reasons for using electrical stimulation like pain reduction and muscle re-education.
- Guidelines for treating pain, muscle re-education, edema prevention and reduction with electrical stimulation.
- Details on setup terms like amplitude, frequency, and duty cycle.
- Contraindications and common mistakes to avoid.
- References for further information.
Interferential Current or therapy for Physiotherapy studentsSaurab Sharma
This lecture intends to provide general outline about the uses, parameters, precautions and contraindications of interferential current for undergraduate physiotherapy students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal. After the lecture, students will explore the evidences about current practices on the uses of IFT in various musculoskeletal pain conditions, critically appraise them and present the evidences to the class.
ELECTROTHERAPY PPT by sonot thakuria AmchSonotThakuria
The document summarizes various types of electrotherapy used in physical therapy. It discusses the history of electrotherapy and describes different currents used including direct current, faradic current, alternating current and pulsed current. It then explains the physiological effects of different electrotherapy modalities like TENS, IFT, ultrasound therapy and shortwave diathermy. Each modality is defined and their applications, techniques, indications and contraindications are outlined.
This document provides information on transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), interferential therapy (IFT), and paraffin wax bath therapy. It describes how each therapy works, including parameters and modes. It outlines indications and contraindications. For TENS, it discusses waveform, frequency, pulse width, amplitude and types (conventional, acupuncture-like, brief intense, burst mode). For IFT, it explains the interference of two medium frequencies. For paraffin wax bath, it describes the unit, application methods, and physiological effects of increased heat and circulation.
Ultrasound therapy uses high frequency sound waves to create effects in the body. There are thermal and non-thermal effects. Thermal effects occur when ultrasound is used to heat tissues, potentially increasing flexibility. Non-thermal effects are thought to be from cavitation and acoustic streaming. Cavitation involves gas bubble formation, while acoustic streaming disturbs fluid flow. Together these effects can increase cell membrane permeability and metabolic activity. Proper ultrasound dosage considers frequency, intensity, pulse ratio, and treatment duration to target specific depths and achieve desired effects while avoiding harm.
This document provides information on different electrotherapy modalities including TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation), IFT (interferential therapy), UST (ultrasound therapy), SWD (short wave diathermy), and WAX. It defines each modality, describes their mechanisms and effects, appropriate frequencies and intensities used, electrode placement, indications, contraindications, and examples of common conditions treated. TENS uses low frequency electrical currents to reduce pain through gate control theory and pain modulation. IFT delivers two interfering currents to generate a beat frequency deep in tissues for pain relief. WAX involves applying molten paraffin wax to provide localized heat therapy for conditions like arthritis.
This document discusses various forms of electrotherapy used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. It describes galvanic current, diadynamic current, interferential therapy, and TENS. Galvanic current directly stimulates muscle without activating nerves. Diadynamic current comes in various forms that can stimulate muscles or affect the autonomic nervous system. Interferential therapy uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency effect for pain relief and muscle stimulation. TENS is a form of electrical stimulation that decreases pain by activating sensory nerves via surface electrodes.
Interferential therapy involves using two medium frequency alternating currents delivered through electrodes placed on the skin. The interference of these currents produces a low frequency amplitude-modulated current that can penetrate deep tissues without the pain of direct low frequency stimulation. It is used to relieve pain, increase blood flow, reduce swelling, and stimulate muscle and soft tissue healing. Parameters like amplitude-modulated frequency, current intensity, and treatment duration are adjusted based on the condition and desired physiological effects.
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Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates at which chemical reactions occur and the factors that influence these rates.
Importance in Pharmaceuticals: Understanding chemical kinetics is essential for predicting the shelf life of drugs, optimizing storage conditions, and ensuring consistent drug performance.
Rate of Reaction: The speed at which reactants are converted to products.
Factors Influencing Reaction Rates:
Concentration of Reactants: Higher concentrations generally increase the rate of reaction.
Temperature: Increasing temperature typically increases reaction rates.
Catalysts: Substances that increase the reaction rate without being consumed in the process.
Physical State of Reactants: The surface area and physical state (solid, liquid, gas) of reactants can affect the reaction rate.
Exploring Alternatives- Why Laparoscopy Isn't Always Best for Hydrosalpinx.pptxFFragrant
Not all women with hydrosalpinx should choose laparoscopy. Natural medicine Fuyan Pill can also be a nice option for patients, especially when they have fertility needs.
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Case presentation of a 14-year-old female presenting as unilateral breast enlargement and found to have a giant breast lipoma. The tumour was successfully excised with the result that the presumed unilateral breast enlargement reverting back to normal. A review of management including a photo of the removed Giant Lipoma is presented.
Causes Of Tooth Loss
PERIODONTAL PROBLEMS ( PERIODONTITIS, GINIGIVITIS)
Systemic Causes Of Tooth Loss
1. Diabetes Mellitus
2. Female Sexual Hormones Condition
3. Hyperpituitarism
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Primary Hyperparathyroidism
6. Osteoporosis
7. Hypophosphatasia
8. Hypophosphatemia
Causes Of Tooth Loss
CARIES/ TOOTH DECAY
Causes Of Tooth Loss
CAUSES OF TOOTH LOSS
Consequence of tooth loss
Anatomic
Loss of ridge volume both height and width
Bone loss :
mandible > maxilla
Posteriorly > anteriorly
Anatomic consequences
Broader mandibular arch with constricting maxilary arch
Attached gingiva is replaced with less keratinised oral mucosa which is more readily traumatized.
Anatomic consequences
Tipping of the adjacent teeth
Supraeruption of the teeth
Traumatic occlusion
Premature occlusal contact
Anatomic Consequences
Anatomic Consequences
Physiologic consequences
Physiologic Consequences
Decreased lip support
Decreased lower facial height
Physiologic Consequences
Physiologic consequences
Education of Patient
Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
Establishment and Verification of Occlusal Relations and Tooth Arrangements
Initial Placement Procedures
Periodic Recall
Education of Patient
Informing a patient about a health matter to
secure informed consent.
Patient education should begin at the initial
contact with the patient and should continue throughout treatment.
The dentist and the patient share responsibility for the ultimate success of a removable partial denture.
This educational procedure is especially important when the treatment plan and prognosis are discussed with the patient.
Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, Design, Treatment, Sequencing, and Mouth Preparation
Begin with thorough medical and dental histories.
The complete oral examination must include both clinical and radiographic interpretation of:
caries
the condition of existing restorations
periodontal conditions
responses of teeth (especially abutment teeth) and residual ridges to previous stress
The vitality of remaining teeth
Continued…..
Occlusal plan evaluation
Arch form
Evaluation of Occlusal relationship through mounting the diagnostic cast
The dental cast surveyor is an absolute necessity in which patients are being treated with removable partial dentures.
Mouth preparations, in the appropriate sequence, should be oriented toward the goal of
providing adequate support, stability,
retention, and
a harmonious occlusion for the partial denture.
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
A base made to fit the anatomic ridge form does not provide adequate support under occlusal loading.
The base may be made to fit the form of the ridge when under function.
Support for Distal Extension Denture Bases
This provides support
Pharmacotherapy of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)HRITHIK DEY
This PowerPoint presentation provides an in-depth overview of the pharmacotherapy approaches for managing asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It covers the pathophysiology of these respiratory conditions, the various classes of medications used, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and the latest treatment guidelines. Designed for students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory pharmacology, this presentation offers a comprehensive understanding of current therapeutic strategies and advancements in the field.
POTENTIAL TARGET DISEASES FOR GENE THERAPY SOURAV.pptxsouravpaul769171
Theoretically, gene therapy is the permanent solution for genetic diseases. But it has several complexities. At its current stage, it is not accessible to most people due to its huge cost. A breakthrough may come anytime and a day may come when almost every disease will have a gene therapy Gene therapy have the potential to revolutionize the practice of medicine.
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A comparative study on uroculturome antimicrobial susceptibility in apparentl...Bhoj Raj Singh
The uroculturome indicates the profile of culturable microbes inhabiting the urinary tract, and it is often required to do a urine culture to find an effective antimicrobial to treat UTIs. This study targeted to understand the profile of culturable pathogens in the urine of apparently healthy (128) and humans with clinical UTIs (161). In urine samples from UTI cases, microbial counts were 1.2×104 ± 6.02×103 colony-forming units (cfu)/ mL, while in urine samples from apparently healthy humans, the average count was 3.33± 1.34×103 cfu/ mL. In eight samples (six from UTI cases and two from apparently healthy people) of urine, Candida (C. albicans 3, C. catenulata 1, C. krusei 1, C. tropicalis 1, C. parapsiplosis 1, C. gulliermondii 1) and Rhizopus species (1) were detected. Candida krusei was detected only in a single urine sample from a healthy person and C. albicans was detected both in urine of healthy and clinical UTI cases. Fungal strains were always detected with one or more types of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more commonly (OR, 1.98; CI99, 1.01-3.87) detected in urine samples of apparently healthy humans, and Gram -ve bacteria (OR, 2.74; CI99, 1.44-5.23) in urines of UTI cases. From urine samples of 161 UTI cases, a total of 90 different types of microbes were detected and, 73 samples had only a single type of bacteria. In contrast, 49, 29, 3, 4, 1, and 2 samples had 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 types of bacteria, respectively. The most common bacteria detected in urine of UTI cases was Escherichia coli detected in 52 samples, in 20 cases as the single type of bacteria, other 34 types of bacteria were detected in pure form in 53 cases. From 128 urine samples of apparently healthy people, 88 types of microbes were detected either singly or in association with others, from 64 urine samples only a single type of bacteria was detected while 34, 13, 3, 11, 2 and 1 samples yielded 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and seven types of microbes, respectively. In the urine of apparently healthy humans too, E. coli was the most common bacteria, detected in pure culture from 10 samples followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (9), S. intermedius (5), and S. aureus (5), and similar types of bacteria also dominated in cases of mixed occurrence, E. coli was detected in 26, S. aureus in 22 and S. haemolyticus in 19 urine samples, respectively. Gram +ve bacteria isolated from urine samples' irrespective of health status were more often (p, <0.01) resistant than Gram -ve bacteria to ajowan oil, holy basil oil, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamon oil, but more susceptible to sandalwood oil (p, <0.01). However, for antibiotics, Gram +ve were more often susceptible than Gram -ve bacteria to cephalosporins, doxycycline, and nitrofurantoin. The study concludes that to understand the role of good and bad bacteria in the urinary tract microbiome more targeted studies are needed to discern the isolates at the pathotype level.
2. Outline
#abcd
Introduction
Principle of production
Modes
Methods of application
Dosages
Setting of apparatus
Techniques of application
Physiological effects
Contraindication
Indication
3. Introduction
Interferential therapy: a form of electrical treatment using medium
frequency currents to produce a low frequency current of low
frequency effects.
also called nemac’s current
medium frequency currents = a current with frequency ranging between
1000Hz to 10,000Hz
Interference: the combination of two or more electromagnetic waveforms
to form a resultant wave in which the displacement is either reinforced or
cancelled
4. Greater penetration
Higher tolerance
Comfort over the low frequency current
Effects are produced in the tissues where they are required without unnecessary
or uncomfortable skin stimulation.
Can be used for pain relief as well as for muscle stimulation.
Why Interferential therapy ?
5. The problem associated with application of low frequency current (faradic,
sinusoidal current) is very high skin impedance that results in pain thereby
discomfort
𝑍 = 1/2𝜋fc
Abbrevations
Z = skin impedance in ohms
f = frequency of current in hertz
c = capacitance of skin in microfarad
When low frequency current(frequency=50-60Hz) is applied
- skin resistance is 3200Ω
When medium frequency current(frequency=4000Hz) is applied
- skin resistance becomes 40Ω
IFT over low frequency current
6. 𝐼 = 𝑉/(𝑅 + 𝑟)
Abbreviations
I = Applied current
V = Voltage
R = Skin resistance (remains constant)
r = Skin resistance developed due to applied current
When low frequency current is applied
- R(developed skin resistance) is large thus produces pain and
discomfort
When medium frequency current is applied
- R(developed skin resistance) is small thus produces comfort with
higher penetration and higher tolerance
7. Principle of production
Interference effect:
It uses two medium frequency currents that crosses in patient tissue
One of the medium frequency current is kept constant at 4000Hz(at these
frequency tissue generates minimum impedance)
The other current is varied between 3900 to 4100 Hz
The point of interference or the point of intersection of currents produces
a low frequency current
This point of interference effects a beat frequency (treatment frequency,
amplitude modulated frequency), which is equal to the difference between
two medium frequency currents.
8. Channel / Circuit A = 4000 Hz
Channel / Circuit B = 3900 Hz
Beat frequency = Frequency of (channel A – channel B)
Also called as amplitude modulated frequency or frequency of
treatment
Produced at the point of intersection
Can be varied by varying the frequency of second circuit
9. Concept of beat frequency
At the point of intersection
When two peaks of amplitude are in the same direction coincides the resultant
amplitude will be at maximum, called summation of frequency
When two peaks of amplitude are in the opposite direction thus the resultant
amplitude will be the difference of two, called cancellation of frequency
same phase
opposite phase
11. Mode
- Can be pre selected on the machine
constant
mode
rhythmic
- both the currents are kept constant
- a constant beat frequency is produced
Ex. 10, 20, 50, 100 Hz
-one current is kept constant while other is
variable
- a variable beat frequency is produced
Ex. 20Hz to 80Hz for 6 sec
12. Rhythmic = beat frequency is variable = frequency surge(from lower to higher value and
back)
Prevents accommodation
The pattern and timing of this modulation is usually adjustable in some time called
the spectrum
Allows the beat frequency to change automatically regularly between some present
pair of frequency over a specified time period called frequency modulation /
frequency swing / frequency sweep.
Ex. 20Hz to 80Hz for 6 sec
Importance of rhythmic beat frequency
Lower
frequency
Higher
frequency
Swinging time
14. Methods of application
Depending upon
- area to be treated
- extent of effect required whether deep or superficial
method
bipolar
quadripolar
vector scan
static
- static interference
- area in which IFT s set up remains
stationary
- clover leaf appearance
- lies at 45˚ from each electrode
dynamic interference
15. Electrode placement
Electrode positioning should ensure adequate coverage of the area for
stimulation.
Correct and proper positioning of electrodes is important for effective and
purposeful delivery, and it depends upon-
1. Size of electrodes: size is directly proportional to area
2. Distance of placement of electrodes: distance is inversely
proportional to intensity
3. Types of electrode placement: bipolar or quadripolar
17. Importance of electrode placement
depth of modulation and amplitude is determined by
positioning of electrodes
using larger electrodes will minimize patient discomfort
closely spaced electrodes increase the risk of superficial tissue
irritation and possible damage and skin burn
18. Types of electrodes
commonly used
Suction electrode
Pad electrode
Pad electrode with
sponge cover
Self adhesive
pad electrode
- Used especially for larger body areas
like the shoulder girdle, trunk, hip,
knee
- Believed to be its effect in blood
flow and circulation
19. Quadripolar method
Four electrodes are used in two pairs which colour coded
Placement: placed diagonally, opposite to one another
Produces deep effect i.e. modulation is 100 % and amplitude is
greatest
20. VECTOR SWEEP SCANNING:
also called ROTATING VECTOR SYSTEM or DYNAMIC INTERFERANCE FIELD
SYSTEM
by varying the current amplitude of circuit with respect to other,
leads to movement of clover leaf pattern of maximum modulation to
inflow through 45˚ in the region of intersection
21. Vector Scan
When two equal forces intersect, maximum result is
halfway between the two forces(45˚)
Clover leaf appearance:
maximum current modulation as
due to the submission of two
currents by varying the current
amplitude of circuit with
respect to other, leads to
movement of clover leaf
pattern: VECTOR SWEEP
SCANNING
23. Bipolar method
Two electrodes are used one of each pair
Placement: placed diagonally, opposite to one another so that treatment are
lies in between
In this case currents are superimposed such that single current is produced
Interference occurs throughout the reason between two electrode
Useful for small areas
Produces superficial effect i.e. more sensory stimulation than four pole
technique.
27. Depends upon
1. Intensity
2. Duration
3. Area to be treated
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
= 1
i.e. for larger areas a current of higher intensity is required or vice versa to produce
effective therapeutic effect
When applying on rhythmic mode Intensity is gradually increased till patient feels
comfortable
Dosages
28. Duration:
A. For acute cases: low intensity with shorter time
- once or twice a week
B. For subacute and chronic cases: high intensity with longer
- three to four times
29. Frequency setting: constant or variable
Intensity
Time: short or long
Mode: static or rhythmic
Setting up the apparatus
30. Inspection of skin: cleaning the skin
Insulation of wounds over area of application: applying petroleum jelly
Positioning of electrodes: positioned so that the crossing points of two currents is
over or within the lesion
Selection of parameters
Educating the patient
Techniques of application
31. Physiological effect of IFT
Clinical application of IFT therapy is based on peripheral nerve stimulation
Depends upon
- Magnitude of current: a current with minimum intensity to overcome the
threshold of nerve fibre is necessary for stimulation.
- Mode: whether rhythmic or constant
- Frequency range: EX. a frequency of 100 Hz stimulates large diameter nerve fibers
while that of 15 Hz small diameter fibres get stimulated
- Electrode positioning: distance between electrodes, accuracy of electrodes
32. Pain relief: activation of pain gait control mechanism
Shorter duration pulse at frequency of 100 Hz stimulates large diameter
nerve fibres (higher frequencies(90-130Hz) stimulates the pain gate mechanism)
At frequency of 15 Hz small diameter fibres get stimulated (lower frequencies
(2-5Hz) activates the opioid mechanism, thus providing a degree of relief)
Increased circulation is also thought to decrease pain
Increased blood flow: stimulation of autonomic nervous system leads to muscle
contraction or by local pumping effect
to achieve a greater effect stimulation was applied via suction electrodes
a frequency sweep of 10-30 Hz is observed to be most effective
33. Motor stimulation: innervated muscles will contract at frequency between 1 to
100 Hz
at frequency 5 to 20Hz: twitch / partial tetany is produced
at frequency 30 to 100Hz: tetanic contraction is produced
in rhythmic mode a complete range of muscle contraction is produced
most effective motor nerve stimulation appears to lie between 10 and 25 Hz
Absorption of exudates: a rhythmic frequency of 1-10 Hz produces a rhythmic
pumping action.
Also believed its role in stimulating healing and repair
34. IFT over TENS for pain reduction
Produced low frequency interference of IFT is characterized with
benefits over TENS as
subsiding unpleasant effects like pain, discomfort and skin
irritation
greater penetration
treatment area is large for the same setup
NOTE: Every device has it’s own therauptic value, above
comparisons are made on common parameter for same therauptic
effect.
35. Contraindication
Arterial disease: stimulatory effect may produce emboli
DVT: can dislodge thrombus
Acute Infection: can exaggerate acute infection
Patient with pacemaker: may alter the function
Malignant tumor: can metastasize
Large open wound: charge accumulation
Over insensitive areas: may leads to burns
Over uterus of a pregnant women
Very young or very old patients
36. Indication
Widely used for relief of pain, for example
• Low back pain
• Periarthritis shoulder
• Osteoarthritis knee
• Chronic ligamentous lesion
• Fibrositis
• Neuralgia
• Sprain and strain
Chronic edema
Hematoma: during first 24 Hrs. together with ice packs it is useful for resolution
of hematoma
Stress incontinence and urinary incontinence
37. IFT over Faradic current(faradism under pressure) for edema reduction
Why IFT ?
Stronger contraction
Easier setup (bandaging is not needed but in cases area becomes problem
while placing electrodes in quadripolar method)
NOTE: Every device has it’s own therauptic value, above
comparisons are made on common parameter for same therauptic
effect.
38. Incontinence
Urinary
Incontinence
Stress
incontinence
Involuntary loss of urine due
to loss of sphincter control
Most common in women,
secondary to child birth
Treatment parameters
A sweep of 10-100 Hz is used
Frequency of 10-15 Hz stimulates the pelvic floor muscles
Frequency of 5-80 Hz stimulates the autonomic nerves system
Treatment is given 2-3 times weekly
39. Electrode placement
One electrode from each channel is placed on the lower abdomen
above the outer half of inguinal ligament
The other two electrodes are placed on the upper part of the inner
aspect of the thighs, near the origin of adductors
Patient position
Stride sitting or stride lying
May vary from condition to condition