Functional re-education aims to retrain patients' movements and activities that they already know but cannot properly perform due to illness or injury. The goal is to increase independence through a tailored program of progressive exercises. Exercises may include rolling, sitting, kneeling, standing, and walking activities. Principles include thorough assessment, task-specific treatment, and avoiding discouragement to build confidence and independence over time.
This document summarizes fluidotherapy, a dry heating modality. It transfers heat to the body through convection using a cabinet containing heated air and finely ground cellulose particles. This creates a fluid-like medium allowing limbs to float and exercises to be performed. Key effects include increased blood flow, pain relief and improved range of motion. It is used to treat distal extremities for conditions like pain, swelling and post-operative rehabilitation. Contraindications include fever, anesthesia or severe circulatory issues. Advantages include ease of use and allowing some active exercise in a comfortable, dry environment.
The manual muscle testing procedure was described in this power point, indications, contraindications, limitations of MMT was included. the MMT grading system (scale) was explained well in this PPT.
This document discusses interferential therapy (IFT), including its history, principles, instrumentation, applications, effects, and precautions. Some key points:
- IFT was developed in the 1950s and involves applying two medium frequency alternating currents slightly out of phase to produce a low frequency effect for therapeutic purposes.
- The interference of the currents produces an amplitude-modulated frequency that can stimulate tissues in a manner similar to low frequency electrotherapy.
- IFT is used for pain relief, muscle stimulation, increasing blood flow, and reducing edema through its physiological effects on tissues from 10-150 Hz.
- Proper electrode placement and current parameters are important to achieve the intended effects while avoiding contraindic
Joint mobilization refers to a technique of manual therapy by which a therapist applies a brief stretch of 30s or less through traction and gliding along a joint surface.
The high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulator (HVPGS) delivers a high voltage, low amperage, short duration electrical current as a twin-peak monophasic waveform up to 300 volts to produce both mechanical muscle contractions and chemical changes in the body. It has been used clinically for over 45 years to treat various musculoskeletal conditions through analgesia, muscle stimulation, and wound healing. The high voltage allows for deep tissue penetration without risk of tissue damage due to its low total current. Typical treatments last 30-40 minutes, 3 times per day.
This document discusses galvanic current and its use in stimulating denervated muscles. It defines galvanic current as a direct, unidirectional current that can cause pain due to its unidirectional nature. Interrupted galvanic current is introduced to overcome this by providing regular pauses in stimulation. Stimulating denervated muscles with galvanic current can help limit atrophy and edema until reinnervation occurs. Precautions must be taken when applying galvanic current due to potential dangers like burns or electric shock.
This document defines joint mobilization techniques and provides guidelines for their use. It describes mobilization as a manual therapy that uses passive joint movement to increase range of motion or decrease pain. Accessory joint movements like gliding and traction are explained. Precautions and contraindications for mobilization are outlined. A grading scale from I to V is presented to indicate the amplitude of oscillations used in different mobilization techniques.
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) lies between visible light and X-rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. The document discusses the different types of UVR (UVA, UVB, UVC), their effects on the skin like sunburn, tanning, and skin cancer. It also summarizes therapeutic uses of UVR for various skin conditions like psoriasis, acne, and wounds. Determining the minimal erythemal dose (MED) through a skin test is described as the basis for calculating safe UVR dosages for patients.
Rebox electrotherapeutic method is based on non-invasive transcutaneous application of specific electric currents to a living tissue. Main indications for using the Rebox include treatment of acute and chronic pain, immobility, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders and oedema.
The document discusses strength duration curves, which plot the electrical stimuli needed to elicit a muscle contraction over a range of stimulus durations. It describes how to perform the test and interpret the results, including details on:
- Plotting S-D curves after 20 days post-injury to assess innervation status
- The typical shape of normal, denervated, and partially denervated curves
- Additional metrics that can be measured from S-D curves like rheobase and chronaxie
- Factors that can influence the curves and what different curve patterns indicate
Stretching involves applying tension to muscles and connective tissues to increase flexibility and range of motion. There are several types of stretching including static, cyclic, ballistic, PNF, and mechanical. The key factors in stretching are proper alignment, stabilization, low intensity, and long duration to minimize muscle resistance and maximize tissue elongation. Stretching can be done manually, through self-stretching exercises, or using mechanical devices.
Ultraviolet radiation covers a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light and X-rays. It is divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC based on wavelength. UV is produced by mercury vapor lamps and fluorescent lamps and can cause both immediate and long term effects on skin like erythema, pigmentation, vitamin D production, and skin cancer. The dosage of UV exposure depends on the lamp output, distance from the skin, exposure time, and individual skin sensitivity. UV therapy is used to treat conditions like psoriasis, acne, and eczema.
The document defines and describes various aspects of resistance exercises. It discusses types of muscle contractions like isotonic, isometric and eccentric. It explains principles of resistance training like overload and specificity. It describes adaptations to resistance training including neural, muscular and bone changes. Determinants of resistance training programs are outlined including intensity, time, volume and periodization. Guidelines for progressive resistance exercises and precautions are provided.
The document discusses scapulohumeral rhythm, which refers to the coordinated motion between the scapula and humerus during shoulder movement. There is typically a 2:1 ratio of humeral movement to scapular movement. Abnormal scapulohumeral rhythm can be caused by injuries or weakness and can be assessed using tests like the lateral scapular slide test and scapular dyskinesis test. Physical therapy management focuses on stretching shortened muscles and strengthening the scapular stabilizers to improve rhythm and mechanics.
The document discusses proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), a technique developed by Herman Kabat that uses movements and patterns to improve neuromuscular function. It defines key PNF terms and outlines principles such as motor development occurring from head to toe. The basic procedures are described, including manual contacts, stretch, and maximal resistance. Upper and lower extremity diagonal patterns are explained along with their component motions. Rhythmic initiation is also summarized.
suspension therapy in details with the principles, indications, benefits, advantages and disadvantages, materials required for performing activities using suspension techniques.
This document discusses joint mobility and range of motion exercises. It defines types of range of motion including active, passive, and active-assisted. It describes causes of limited mobility like injury, immobilization, or lifestyle. The principles, preparation, and techniques for range of motion exercises are outlined, including positioning, monitoring the patient's response, and moving joints smoothly through their pain-free range. Guidelines are provided for applying range of motion exercises to individual joints. The goals are to maintain joint mobility and function while avoiding further injury.
Short wave diathermy (s.w.d) electro therapyÂbhìšhék Singh
Electrotherapy topic shot wave diathermy ppt (physics)
Bachelor of physiotherapy topic swd . Swd introduction, and range of swd , indications and contraindications of swd
Microwave diathermy (MWD) uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range to generate heat in tissue. MWD uses a magnetron to produce microwaves with frequencies commonly between 300 MHz to 300 GHz. These short wavelength microwaves generate strong electrical fields that cause heating through ionic movements and molecular distortion within tissues. MWD provides superficial heating that is more localized than shortwave diathermy and penetrates deeper than infrared radiation. Key uses of MWD include reducing pain, swelling and muscle spasm in inflammatory conditions like tendinitis as well as accelerating healing for injuries and infections.
This document discusses quadriceps inhibition, including its causes and treatment using electrotherapy. It begins with an overview of quadriceps anatomy. Common causes of quadriceps inhibition include fractures of the femur, meniscal injuries, traumatic knee synovitis, and soft tissue injuries around the knee. The treatment procedure involves examining and preparing the patient, setting up the electrotherapy apparatus, placing electrodes on the thigh, and administering a current to contract the quadriceps muscle and reduce inhibition. The treatment is administered with the patient in a half-lying position with the knee flexed at 15 degrees.
The document discusses various types and methods of traction used in orthopedics. It describes skin traction and skeletal traction, indicating skin traction is usually limited to 15 lbs while skeletal traction allows for higher weights. Various traction methods are outlined for specific bone fractures, including Buck's traction for femoral neck fractures and Bryant's traction for femoral shaft fractures in children. Complications of traction like pressure sores, nerve palsies, and prolonged bed rest are also summarized.
Presentation on different levels of amputation of upper limb including hand amputations., thumb reconstructions, kruckenberg amputation, thumb poloicization.
Seminar clinical anatomy of upper limb joints and musclesQuan Fu Gan
This is not all, there are many more clinical anatomy in terms of condition such as Popeye Deformity with are not included here and Special Test such as Neer's Impingement and Hawkins Kennedy etc... with touches on the upper limb muscles and joints. Also not forgotten Long tendon test and so forth. In general, this is just a simplified slides. Tq
This document discusses various types of splints and tractions used in orthopedics. It begins by defining a splint and its functions, which include immobilization, pain control, and prevention of further injury. It describes different types of splints like the Thomas splint and Bohler-Braun splint. Traction is defined as a method of restoring bone alignment through gradual neutralization of muscles. Different traction types include skin, skeletal, and pelvic traction. Complications of splinting and traction are also outlined. The document provides detailed information on preparation, applications, and care for a variety of splints and traction techniques.
This document discusses spinal traction, including its definition, types, and applications to the cervical and lumbar spine. Spinal traction involves applying longitudinal forces to separate vertebrae in the spine. It can reduce pressure on discs and nerves, decreasing pain. Traction methods include manual, mechanical, continuous, intermittent, and positional. Precautions are outlined for safe application to the cervical and lumbar regions.
The radial nerve is the largest terminal branch of the posterior cord. It arises from spinal cord segments C5-T1 and innervates all muscles in the posterior arm and forearm compartment as well as skin on the posterior arm and forearm. In the arm, it passes between the triceps muscles before entering the spiral groove on the humerus. It continues down the humerus, piercing the lateral intermuscular septum and supplying muscles of the anterior arm. In the forearm, it divides into superficial and deep branches, with the deep branch becoming the posterior interosseous nerve. Radial nerve injuries are commonly caused by fractures of the humerus. Nonoperative treatment focuses on preventing contract
Orthopedic physical assessment - David j magee
Morgan WJ . Slowman Ls Acute wrist injuries in athletes
Levine W . Rehabilitation techniques for ligament injuries of the wrist
Traction is a physical force which brings about separation of the joint through the bone along its long axis. This can be done manually or mechanically and provides several beneficial effects.
This document discusses various types of casts used to immobilize different body parts, including hip spica casts, thumb spica casts, and shoulder spica casts. It provides details on the indications, techniques, positions, and complications of each type of cast. It also covers functional cast bracing, which allows controlled movement and weight bearing during fracture healing to promote rapid recovery. A variety of plaster and thermoplastic materials can be used to fabricate functional bracing devices for the upper and lower limbs.
Acute Extensor tendon injuries diagnosis and management.pptxRohie3
This document discusses acute extensor tendon injuries of the hand. It begins by describing the anatomy of the extensor tendon mechanism, including both intrinsic muscles located in the hand and extrinsic muscles originating in the forearm. It then discusses the mechanics of the extensor system and the concept of tenodesis effect. Various types of extensor tendon injuries are described based on their location (zone), along with characteristic clinical presentations and treatment approaches for each zone. Surgical techniques for repairing injuries in different zones are also outlined. The goal of treatment is to restore extension function while minimizing tendon shortening.
PHYSIOTHERAPY IN VETERINARY SURGERY AND RADIOLOGYDrKanteshkumarMJ
• The growing interest in physiotherapy and rehabilitation within small animal practice presents a few challenges for the veterinary surgeon.
• There is an expectation among the public, and within veterinary law, that veterinary practitioners should be the experts on physiotherapy and rehabilitation for animals, but current training does not prepare them for this role.
• While the non-specialist vet and nurse can easily and effectively provide simple physiotherapy modalities with just basic training, qualified veterinary physiotherapists can offer a new dimension to the small animal practice and bring additional expertise and skills to the veterinary team.
• The integration of physiotherapy in practice can help to improve outcomes and promote a positive, caring image to clients.
• Hopefully, when the established post-graduate programs of study begin to produce quality research the scientific evidence base for animal physiotherapy will broaden and strengthen, ultimately enhancing the quality of overall veterinary care.
• Physiotherapy has immense potential as an alternative treatment. It is cost effective and nowadays, this important branch is also rapidly becoming recognized tool in the prevention, cure and rehabilitation of many equine, canine and feline injuries.
Dear all,
This ppt contains the cause, types, clinical and radiological features, treatment and complication of supra Condylar fracture of Humerus. I hope this is useful to you.
Thank you
Diadynamic currents, High Voltage Galvanic Stimulation, Micro current, Träber...Sreeraj S R
This document discusses several types of low-frequency electrical stimulation techniques including diadynamic currents, high voltage pulsed galvanic stimulation, microcurrent, and Trabert current. It provides details on the waveform characteristics, physiological effects, indications, contraindications and application parameters for each technique. Diadynamic currents have five classic types that use rectified alternating current to produce monophasic pulses. High voltage galvanic stimulation uses twin peak monophasic pulses of short duration and low duty cycle. Microcurrent uses even lower intensities in the microampere range to stimulate tissue healing. Trabert current is a direct current with a 2 ms pulse and 5 ms interval, producing a frequency of around 143 Hz.
This document discusses hip disorders and treatment techniques including muscle energy technique (MET), soft tissue technique, and Mulligan technique. It provides details on hip anatomy, ligaments, muscles and movements. It then describes MET techniques for various muscles like the quadriceps, illiopsoas, hamstrings, adductors, and tensor fascia lata/iliotibial band. Soft tissue techniques like effleurage, stripping, pin and stretch, and friction are explained. Specific conditions like piriformis syndrome, sacroiliac joint dysfunction, trochanteric bursitis, and anterior/posterior/lateral pelvic tilts are addressed with relevant soft tissue techniques.
This document discusses different types of traction used in medicine. Traction is used to stretch tissues and separate bony structures. It can be applied to the cervical or lumbar spine through mechanical pulley systems. Traction provides benefits like pain relief and increased mobility by enlarging intervertebral spaces and stretching muscles. It is commonly used for neck/arm pain and low back pain from nerve root compression. Proper technique and forces are important to benefit patients and avoid complications.
Skeletal traction involves inserting pins or wires into bones to apply traction for fractures or other injuries. It is used when skin traction is not possible, such as with wounds or external fixators. Various types of skeletal traction target different bones and injuries - for example, Steinmann pins inserted in the proximal tibia can provide traction for femoral shaft fractures. Precise pin placement is important to avoid nerves, joints, and growth plates. Traction weights are adjusted based on the fracture and patient's tolerance to gradually reduce fractures or deformities. Complications can include pin site infection or pin pull-out with excessive weights.
Traction is a pulling force applied to limbs or bones to separate tissues. It is used to reduce fractures and dislocations, relieve pain, and correct deformities. There are two main types: skin traction, which applies force through straps on the skin, and skeletal traction, which attaches directly to bones using pins or screws. Various methods have been developed to apply traction, provide counter-traction to balance the pull, and control limb position and rotation. Complications can include skin breakdown, joint stiffness, nerve palsies, and infections.
Similar to Faradic Foot Bath, Faradism Under Pressure, Faradism Under Tension, Stimulation to Pelvic Floor Muscles SRS (20)
Physiotherapy in Wound Healing; Role of ElectrotherapySreeraj S R
1. The document discusses wound healing and the normal phases of wound repair including hemostasis, inflammatory, proliferation and maturation phases. It also discusses factors that can affect wound healing such as infection, poor hygiene, and smoking.
2. Various high frequency modalities used to promote wound healing are discussed including ultrasound, which can stimulate fibroblasts and accelerate wound contraction, and pulsed shortwave therapy. Electrical stimulation modalities and their effects on wound healing through mechanisms like increased blood flow and angiogenesis are also covered.
3. Guidelines for application and dosimetry of different modalities like ultrasound, pulsed shortwave therapy and high voltage pulsed current are provided. Electrotaxis, the directional movement of cells in
Russian Current / Burst Mode Alternating Current (BMAC)Sreeraj S R
Russian current is a type of alternating current that is burst modulated at low frequencies to stimulate nerves and cause muscle contraction. It consists of 2.5 kHz sinusoidal AC applied in 10 ms bursts separated by 10 ms intervals, modulated at 50 Hz. This causes tetanic muscle contraction through depolarization of fast motor neurons. Russian current is used to strengthen muscles in healthy athletes and patients, reduce edema, and decrease muscle spasm through once daily 10 minute treatments over weeks or months. Care must be taken with pregnant individuals or those with implants or impaired sensation.
Therapeutic Heat: Contraindications and PrecautionsSreeraj S R
This document outlines various contraindications for the use of heat therapy. It discusses conditions where heat therapy should be avoided such as impaired sensation, acute injury/inflammation, hemorrhagic conditions, impaired circulation, malignancy, infection, DVT, pregnancy, skin diseases, cardiac failure, metal implants, recently radiated tissues, reproductive organs, eyes, obesity, improper positioning, heat intolerance, certain medications, and provides tips for safe practice. Absolute contraindications are where heat could cause severe damage, while relative contraindications mean caution is needed if benefits outweigh risks.
Therapeutic Heat: Physiological & Therapeutic EffectsSreeraj S R
Therapeutic heat can be delivered superficially using modalities like hot packs, paraffin wax baths, heating pads, fluidotherapy, hydrotherapy, and contrast baths. Deeper heating is achieved through ultrasound, shortwave diathermy, and microwave diathermy. Physiological effects of heat include vasodilation, increased tissue extensibility, reduced muscle spasm and strength initially, and increased metabolic rate and oxygen availability. Precautions must be taken with certain conditions like ischemia, impaired sensation, malignancy, or acute trauma/inflammation.
Morality and Ethics in Physiotherapy ProfessionSreeraj S R
As health care is considered divine and moral activity, physiotherapy professionals too are held to moral standards with expectations of ethical conduct.
Introduction to Physiotherapy and ElectrotherapySreeraj S R
Physiotherapy involves treating and preventing disease through physical means like exercise, heat, electricity and massage rather than drugs or surgery. Physiotherapists examine patients to diagnose issues, develop treatment plans, and provide independent or team-based care. They are subject to ethical guidelines like respecting patient rights and providing competent services. Electrotherapy is a type of physiotherapy that uses electrical currents, including techniques like TENS, IFT and Russian stimulation to treat patients.
Ultraviolet radiation has wavelengths between 400-100 nm. It can be divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC. UV is produced by mercury vapor lamps and fluorescent lamps and can cause both acute and chronic physiological effects. It is used therapeutically to treat conditions like psoriasis, acne, eczema, and vitiligo. Precise dosages must be calculated and increased gradually based on the individual's skin type and response to avoid overexposure and potential negative effects of UV radiation.
1. A hydro-collator pack is a fabric envelope containing silica gel or bentonite crystal packs that are heated in a hydro-collator unit between 70-80°C and provide moist heat for 30-40 minutes.
2. The packs come in various sizes and shapes and are wrapped in towels or blankets before being applied to patients to provide insulation and prevent skin burns.
3. Hydro-collator packs are easy to apply and provide uniform moist heat therapy, but risks include skin burns or rashes if not properly applied or monitored.
Thermal Agents PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES_SRS.pptSreeraj S R
This document discusses physical thermal agents and the principles of heat transfer. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Matter can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states depending on the balance between cohesive and kinetic forces. Heat is transferred between materials via conduction, convection, conversion, radiation, or evaporation. The rate of heat transfer and temperature change depends on factors like an object's specific heat, thermal conductivity, circulation of transferring medium, radiation intensity, and distance from the heat source.
This document provides an overview of assessing the elbow, including:
1) Descriptions of the elbow joint anatomy and common injuries or complaints.
2) Details on subjective and objective examination techniques like inspection, palpation, range of motion testing, special tests, and neurological assessment.
3) Explanations of specific tests for common conditions like tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, ulnar nerve entrapment, and ligament injuries.
Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Management in PoliomyelitisSreeraj S R
This document discusses the physiotherapy management of poliomyelitis. It begins by describing the virus, pathology, and stages of the disease. It then details the examination and treatment approaches for each stage. Treatment involves relieving pain, preventing contractures through proper positioning, assisted exercises, and splinting as needed. The goal is to aid recovery and minimize residual paralysis through ongoing physiotherapy.
Orthopedic Surgeries and Physiotherapy in Cerebral PalsySreeraj S R
This document discusses orthopaedic surgeries and physiotherapy for cerebral palsy, focusing on spine/scoliosis, hips, knees, and lower legs. For scoliosis, conservative treatments include bracing and physical therapy while surgical treatment is posterior spinal fusion. For hips, soft tissue releases and osteotomies are used to treat subluxation/dislocation, while contractures may be treated with botulinum toxin or soft tissue lengthening. Knee flexion contractures are treated first with stretching and bracing but may require hamstring lengthening, capsulotomy, or femoral osteotomy. Post-operative rehabilitation focuses on range of motion, stretching, strengthening, and functional training.
Physiotherapy Management in Cerebral PalsySreeraj S R
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and posture, caused by damage to the developing brain either before, during, or after birth. Common causes include infections, trauma, prematurity, or genetic disorders. Cerebral palsy is classified based on the type of movement impairment (spastic, dyskinetic, ataxic, or mixed) and severity (mild, moderate, severe). Treatment focuses on managing symptoms like spasticity and contractures through medications, physical therapy, orthotics, and surgery. The goal is to improve mobility and function while preventing further complications.
Professional Practice and Ethics for PhysiotherapistsSreeraj S R
The document discusses professional practice and ethics for physiotherapists in India. It outlines key laws and regulations related to physiotherapy, including the Clinical Establishment Act, POSCO Act on child sexual abuse, rules on biomedical waste management, and laws on sexual harassment and consumer protection. The document also discusses ethical responsibilities of physiotherapists, principles of ethics in research and teaching, and important professional bodies like the World Physiotherapy organization.
Roles and Characteristics of PhysiotherapistsSreeraj S R
This document outlines the various roles and responsibilities of physical therapists. It discusses that physical therapists should have skills in communication, teamwork, problem-solving, and establishing relationships with patients. The primary role of a physical therapist is to provide direct patient care to improve movement and function through treatment, rehabilitation, and health promotion. Physical therapists work at various levels of care from primary to tertiary and employ a patient management model involving examination, evaluation, diagnosis, intervention, and outcomes assessment. They may also take on roles as consultants, educators, administrators, managers, and critical inquirers applying scientific research to practice.
Bone tumours can be benign or malignant. Benign tumours include osteoid osteoma, osteoma, and haemangioma which typically have well-defined borders and do not metastasize. Malignant tumours such as multiple myeloma, Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma are poorly defined, invasive and can metastasize. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the tumour and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or palliative care. Physiotherapy can aid in pain relief, improving function and mobility, and maintaining quality of life for patients with bone tumours.
Physiotherapy Management in Peripheral nerve & Plexus injuriesSreeraj S R
1. The document discusses various aspects of peripheral nerve anatomy and injury. It describes the formation and branches of the major plexuses from spinal nerves and classifies peripheral nerve injuries.
2. Mechanisms of nerve injury including compression, ischemia, traction and friction are outlined. The process of nerve degeneration and regeneration after injury is explained.
3. Methods for assessing peripheral nerve injuries are provided, including history taking, physical examination techniques, and electrodiagnostic studies. Specific peripheral nerves like the radial and ulnar nerves are used as examples.
Physiotherapy for ankle & foot deformitiesSreeraj S R
This document provides information about various foot conditions including pes cavus, pes planus, and their treatment. It defines pes cavus as a foot with an abnormally high arch. Pes planus is defined as flat foot where the arch is lost. Flexible flat foot has an arch when not weight bearing but it disappears with weight bearing. Rigid flat foot lacks an arch with or without weight bearing. Conservative treatments for flexible pes planus include orthotics and exercises while rigid pes planus may require surgery if causing symptoms. Surgical options are also discussed for treatment of pes cavus and rigid pes planus.
Musculoskeletal physiotherapy management in poliomyelitisSreeraj S R
This document discusses the physiotherapy management of poliomyelitis. It begins by describing the stages and symptoms of polio. It then outlines the treatment approaches, including relief of pain and spasms during the acute phase, prevention of contractures, exercises to improve strength, and use of braces. Surgery may be needed to address deformities, followed by postsurgical physiotherapy focusing on range of motion, strengthening, and retraining movements. The overall goal of physiotherapy is to aid recovery and maximize function for people affected by polio.
Ventilation Perfusion Ratio, Physiological dead space and physiological shuntMedicoseAcademics
In this insightful lecture, Dr. Faiza, an esteemed Assistant Professor of Physiology, delves into the essential concept of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙), which is fundamental to understanding pulmonary physiology. Dr. Faiza brings a wealth of knowledge and experience to the table, with qualifications including MBBS, FCPS in Physiology, and multiple postgraduate degrees in public health and healthcare education.
The lecture begins by laying the groundwork with basic concepts, explaining the definitions of ventilation (V˙) and perfusion (Q˙), and highlighting the significance of the ventilation-perfusion ratio (V˙/Q˙). Dr. Faiza explains the normal value of this ratio and its critical role in ensuring efficient gas exchange in the lungs.
Next, the discussion moves to the impact of different V˙/Q˙ ratios on alveolar gas concentrations. Participants will learn how a normal, zero, or infinite V˙/Q˙ ratio affects the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli. Dr. Faiza provides a detailed comparison of alveolar gas concentrations in these varying scenarios, offering a clear understanding of the physiological changes that occur.
The lecture also covers the concepts of physiological shunt and dead space. Dr. Faiza defines physiological shunt and explains its causes and effects on gas exchange, distinguishing it from anatomical dead space. She also discusses physiological dead space in detail, including how it is calculated using the Bohr equation. The components and significance of the Bohr equation are thoroughly explained, and practical examples of its application are provided.
Further, the lecture examines the variations in V˙/Q˙ ratios in different regions of the lung and under different conditions, such as lying versus supine and resting versus exercise. Dr. Faiza analyzes how these variations affect pulmonary function and discusses the abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios seen in chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) and their clinical implications.
Finally, Dr. Faiza explores the clinical implications of abnormal V˙/Q˙ ratios. She identifies clinical conditions associated with these abnormalities, such as COPD and emphysema, and discusses the physiological and clinical consequences on respiratory function. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding these concepts for medical professionals and students, highlighting their relevance in diagnosing and managing respiratory conditions.
This comprehensive lecture provides valuable insights for medical students, healthcare professionals, and anyone interested in respiratory physiology. Participants will gain a deep understanding of how ventilation and perfusion work together to optimize gas exchange in the lungs and how deviations from the norm can lead to significant clinical issues.
A comparative study on uroculturome antimicrobial susceptibility in apparentl...Bhoj Raj Singh
The uroculturome indicates the profile of culturable microbes inhabiting the urinary tract, and it is often required to do a urine culture to find an effective antimicrobial to treat UTIs. This study targeted to understand the profile of culturable pathogens in the urine of apparently healthy (128) and humans with clinical UTIs (161). In urine samples from UTI cases, microbial counts were 1.2×104 ± 6.02×103 colony-forming units (cfu)/ mL, while in urine samples from apparently healthy humans, the average count was 3.33± 1.34×103 cfu/ mL. In eight samples (six from UTI cases and two from apparently healthy people) of urine, Candida (C. albicans 3, C. catenulata 1, C. krusei 1, C. tropicalis 1, C. parapsiplosis 1, C. gulliermondii 1) and Rhizopus species (1) were detected. Candida krusei was detected only in a single urine sample from a healthy person and C. albicans was detected both in urine of healthy and clinical UTI cases. Fungal strains were always detected with one or more types of bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more commonly (OR, 1.98; CI99, 1.01-3.87) detected in urine samples of apparently healthy humans, and Gram -ve bacteria (OR, 2.74; CI99, 1.44-5.23) in urines of UTI cases. From urine samples of 161 UTI cases, a total of 90 different types of microbes were detected and, 73 samples had only a single type of bacteria. In contrast, 49, 29, 3, 4, 1, and 2 samples had 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 types of bacteria, respectively. The most common bacteria detected in urine of UTI cases was Escherichia coli detected in 52 samples, in 20 cases as the single type of bacteria, other 34 types of bacteria were detected in pure form in 53 cases. From 128 urine samples of apparently healthy people, 88 types of microbes were detected either singly or in association with others, from 64 urine samples only a single type of bacteria was detected while 34, 13, 3, 11, 2 and 1 samples yielded 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and seven types of microbes, respectively. In the urine of apparently healthy humans too, E. coli was the most common bacteria, detected in pure culture from 10 samples followed by Staphylococcus haemolyticus (9), S. intermedius (5), and S. aureus (5), and similar types of bacteria also dominated in cases of mixed occurrence, E. coli was detected in 26, S. aureus in 22 and S. haemolyticus in 19 urine samples, respectively. Gram +ve bacteria isolated from urine samples' irrespective of health status were more often (p, <0.01) resistant than Gram -ve bacteria to ajowan oil, holy basil oil, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamon oil, but more susceptible to sandalwood oil (p, <0.01). However, for antibiotics, Gram +ve were more often susceptible than Gram -ve bacteria to cephalosporins, doxycycline, and nitrofurantoin. The study concludes that to understand the role of good and bad bacteria in the urinary tract microbiome more targeted studies are needed to discern the isolates at the pathotype level.
Ontotext’s Clinical Trials Eligibility Design Assistant helps with one of the most challenging tasks in study design: selecting the proper patient population.
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Tod...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
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TEST BANK For Katzung's Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 16th Edition By {Todd W. Vanderah, 2024,} Verified Chapter
Mainstreaming #CleanLanguage in healthcare.pptxJudy Rees
In healthcare, every day, millions of conversations fail. They fail to cover what’s really important, fail to resolve key issues, miss the point and lead to misunderstandings and disagreements.
Clean Language is one approach that can improve things. It’s a set of precise questions – and a way of asking them – which help us all get clear on what matters, what we’d like to have happen, and what’s needed.
Around 1000 people working in healthcare have trained in Clean Language skills over the past 20+ years. People are using what they’ve learnt, in their own spheres, and share anecdotes of significant successes. But the various local initiatives have not scaled, nor connected with each other, and learning has not been widely shared.
This project, which emerged from work done by the NHS England South-West End-Of-Life Network, with help from the Q Community and especially Hesham Abdalla, aims to fix that.
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Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease_AntiCopy.pdfMedicoseAcademics
In this lecture, we delve into the intricate anatomy and physiology of the coronary blood supply, a crucial aspect of cardiac function. We begin by examining the physiological anatomy of the coronary arteries, which lie on the heart's surface and penetrate the cardiac muscle mass to supply essential nutrients. Notably, only the innermost layer of the endocardial surface receives direct nourishment from the blood within the cardiac chambers.
We then explore the specifics of coronary circulation, including the dynamics of blood flow at rest and during strenuous activity. The impact of cardiac muscle compression on coronary blood flow, particularly during systole and diastole, is discussed, highlighting why this phenomenon is more pronounced in the left ventricle than the right.
Regulation of coronary circulation is a complex process influenced by autonomic and local metabolic factors. We discuss the roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, emphasizing the dominance of local metabolic factors such as hypoxia and adenosine in coronary vasodilation. Concepts like autoregulation, active hyperemia, and reactive hyperemia are explained to illustrate how the heart adjusts blood flow to meet varying oxygen demands.
Ischemic heart disease is a major focus, with an exploration of acute coronary artery occlusion, myocardial infarction, and subsequent physiological changes. The lecture covers the progression from acute occlusion to infarction, the body's compensatory mechanisms, and the potential complications leading to death, such as cardiac failure, pulmonary edema, fibrillation, and cardiac rupture.
We also examine coronary steal syndrome, a condition where increased cardiac activity diverts blood flow away from ischemic areas, exacerbating the condition. The long-term impact of myocardial infarction on cardiac reserve is discussed, showing how the heart's capacity to handle increased workloads is significantly reduced.
Angina pectoris, a common manifestation of ischemic heart disease, is analyzed in terms of its causes, presentation, and referred pain patterns. We identify factors that exacerbate anginal pain and discuss both medical and surgical treatment options.
Finally, the lecture includes a case study to apply theoretical knowledge to a practical scenario, helping students understand the real-world implications of coronary circulation and ischemic heart disease. The role of biochemical factors in cardiac pain and the interpretation of ECG changes in myocardial infarction are also covered.
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3. Sreeraj S R
Bath Method
● Application of faradic current to the body parts in a tub,
tray or tank containing water is termed as bath method of
application
● Depending upon the placement of electrodes bath can be
● Bipolar : both electrodes are kept in the water
● Unipolar : one electrode kept in the water while the
other electrode kept at any convenient part of the body
4. Sreeraj S R
Bath Method
• Advantage of bath method are:
● Skin resistance is lowered considerably by prolonged soaking in
water
● Water makes perfect contact with the tissues
● Wash of electrolytes formed under the electrodes
• Disadvantages are:
● Current can not be localized
● Superficial muscles contract more than deep muscles due to the
presence of water
● Chances of electric shock is higher
5. Sreeraj S R
Faradic Foot Bath
● ES by faradic current may be applied in baths.
● Can be used to stimulate
● Lumbricals
● Plantar interrossei
● Abductor hallucis
6. Sreeraj S R
Lumbricals
Origin Medial borders of long flexor tendons
Insertion Proximal phalanges and extensor tendons of the 4 lateral toes
Nerve Supply medial and lateral plantar nerves (S3)
Actions Flexes metatarsophalangeal joints, extends interphalangeal joints
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbricals_of_the_foot
7. Sreeraj S R
Plantar interrossei
Origin Metatarsals, long plantar ligament
Insertion Medial side of Proximal phalanges of 3rd to 5th toe
Nerve Supply Lateral plantar nerve
Actions adduct toes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantar_interossei_muscles
8. Sreeraj S R
Abductor hallucis
Origin Medial process of calcaneal tuberosity, Plantar aponeurosis, Flexor
retinaculum
Insertion Medial aspect of base of 1st phalanx of hallux
Nerve Supply Medial plantar nerve
Actions Abducts hallux
https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/abductor-hallucis-muscle
9. Sreeraj S R
Faradic Foot Bath
● Position the patient in high sitting with back well supported
● Position the feet on a stool covered with a plastic sheet
● Place the foot in a bath containing enough warm water to
cover the toes
10. Sreeraj S R
Faradic Foot Bath
To stimulate the lumbricals
place two electrodes
transversely,
• one under the heel
and the other
• under the metatarsal
heads
14. Sreeraj S R
Faradic Foot Bath
For Abductor hallucis
place
• one electrode under the
heel and
• stimulate the muscle
through the motor point
using a pen electrode
16. Sreeraj S R
Faradic Foot Bath
● A surged faradic current is used for this
● Surge duration 1 sec.
● Surge interval 3 sec.
● Intensity : enough to produce a visible contraction of the
muscles.
● Treatment time: 15 – 30 minutes
17. Sreeraj S R
Faradic Foot Bath
● Rectangular metal or carbon rubber electrodes of 3 X 7 cm
can be used
● No lint pad or coupling medium required
● Encourage the patient to contract the muscle voluntarily
with the current
19. Sreeraj S R
Faradism Under Pressure
● ES of muscle combined with compression and elevation of
the limb can be used to increase venous and lymphatic
drainage and so to relieve edema.
● This technique is known as Faradism Under Pressure
● "Increased venous and lymphatic return is brought about
by the pumping action of the alternate muscle contraction
and relaxation.“ (Clayton, 1959.)
● "The contraction causes an inward pressure on the tissue
spaces and veins and so propels fluid towards the heart.
(Savage,1960.)
20. Sreeraj S R
Faradism Under Pressure
● Patient in supine position
● The limb is elevated above the heart level using pillows
● The pressure bandage is applied over the electrode, with
maximum pressure distal to proximal
● The skin must be cleaned before treatment
21. Sreeraj S R
Faradism Under Pressure
• Placement of electrode for lower limb:
• Active electrode place over the belly of the calf muscle
• Passive electrode is placed over the sole of the foot
• Placement of electrode for upper limb:
• Active electrode over the flexor aspect of forearm at the
junction of proximal 1/3 and distal 2/3 of the muscle
belly
• The passive electrode over the palm or cubital fossa
22. Sreeraj S R
Faradism Under Pressure
• A surged faradic current is used for this
• Surge duration 3 sec.
• Surge interval 9 sec.
• Intensity : enough to produce a visible contraction of the
muscles i.e. clenching of toes or fingers.
• Treatment time: 15 – 30 minutes
23. Sreeraj S R
Faradism Under Pressure
● Rectangular metal or carbon rubber electrodes of 3 X 5
cm. can be used
● Encourage the patient to do active movement along with
the current and relax during surge interval
25. Sreeraj S R
Faradism Under Tension
● Shortening of contractile soft tissues like muscles can be treated with
Faradism.
● Such contractures develop in major muscle groups like quadriceps
or elbow flexor group
● This is mostly after prolonged immobilization
● These conditions are passively mobilized which can be very painful.
● Titanic contraction by the surged current gradually pulls apart the
shortened myofibrils with less pain.
● So this can be an effective adjunctive with passively mobilization.
26. Sreeraj S R
● A surged faradic current is used for this
● Surge duration 3 sec.
● Surge interval 9 sec.
● Intensity : enough to produce a visible contraction of the
muscles.
● Treatment time: 15 – 30 minutes
Faradism Under Tension
27. Sreeraj S R
Faradism Under Tension
● Rectangular metal or carbon rubber electrodes of 5 X 10
cm can be used.
● Encourage the patient to do actively contract the muscle
along with the current and relax during surge interval
28. Sreeraj S R
Faradism Under Tension
• For quadriceps contracture:
• Patient is positioned on a plinth.
• A roll of towel or pillow is placed below the knee to give a
stretch
• Passive electrode is placed over proximal 1/3 of the
quadriceps
• Active electrode is placed on the junction of proximal 2/3
and distal 1/3 of the belly of the muscle
30. Sreeraj S R
Faradism Under Tension
• For elbow flexor contracture:
• Patient is positioned on a plinth.
• A roll is placed under the elbow just proximal to the joint.
• Passive electrode is placed over proximal 1/3 of the elbow
flexor
• Active electrode is placed on distal 1/3 of the belly of the
muscle
32. Sreeraj S R
ES to Pelvic Floor Muscles
● ES can be used for reeducating these muscles.
● Indications are;
● Early cases of prolapse of pelvic organs
● Stress incontinence
● Incontinence following prostatectomy
33. Sreeraj S R
ES to Pelvic Floor Muscles
● Position the patient in side lying
● Keep a pillow between the lower legs
● Place a plastic sheet under the patient
● The indifferent electrode to the lumbosacral region
● Insert the Active vaginal or rectal electrode
● Sterilized lubrication jelly should be applied on vaginal or rectal
electrode
● A large button electrode can also be used over the perinea region
34. Sreeraj S R
ES to Pelvic Floor Muscles
● A surged faradic current is used.
● Surge duration 1 sec.
● Surge interval 3 sec.
● The muscles of pelvic floor fatigue fast, so surge duration should be
short
● Intensity : enough to produce a visible contraction of the muscles.
● Treatment time: 15 – 30 minutes
● Encourage the patient to actively contract the muscles along with the
current and relax during surge interval
35. Sreeraj S R
References
1. Foster A, Palastanga N. Clayton’s Electroptherapy Theory and
Practice. 9th edition. W B Saunders. 2006;pp 70 – 79
2. Mitra PK. Handbook of Practical Electrotherapy. Jaypee. 2006; pp 44
– 49
3. Khatri S. Basics of Electrotherapy. Jaypee. 2003. pp 28 - 30