complementary therapies in labour ..different types of therapies at the time of pregnancy , water birth and their advantages and disadvantages , different types of messages while pregnancy
This document discusses several common postpartum issues including after pains, breast engorgement, postnatal diuresis, constipation, and lactation suppression. After pains are spasmodic pains felt in the back and lower abdomen for 2-4 days after delivery due to contractions expelling blood clots. Breast engorgement occurs around day 3 due to venous engorgement and is managed by expressing milk, applying heat/ice, and feeding regularly. Postnatal diuresis begins within 12 hours as excess fluid is lost, requiring frequent changing of clothes and sheets. Constipation is managed through diet and mild laxatives if needed. Lactation suppression involves wearing a tight bra, avoiding stimulation
This document discusses induction of labour, which is defined as artificially stimulating uterine contractions before the onset of natural labour. It outlines the goals, indications, methods, and nursing responsibilities for labour induction. The main methods discussed are medical induction using prostaglandins or oxytocin, and surgical induction through membrane stripping or artificial rupture of membranes. The nursing responsibilities involve properly administering induction medications and procedures, monitoring the woman and fetus during labour induction, and providing general care and support to the woman and newborn.
Alternative and complementary methods during laborAncy Abraham
INTRODUCTION
Even though delivery is a natural phenomenon, it has been demonstrated that the accompanying pain is considered severe or extreme in more than half of cases. Besides conventional approaches, such as epidural analgesia, many complementary or alternative methods have been reported to reduce pain during labor and delivery.
(1).These methods are popular because they emphasize the individual personality, and the interaction between mind, body and environment (2). They are attractive to people who want to be more involved in their own care and feel that such therapies are more in harmony with their personal philosophies. The conventional medical community usually offers traditional choices of analgesia, such as epidural and intravenous drugs. Patients may have access to alternative methods, but will generally be obliged to do the relevant research themselves beforehand. Those seeking alternatives are not necessarily dissatisfied with conventional medicine, but attempt to supplement rather than replace traditional care. Quite often, users of complementary medicine do not inform the practitioners in charge of their pregnancy and delivery. There are also different expectations for the management of pain during labor according to the category of professionals. Physicians are expected to provide pharmacological therapy, whereas midwives, nurses and other auxiliaries are required to assist patients with psychological methods, and in fact use alternative approaches more often. The theoretical bases for many alternative methods derive from Eastern tradition or philosophy.
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
Alternative therapies are used instead of conventional or mainstream therapies for examples, the use of acupuncture/acupressure rather than analgesics to relieve pain.
COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES
Complementary therapies are those used in conjunction with conventional therapies for example meditation used as an adjunct to analgesics drugs.
Nature of Pain During Labor and Delivery
A scientific definition of pain is ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage . Acute pain such as labor pain has two dimensions: a sensory or physical dimension, with the transmission of information, the pain stimuli, to the brain, and an affective dimension due to interpretation of these stimuli through the interaction of a wide variety of emotional, social, cultural and cognitive variables unique to the individual.
Components of pain
For the management of pain, conventional medicine focuses more on the physical side, while alternative methods deal mainly with emotional considerations. In the laboring patient, the two stages of labor correspond to different types of pain and routes of transmission. During dilatation (first stage), visceral pain predominates, due to mechanical distention of the ce
The document discusses postnatal assessment procedures for mothers and babies. It outlines the objectives, content, and steps of the assessment. Key points include:
1. Postnatal assessment examines the physical and mental health of the mother and baby's progress in the first 6 weeks after birth. It aims to detect issues, provide health education, and plan family planning.
2. The assessment involves examining the mother's physical health, vaginal bleeding, breastfeeding, perineum, and providing advice. It also involves examining the baby and noting their development.
3. Factors like socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and health complications can influence a woman's postnatal care and outcomes for her and her baby.
Alternative medicine exists in all cultures to some degree and terms such as traditional medicine, indigenous medicine or folk medicine etc. are used to describe such practices. These medicines date back hundred or even thousands of years depending on the country and culture concerned. There are more than 100 systems of alternative medicines still in practice all over the world. Every country, region or area has its own traditional system of health and medical cares such as for the Chinese it is acupuncture, for the French, magnetic healing; for the Germans, Heilpraxis; for the English, Herbalism; for India, Ayurveda with Siddha being widely practice in the southern part of the country; for Japan, Shiatsu etc. The most popular forms of alternative medicine are ayurveda, homeopathy, naturopathy, yoga, acupuncture, acupressure, magneto therapy, shiatsu, herbalism, meditation, aromatherapy, Bach Flower Remedies, chromo therapy, diet therapy, hydropathy and reiki. Alternative medicine can help during pregnancy and labour where western medicine might pose a risk to the unborn child (such as certain medications in conditions such as headache). It’s also much more gentle and non-invasive, and addresses many of the emotional issues western medicine generally ignores.
Management of ailment during puerperiumPRANATI PATRA
This document discusses the management of common minor ailments that can occur during the postpartum period, known as the puerperium. It describes treatments for after pains, breast engorgement, increased urination, constipation, and suppressed lactation. For breast engorgement, it recommends expressing milk, applying hot/ice packs, supportive bras, pain medication, and regular breastfeeding. Increased urination is managed by keeping the mother hydrated and changing clothes frequently. Constipation is addressed through diet and mild laxatives if needed. Lactation suppression involves breast binding and avoiding stimulation. Thorough checkups and discharge advice include postnatal exercises, self-care, breastfeeding guidance, and contra
ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES DURING INTRANATAL PERIODKanchan Mehra
Alternative and complementary therapies are increasingly popular during pregnancy and childbirth to help cope with symptoms and relieve pain. These include acupuncture, acupressure, herbal medicine, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, massage, aromatherapy, yoga, reflexology, therapeutic touch, osteopathy, and hydrotherapy. While many of these therapies can provide benefits, they must be used accurately and some carry risks, so it is important to consult medical professionals before trying any alternative or complementary therapies during pregnancy or labor.
Various child birth practices and evidenced based practiceKavirajput1
This document discusses various childbirth practices and evidence-based practices related to labor interventions. It covers topics like water birth, natural childbirth methods, the benefits of vaginal birth, and positions for labor. It also examines the evidence on practices like augmentation of labor, routine episiotomy, active management of the third stage of labor, upright positioning for delivery, and monitoring labor with a partograph. The document concludes that traditional and natural childbirth methods can promote maternal and fetal well-being when supported by evidence, and that evidence-based guidelines should be followed for interventions like oxytocin administration and discharge timing.
This document discusses several common postpartum issues including after pains, breast engorgement, postnatal diuresis, constipation, and lactation suppression. After pains are spasmodic pains felt in the back and lower abdomen for 2-4 days after delivery due to contractions expelling blood clots. Breast engorgement occurs around day 3 due to venous engorgement and is managed by expressing milk, applying heat/ice, and feeding regularly. Postnatal diuresis begins within 12 hours as excess fluid is lost, requiring frequent changing of clothes and sheets. Constipation is managed through diet and mild laxatives if needed. Lactation suppression involves wearing a tight bra, avoiding stimulation
This document discusses induction of labour, which is defined as artificially stimulating uterine contractions before the onset of natural labour. It outlines the goals, indications, methods, and nursing responsibilities for labour induction. The main methods discussed are medical induction using prostaglandins or oxytocin, and surgical induction through membrane stripping or artificial rupture of membranes. The nursing responsibilities involve properly administering induction medications and procedures, monitoring the woman and fetus during labour induction, and providing general care and support to the woman and newborn.
Alternative and complementary methods during laborAncy Abraham
INTRODUCTION
Even though delivery is a natural phenomenon, it has been demonstrated that the accompanying pain is considered severe or extreme in more than half of cases. Besides conventional approaches, such as epidural analgesia, many complementary or alternative methods have been reported to reduce pain during labor and delivery.
(1).These methods are popular because they emphasize the individual personality, and the interaction between mind, body and environment (2). They are attractive to people who want to be more involved in their own care and feel that such therapies are more in harmony with their personal philosophies. The conventional medical community usually offers traditional choices of analgesia, such as epidural and intravenous drugs. Patients may have access to alternative methods, but will generally be obliged to do the relevant research themselves beforehand. Those seeking alternatives are not necessarily dissatisfied with conventional medicine, but attempt to supplement rather than replace traditional care. Quite often, users of complementary medicine do not inform the practitioners in charge of their pregnancy and delivery. There are also different expectations for the management of pain during labor according to the category of professionals. Physicians are expected to provide pharmacological therapy, whereas midwives, nurses and other auxiliaries are required to assist patients with psychological methods, and in fact use alternative approaches more often. The theoretical bases for many alternative methods derive from Eastern tradition or philosophy.
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
Alternative therapies are used instead of conventional or mainstream therapies for examples, the use of acupuncture/acupressure rather than analgesics to relieve pain.
COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES
Complementary therapies are those used in conjunction with conventional therapies for example meditation used as an adjunct to analgesics drugs.
Nature of Pain During Labor and Delivery
A scientific definition of pain is ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage . Acute pain such as labor pain has two dimensions: a sensory or physical dimension, with the transmission of information, the pain stimuli, to the brain, and an affective dimension due to interpretation of these stimuli through the interaction of a wide variety of emotional, social, cultural and cognitive variables unique to the individual.
Components of pain
For the management of pain, conventional medicine focuses more on the physical side, while alternative methods deal mainly with emotional considerations. In the laboring patient, the two stages of labor correspond to different types of pain and routes of transmission. During dilatation (first stage), visceral pain predominates, due to mechanical distention of the ce
The document discusses postnatal assessment procedures for mothers and babies. It outlines the objectives, content, and steps of the assessment. Key points include:
1. Postnatal assessment examines the physical and mental health of the mother and baby's progress in the first 6 weeks after birth. It aims to detect issues, provide health education, and plan family planning.
2. The assessment involves examining the mother's physical health, vaginal bleeding, breastfeeding, perineum, and providing advice. It also involves examining the baby and noting their development.
3. Factors like socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and health complications can influence a woman's postnatal care and outcomes for her and her baby.
Alternative medicine exists in all cultures to some degree and terms such as traditional medicine, indigenous medicine or folk medicine etc. are used to describe such practices. These medicines date back hundred or even thousands of years depending on the country and culture concerned. There are more than 100 systems of alternative medicines still in practice all over the world. Every country, region or area has its own traditional system of health and medical cares such as for the Chinese it is acupuncture, for the French, magnetic healing; for the Germans, Heilpraxis; for the English, Herbalism; for India, Ayurveda with Siddha being widely practice in the southern part of the country; for Japan, Shiatsu etc. The most popular forms of alternative medicine are ayurveda, homeopathy, naturopathy, yoga, acupuncture, acupressure, magneto therapy, shiatsu, herbalism, meditation, aromatherapy, Bach Flower Remedies, chromo therapy, diet therapy, hydropathy and reiki. Alternative medicine can help during pregnancy and labour where western medicine might pose a risk to the unborn child (such as certain medications in conditions such as headache). It’s also much more gentle and non-invasive, and addresses many of the emotional issues western medicine generally ignores.
Management of ailment during puerperiumPRANATI PATRA
This document discusses the management of common minor ailments that can occur during the postpartum period, known as the puerperium. It describes treatments for after pains, breast engorgement, increased urination, constipation, and suppressed lactation. For breast engorgement, it recommends expressing milk, applying hot/ice packs, supportive bras, pain medication, and regular breastfeeding. Increased urination is managed by keeping the mother hydrated and changing clothes frequently. Constipation is addressed through diet and mild laxatives if needed. Lactation suppression involves breast binding and avoiding stimulation. Thorough checkups and discharge advice include postnatal exercises, self-care, breastfeeding guidance, and contra
ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES DURING INTRANATAL PERIODKanchan Mehra
Alternative and complementary therapies are increasingly popular during pregnancy and childbirth to help cope with symptoms and relieve pain. These include acupuncture, acupressure, herbal medicine, homeopathy, hypnotherapy, massage, aromatherapy, yoga, reflexology, therapeutic touch, osteopathy, and hydrotherapy. While many of these therapies can provide benefits, they must be used accurately and some carry risks, so it is important to consult medical professionals before trying any alternative or complementary therapies during pregnancy or labor.
Various child birth practices and evidenced based practiceKavirajput1
This document discusses various childbirth practices and evidence-based practices related to labor interventions. It covers topics like water birth, natural childbirth methods, the benefits of vaginal birth, and positions for labor. It also examines the evidence on practices like augmentation of labor, routine episiotomy, active management of the third stage of labor, upright positioning for delivery, and monitoring labor with a partograph. The document concludes that traditional and natural childbirth methods can promote maternal and fetal well-being when supported by evidence, and that evidence-based guidelines should be followed for interventions like oxytocin administration and discharge timing.
Role of midwife and independent nurse midwifery practitionerPinki sah
The document discusses the role of midwifery practices and independent nurse midwifery practitioners. It explains that midwives provide antenatal care, attend births, and provide postnatal care. They act as caregivers, coordinators, leaders, communicators, managers, educators, counselors, family planners, advisers, record keepers, and supervisors. It also defines independent nurse midwifery practitioners as registered nurses who provide midwifery care while maintaining accountability. It outlines the standards required for midwifery practice according to the American College of Nursing.
Alternative & complementary therapies in midwiferyManu Aravind
Traditional Chinese Medicine originated in China 4000 years ago and is based on the concept of qi (vital energy) and the balance of yin and yang in the body. Acupuncture and acupressure involve stimulating points along meridian pathways to restore balance. Herbal medicine, massage, tai chi, and meditation are also components of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
This document discusses trends in midwifery and obstetrical nursing. It begins by defining midwifery and obstetrics. It then outlines several trends, including economic issues like rising costs of childcare; technological advances in fertility treatments and testing; demographic shifts to urban areas; changes in healthcare settings like managed care and shorter hospital stays. It also discusses trends toward patient involvement and self-care. Current problems discussed are shorter hospital stays, higher patient acuity, lack of rural facilities, and changes to maternal-newborn nursing models.
This document discusses minor disorders that may occur in newborns during the postpartum period. It defines minor disorders as non-life threatening conditions that can be effectively managed. The document then describes several common minor disorders such as stuffy nose, sticky eyes, jaundice, skin rashes, vomiting, engorge breast, diarrhea, neonatal constipation, urine retention, vaginal discharge, umbilical granuloma, and regurgitation. For each disorder, the document discusses symptoms, causes, and recommended treatment or management. The conclusion emphasizes that while these minor disorders should not be neglected, they can generally be effectively managed with proper nursing care and education.
This document outlines pre-operative and post-operative nursing care instructions for patients undergoing surgical abortion or experiencing pregnancy loss. Pre-operatively, patients are given instructions including not eating or drinking before the procedure. Post-operatively, nurses monitor vital signs for bleeding or infection, assess pain levels, check for excessive vaginal bleeding, and provide emotional support and care of the perineal area to aid recovery.
This document provides an introduction to midwifery and obstetrical nursing. It discusses the historical development of midwifery from ancient times through the modern era. It also covers topics such as the roles of nurses in midwifery, preconception care, national policies on maternal health, and maternal and infant mortality rates. Technological advances, ethics, and contemporary perspectives on obstetrics are also addressed.
Epidemiological aspects of maternal and child healthnew 3Sinmayee Kumari
"maternal and child health refers to the promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care for mothers and children"
this topic is very essential for all the health care personnel
This document discusses discipline in nursing education. It defines discipline as training or molding of the mind and character to bring about desired behaviors. Discipline involves following rules and regulations consistently, flexibly and fairly. The document outlines various approaches to discipline including traditional, developmental, positive discipline, self-controlled, enforced, and constructive vs destructive approaches. It discusses preventive, supportive and corrective aspects of discipline. Types of indiscipline among students and employees are explained along with causes and effective measures to maintain discipline. Various disciplinary measures for students and employees including warnings, fines, suspension and termination are covered.
Congenital malformations of the female genital tract can occur due to abnormalities during embryonic development. Uterine malformations in particular result from abnormal development of the Mullerian ducts. The most common types are caused by incomplete fusion of the ducts during embryogenesis. Uterine anomalies are often associated with vaginal maldevelopment and may cause issues like infertility, miscarriage, or obstructed labor. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like ultrasound, MRI, or hysteroscopy. Treatment depends on the type of abnormality but may involve surgical procedures to enable pregnancy or reduce risks.
Prepared childbirth involves educating women before labor to help them cope with discomfort through various techniques like Lamaze and Bradley methods. Lamaze uses breathing and relaxation to inhibit pain, while Bradley relies on a coach for support. Historically natural childbirth meant non-medical settings, but now often incorporates pain management in facilities. While home births aim to increase choice and flexibility, they are discouraged in the Philippines due to higher risks of death for mother and baby compared to hospitals or birthing centers.
The document outlines international standards and codes of ethics for midwifery practice. It discusses establishing a midwifery-specific regulatory authority to effectively regulate midwives and support autonomous midwifery practice. It also covers protecting the title of midwife, governance structures for regulatory authorities, and the importance of national regulation and collaboration between regulatory bodies.
The document discusses common discomforts experienced during early and mid-late pregnancy and their causes and management. In early pregnancy, nipple soreness is caused by increased estrogen and progesterone levels and can be treated with bras with wide straps and calamine lotion. Constipation is caused by progesterone, weight of the uterus, and other dietary and lifestyle factors, and can be managed by increasing fiber intake, staying hydrated, and exercise. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy is due to high hormone levels and low blood sugar and can be treated by eating small, frequent meals and snacks and taking vitamin B6 supplements. Heartburn in pregnancy is caused by reduced gastric motility and uterine pressure and should be managed by small, frequent
The document discusses the common minor ailments experienced during pregnancy and their management. It covers ailments affecting the digestive system like nausea, heartburn, constipation; the circulatory system like fainting and varicose veins; the respiratory system like nasal stuffiness; the integumentary system like skin changes; the musculoskeletal system like backaches; and the nervous system like insomnia. For each ailment, it discusses the causes and nursing measures to help the pregnant woman feel more comfortable. The document aims to inform women about common discomforts during pregnancy and how making lifestyle adjustments can ensure a healthy pregnancy.
1. Breast engorgement is swelling of the breasts due to increased blood and lymph supply in preparation for lactation. It usually occurs 3-4 days after delivery and causes pain, tenderness, and difficulty breastfeeding.
2. Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue, usually affecting lactating women. It is caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus entering through cracks in the nipples. Symptoms include fever, breast pain and swelling.
3. To treat breast engorgement, the document recommends frequent breastfeeding or manual milk expression, applying warm or cold compresses, wearing a loose bra, and using chilled cabbage leaves on the breasts. For mastitis, antibiotics
Puerperal infection is an infection of the genital tract that occurs after delivery. It is commonly caused by bacteria like Doderlein bacillus. Risk factors include prolonged rupture of membranes, traumatic delivery, and anemia. Symptoms range from local infection to sepsis. Diagnosis involves examinations, tests, and cultures to identify the site and cause of infection. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery if needed to drain abscesses, and supportive care. Prevention focuses on clean delivery techniques, prompt repair of lacerations, and prophylactic antibiotics in high risk cases.
Current trends in midwifery &; obstetrical nursingAbhilasha verma
The document discusses current trends in midwifery and obstetrical nursing. It outlines goals to reduce maternal mortality, fetal and infant death, preterm birth, and cesarean sections among low-risk women. New trends discussed include the WHO near-miss approach, maternal waiting homes, postpartum butterfly device, transvaginal Bakri balloon, wireless fetal monitoring, non-invasive prenatal testing, vaginal seeding, cervical cerclage, treating intrauterine infections, and improving nutrition. The document also discusses robotic gynecological surgery, the Vita HEAT device during labor, using virtual reality to relieve labor pains, Clearblue digital pregnancy tests, My Peri Tens devices, and an
This document provides information on postpartum maternal nursing assessments using the BUBBLE mnemonic. It describes assessing the breasts, uterus, bladder, bowels, lochia, Homan's sign, and episiotomy/perineum. For each component, it outlines what to evaluate, normal findings, teaching points for breastfeeding and bottle feeding, and warning signs. Nursing interventions are described to promote healing and prevent complications like infection or hemorrhage.
The document discusses guidelines for safe home deliveries. It lists criteria for low-risk women who can have home births, such as healthy multiparous women without medical issues or prior C-sections. It also outlines how to prepare the delivery room, ensuring it is clean with good ventilation and supplies. The midwife's kit is specified. Advantages of home births include lower cost, comfort, and privacy, while disadvantages include lack of experts in emergencies and limited resources compared to hospitals.
nurses/doctor will insert two lubricated, gloved fingers into your vagina with one hand, while the other hand presses gently on the outside of your lower abdomen. During this part of the exam, your doctor will check the size and shape of your uterus and ovaries, noting any tender areas or unusual growths.
Screening and assessment of high-risk pregnancies involves identifying women at increased risk of complications through non-invasive tests like ultrasounds, NSTs and CSTs. Diagnostic tests then establish or rule out conditions and include invasive procedures like amniocentesis and cord blood sampling. Ultrasounds provide fetal images and assess growth while NSTs and CSTs monitor the fetal heart rate during rest and contractions. Amniocentesis analyzes amniotic fluid for genetic disorders while cord blood sampling draws fetal blood for similar tests when earlier methods were inconclusive. Both invasive procedures have a risk of miscarriage but can diagnose many conditions affecting the developing baby.
Role of midwife and independent nurse midwifery practitionerPinki sah
The document discusses the role of midwifery practices and independent nurse midwifery practitioners. It explains that midwives provide antenatal care, attend births, and provide postnatal care. They act as caregivers, coordinators, leaders, communicators, managers, educators, counselors, family planners, advisers, record keepers, and supervisors. It also defines independent nurse midwifery practitioners as registered nurses who provide midwifery care while maintaining accountability. It outlines the standards required for midwifery practice according to the American College of Nursing.
Alternative & complementary therapies in midwiferyManu Aravind
Traditional Chinese Medicine originated in China 4000 years ago and is based on the concept of qi (vital energy) and the balance of yin and yang in the body. Acupuncture and acupressure involve stimulating points along meridian pathways to restore balance. Herbal medicine, massage, tai chi, and meditation are also components of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
This document discusses trends in midwifery and obstetrical nursing. It begins by defining midwifery and obstetrics. It then outlines several trends, including economic issues like rising costs of childcare; technological advances in fertility treatments and testing; demographic shifts to urban areas; changes in healthcare settings like managed care and shorter hospital stays. It also discusses trends toward patient involvement and self-care. Current problems discussed are shorter hospital stays, higher patient acuity, lack of rural facilities, and changes to maternal-newborn nursing models.
This document discusses minor disorders that may occur in newborns during the postpartum period. It defines minor disorders as non-life threatening conditions that can be effectively managed. The document then describes several common minor disorders such as stuffy nose, sticky eyes, jaundice, skin rashes, vomiting, engorge breast, diarrhea, neonatal constipation, urine retention, vaginal discharge, umbilical granuloma, and regurgitation. For each disorder, the document discusses symptoms, causes, and recommended treatment or management. The conclusion emphasizes that while these minor disorders should not be neglected, they can generally be effectively managed with proper nursing care and education.
This document outlines pre-operative and post-operative nursing care instructions for patients undergoing surgical abortion or experiencing pregnancy loss. Pre-operatively, patients are given instructions including not eating or drinking before the procedure. Post-operatively, nurses monitor vital signs for bleeding or infection, assess pain levels, check for excessive vaginal bleeding, and provide emotional support and care of the perineal area to aid recovery.
This document provides an introduction to midwifery and obstetrical nursing. It discusses the historical development of midwifery from ancient times through the modern era. It also covers topics such as the roles of nurses in midwifery, preconception care, national policies on maternal health, and maternal and infant mortality rates. Technological advances, ethics, and contemporary perspectives on obstetrics are also addressed.
Epidemiological aspects of maternal and child healthnew 3Sinmayee Kumari
"maternal and child health refers to the promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health care for mothers and children"
this topic is very essential for all the health care personnel
This document discusses discipline in nursing education. It defines discipline as training or molding of the mind and character to bring about desired behaviors. Discipline involves following rules and regulations consistently, flexibly and fairly. The document outlines various approaches to discipline including traditional, developmental, positive discipline, self-controlled, enforced, and constructive vs destructive approaches. It discusses preventive, supportive and corrective aspects of discipline. Types of indiscipline among students and employees are explained along with causes and effective measures to maintain discipline. Various disciplinary measures for students and employees including warnings, fines, suspension and termination are covered.
Congenital malformations of the female genital tract can occur due to abnormalities during embryonic development. Uterine malformations in particular result from abnormal development of the Mullerian ducts. The most common types are caused by incomplete fusion of the ducts during embryogenesis. Uterine anomalies are often associated with vaginal maldevelopment and may cause issues like infertility, miscarriage, or obstructed labor. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like ultrasound, MRI, or hysteroscopy. Treatment depends on the type of abnormality but may involve surgical procedures to enable pregnancy or reduce risks.
Prepared childbirth involves educating women before labor to help them cope with discomfort through various techniques like Lamaze and Bradley methods. Lamaze uses breathing and relaxation to inhibit pain, while Bradley relies on a coach for support. Historically natural childbirth meant non-medical settings, but now often incorporates pain management in facilities. While home births aim to increase choice and flexibility, they are discouraged in the Philippines due to higher risks of death for mother and baby compared to hospitals or birthing centers.
The document outlines international standards and codes of ethics for midwifery practice. It discusses establishing a midwifery-specific regulatory authority to effectively regulate midwives and support autonomous midwifery practice. It also covers protecting the title of midwife, governance structures for regulatory authorities, and the importance of national regulation and collaboration between regulatory bodies.
The document discusses common discomforts experienced during early and mid-late pregnancy and their causes and management. In early pregnancy, nipple soreness is caused by increased estrogen and progesterone levels and can be treated with bras with wide straps and calamine lotion. Constipation is caused by progesterone, weight of the uterus, and other dietary and lifestyle factors, and can be managed by increasing fiber intake, staying hydrated, and exercise. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy is due to high hormone levels and low blood sugar and can be treated by eating small, frequent meals and snacks and taking vitamin B6 supplements. Heartburn in pregnancy is caused by reduced gastric motility and uterine pressure and should be managed by small, frequent
The document discusses the common minor ailments experienced during pregnancy and their management. It covers ailments affecting the digestive system like nausea, heartburn, constipation; the circulatory system like fainting and varicose veins; the respiratory system like nasal stuffiness; the integumentary system like skin changes; the musculoskeletal system like backaches; and the nervous system like insomnia. For each ailment, it discusses the causes and nursing measures to help the pregnant woman feel more comfortable. The document aims to inform women about common discomforts during pregnancy and how making lifestyle adjustments can ensure a healthy pregnancy.
1. Breast engorgement is swelling of the breasts due to increased blood and lymph supply in preparation for lactation. It usually occurs 3-4 days after delivery and causes pain, tenderness, and difficulty breastfeeding.
2. Mastitis is an inflammation of breast tissue, usually affecting lactating women. It is caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus entering through cracks in the nipples. Symptoms include fever, breast pain and swelling.
3. To treat breast engorgement, the document recommends frequent breastfeeding or manual milk expression, applying warm or cold compresses, wearing a loose bra, and using chilled cabbage leaves on the breasts. For mastitis, antibiotics
Puerperal infection is an infection of the genital tract that occurs after delivery. It is commonly caused by bacteria like Doderlein bacillus. Risk factors include prolonged rupture of membranes, traumatic delivery, and anemia. Symptoms range from local infection to sepsis. Diagnosis involves examinations, tests, and cultures to identify the site and cause of infection. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgery if needed to drain abscesses, and supportive care. Prevention focuses on clean delivery techniques, prompt repair of lacerations, and prophylactic antibiotics in high risk cases.
Current trends in midwifery &; obstetrical nursingAbhilasha verma
The document discusses current trends in midwifery and obstetrical nursing. It outlines goals to reduce maternal mortality, fetal and infant death, preterm birth, and cesarean sections among low-risk women. New trends discussed include the WHO near-miss approach, maternal waiting homes, postpartum butterfly device, transvaginal Bakri balloon, wireless fetal monitoring, non-invasive prenatal testing, vaginal seeding, cervical cerclage, treating intrauterine infections, and improving nutrition. The document also discusses robotic gynecological surgery, the Vita HEAT device during labor, using virtual reality to relieve labor pains, Clearblue digital pregnancy tests, My Peri Tens devices, and an
This document provides information on postpartum maternal nursing assessments using the BUBBLE mnemonic. It describes assessing the breasts, uterus, bladder, bowels, lochia, Homan's sign, and episiotomy/perineum. For each component, it outlines what to evaluate, normal findings, teaching points for breastfeeding and bottle feeding, and warning signs. Nursing interventions are described to promote healing and prevent complications like infection or hemorrhage.
The document discusses guidelines for safe home deliveries. It lists criteria for low-risk women who can have home births, such as healthy multiparous women without medical issues or prior C-sections. It also outlines how to prepare the delivery room, ensuring it is clean with good ventilation and supplies. The midwife's kit is specified. Advantages of home births include lower cost, comfort, and privacy, while disadvantages include lack of experts in emergencies and limited resources compared to hospitals.
nurses/doctor will insert two lubricated, gloved fingers into your vagina with one hand, while the other hand presses gently on the outside of your lower abdomen. During this part of the exam, your doctor will check the size and shape of your uterus and ovaries, noting any tender areas or unusual growths.
Screening and assessment of high-risk pregnancies involves identifying women at increased risk of complications through non-invasive tests like ultrasounds, NSTs and CSTs. Diagnostic tests then establish or rule out conditions and include invasive procedures like amniocentesis and cord blood sampling. Ultrasounds provide fetal images and assess growth while NSTs and CSTs monitor the fetal heart rate during rest and contractions. Amniocentesis analyzes amniotic fluid for genetic disorders while cord blood sampling draws fetal blood for similar tests when earlier methods were inconclusive. Both invasive procedures have a risk of miscarriage but can diagnose many conditions affecting the developing baby.
This document provides a report on a charity drive event organized by a group of students. The group decided to sell roses and soft-serve ice cream, with all profits being donated to the Paws Animal Welfare Society. They secured sponsorship from a soft-serve ice cream company for ingredients and equipment rental. Roses were sourced from a local florist. The group aimed to raise over RM3500 through selling roses at RM10 each and ice cream for RM8 on average. They analyzed competition from other student groups and established a target of selling 200 roses and 500 ice cream cups. Packaging and promotions were developed. Profits of RM3579 were ultimately raised and donated to the charity.
1) The document discusses sustainable wastewater treatment, including categories of wastewater sources and types.
2) It describes the various stages of wastewater treatment - screening and primary treatment to remove solids, secondary treatment using biological processes, and tertiary treatment to remove additional contaminants.
3) Challenges in wastewater treatment are addressed, such as aging infrastructure and the need for funding, as well as solutions like upgrading pumps and optimizing aeration.
This is a basic marketing strategy I created when I first started working fo rthis advertising firm. They did not have a loft of direction with regards to how to determine their goals for the marketing department mainly because they had not established their marketing strategy. So my first job as Marketing Coordinator was to map out exactly who their target market was and how we were going to grab their attention and based on those ideas we would be able to create realistic goals to rate the department.
The document analyzes the indie folk music genre. It discusses that indie folk originated in the 1990s from indie rock musicians influenced by folk and country music. Some key artists in the genre include Mumford and Sons, Noah and the Whale, and Amy McDonald. Indie folk music entries are eligible for both small independent music awards and larger awards shows like the Grammys. The genre is characterized as modern folk music with country and rock influences that is often acoustic and lyrically focused.
The document is a comic about a young girl living in a war-torn country. She is left to fend for herself and takes extraordinary measures to survive the hungry, bitter existence caused by enemy troops. The choices she makes during the war have dire consequences and are influenced by personal sentiment.
This video explores the impact of racism and prejudice on a friendship between an Indian boy and Chinese boy. As they start college, they are exposed to new people and social dynamics. Some students reject the Indian boy due to racial prejudices. Influenced by others' views, the Chinese boy stops associating with his longtime Indian friend, putting their friendship in jeopardy and demonstrating how racism can negatively affect relationships.
This document provides a 4-step process for critiquing photographs: 1) Description, 2) Reflection, 3) Formal Analysis, and 4) Judgment. It then analyzes the photograph "Lincoln on Battlefield of Antietam, Maryland" using these steps. The description notes the three men and setting depicted. The reflection discusses the somber tones and Lincoln's isolation. The formal analysis examines compositional elements like lines that draw attention to Lincoln. The document asks questions to understand the photographer's decisions.
The document summarizes the results of a questionnaire about preferences for horror movie trailers. It shows that 51% found a scary clown to be the scariest antagonist. For the antagonist's appearance, black, white, and red colors and red hair were popular choices. 45% preferred opera music. 40% thought bold typography would look best. White and black were the preferred trailer colors. Colors, typography, music, and actors were seen as the most appealing elements. 75% expected both males and females could be victims.
Transparency and governance in South KoreaK.s. Park
This document discusses three elements of transparency and governance: freedom of speech, freedom of information laws, and government 2.0. It notes issues with criminal defamation laws in Korea and censorship of online content. Regarding freedom of information laws, it highlights that 27% of information requests are denied by claiming disclosure is blocked by other laws, but without substantive judicial review. The document also discusses issues with Korea's voluntary disclosure of government data and court records, noting micro-segmentation of data and lack of standardization that limits its usefulness. Organizations working on these issues in Korea are also listed.
The document discusses various methods for managing pain during labor, including both non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches. It defines true labor pain as being caused by uterine contractions and cervical dilation. Non-pharmacological methods discussed include psychological support, physical comfort measures, relaxation techniques like massage and TENS, and alternative therapies such as water birth, acupuncture, herbalism, and aromatherapy. Pharmacological approaches outlined are sedative/analgesics, narcotic drugs like pethidine, and inhalation analgesia. The document provides details on the physiology of labor pain and recommendations for nurses on supporting women throughout the different stages of labor.
What you and your loved ones need to know in order to restore your health even without medication nor doctor's consultation which may or may not benefit.
1. The document discusses various yoga breathing exercises and poses that can aid in weight loss. It provides instructions for exercises like Kapalbhati, Anulom Vilom Pranayama, and Bhastrika Pranayama.
2. Additional tips mentioned for aiding weight loss include drinking 8-10 liters of water per day, using smaller plates, getting enough sleep, reducing stress, incorporating more protein and fiber into one's diet, and increasing physical activity levels.
3. A morning drink of warm water with lemon, ginger, honey, and black pepper is also recommended for its health benefits like aiding fat burning and blood purification.
Stages of labour and alternative therapiesSaima Habeeb
Birth is a normal, healthy part of a woman’s life. This unexplainable happiness is usually accompanied by severe pain due to contractions.
Labour is a health state that most women aspire to, at some point in their lives. The first thought that comes to the mind of an expecting woman regarding her delivery is the pain of labour.
Labour is a normal physiological process, which while should be an occasion for rejoicing
health and fitness ,
What are the 4 types of health?
What is health and its importance?
What is the meaning of UN in health?
What are the 3 biggest health problems?
What is your definition of health?
What are the 5 issues on health?
What is the most health issue?
What are the 5 issues on health?
What is the most health issue?
What was the first definition of health?
What is global health issues?
Why does global health matter?
WHO main objective?
What are the objectives of health?
The document discusses medical changes and natural approaches to health and wellness through NO Gym Be Slim, LLC. It discusses using naturopathy, meditation, music therapy and other ancient practices to avoid health issues and promote holistic wellness. It emphasizes focusing on inner energy and enlightenment of the soul. The company provides spirulina, supplements and other products aimed at weight loss, increased circulation and nitric oxide levels, and overall wellness and health.
This document provides information about psychoprophylactic methods for labor and childbirth, specifically the Grantly Dick-Read method and the Lamaze method. It describes the history and development of each method, the underlying theories, and techniques taught to help alleviate pain and fear during childbirth. The Grantly Dick-Read method focuses on eliminating fear through education and the use of breathing exercises at different stages of labor. The Lamaze method originated in Russia and France and teaches breathing and relaxation techniques, as well as the importance of movement, positions, and partner support during labor and delivery.
The document discusses NO GYM BE SLIM, LLC and its mission to help people achieve a healthy lifestyle and stress-free mind without investing much time or effort. It aims to follow teachings from Hindu scriptures about enhancing one's internal energy to achieve goals and enlighten the soul. The company uses ancient practices like naturopathy, meditation, and music therapy involving classical ragas to heal the body and mind by establishing harmony.
Sleep is important for brain and body health. Simple lifestyle changes like waking and sleeping at consistent times, avoiding screens before bed, and practicing relaxation techniques can improve sleep. Certain foods, herbs, yoga poses, and breathing exercises have also been used in traditional Indian medicine to promote better sleep quality and reduce sleep needs. The bedroom environment should be clean, quiet and relaxing to support quality rest.
Liberty science llc52 weeks of ImprovementVera Shury
This document provides information and exercises for different parts of the body. It discusses how the brain remains plastic into old age and can form new pathways after injury. It recommends imagining movements to prepare like athletes do. Various supplements are mentioned for men's and women's energy, heart health, digestion and skin. Breathing, posture, range of motion and strength exercises are provided for every body part from head to toe. Nutritional supplements and stress support options are also listed.
Physiologic birth is powered by the innate human capacity of the woman and fetus and is more likely to be safe and healthy with little medical intervention. Key hormones like oxytocin, endorphins, and catecholamines drive the physiologic process of birth through activity in the limbic brain and optimal neuroendocrine function. Caregivers can support this process by creating a calm and private environment, encouraging relaxation techniques, optimizing hormone levels through positioning and skin-to-skin contact, and avoiding anything that may stimulate the mother's thinking brain or stress response.
How to sleep better during your period 2019 - NuvannaAlvaro Vaselli
The document discusses how to sleep better during your period. It notes that 30% of women have disrupted sleep during menstruation due to factors like mood swings, increased body temperature, and cramps. It recommends sleeping in a fetal position or on your side to minimize cramps, using heat therapy, trying herbal remedies like chamomile tea, exercising, and keeping your bedroom cool for better sleep during your period.
NON PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF DISCOMFORT.pptxAURELIATEMBA
Define labor pain, non- pharmacological management, pain tolerance and endorphins
Describe different non pharmacological strategies/methods used to manage discomfort during labor and delivery
Identify advantages of non pharmacological management of discomfort during labor and delivery
Pain relief in labor is complex and often challenging.
Effective management of labor pain plays a relatively major role in a woman's satisfaction with childbirth.
Labor contractions usually cause discomfort or a dull ache in the back and lower abdomen, along with pressure in the pelvis.
Contractions move in a wave-like motion from the top of the uterus to the bottom.
Some women describe contractions as strong menstrual cramps.
support measure during childbirth
Reduction of fear and anxiety by providing information and support.
Facilitation of appropriate rest, sleep and for ambulation.
Provision of a labor companion.
If you are an expectant mother,
you should talk with your obstetrician and your anesthesiologist to develop a plan on
Pain management during labor and delivery
that ensures the safest possible pregnancy, childbirth, and recovery.
Every woman experiences labor pain differently based on emotional, psychological, and cultural factors. Preparing for birth through education and developing a birth plan can help reduce anxiety and better cope with pain. There are many natural and medical options for pain relief during labor, including relaxation techniques, immersion in water, massage, nitrous oxide, and an epidural. The best methods vary for each woman and may change during labor.
The document discusses various types of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies. It describes several alternative medical systems including acupuncture, ayurveda, homeopathy, and naturopathic medicine. It also discusses mind-body interventions like meditation, relaxation, hypnosis, and biofeedback. The document provides details on what each therapy involves, its proposed mechanisms of action, conditions it can be used to treat, risks, and contraindications.
health and fitness ,
What are the 4 types of health?
What is health and its importance?
What is the meaning of UN in health?
What are the 3 biggest health problems?
What is your definition of health?
What are the 5 issues on health?
What is the most health issue?
What are the 5 issues on health?
What is the most health issue?
What was the first definition of health?
What is global health issues?
Why does global health matter?
WHO main objective?
What are the objectives of health?
The document discusses Ayurvedic concepts of doshas (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), determining one's dominant dosha based on personality traits and imbalances, and lifestyle recommendations to balance each dosha. It then describes an Ayurvedic morning routine including oil pulling, an oil bath demonstration, and head and hair care recommendations using sesame and rice bran oils. Various Ayurvedic therapies and supplements are presented including enzymes, solar plexus breathing, hand reflexology, and black tourmaline.
Similar to Complementary therapies in labour gihs (20)
The document defines prolonged labour as when the first and second stages of labour last more than 18 hours total. It then discusses the phases of labour and outlines causes of prolonged labour including issues with uterine contractions, the cervix, pelvis, or baby. Diagnosis involves assessing cervical dilation and descent rates. Dangers to the mother and baby include hypoxia, infection, and trauma. Treatments include preventing issues with early monitoring, changing positions, hydration, and pain relief or interventions like amniotomy, oxytocin, or c-section depending on the stage and severity.
The document discusses fetal development from 6 weeks to 38 weeks of pregnancy. It describes the key physical changes that occur in the embryo and fetus each week. During the first trimester (6-12 weeks), major organs begin to form and external features develop. In the second trimester (13-28 weeks), the fetus grows rapidly and all systems continue to mature. By the third trimester (29-38 weeks), the fetus prepares for birth by gaining weight and fat and increasing lung and brain development.
clinical teaching methods
purposes
principles
models of clinical teaching methods
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types of learning
types of clinical teaching methods and their advantages and disadvantages
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The document discusses various types of materials, equipment, and linen used in hospitals and their care and maintenance. It covers the different categories of equipment including reusable and disposable items. It provides details on the proper cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization techniques for different materials like linen, rubber goods, steel instruments, glass, and plastic items. The document also discusses the care and maintenance of other items like furniture and machinery equipment. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining proper inventory and indent records for materials and ensuring their optimal availability.
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Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
Cross-Cultural Leadership and CommunicationMattVassar1
Business is done in many different ways across the world. How you connect with colleagues and communicate feedback constructively differs tremendously depending on where a person comes from. Drawing on the culture map from the cultural anthropologist, Erin Meyer, this class discusses how best to manage effectively across the invisible lines of culture.
Storytelling for Technical Talks: Building Influence with StakeholdersMattVassar1
Why is that when we present facts alone, we can be met with resistance? Is there another way to influence important stakeholders when it matters most? We discuss how storytelling in technical talks, when done right, can make your ideas more memorable and influential.
Hospital pharmacy and it's organization (1).pdfShwetaGawande8
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Location and layout of Hospital pharmacy
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Creativity for Innovation and SpeechmakingMattVassar1
Tapping into the creative side of your brain to come up with truly innovative approaches. These strategies are based on original research from Stanford University lecturer Matt Vassar, where he discusses how you can use them to come up with truly innovative solutions, regardless of whether you're using to come up with a creative and memorable angle for a business pitch--or if you're coming up with business or technical innovations.
3. UNICEF REPORT-2009
An Indian woman is 300 times more likely to die
in childbirth complications than USA/UK
Avoidable complications during childbirth are
killing 78,000 women in India every year
On an average,one woman die every 7 minutes
from complication of pregnancy and childbirth
In India,more than two thirds of all maternal
death occur in a handful of states ie.
UP,MP,Bihar Jharkhand,Orissa
Rajasthan,Assam,Chhatisgarh
In UP,one in every 42 women faces risk of
maternal death,compared to 1 in 500 women in
5. In bible labour pain is mentioned as “In
sorrow thou shalt bring forth the children”
– Genesis-3:16
Labour pain – sin, witch craft
Sir James Young Simpson – interpretation
of bible was wrong.
Queen Victoria – Chloroform - for the
birth of son Leopold
Entonox was introduced in 1881.
LABOUR PAIN - HISTORY
6. What is complementary therapy?
Complementary therapy is something
that complements conventional medical
treatment.
CARE = CARE
7. What are Alternative therapies?
Alternative therapies are those
which offer alternatives to
conventional therapies.
8. Therapies are as follows
1. Herbal medicine
2. Chinese medicine
3. Chiropractic
4. Naturopathy
5. Osteopathy
6. Acupuncture/Acupre
ssure
7. Homeopathy
8. Reflexology
9. Aromatherapy
10.Alexander
technique
11.Massage
14. Yogic medicine
15. Ayurvedic medicine
16 Spiritual healing
17. Iridology
18. Kinesiology
19. Meditation
20. Nutritional
medication
21. Music therapy
22. Gold therapy
23 Hydrotherapy
24. Energy healing
25. Crystal therapy
9. Complementary therapies are as
follows
1. Acupuncture 7. Birth ball
2. Acupressure 8.Aromatherapy
3. Reflexology 9. Water birth
4. Massages 10.DoulaServices
5.Music therapy 11.Yoga therapy
6. Hydro therapy 12.Homeopathy
11. PAIN
Pain is "an unpleasant sensory and
emotional experience associated with
actual or potential tissue damage
Questions to ask about pain:
P-Pattern (onset & duration)
A-Area(location)
I-Intensity(level)
N-Nature(description)
15. LABOUR PAIN PATHWAYS
The pain of the first stage of
labour is referred to the
spinal cord segments
associated with the uterus
and the cervix T10, T11,T12
and L1.
Pain of distension of the
birth canal and perineum is
conveyed by S2-4.
16. ACUPUNCTURE
Works by normalising the”flow”of
qi”vital energy”in the body.
Pain or illness=blockages of qi
12 main channels of energy and 8
extra channels.
17. REFLEXOLOGYREFLEXOLOGY
This therapy is related to acupuncture and
involves massaging various areas of the feet in order
to stimulate channels of energy which connect with
other parts of the body.
AIM
The body has its own powerful healing
response.Reflexology aims to stimulate this into
normal functioning and to maintain homeostasis.
18. There are approximately 7200 nerve endings on
the feet and these relate to various organs and glands
within the body. A mirror image of the body has been
mapped on the feet and pressure applied on specific
reflex points on the feet can affect the corresponding
part of the body.
In Labour
It can be used during labour to increase the
strength of contractions, to calmdown contractions if
they are extremely painful.
Research has proved that birth time has been
reduced and mothers recover more quickly after birth.
19. Following treatment,
mothers are advised to
wear comfortable shoes,
drink water/
decaffeinated drinks.
This is to promote the
detoxification process
and helps the body to
eliminate the toxins that
have been released.
Reflexology effect on the body can be as powerful as
that of strong drugs.
21. AROMATHERAPY
Essential oils form the base of aromatherapy and
influence the mind, body and spirit.
These oils are the concentrated extracts of plants
and their roots, stems, flowers and fruits.
Essential oils are concentrated and must be diluted
by mixing up with carrier oils before application. . Only a
few pure essential oils like lavender and tea tree can be
applied directly to the skin.
22. Massaging the oil onto the body is the most common
method of getting the benefit of aromatherapy oils,
since skin is the largest absorption organ that we
have.
Commonly used essential oils
1.Bergamot- Originally from Italy, is obtained from the
kind of the bitter orange. It is pale green in colour, with
sharp, orangey and refreshing fragrance.
It is a happy uplifting oil, works well against
tensions, headaches and anxiety.
23. 2. Chamomile
This is oil for women and children. It relieves cramps
and spasms and a good painkiller for dull aching pain.
German Chamomile is a great oil for children. Soothes
child’s colic or stomach upsets, alleviates nappy
rashes and skin irritation.
3. Eucalyptus
Versatile oil with origins in Australia. It helps to
relieve bad cold and fever. It is also an effective insect
repellent.
4. Tea tree
It has antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic and
antiviral properties. Heals blemishes without any side
effects such as dryness, itching, stinging, burning or
redness.
24. Aromatherapy oils can be used for lower back
massage with
Jasmine
Juniper
Geranium
Clery sage
Rose
Lavender
Have been reported to provide subjective
benefits in labour
25. MUSIC THERAPYMUSIC THERAPY
Physical effects of music
Louder and faster noises tend to raise both heart rate
and blood pressure. Slower, soften and more regular
tones produce the opposite result.
It also relieves muscle tension and improves motor
skills.
Levels of endorphins are increased while listening to
music and levels of stress hormones are decreased.
It is used to create feelings of calmness, excitement or
romance.
27. BIRTH BALLSBIRTH BALLS
It is a large [65 cm in diameter]
air filled ball.
During pregnancy it can be
used as an exercise aid for
pelvic muscles.
Research on the use of the ball
demonstrates a significant
improvement in core muscle
stability, including the muscles
of the chest and abdomen,.
These muscles are instrumental
in the labour process for deep
breathing and pushing
28. The ball should be used with the
following precautions:
1. The woman should never use the
ball unless her support person is
with her.
2. The woman should always have a
firm support in front of her to hold
for securities.
29. Hydrotherapy
The use of hydrotherapy during labour, whether in a
shower or a tub, is a proven means of relaxation and
pain relief.
The warm water stimulates the release of endorphins,
relaxes muscles to decrease tension, stimulate large
diameter nerve fibre and to close the gate on pain,
and promotes better circulation and oxygenation.
31. Water birth is the process of giving birth in
a tub of warm water. Some women choose
to labour in the water and get out for
delivery. Other women decide to stay in the
water for the delivery as well. The theory
behind water birth is that the baby has been
in the amniotic sac for 9 months and
birthing into a similar environment is gentle
for the baby and less stressful for the
mother.
DEFINITION
32. WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF
WATER BIRTH?
Benefits for Mother:
Water is soothing, comforting and relaxing.
In the later stages of labor, the water seems to
increase the woman’s energy.
The buoyancy lessens her body weight, allows free
movement and new positioning.
Buoyancy promotes more efficient uterine
contractions and better blood circulation
Immersion in water often helps lower high blood
pressure caused by anxiety.
Water seems to alleviate stress-related hormones,
allowing the mother’s body to produce endorphins,
which are pain-inhibitors.
33. Greater comfort and mobility.
Reduction of pressure on the abdomen.
Helps mother to conserve her energy.
Promotes deeper relaxation.
Water relaxes the pelvic floor muscles
Water minimises the pain
Water stimulates the touch and temperature nerve
fibres in the skin.
34. Water can reduce the need for drugs to artificially
stimulate labour.
Lowering of blood pressure.
Easier breathing.
Water causes the perineum to become more elastic and
relaxed
Being in the tub reduces the possibility of intervention
by birth attendants.
Skin to skin time is facilitated.
35. Initial breast contact is also easier to initiate
The cord continues to pulse strongly for an extended
period resulting in baby receiving his full blood volume.
Benefits for Baby:
Provides a similar environment as the amniotic sac.
Eases the stress of the birth, providing reassurance and
security.
As the laboring women relaxes physically she is able to
relax mentally, concentrating her efforts inward on the
birth process.
36. Recommended Criteria for the
use of a water pool
An uncomplicated pregnancy of at
least 37 weeks of gestation.
Established active labour (i.e. good
regular contractions; dilation of the
cervix and descent of the presenting
part).
37. Potential Advantages of Water Immersion
The buoyancy of water enables a mother to move
more easily;
Blood pressure is lowered;
Comfort & relaxation may be enhanced;
Maternal sense of control may increase, which in
turn enhances emotional well-being;
Pain may be diminished;
The need for pharmacological pain relief may be
reduced;
Length of labour may be reduced;
Improved perineal stretching may reduce trauma;
Operative births may be reduced.
38. Potential Disadvantages
Decrease in uterine contraction strength and frequency,
especially if used before active labour is established;
Neonatal water aspiration; at least two cases have been
recorded
Maternal hyperthermia may contribute to fetal hypoxemia;
Neonatal hypothermia is possible if water temperature is
too cool;
Cord immersion in warm water may delay vasoconstriction,
increasing red cell transfusion to the newborn and
promoting jaundice;
Blood loss estimation and assessment is difficult in the
water;
Maternal and Neonatal infection may be increased; not
supported by the evidence
39. Contraindications for birth in a
water pool
Pre-term labour;
Maternal infection with a blood borne pathogen
such as Hepatitis B or C or HIV 1 ;
A woman who has meconium-stained amniotic
fluid may use a water pool for immersion during
labour, as long as close monitoring of the fetal
heart takes place and findings are reassuring. She
should be asked to get out of the pool for the
birth of the baby to facilitate suctioning of the
oral and nasal pharynx once the head is born.
40. Caution should be used when
considering water immersion if
sedation has been administered to the
woman. Individual responses to
sedation vary; the woman must be able
to get in and out of the tub without
difficulty and be fully conscious and
aware of her surroundings while in the
water. She should never be left alone.
Risk of maternal water embolus;
Risk of acquiring blood born infection
or sustaining back injury for caregivers
41. Recommendations for the use of
water immersion for labour and birth
Midwives should discuss the potential advantages
and disadvantages of water immersion for labour and
birth with each woman prior to labour.
The woman's vital signs and the fetal heart rate must
be within normal limits.
The fetal heart should be monitored according to
accepted guidelines. Use of a waterproof Doppler
device is recommended.
The water temperature should be monitored and
maintained between 36 and 37.5 C to prevent hypo or
hyperthermia. The temperature may be monitored
with a floating thermometer.
42. The woman's temperature should be monitored and
she should leave the water if her temperature exceeds
37.5 degrees C.
The woman should be encouraged to maintain
adequate hydration and leave the pool to urinate at
regular intervals.
The woman should be asked to leave the water if
there are any concerns about her or her baby's well
being.
An alternative birth place should be set up close to
the pool.
The water should be kept as clean as possible. Stool
and blood clots must be removed from the tub
immediately. The tub should be drained, cleaned and
refilled if the pool is being used over a number of
hours or if contaminants cannot be easily removed.
43. The baby should be born completely
underwater with no air contact until the head
is brought to the surface, as air and
temperature change may stimulate breathing
and lead to water aspiration.
At birth the baby's head must be brought to the
surface immediately. Care should be taken to
avoid undue traction on the cord. There have
been reports of cord tearing. Some authors
recommend early clamping of the cord to prevent
polycythemia and reduce the risk of fetal blood
loss if the cord integrity is compromised.
44. Care should be taken to maintain the newborn's
temperature to prevent hypothermia.
The placenta is best delivered outside of the tub
to accurately assess maternal bleeding.
Birth pools that are being used in hospital or
that will be used again by another birthing
mother should be cleaned between uses with a
chlorine-releasing agent to kill any blood born
pathogens.
As when caring for any mother or newborn, the
midwife is responsible for using her clinical
judgment, responding appropriately to problems
that may arise, and for documenting her actions.
45. Evidence:
Eight trials are included (2939 women). No
trials were identified that evaluated
immersion versus no immersion during
pregnancy, considered different types of
baths/pools, or considered the management
of third stage of labour. There was a
statistically significant reduction in the use of
epidural/spinal/paracervical
analgesia/anaesthesia amongst women
allocated to water immersion water during
the first stage of labour compared to those
not allocated to water immersion (odds ratio
(OR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71 to
0.99, four trials).
46. There was no significant difference in vaginal
operative deliveries (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.05, six
trials), or caesarean sections (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.92 to
1.91). Women who used water immersion during the
first stage of labour reported statistically
significantly less pain than those not labouring in
water (40/59 versus 55/61) (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.08 to
0.63, one trial). There were no significant
differences in incidence of an Apgar score less than
7 at five minutes (OR 1.59, 95% CI 0.63 to 4.01),
neonatal unit admissions (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.68 to
1.61), or neonatal infection rates (OR 2.01, 95% CI
0.50 to 8.07
47. PROFESSIONAL WATER BIRTH
ACCESSORIES POOL KIT
Electric Air Pump
Submersible Water Pump
Underwater Flashlight
Floating Thermometer
Handheld Water Mirror
25 Foot Water Hose
Protective Floor Plastic
48. Y-Adapter with Cap
Faucet Adapter
Debris Net
Anti-Bacterial Sponge
Detailed Instructions
2 sheets
6 towels , trays
Flash light & batteries Q-tips
6 old washcloths
Other towels and washcloths
Several pillows
49. A bowl or pot for the placenta (2 qt. size)
Paper towels
Large thick plastic trash bags (at least 4)
flannel-backed rubber sheet
Flash light & batteries Q-tips
Baby bathtub or small tub
A clean hose 6 baby receiving blankets
,Diapers
50. ACUPRESSURE IN LABOURACUPRESSURE IN LABOUR
It is an ancient healing art developed in
Asia over 5000 years ago (sushrut samhitta) that
uses the fingers to press key points on the
surface of the skin to stimulate the body’s natural
self-curative abilities.
The technique is based on the TCM system that
emphasizes the concept of holism, that is that
mind, body and spirit are integrated.
The belief of TCM is that channels of
energy called Qi (chi) run through out the entire
body. Qi flows through channels, or meridians,
improving blood circulation nourishing tissues
and promoting normal function.
51. Hegu- LI - 4
Location: This point lies between the
first and second metacarpal bones.
The highest point formed when the
thumb is brought to rest against the
index finger.
Uses:
1. To provide general pain relief in labour
2. To stimulate efficient uterine contraction.
3. To regulate uterine contraction.
4. During 2nd
stage of labour to aid body's effort to
move the baby down through birth canal.
52. Sanyinjiao – SP- 6
Location: 4 fingers width
(woman’s) above the tip of
the medial mallelous of the
border of the tibia.
Uses:
1.Aid in the dilatation of the cervix.
2.Aid in strengthening uterine contraction.
53. Ciliao BL - 32
Location: Centre of second sacral foramen, of the mid
point of posterior superior iliac and posterior midline.
Uses:
1.Aid in the descent of the baby
2.Produce a pleasant anaesthetising effect on the
uterine contractions.
54. Jianjing GB - 21
Location: when you draw an
imaginary line between the
bony prominence of the neck
(C7) and the top of the shoulder
joint (acromion process), this
point lies midway along the
curved line, at the highest point
of the shoulder muscle.
Technique: pressure is applied of the beginning of each
contraction.
Uses:
1.To aid in the descent of the baby at the first and second
stage of labour.
2.To stimulate uterine contractions.
55. Zhiyin UB - 67
Location: This point lies on the
little toe, just on the out side
aspect of the toe nail.
Uses:
1.To correct abnormal positions like occipito posterior
positions.
2.In all acute emergencies, difficult labour, and
malpositions of the fetus.
3.For spontaneous version of breech presentation into
cephalic. Apply pressure 1 or 2 minutes once or twice a
day. Immeidately afterwards get into knee chest postiion
for 15 minutes. Treatment can be started from 33 weeks
of getation.
56. Kunlun BL 60
Location : Level with
prominence of the
lateral malleolus
Uses:
1. To correct occiputo posterior position together
with Sp6
2. For progession of labour in occipito posterior.
57. To identify correct point
While applying the pressure there should
be a distinct feeling around or at the site of
pressure. This may be felt as tension,
numbness, warmth, aching or buring sensation.
N.B Do not use these points during pregnancy.
58. To induce labour : Points Li-4, Sp6,
BL32
L14 & Sp6 can be used in combination. Apply
pressure for 1 minute hourly or 2 hourly
intervals. BL-32 apply pressure and strokes
through to buttocks 5 minutes twice a day. Start
the treatment 1 week or 3-4 days before EDD.
59. Posterior Positions : Points – Kunlun Bl-60
in combination with Sp6. These points can be
used together. Apply pressure on BL-60 for 2
minutes followed by pressure on SP6 for 2
minutes. Preferably both legs are used
Or
BL-67 apply pressure for 2 minutes with end of
a ball pen or finger nail.
60. Pain relief in Labour : Points LI-4, SP6
Apply pressure with index finger or thumb for 1
to 2 minutes on one leg at a time. After 20 – 30
minutes apply pressure on the opposite leg.
Once the labour has become established (the
contractions are regular and efficient)
acupressure can be discontinued.
61. Un established labour or failure to
progress:
Point SP6 & LI4
Acupressure can be used for several minutes
on each point. Apply pressure on LI 14 on one
hand and SP6 on opposite leg. Ten minutes
later this combination can be repeated on the
opposite leg and hand.
62. Cervical Lip : Points Sp6 & BL32
When the cervix has not fully dilated and the
woman feels the urge to push, pressure on
these points can be used. Apply pressure on
BL-32 for upto 10 minutes. If possible apply
pressure in combination.
63. How Acupressure works?
The nervous system is stimulated to release
neurotransmitters in the body. Acupressure decreases
pain by to mechanisms
1.Release of endorphins
2.Gate control theory
64. Massage in labour
Women who have experienced skilful
massage during labour often say afterwards
how helpful and pain relieving it was.
Effleurage - it is a light, rhythmic stroking
techniques
Petrisage - kneading techniques
Uses
1. Soothing sensory input from
stroking and kneading activates the gate
closing mechanism at spinal level.
Tissue manipulation (deep sacral kneading)
to stimulate the release of endogeneous
opiates.
65. Back Massage
Back pain experienced in the lumbo
sacral region and it intensifies as labour
progresses.
Stationery kneading
Single handled or reinforced with one hand over
the other, applied slowly and deeply to the
painful area if often helpful.
66. Double handled kneading with loosely clenched fists
directly over the sacroiliac joints can give relief
67. Massage from the sacrococcygeal area, up and
over the iliac crests can be soothing.
69. The abodmen
Pain is most commonly experienced over the lower
half of the abdomen, particularly in the supra public
region.
Deep massage totally unacceptable
71. Double handled stroking ascending either side
of the midline and across to the iliac crests. This can
be synchronized with easy breathing.
72. Perineal massage
Midwives will massage a mother’s perineum
in the first and second stage of labour in an effort
to encourage stretching of the skin and muscle to
prevent tearing.
73. The doula’s most important role is to
provide nurturing, continuous support and
reassurance in helping the mother have
the birth how she wants. She will support
the mother throughout the labour.
DOULA SERVICES
ONE TO ONE LABOUR
SUPPORT
74. DOULA SERVICES
1. Smile Exercises
2. Establish eye contact
3. Use Mother’s name
4. Give your undivided attention
5. Match speech
6. Mirror the person’s body language
75. 7. Show that, without any shadow of doubt,
you respect and accept the person.
8. Don’t show any hesitance on your face
76. 9. Appreciation of good effort
10. Have Patient/ customer-friendly voice