1) Galvanic current is a steady direct current that can have pulse durations between 1-300 ms, though 100 ms is most common, and requires 30 pulses per minute.
2) There are two types - constant galvanic current which moves in one direction at a constant strength, and modified galvanic current which is interrupted direct current.
3) Galvanic current can cause muscle contraction, stimulate sensory and motor nerves, and increase blood flow and skin redness. It is also used in cosmetics for skin cleansing and nourishing through iontophoresis.
Sinusoidal current produces a sine wave alternating current of 50 Hz, giving 100 pulses per second with durations of 10ms each, alternating direction 50 times in each direction. It is produced from mains power by reducing the voltage to 60-80v using a step down transformer. When passed through the body, sinusoidal current causes changes in ion concentrations at cell membranes, producing muscle contraction in nerves and ionic movement in other tissues. It is commonly used to cause rhythmic muscle contractions and relieve pain and reduce swelling by alternately changing cell membrane permeability. Indications include pain and pain/swelling, while contraindications include skin lesions, infections, and impaired sensation.
a detailed description on theory behind Strength duration curve, along with procedure for plotting SD Curve and measuring the Rheobase and Chronaxie of the plotted graph.
The document provides information on different types of low frequency therapeutic currents, including:
1) Faradic current, which is a short-duration interrupted current ranging from 0.1-1 msec at 50-100 Hz, used to produce near normal muscle contraction and relaxation.
2) Galvanic current, which is a direct current that flows continuously in one direction, and an interrupted form used for denervated muscle stimulation.
3) Sinusoidal currents, which are evenly alternating 50 Hz waves similar to mains current, providing 100 pulses per second.
4) Diadynamic currents, which are variations of sinusoidal currents involving single or double-phase rectification of alternating current produced
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
The Faradic Galvanic (FG) test assesses lower motor neuron problems by stimulating muscles with different electric currents. A brief tetanic contraction indicates intact innervation, while a sluggish response suggests denervation. The test involves using faradic current to search for motor points and elicit fast contractions in innervated muscles. Galvanic current then produces slow contractions in denervated muscles. However, the FG test is inaccurate and unreliable, correctly interpreting muscle reactions in only 50% of cases.
The high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulator (HVPGS) delivers a high voltage, low amperage, short duration electrical current as a twin-peak monophasic waveform up to 300 volts to produce both mechanical muscle contractions and chemical changes in the body. It has been used clinically for over 45 years to treat various musculoskeletal conditions through analgesia, muscle stimulation, and wound healing. The high voltage allows for deep tissue penetration without risk of tissue damage due to its low total current. Typical treatments last 30-40 minutes, 3 times per day.
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), including its history, principles, instrumentation, applications, effects, and precautions. Some key points:
- IFT was developed in the 1950s and involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents slightly out of phase to produce a low frequency effect for therapeutic purposes.
- The interference of the currents produces an amplitude-modulated frequency that can stimulate tissues in a manner similar to low frequency electrotherapy.
- IFT is used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increasing blood flow, and reducing edema through its physiological effects on tissues from 10-150 Hz.
- Proper electrode placement and current parameters are important to achieve the intended effects while avoiding contraindic
This document discusses pulsed electromagnetic energy (PEME) therapy. PEME uses non-thermal pulses of electromagnetic energy to stimulate tissues for therapeutic purposes. It can increase ATP production, alter cell membranes, decrease inflammation, and increase healing. PEME is used to treat neurological conditions like radiculopathies and neuropathies, musculoskeletal issues like fractures and strains, psychological disorders, and general wounds and sores. Contraindications include pregnancy, menstruation, metal implants and recent radiation therapy.
This document discusses laser therapy, including its production, types, effects, applications, and techniques. It begins by defining laser as light amplified by stimulated emission of radiation. It then describes the key properties of lasers as monochromaticity, coherence, and collimation. It discusses the different types of lasers based on lasing medium (ruby, HeNe, diode) and intensity (high power, low power). The physiological and therapeutic effects of lasers are outlined, including effects on wound healing, pain relief, and inflammation. Applications such as wound healing and reducing pain and inflammation are indicated. The document concludes by describing techniques for laser application and important parameters like wavelength, energy density, and dosage.
Diadynamic currents are a variation of sinusoidal currents that are produced by rectifying alternating current into monophasic pulses. There are two main types - half wave rectification produces pulses with a duration equal to the interpulse interval at the original frequency, while full wave rectification produces continuous pulses at twice the original frequency. The pulses from diadynamic currents have a duration of 10ms, causing sensations from vibration to pain depending on intensity. Different current types like MF, DF, CP and LP are used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, and preventing accommodation effects. Precautions must be taken due to the electrochemical changes and potential skin damage from the currents.
The document discusses ultrasound therapy, including its introduction, production, physiological effects, application techniques, methods, indications, and contraindications. Specifically, it explains that ultrasound therapy involves using high-frequency sound waves to treat soft tissue injuries and conditions. It describes how piezoelectric crystals or transducers are used to produce the therapeutic ultrasound and discusses direct contact and indirect immersion and bladder application as methods of delivery. The document also lists common uses of ultrasound therapy such as for soft tissue injuries, sprains, and arthritis, as well as who should avoid it like those with cancer lesions or metal implants.
This document summarizes fluidotherapy, a dry heating modality. It transfers heat to the body through convection using a cabinet containing heated air and finely ground cellulose particles. This creates a fluid-like medium allowing limbs to float and exercises to be performed. Key effects include increased blood flow, pain relief and improved range of motion. It is used to treat distal extremities for conditions like pain, swelling and post-operative rehabilitation. Contraindications include fever, anesthesia or severe circulatory issues. Advantages include ease of use and allowing some active exercise in a comfortable, dry environment.
Ultraviolet radiation covers a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light and X-rays. It is divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC based on wavelength. UV is produced by mercury vapor lamps and fluorescent lamps and can cause both immediate and long term effects on skin like erythema, pigmentation, vitamin D production, and skin cancer. The dosage of UV exposure depends on the lamp output, distance from the skin, exposure time, and individual skin sensitivity. UV therapy is used to treat conditions like psoriasis, acne, and eczema.
1) Interferential therapy involves applying two alternating medium-frequency currents that intersect in the body tissue to produce an interference beat frequency current for therapeutic purposes.
2) The beat frequency current can stimulate different tissues at different frequencies - nerves at 1-150Hz, muscles at 1-100Hz, increasing blood flow at 10-25Hz, and reducing edema at 1-10Hz.
3) Indications for interferential therapy include relief of chronic pain, absorption of exudates, and stress incontinence. General contraindications include pacemakers, malignancy, and infections. Local contraindications include open wounds and metal in the skin.
Ultraviolet radiation can be used therapeutically to treat various skin conditions. It has both immediate physiological effects like erythema, tanning, and long term effects like aging and cancer. There are different types of UV generators that produce UVA, UVB or UVC. Dosage is carefully determined based on skin type and response. PUVA treatment uses oral photosensitizing drugs before UVA exposure to treat conditions like psoriasis. Precautions must be taken with UV therapy due to risks of overexposure like burns, aging and skin cancer.
Functional re-education aims to retrain patients' movements and activities that they already know but cannot properly perform due to illness or injury. The goal is to increase independence through a tailored program of progressive exercises. Exercises may include rolling, sitting, kneeling, standing, and walking activities. Principles include thorough assessment, task-specific treatment, and avoiding discouragement to build confidence and independence over time.
Galvanic current is a low frequency, interrupted direct current with pulse durations over 1ms up to 300ms and frequencies under 50Hz. It was discovered in the 1780s by Luigi Galvani and can cause contraction of denervated muscles through sluggish contractions, stimulation of sensory nerves resulting in pain sensations, and stimulation of motor nerves at high intensities. Therapeutically, galvanic current is used to retard muscle atrophy and substitute for normal muscle contraction in denervated muscles by slowing structural and functional changes like loss of activity and fibrosis through electrical stimulation. It can also be used facially to reduce dullness, fine lines, wrinkles, and improve elasticity and oxygen supply.
Micro-current is a treatment that uses a very small electrical current to stimulate cellular activity and speed up metabolism in tissues. It can tighten skin, reduce wrinkles and lines, and lift sagging muscles. A full course of micro-current treatments involves 10-12 sessions over 5-6 weeks, with different wave forms and programs targeting circulation, lymph drainage, lifting, and firming. Regular micro-current can help delay the signs of aging by promoting collagen and elastin production.
Microwave diathermy (MWD) uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range to generate heat in tissue. MWD uses a magnetron to produce microwaves with frequencies commonly between 300 MHz to 300 GHz. These short wavelength microwaves generate strong electrical fields that cause heating through ionic movements and molecular distortion within tissues. MWD provides superficial heating that is more localized than shortwave diathermy and penetrates deeper than infrared radiation. Key uses of MWD include reducing pain, swelling and muscle spasm in inflammatory conditions like tendinitis as well as accelerating healing for injuries and infections.
A faradic current is a short duration interrupted direct current with a pulse duration of 0.1-1 ms and frequency of 50-100 Hz. It produces a biphasic, asymmetrical and spiked waveform. Faradic currents are used to produce near normal tetanic-like muscle contractions and relaxations. When applied to nerves and muscles, it causes sensory stimulation, muscle contraction, reduced swelling and pain, and increased metabolism. Faradic current is indicated for muscle reeducation, maintaining range of motion, loosening adhesions, and replacing orthosis. It involves placing electrodes on muscles or nerve trunks and gradually increasing and decreasing intensity to cause contraction and relaxation.
This document provides information about faradic currents, including:
1. Faradic current is a short-duration, interrupted current with pulse durations between 0.1-1 ms and a frequency of 30-100 Hz. It produces a near-normal tetanic contraction and relaxation of muscle.
2. Faradic current stimulates motor nerves, causing muscle contraction. It can reduce swelling and pain by altering cell membrane permeability.
3. Faradic current has applications in muscle re-education, training new muscle actions, and improving venous drainage. It should be applied with precautions to avoid burns or shocks.
Faradic current is a short duration, interrupted electrical current used for muscle stimulation. It produces asymmetrical, biphasic waveforms. Faradic currents are surged to produce near-normal tetanic muscle contractions and relaxations. They are produced via a circuit consisting of two parallel triode valves. Faradic currents stimulate motor nerves to cause muscle contraction if the intensity is high enough. They are used diagnostically and therapeutically for conditions like muscle weakness and nerve damage. Proper application and parameters are important to achieve benefits while avoiding dangers like burns.
Faradic currents are short duration, interrupted biphasic currents used therapeutically. They stimulate motor nerves causing muscle contraction. Faradic currents have several effects including sensory nerve stimulation, motor nerve stimulation, and chemical changes in the cell membrane. They are used clinically to facilitate muscle contraction, strengthen muscles, and improve range of motion. Contraindications include skin lesions and certain dermatological conditions. Faradic currents are applied using group muscle stimulation or motor point stimulation techniques. Precautions must be taken to avoid burns and ensure appropriate stimulation parameters.
Contrast bath therapy involves alternating immersion of a body part in cold then warm water. It treats soreness, swelling, and inflammation from injuries or conditions like sprains or carpal tunnel by increasing blood circulation and lymph flow through vasodilation and vasoconstriction induced by temperature changes.
PHYSIOTHERAPY IN VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGYDrKanteshkumarMJ
• The growing interest in physiotherapy and rehabilitation within small animal practice presents a few challenges for the veterinary surgeon.
• There is an expectation among the public, and within veterinary law, that veterinary practitioners should be the experts on physiotherapy and rehabilitation for animals, but current training does not prepare them for this role.
• While the non-specialist vet and nurse can easily and effectively provide simple physiotherapy modalities with just basic training, qualified veterinary physiotherapists can offer a new dimension to the small animal practice and bring additional expertise and skills to the veterinary team.
• The integration of physiotherapy in practice can help to improve outcomes and promote a positive, caring image to clients.
• Hopefully, when the established post-graduate programs of study begin to produce quality research the scientific evidence base for animal physiotherapy will broaden and strengthen, ultimately enhancing the quality of overall veterinary care.
• Physiotherapy has immense potential as an alternative treatment. It is cost effective and nowadays, this important branch is also rapidly becoming recognized tool in the prevention, cure and rehabilitation of many equine, canine and feline injuries.
Electric muscle stimulation physiotherapy.pptxRexSenior
Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) uses electrical currents to cause muscle contractions and strengthen weak muscles. Different types of currents such as faradic and galvanic are used depending on if the muscle is innervated or denervated. A strength duration curve shows the relationship between stimulus magnitude and duration, and can indicate the state of a nerve lesion by its shape. Parameters like frequency, pulse duration, and amplitude must be set properly for safe and effective EMS treatment.
This document discusses principles of physiotherapy in orthopedics. It covers various physical therapy modalities like heat therapy, cold therapy, electrical stimulation, therapeutic exercises and aquatic therapy. Heat therapy is used to reduce pain, increase blood flow and relax muscles. Cold therapy is applied after injuries to reduce pain, swelling and muscle spasm. Electrical stimulation modalities like TENS and interferential current are used to manage pain. A comprehensive exercise program including range of motion, strengthening and functional exercises is important for rehabilitation. Group and aquatic physiotherapy can provide additional benefits.
Electrical modalities use different forms of energy to penetrate tissues and provide relief from pain, swelling, and promote healing. Common modalities include TENS, which uses electrical stimulation to modulate pain, NMES which causes muscle contraction, and iontophoresis which delivers medication transdermally using low-level electrical currents. Occupational therapists are trained to appropriately apply modalities like these to address goals like pain management, increased range of motion, and wound or fracture healing as part of a client's occupational therapy program. Precautions and contraindications must be considered for safe application of each modality.
This document discusses the principles and techniques of physiotherapy, with a focus on its applications in orthopedics. It outlines the aims of physiotherapy to treat, correct, and prevent disability and deformity. A variety of physical therapy techniques are described, including heat therapy, cold therapy, electrical stimulation, therapeutic exercises, and aquatic physiotherapy. Heat therapy is used to reduce pain and stiffness, while cold therapy aims to reduce pain, swelling, and muscle spasm after injury. Different types of exercises like range of motion, strengthening, functional, and conditioning exercises are covered. The document emphasizes the role of physiotherapy in rehabilitation after fractures and injuries to help restore full function.
Principles of physiotherapy in special reference to orthopaedicsDrSiddique H. Ranna
This document discusses the principles and techniques of physiotherapy, with a focus on its applications in orthopedics. It outlines the aims of physiotherapy to treat, correct, and prevent disability and deformity. A variety of physical therapy techniques are described, including heat therapy, cold therapy, electrical stimulation, therapeutic exercises, and aquatic physiotherapy. Heat therapy is used to reduce pain and stiffness, while cold therapy aims to reduce pain, swelling, and muscle spasm after injury. Different types of exercises like range of motion, strengthening, functional, and conditioning exercises are covered. The document emphasizes the importance of rehabilitation for all fractures and injuries to restore function.
This document discusses various forms of electrotherapy used to treat musculoskeletal disorders. It describes galvanic current, diadynamic current, interferential therapy, and TENS. Galvanic current directly stimulates muscle without activating nerves. Diadynamic current comes in various forms that can stimulate muscles or affect the autonomic nervous system. Interferential therapy uses two medium frequency currents to produce a low frequency effect for pain relief and muscle stimulation. TENS is a form of electrical stimulation that decreases pain by activating sensory nerves via surface electrodes.
ELECTRO THERAPY CURRENT USE IN CLINICAL CASES angelickhan2
1. TENS would be used to manage the pain from osteoarthritis of the knee. Specifically, conventional/high TENS with a high frequency of 40-150 Hz, low intensity current of 10-30 mA, and short pulse duration of up to 50 microseconds would be applied for 30-60 minutes.
2. Conventional TENS works by pre-synaptic inhibition to suppress pain signals to the brain and encourage the body's natural painkillers. It can help control arthritis pain without additional drugs.
3. TENS is a safe and effective first-line treatment for many pain conditions, including osteoarthritis of the knee.
This document provides information about electrical muscle stimulation (EMS). It defines EMS as a protocol that elicits muscle contraction through electrical impulses directly stimulating motor neurons. It discusses the use of low frequency currents, including alternating current (Faradic current) and direct current. Faradic current uses short impulses less than 10ms to stimulate normal muscles, while direct current can be used to stimulate denervated muscles. The document also outlines various techniques for EMS application and contraindications for its use.
Different types of low frequency currents.pdfeyobkaseye
Electrotherapy uses low-frequency electric currents to stimulate the peripheral nervous system and control pain or cause muscle contraction. There are three main types of currents used: direct current, alternating current, and pulsed current. Direct current flows in one direction, alternating current changes direction continuously, and pulsed current consists of short bursts of current separated by intervals. The effects of electric currents depend on their characteristics like amplitude, frequency, pulse width, and rate of rise. Lower amplitudes preferentially stimulate sensory nerves while higher amplitudes can recruit motor nerves and cause muscle contraction or pain. Short pulse widths allow selective stimulation of motor and sensory fibers.
this ppt material is about physiotherapy techniques in animal, this is all about how we can aid our pets with physiotherapy treatment for their wealth.
This document discusses ultrasound and electrotherapy. It describes how ultrasound uses mechanical vibration to generate heat in tissues. Different coupling methods like gels or immersion can be used depending on the treatment area. Electrotherapy can stimulate muscles or nerves to help with conditions like pain, edema, or muscle atrophy. Electrical currents are used to induce muscle contraction or stimulate sensory nerves according to the gate control or descending pain theories of treatment. Placement of electrodes can target specific tissues or structures.
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
Split Shifts From Gantt View in the Odoo 17Celine George
Odoo allows users to split long shifts into multiple segments directly from the Gantt view.Each segment retains details of the original shift, such as employee assignment, start time, end time, and specific tasks or descriptions.
How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
How to Show Sample Data in Tree and Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
AI Risk Management: ISO/IEC 42001, the EU AI Act, and ISO/IEC 23894PECB
As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, understanding the complexities and regulations regarding AI risk management is more crucial than ever.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 42001 standard, which provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems within organizations
• insights into the European Union's landmark legislative proposal aimed at regulating AI
• framework and methodologies prescribed by ISO/IEC 23894 for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with AI systems
Presenters:
Miriama Podskubova - Attorney at Law
Miriama is a seasoned lawyer with over a decade of experience. She specializes in commercial law, focusing on transactions, venture capital investments, IT, digital law, and cybersecurity, areas she was drawn to through her legal practice. Alongside preparing contract and project documentation, she ensures the correct interpretation and application of European legal regulations in these fields. Beyond client projects, she frequently speaks at conferences on cybersecurity, online privacy protection, and the increasingly pertinent topic of AI regulation. As a registered advocate of Slovak bar, certified data privacy professional in the European Union (CIPP/e) and a member of the international association ELA, she helps both tech-focused startups and entrepreneurs, as well as international chains, to properly set up their business operations.
Callum Wright - Founder and Lead Consultant Founder and Lead Consultant
Callum Wright is a seasoned cybersecurity, privacy and AI governance expert. With over a decade of experience, he has dedicated his career to protecting digital assets, ensuring data privacy, and establishing ethical AI governance frameworks. His diverse background includes significant roles in security architecture, AI governance, risk consulting, and privacy management across various industries, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: June 26, 2024
Tags: ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894
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Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
4. Short duration interrupted DC with pulse
duration of 0.02-1ms and frequency of 50Hz.
Modifications-
These currents are always surged for treatment
purposes to produce a near normal tetanic-like
contraction & relaxation of muscle
Current is surged at variable controlled speed
ranging from 30 to 40 surges/min with varying rest
period
7. 1. Stimulation of Sensory Nerves
Mild prickling sensation is experienced
It is not very marked because of short
duration
Causes reflex vasodilatation of superficial
blood vessels leading to slight erythema
Vasodilatation is confined to superficial
tissues so is of little practical importance
8. It occurs if the current is of sufficient
intensity, causing contraction of muscles
which they supply
The contraction is tetanic in type as stimulus is
repeated 50 times or more per sec
If this type of contraction is maintained for
more than a short period of time, muscle
fatigue occurs. So, the current is commonly
surged to allow for muscle relaxation
9. When muscle contracts, changes taking
place within a muscle are increase in
metabolism, increase in demand for
oxygen and nutrients and increase output
of waste products
As muscle contracts & relax, exert a
pumping action on veins and lymphatic
vessels thus, increases the venous and
lymphatic return
10. The current required to produce
a contraction of denervated
muscle with an impulse lasting
for 1 ms is usually too great to
be tolerable for treatment
purposes
11. It occurs due to alteration of the
permeability of the cell membrane,
leading to acceleration of fluid
movement in the swollen tissue and
arterial dilatation.
Moreover, it leads to increase
metabolism and get rid of waste
products.
12. The ions move one way during one phase of
the current and in the reverse direction
during the other phase of the current if it is
alternating.
If the two phases are equal, the chemicals
formed during one phase are neutralized
during the next phase but if phases are not
similar there are chemical changes which
can cause electrolyte burn.
In faradic current, chemical formations are
not great enough to give rise to a serious
danger of burns because of the short
duration of impulses.
13. Increases joint mobility
Increases lymphatic activity
Helps in healing
Analgesic effect
Does not produce chemical burn until
high intensity is used
Causes vasodilatation, in turn increases
circulation
15. 1. Facilitation of muscle
contraction inhibited by pain:
Stimulation must be stopped when
good voluntary contraction is
obtained
16. Muscle contraction is needed to restore
the sense of movement in cases of
prolonged disuse or incorrect use; and
in muscle transplantation.
The brain appreciates movement not
muscle actions, so the current should be
applied to cause the movement that the
patient is unable to perform voluntarily.
17. After tendon transplantation, muscle may
be required to perform a different action
from that previously carried out.
With stimulation by faradic current, the
patient must concentrate with the new
action and assist with voluntary
contraction.
18. When a nerve is severed, degeneration of the
axons takes place after several days.
So, for a few days after the injury, the muscle
contraction may be obtained with faradic
current.
It should be used to exercise the muscle as long
as a good response is present but must be
replaced by modified direct current as soon as
the response begins to weaken.
19. In oedema and gravitational ulcers,
the venous and lymphatic return
should be encouraged by the
pumping action of the alternate
muscle contraction and relaxation.
20. After effusion, adhesions are liable
to form, which can be prevented by
keeping structures moving with
respect to each other.
Formed adhesions may be stretched
and loosened by muscle contraction.
21. After trauma, there is inhibition
of muscle contraction, leading to
muscle atrophy.
22. 1.Skin lesions:
Any large or open wound is contraindicated
for direct application of faradic current as it
can cause discomfort and pain
2.Infections:
Any infection must not be treated with low
frequency current because of danger of
spreading or exacerbating the condition
23. 3.Inflammation:
Any acute inflammation with an
underline danger of infection or with
thrombosis as a complication is
contraindicated.
4.Thrombosis:
Patients with DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)
or atherosclerosis must not be treated
with faradic current as it will exacerbate
the condition
24. 5.Marked loss of sensation:
If there is loss of sensation in the
limb being treated, low frequency
current must not be given as it can
cause chemical burn
6.Tuberculosis or Cancer:
The condition can exacerbate by this
current
25. 7. Cardiac Pacemaker:
It is not advisable to apply low
frequency current in the area of thorax,
abdomen, or shoulder as it may interfere
with functions of pacemaker
8.Skin Diseases:
If there is any skin diseases like eczema,
fungus growth or similar conditions, low
frequency current is contraindicated as
it can be spread to same person or to
other
26. 9.Unreliable patient:
Patients who cannot cooperate or
understand the dangers of treatment.
Eg :-very old or infant patients
10. Superficial metal:
Metals in the pathway of the current
will concentrate it and may cause a
burn.
27. Equipments Required:
• Low frequency electronic stimulator
• 2 leads [1cathode & 1anode]
• 2 suitably sized carbon/metal electrode
• Aqueous gel, a sand bag
• Bandage, straps, micropore or adhesive tape
• 2 small basin of warm water
• Towels, soap
• Insulating cream [petroleum jelly, vaseline]
28. Position the patient comfortably in a relaxed
position
Support the muscle to be stimulated in pain-
free position with area to be treated
adequately exposed
In case of supine lying knees should be flexed
by keeping the pillows or towels under the knee
Examine the area to be treated; note any cuts,
skin lesions and inflammations. Check that
there is no contraindication to treatment like
sensation
29. Equipment should be tested prior to treatment by
placing the electrodes over the palm & increasing
intensity to check whether equipment is working
properly.
Explain the procedure properly to patient that there
will be pricking sensation on area to be treated &
there is no need to panic & if intensity will be high
he/she must tell.
Clean the electrodes with soap water to avoid any
chemical on electrode & also clean the area to be
treated to remove any grease on skin which helps in
better penetration by reducing the skin impedence.
30. Place the active electrode on muscle &
inactive electrode on nerve trunk if for
group action. If it is for stimulating
individual muscle we will use pen
electrode.
Connect the electrodes properly to skin with
the help of tape/strap.
Explain the patient that during the
procedure he/ she should not move the limb
suddenly or do not touch the equipment
31. Motor point stimulation
Group muscle stimulation
32. Stimulation which makes all the muscles
of a group work together
Satisfactory method of re-educating the
action of muscles which normally work
as a group, such as quadriceps, the small
muscles of the foot, and muscles of
pelvic floor
33. This method has an advantage that each muscle
performs its own individual action & that the
optimum contraction of each can be obtained
Selected when training a new muscle action or
when isolation of one muscle is indicated; e.g.
vastus medialis may be stimulated to overcome
a quadriceps lag, or abductor hallucis for
muscle weakness