The immune system protects the body from infection through a complex network of interacting cells and molecules. It includes both non-specific defenses that provide immediate protection, and specific adaptive defenses that develop over time through vaccination or exposure to pathogens. The adaptive immune system includes B cells that produce antibodies, T cells that coordinate immune responses, and phagocytes that engulf foreign substances. Vaccination exposes the immune system to an antigen in a controlled way to stimulate lifelong immunity against disease.
The document discusses innate immunity and the components that make up the innate immune system. It describes the innate immune system as the first line of defense against pathogens and antigens. The innate immune system acts immediately and provides non-specific protection. It consists of physical, chemical, and biological barriers that pathogens encounter. If pathogens breach these barriers, the cellular components of the innate immune system engage, including phagocytic cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and the complement system. The innate immune system provides a rapid but non-specific response to protect the body from infection.
This document provides an introduction to immunology. It defines immunology as the study of the immune system and its functions in health and disease. The immune system recognizes, attacks, and remembers pathogens that enter the body using innate and adaptive defenses. Key events in immunology history are described, such as Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination and the eradication of smallpox. Components of the immune system like antibodies, lymphocytes, and the complement system are introduced. The document also distinguishes between innate immunity, which provides non-specific defenses, and adaptive immunity, which has memory and specificity.
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. It is an immune response that does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.
The document provides an introduction to immunology. It discusses that immunology is the study of the immune system and its components that protect the body from foreign substances and pathogens. It describes some of the key events in the history of immunology, such as Edward Jenner introducing the smallpox vaccine in 1796. The immune system uses innate and adaptive immunity mechanisms to recognize and respond to pathogens, with innate immunity providing immediate response and adaptive immunity providing delayed but stronger responses with memory. Key cells of the immune system like phagocytes help eliminate pathogens through mechanisms like phagocytosis.
The immune system provides defense against pathogens. It includes cells that carry out immune functions and circulate in the body. The immune system distinguishes self from non-self and protects against microbes, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. It also destroys cancer cells. Both nonspecific innate immunity and specific acquired immunity work together to provide protection. Nonspecific defenses include physical barriers, phagocytic cells, inflammation, complement proteins, and interferons that provide a first line of defense against pathogens.
This document provides an introduction to immunology and describes the key concepts of the immune system. It defines immunity and the immune system, explaining that the immune system protects the body from infectious agents and disease. It describes the structure of the immune system as a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs working together for defense. The main functions of the immune system are then outlined, including distinguishing self from non-self, defending against pathogens, removing dead cells, and remembering previously encountered pathogens. The concepts of immune tolerance and self-tolerance are also introduced.
The immune system protects the body through surface defenses like skin and mucous membranes, as well as inner defenses. The immune system has two types of responses - primary and secondary. The secondary response is faster and more extensive than the primary response because memory cells remember past infections. Vaccines take advantage of this by boosting immunity without causing disease. The immune system defends against pathogens using lymphocytes, complement systems, macrophages and more.
The human immune system has multiple lines of defense that protect the body from pathogens. The skin and mucus membranes form the first line of defense, while white blood cells like phagocytes and lymphocytes make up the second line. The third line of defense involves antibodies that are produced after exposure to a pathogen. Immunity can be either active, gained from direct exposure or vaccination, or passive, transferred from mother to child. Together these layered defenses help the immune system fight off infection and disease.
Immunology is the study of the physiological mechanisms that defend the body against pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The immune system uses innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity acts from the start of an infection non-specifically, while adaptive immunity develops antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes that provide immunological memory. Key cells involved include lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Antibodies, cytokines and cellular responses work together to recognize and eliminate invading pathogens.
The document discusses the immune response, including defining immune response, the consequences and types of immune response such as humoral and cell-mediated immunity. It also covers topics like antigen processing, T cell activation, the roles of cytokines and immune cells like B cells, T cells, and antibodies in the immune response.
B-cells develop and mature in the bone marrow from stem cells through distinct stages marked by specific cell surface markers and patterns of immunoglobulin gene expression. Mature B-cells leave the bone marrow and travel to peripheral lymphoid tissues where they are activated upon encountering antigen to produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies and memory B-cells. B-cell activation involves proliferation, somatic hypermutation, selection, and potential class switching in germinal centers to produce high affinity antibodies and long-lasting immunological memory. This allows for a rapid secondary immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
This document provides an overview of the innate immune system, including its components and functions. It discusses:
1) The major components of innate immunity include anatomical barriers, cellular responses like phagocytosis, and soluble proteins. Innate immunity provides the initial response to pathogens and stimulates adaptive immunity.
2) Innate immune cells recognize pathogens through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Major PRR families include Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, and C-type lectin receptors.
3) Defects in PRR signaling pathways can increase
This document discusses immunity and its types. It defines immunity as the resistance of living organisms to infections from microorganisms. Immunity is broadly classified into innate immunity, which is non-specific, and acquired immunity, which is specific. Acquired immunity is further divided into active immunity, where the host produces its own antibodies, and passive immunity, where antibodies are transferred to the host. The document also discusses interferons, which are proteins that help fight viral infections and cancer.
The immune system has two lines of defense - innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific). The innate system provides immediate response and involves barriers like skin and mucous membranes. It also involves phagocytic cells and antimicrobial proteins. The adaptive system has antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses and develops memory to mount a faster response upon repeat exposure. It involves B cells, T cells, antigens, and antigen-presenting cells.
The document provides an introduction to immunology. It discusses that immunity refers to protection against infections mediated by the immune system, which is made up of organs, tissues, cells, and proteins that defend the body against pathogens. The immune response involves recognizing foreign material and mounting a reaction to eliminate it. The response is divided into innate immunity, which provides immediate defense, and adaptive immunity, which responds specifically to infections. Adaptive immunity involves B cells that produce antibodies and T cells that directly kill infected cells or activate other immune cells.
This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It defines immunity and describes the innate and acquired immune systems. It discusses antigens, antibodies, and the different classes of antibodies. It also outlines the cells of the innate immune system like phagocytes, mast cells, basophils, etc. and how they help defend the body. It explains the mechanisms of innate immunity and describes both active and passive immunity in detail. Finally, it discusses antigen-antibody reactions and how antibodies help defend the body through opsonization, complement activation, neutralization and more.
The document summarizes the three lines of defense of the human immune system:
1) Physical and chemical barriers that protect from pathogens.
2) Nonspecific resistance involving phagocytic cells that ingest and destroy microbes.
3) Specific resistance where antigens activate T cells and B cells to produce antibodies against specific pathogens, utilizing both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity. Memory cells provide lasting protection against future attacks.
The document summarizes the immune system. It discusses the organs of the immune system including primary organs like the bone marrow and thymus where immune cells develop and mature. Secondary organs where immune responses occur are also outlined, such as lymph nodes and spleen. The main cells of the immune system are described like lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells), phagocytes, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. The innate and adaptive immune responses are classified and the roles of antibodies and the complement system in immunity are summarized.
This document discusses different types of immunity, including innate immunity, acquired immunity, and the differences between active and passive immunity. It provides details on natural and artificial active immunity, as well as natural and artificial passive immunity. Various methods of conferring immunity are described, such as vaccination, administration of antibodies, and herd immunity. Measurement of immunity through antibody detection and cell-mediated immunity tests are also summarized.
The study in immunology provides the fundamental understanding of how the human body defend itself against foreign organisms, materials or particles that have the ability to cause harm to host tissues.
This document discusses immunity and defines the two main types as innate (native) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. It provides details on:
- Innate immunity is non-specific and includes barriers like skin and mucous membranes, antimicrobial substances, phagocytes, inflammation and fever responses. It is not affected by prior exposure and is genetically determined.
- Adaptive immunity is antigen-specific, develops diversity and memory, allows self/non-self discrimination. It includes active immunity from natural infection or vaccination and passive immunity from maternal antibodies.
- Active immunity is long-lasting and provides both cellular and humoral responses after a latent period. Passive immunity is short-term and provides immediate but
The document provides a history of early film technologies and precursors to the motion picture industry in the late 19th century. These included simple optical toys and mechanical inventions related to vision and motion. One precursor was the pinhole camera, followed by the more advanced camera obscura described by Alhazen, which could project moving images but had no means of recording them. The document also introduces D.W. Griffith, an influential early American film director best known for The Birth of a Nation in 1915, which pioneered camera and narrative techniques and helped establish feature-length films in the United States.
This document provides an overview of different areas of history study and famous revolutions. It defines history as the study of past events and people over time. The major areas covered are economic history, political history, social history, and the history of the French Revolution. Economic history examines historical situations through an economic lens. Political history analyzes past political events and structures. Social history studies the experiences of ordinary people. It also lists the 10 most famous revolutions including the French and American Revolutions. Contact information is provided to learn more about history assignment help.
The document is a comic about a young girl living in a war-torn country. She is left to fend for herself and takes extraordinary measures to survive the hungry, bitter existence caused by enemy troops. The choices she makes during the war have dire consequences and are influenced by personal sentiment.
This video explores the impact of racism and prejudice on a friendship between an Indian boy and Chinese boy. As they start college, they are exposed to new people and social dynamics. Some students reject the Indian boy due to racial prejudices. Influenced by others' views, the Chinese boy stops associating with his longtime Indian friend, putting their friendship in jeopardy and demonstrating how racism can negatively affect relationships.
This document summarizes and compares two steamboat restaurants in Malaysia: Goh Huat Seng Restaurant in Penang established in 1977 and Tupai Tupai Restaurant in Kuala Lumpur established in 1999. It provides background on the origins of steamboat/hotpot in Mongolia and its popularity in East Asia. It describes the traditional vs modern styles of steamboat restaurants and provides brief histories of the two businesses. It also analyzes their similarities, differences, competitors within 900m radii, and provides recommendations to address weaknesses.
The document provides details of a group assignment to create a video, presentation, and report on social psychology concepts. The group was tasked with incorporating 5 concepts into a story filmed and edited by the students. It then summarizes the story, which follows two friends entering college and one experiencing racism and peer pressure that damages their friendship until a health crisis brings reconciliation. The document also outlines the group's methodology, including brainstorming ideas, securing props and equipment, and executing the video.
This document summarizes and compares two steamboat restaurants in Malaysia: Goh Huat Seng Restaurant in Penang established in 1977 and Tupai Tupai Restaurant in Kuala Lumpur established in 1999. It provides background on the origins of steamboat/hotpot in Mongolia and its popularity in East Asia. It describes the traditional vs modern styles of steamboat restaurants and provides brief histories of the two businesses. It also analyzes their similarities and differences as well as competitors within 900m radii and recommends areas for improvement.
This document provides information about different types of employment status in the creative media sector, including employed, self-employed, freelance, apprenticeship, and voluntary work. It describes the key legal and tax differences between these statuses and explains how they differ in terms of job security, flexibility, and working patterns. Prospective employers in the sector like Little White Lies magazine and iD magazine are profiled. The importance of choosing an employer based on one's interests, knowledge, skills, and job requirements is discussed.
Transparency and governance in South KoreaK.s. Park
This document discusses three elements of transparency and governance: freedom of speech, freedom of information laws, and government 2.0. It notes issues with criminal defamation laws in Korea and censorship of online content. Regarding freedom of information laws, it highlights that 27% of information requests are denied by claiming disclosure is blocked by other laws, but without substantive judicial review. The document also discusses issues with Korea's voluntary disclosure of government data and court records, noting micro-segmentation of data and lack of standardization that limits its usefulness. Organizations working on these issues in Korea are also listed.
This document provides a report on a charity drive event organized by a group of students. The group decided to sell roses and soft-serve ice cream, with all profits being donated to the Paws Animal Welfare Society. They secured sponsorship from a soft-serve ice cream company for ingredients and equipment rental. Roses were sourced from a local florist. The group aimed to raise over RM3500 through selling roses at RM10 each and ice cream for RM8 on average. They analyzed competition from other student groups and established a target of selling 200 roses and 500 ice cream cups. Packaging and promotions were developed. Profits of RM3579 were ultimately raised and donated to the charity.
This document reviews the beneficial effects of probiotics in treating various diseases. It defines probiotics as live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts. Commonly used probiotic bacteria include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. The document discusses sources of probiotics like yogurt and supplements, regulations of probiotics, and their clinical uses such as managing diabetes and gastrointestinal disorders.
This site visit report summarizes the process of constructing a pad footing at a construction site in Hulu Selangor, Selangor. First, the area is cleared and the positions of the pad footings are marked out. Then an excavator excavates the soil to the required depth. Hardcore is placed and compacted, then formwork is installed to define the shape. Reinforcing bars and starter bars are placed and concrete is poured and cured. The report provides photos documenting each step and notes that questions on site can reveal valuable construction details not covered in classroom lessons.
1) The document discusses sustainable wastewater treatment, including categories of wastewater sources and types.
2) It describes the various stages of wastewater treatment - screening and primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological processes, and tertiary treatment to remove additional contaminants.
3) Challenges in wastewater treatment are addressed, such as aging infrastructure and the need for funding, as well as solutions like upgrading pumps and optimizing aeration.
The document analyzes the indie folk music genre. It discusses that indie folk originated in the 1990s from indie rock musicians influenced by folk and country music. Some key artists in the genre include Mumford and Sons, Noah and the Whale, and Amy McDonald. Indie folk music entries are eligible for both small independent music awards and larger awards shows like the Grammys. The genre is characterized as modern folk music with country and rock influences that is often acoustic and lyrically focused.
This is a basic marketing strategy I created when I first started working fo rthis advertising firm. They did not have a loft of direction with regards to how to determine their goals for the marketing department mainly because they had not established their marketing strategy. So my first job as Marketing Coordinator was to map out exactly who their target market was and how we were going to grab their attention and based on those ideas we would be able to create realistic goals to rate the department.
The document describes the human immune system and its defenses against pathogens. It discusses both nonspecific defenses like physical and chemical barriers provided by the skin, mucus, stomach acids, and inflammatory response, as well as specific defenses like the antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses involving B cells, T cells, memory cells, and vaccines.
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful organisms and toxins. The immune system is composed of specialized cells that fight pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The immune system produces antibodies and cells that can deactivate pathogens. Immunity can be active, acquired after infection or vaccination, or passive, acquired from external sources like breast milk or gamma globulin injections. The document also describes innate immunity, the body's first line of defense, and acquired immunity, the second line of defense involving lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful organisms and toxins. The immune system is composed of specialized cells that fight pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The immune system produces antibodies and cells that can deactivate pathogens. Immunity can be active, acquired after infection or vaccination, or passive, acquired from external sources like breast milk or gamma globulin injections. The document also describes innate immunity, the body's first line of defense, and acquired immunity, the second line of defense involving lymphocytes and lymphoid tissues.
This document summarizes the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It discusses the barriers that prevent pathogen entry and the components of the innate system that provide an immediate response, like phagocytes. The acquired system mounts a pathogen-specific response through B and T cells. It also covers the differences between these systems and gives examples of vaccination methods that stimulate immune memory.
The document discusses the human immune system. It describes how the innate immune system provides an immediate response to pathogens through physical barriers and cells. If pathogens breach these defenses, the adaptive immune system provides a targeted response through B cells and T cells. The adaptive system also develops immunological memory to mount faster responses. Vaccinations work by exposing the immune system to antigens to develop immunity without causing disease.
This document is a biology project on the immune system prepared by a student for their class. It includes sections on what the immune system is, the major cells involved, what controls the immune system, and summaries of key topics like antibodies, immunotherapy, how the immune system works, immunization, and autoimmunity. Certification is provided by signatures of the student, teachers, and principal.
The document discusses the host response to infection. It defines antigens and their properties, types, and structure. It describes the innate and adaptive immune system, including barriers, cells and proteins involved in each. It explains the differences between innate and adaptive immunity. It also discusses antibodies, their structure and classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE). The overall document provides an overview of the key concepts regarding the immune system and how the body responds to pathogens and infection.
The immune system has evolved to protect the host from a universe of pathogenic microbes that are themselves constantly evolving. The immune system also helps the host eliminate toxic or allergenic substances that enter our body. It is a host defence system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. The host uses both innate and adaptive mechanisms to detect and eliminate pathogenic foreign bodies. Both of these mechanisms include self-nonself discrimination.
The main parts of the immune system are:
• White Blood Cells
• Antibodies
• Complement System
• Lymphatic System
• Spleen
• Bone Marrow
• Thymus.
This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. It describes how the innate immune system provides immediate protection through physical barriers and internal defenses like phagocytes and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates an antigen-specific response involving B and T cells that results in immunological memory. The differences between the innate and acquired systems are highlighted. Specific components of both systems like phagocytosis, inflammation, antibodies, and active/passive immunity are also explained in detail.
This document provides an overview of the immune system, including both innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides immediate response through physical barriers like skin and mucus as well as internal defenses like phagocytes and inflammation. If pathogens breach these defenses, the acquired immune system activates an antigen-specific response using B and T cells. The document also discusses active and passive immunity, humoral versus cell-mediated immunity, and how vaccines work to stimulate immune response.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the natural or acquired resistance of an individual to pathogens. The immune system is a complex system that distinguishes self from non-self and provides defense against infectious agents. Immunology is the study of the immune system and immune responses. The immune system includes innate immunity, which provides a natural defense, and acquired immunity, which develops from exposure to pathogens. Key components of the immune system are antigens, antibodies, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and lymphoid organs that help the immune system function.
The document summarizes immunity and the immune system. It defines immunity as the body's ability to resist harmful microbes and discusses the immune system's role in protecting the body from disease. The immune system uses both innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical barriers and inflammatory responses. Acquired immunity allows for specific pathogen recognition through B cells, T cells, and antibodies and provides immunological memory.
The immune system protects the body from pathogens and tumor cells. It has both innate and adaptive defenses. The adaptive immune system includes B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies while T cells help regulate immune responses. Memory cells allow for a faster response upon reexposure to pathogens. Dysregulation can lead to autoimmunity or immunodeficiency. Factors like stress and emotions can also influence immune function.
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including both the innate and adaptive immune systems. It discusses the key components and cells involved in each system.
The innate immune system is the first line of defense and includes physical barriers, defense mechanisms, and general immune responses. It uses nonspecific responses to quickly identify and respond to pathogens. The adaptive immune system has a delayed but stronger and more targeted response. It uses B cells and T cells to produce antibodies and mount a cell-mediated response. Together, the innate and adaptive immune systems work to protect the body from disease.
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity which is non-specific and provides immediate protection; and acquired immunity which is adaptive and provides long-term protection. Acquired immunity can be naturally acquired through exposure to antigens or artificially acquired through vaccination. It can also be actively acquired through the immune response or passively acquired through antibodies. The immune system protects the body through humoral immunity using antibodies and cellular immunity using T cells.
There are two main types of immunity: innate immunity which is non-specific and provides immediate protection; and acquired immunity which is adaptive and provides long-term protection. Acquired immunity can be naturally acquired through exposure to antigens or artificially acquired through vaccination. It can also be actively acquired through the immune system producing its own antibodies and memory cells, or passively acquired through transfer of antibodies from mother to child or through injection. The immune system protects the body through humoral immunity using antibodies, and cellular immunity using T cells to attack infected cells.
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It explains that immunity is the body's ability to fight off pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. The immune system produces antibodies and cells that can deactivate pathogens. It describes the different lines of defense - the innate immune system which uses physical and chemical barriers, the inflammatory response, and the adaptive immune system including B cells, T cells, macrophages and lymphocytes that produce antibodies and remember each pathogen. It provides details on antigens, antibodies, active and passive immunity.
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including:
1) It defines innate and adaptive immunity, and the types of natural, acquired, active, and passive immunity.
2) It describes the cells of the immune system including B cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells.
3) It discusses antibodies, cytokines, and how the immune system can fail to distinguish self from non-self, leading to autoimmune diseases.
Immunology - Innate and Acquired ImmunityShigina E S
Title: Innate and Acquired Immunity: Understanding the Two Branches of Our Immune System
Introduction:
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that protects us from invading pathogens and foreign substances. In this presentation, we will explore the two branches of the immune system: innate and acquired immunity. We will discuss the key features of each branch, their mechanisms of action, and how they work together to keep us healthy.
Section 1: Innate Immunity
- Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens and foreign substances.
- We will discuss the key features of innate immunity, including physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, and the cellular and molecular components of innate immunity, such as phagocytes and cytokines.
- We will also explore some of the ways in which innate immunity can be activated and how it responds to different types of pathogens.
Section 2: Acquired Immunity
- Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is a more specialized and targeted response to specific pathogens or foreign substances.
- We will discuss the key features of acquired immunity, including the role of B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, and memory cells.
- We will also explore some of the ways in which acquired immunity can be activated, including through vaccination, and how it responds to specific antigens.
Section 3: Interaction between Innate and Acquired Immunity
- Innate and acquired immunity work together in a coordinated manner to provide effective protection against pathogens and foreign substances.
- We will discuss how innate immunity can initiate an immune response and activate acquired immunity, and how acquired immunity can enhance the effectiveness of innate immunity.
- We will also explore some examples of how these two branches of the immune system work together in different types of infections.
Conclusion:
Understanding the different branches of our immune system is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases. Innate and acquired immunity work together to provide a coordinated and dynamic defense against pathogens and foreign substances. By exploring the mechanisms and interactions between these two branches of the immune system, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity and power of our immune system.
The document defines prolonged labour as when the first and second stages of labour last more than 18 hours total. It then discusses the phases of labour and outlines causes of prolonged labour including issues with uterine contractions, the cervix, pelvis, or baby. Diagnosis involves assessing cervical dilation and descent rates. Dangers to the mother and baby include hypoxia, infection, and trauma. Treatments include preventing issues with early monitoring, changing positions, hydration, and pain relief or interventions like amniotomy, oxytocin, or c-section depending on the stage and severity.
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clinical teaching methods
purposes
principles
models of clinical teaching methods
adult learning
types of learning
types of clinical teaching methods and their advantages and disadvantages
methods of teaching
Patient positioning in operating theatre -gihsgangahealth
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This document discusses tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), including its definition, development, epidemiology, anatomical variations, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and nursing care. TEF is a congenital abnormality where the trachea and esophagus are connected. It develops due to incomplete separation of the trachea and esophagus during embryonic development. Clinical signs include drooling, choking, respiratory distress, inability to feed, and aspiration pneumonia. Treatment involves surgical repair to separate the trachea and esophagus.
spinal injury
Goal of spine trauma care
Pre-hospital management
Clinical and neurologic assessment
Acute spinal cord injury
Term, type and clinical characteristic
Common cervical spine fracture and dislocation
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complementary therapies in labour ..different types of therapies at the time of pregnancy , water birth and their advantages and disadvantages , different types of messages while pregnancy
Demonstration module in Odoo 17 - Odoo 17 SlidesCeline George
In Odoo, a module represents a unit of functionality that can be added to the Odoo system to extend its features or customize its behavior. Each module typically consists of various components, such as models, views, controllers, security rules, data files, and more. Lets dive into the structure of a module in Odoo 17
Plato and Aristotle's Views on Poetry by V.Jesinthal Maryjessintv
PPT on Plato and Aristotle's Views on Poetry prepared by Mrs.V.Jesinthal Mary, Dept of English and Foreign Languages(EFL),SRMIST Science and Humanities ,Ramapuram,Chennai-600089
PRESS RELEASE - UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, JULY 16, 2024.pdfnservice241
The University of Ghana has launched a new vision and strategic plan, which will focus on transforming lives and societies through unparalleled scholarship, innovation, and result-oriented discoveries.
4. Overview of the immune system
The immune system is a complex system of interacting
cells whose primary purpose is to identify foreign
(“non-self”) substances referred to as antigens.
The immune system provides protection from
infectious disease by identify most of these microbes
as foreign.
8. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The lymphatic vessels (or lymphatics) are a network of
thin tubes that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues
throughout the body.
Lymphatic vessels carry lymph, a colorless, watery
fluid originating from interstitial fluid (fluid in the
tissues).
Along this network of vessels are small organs called
lymph nodes.
Clusters of lymph nodes are found in the underarms,
groin, neck, chest, and abdomen.
9. The lymphatic system, which transports infection-fighting
cells called lymphocytes, is involved in the removal of
foreign matter and cell debris by phagocytes (cells that
engulf) and is part of the body's immune system.
When the body is fighting an infection, these lymphocytes
multiply rapidly and produce a characteristic swelling of the
lymph nodes
Lymphatic tissue is also found in other parts of the body,
including the stomach, intestines, and skin. Other parts of
the lymphatic system are the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and
bone marrow.
10. The thymus and bone marrow are the primary lymphatic organs.
Lymphocytes are produced by stem cells in the bone marrow and
then migrate to either the thymus or bone marrow where they
mature.
T-lymphocytes undergo maturation in the thymus (hence their
name), and B-lymphocytes undergo maturation in the bone
marrow.
After maturation, both B- and T-lymphocytes circulate in the
lymph and accumulate in secondary lymphoid organs, where they
await recognition of antigens.
11. Cells and molecules of the
immune system
Immune responses are mediated by a variety of
cells, and by the soluble molecules that they
secrete. Although the leucocytes are central to
all immune responses, other cells also
participate, by signaling to the lymphocytes
and responding to the cytokines (chemical
messengers) released by T lymphocytes and
macrophages.
12. SELECTED CELLS AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
B-cells: Lymphocytes normally involved in the production of
antibodies to combat infection.
They are precursors to plasma cells.
During infections, individual B-cell clones multiply and are
transformed into plasma cells, which produce large amounts
of antibodies against a particular antigen on a foreign
microbe.
This transformation occurs through interaction with the
appropriate CD4 T-helper cells.
13. T-cells:
A class of lymphocytes, so called because they are
derived from the thymus and have been through
thymic processing.
Involved primarily in controlling cell-mediated
immune reactions and in the control of B-cell
development.
The T-cells coordinate the immune system by
secreting lymphokine hormones (these are cytokines
released by lymphocytes).
There are 3 fundamentally different types of T-cells :
helper, killer, and suppressor. Each has many
subdivisions. T-cells are also called T lymphocytes.
14. Phagocytes - Mononuclear phagocytes,
Neutrophils, Eosinophils.
These cells engulf foreign organisms or
particles.
They form a link between the specific and the
non specific arms of the immune system by
presenting foreign fragments on their surface
to T-cells and B-cells.
16. A phagocyte is a cell that ingests (and
destroys) foreign matter, such as
microorganisms or debris via a
process known as phagocytosis,
in which these cells ingest and kill
offending cells by cellular digestion.
17. ANTIGEN
An antigen is a substance that stimulates
an immune response, especially the
production of antibodies.
Antigens are usually proteins or
polysaccharides (long chains of sugar
molecules that make up the cell wall of
certain bacteria),
18. Antigens induce immunity.
The immune system develops a defence against foreign
antigens.
This defence is known as the immune response and
usually involves the production of protein molecules,
called antibodies (or immunoglobulins or Ig), and of
specific cells (also known as cell-mediated immunity)
whose purpose is to facilitate the elimination of
foreign substances
19. Antibody
An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to
identify and neutralise foreign objects like bacteria
and viruses. Each antibody recognises a specific
antigen unique to its target.
20. There are five classes of antibody – IgG,
IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE.
These are all structurally slightly different
have a range of functions.
Each B-cell can produce only one
specific antibody to an antigen, each
antibody is highly specific and will bind
to only one antigen.
21. IgA is found primarily in secretions such as breast milk, tears,
saliva and mucosal membranes.
IgE – evolved to provide protection against certain parasitic
infections however in developed countries it is more
commonly associated with allergic diseases such as asthma
and hayfever.
IgD – there is little known about this antibody.
22. IgG- This class of antibody is the most important
class of immunoglobulin in secondary immune
responses. IgG crosses the placenta, conferring
protection to the new born and is able to activate the
complement system through the classical pathway.
IgM is the predominant antibody in the primary
immune responses. It can also activate the classical
pathway complement.
23. NON SPECIFIC DEFENCES
In the first instance the exterior defenses of the
body present an effective barrier to most
organisms and very few infectious agents can
penetrate the intact skin.
There are also a variety of biochemical and
physical barriers.
The body also tolerates a number of
commensal organisms, which compete
effectively with many potential pathogens.
24. Examples of non-specific immunity:
Skin - a great physical barrier, like a
waterproof wall.
Mucus – sticky, germs get stuck in it, it also
has antibody in it.
Cilia – hairs that pass debris up throat and out
to the nostrils.
Lysosyme - an enzyme present in tears that
breaks down bacteria.
Phagocytes – various cells that scavenge up
and engulf cell debris.
25. Commensal bacteria- Non-harmful bacteria on skin and
gut that leave little or no room for harmful bacteria to
attach, and limited nutrients for them to grow.
Acid - in stomach and urine, make it hard for any germs
to survive.
Fever – elevates the temperature making it difficult for
infectious agents to survive.
Non-specific defences are present in all normal
individuals. The non-specific system alerts the specific
arm of the immune system to infection.
26. Non-specific defenses are present in all
normal individuals. The non-specific
system alerts the specific arm of the
immune system to infection.
27. DEFINITION OF IMMUNITY
immunity is the state of having sufficient
biological defences to avoid infection,
disease, or other unwanted biological
invasion.
It is the capability of the body to resist
harmful microbes from entering it.
28. TYPES OF IMMUNITY
Active and passive immunity
There are two basic mechanisms for acquiring
immunity - active and passive.
Active immunity is protection that is produced by the
person’s own immune system. This type of immunity is
usually permanent.
29. Active immunity is stimulation of the
immune system to produce antigen-specific
humoral (antibody) and cellular immunity.
active immunity usually lasts for many
years, often for a lifetime.
One way to acquire active immunity is to
have the natural disease.
In general, once persons recover from an
infectious disease, they will be immune to
those diseases for the rest of their lives.
31. Passive immunity is protection by products produced
by an animal or human, and transferred to another
human, usually by injection.
Passive immunity often provides effective
protection, but this protection disappears with time,
usually a few weeks or months.
32. The most common form of passive immunity is that
which an infant receives from its mother.
Antibodies are transported across the placenta during
the last 1-2 months of pregnancy.
These antibodies will protect the infant from certain
diseases for up to a year.
Protection is better against some diseases (e.g.,
measles, rubella, tetanus) than others (e.g., polio,
pertussis).
33. TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE.
Any immune response involves, firstly, recognition of the
pathogen or other foreign material, and secondly, a reaction
to eliminate it.
Broadly, the different types of immune response fall into
two categories;
innate (non adaptive)
adaptive immune responses.
.
34. adaptive immune response is highly
specific for a particular pathogen.
Moreover, innate response does not alter
on repeated exposure to a given infectious
agent, the adaptive response improves
with each successive encounter.
35. the adaptive immune system ‘remembers’
the infection agent and can prevent it from
causing disease later.
For example diseases such as measles and
diphtheria induce adaptive immunity which
generates lifelong immunity following
infection.
36. Immunization, or immunization, is
the process by which an individual's
immune system becomes fortified
against an agent (known as the
immunogen).
37. TYPES
Active immunization can occur naturally when a person comes in
contact with, for example, a microbe.
If the person has not yet come into contact with the microbe and
has no pre-made antibodies for defense, as in passive
immunization, the person becomes immunized.
The immune system will eventually create antibodies and other
defenses against the microbe.
The next time, the immune response against this microbe can be
very efficient; this is the case in many of the childhood infections
that a person only contracts once, but then is immune.
38. Artificial active immunization is where the
microbe, or parts of it, are injected into the person
before they are able to take it in naturally. If
whole microbes are used, they are pre-treated.
39. Passive immunization is where pre-synthesized
elements of the immune system are transferred to
a person so that the body does not need to produce
these elements itself. Currently, antibodies can be
used for passive immunization. This method of
immunization begins to work very quickly, but it
is short lasting, because the antibodies are
naturally broken down, and if there are no B cells
to produce more antibodies, they will disappear.
40. Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of
antigenic material (a vaccine) to
stimulate an individual's immune
system to develop adaptive immunity
to a pathogen.
41. Artificial passive immunization is
normally administered by injection and
is used if there has been a recent
outbreak of a particular disease or as an
emergency treatment for toxicity, as in
for tetanus