Neuroscience of Stress.pptx
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The document discusses the neuroscience of stress. It defines neuroscience as the study of the brain and nervous system, and defines stress as feelings of being overwhelmed. It then discusses how stress impacts the brain and behavior in several ways: it can impair memory, change the brain's structure by affecting gray and white matter, increase risk of mental illness, kill brain cells in the hippocampus, and shrink certain brain areas like the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. The document also examines how stress affects several key neurotransmitters like catecholamines, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, melatonin, and glutamate.
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Neuroscience of Stress.pptx
- 1. Neuroscience of Stress Dr.Suresh Kumar Murugesan PhD and Ms.Jothi Yellow Pond
- 2. About us ● Dr.Suresh Kumar Murugesan Phd and Ms.Jothi are the founders of Yellow Pond counselling Centre ● They are positive psychologist striving for the excellence in ethir field ● Both had acted as resource persons for many training and webinars ● They are also life members of Tamil Nadu Career Counsellors Association and Tamil nadu Counsellors and Psychotherapist Association ● They have developed few Psychometric tools Yellow Pond
- 3. Disclaimer ● This presentation is prepared for learning purpose only and anyone can use the content. ● All the images used in this presentation are taken from google image search. ● Due acknowledgement was given to all the material collected from the various sources. ● Any name or reference is not included kindly bring it to the notice of the presenter for inclusion. ● Email - sureshkumar800@yahoo.com Thank you Yellow Pond
- 4. Neurosceince Neuroscience is scientific study of structure and function of the brain and neuron It also studies the impact of brain on behavior and cognitive functions, or how people think. Yellow Pond
- 5. What is stress? Stress is the feeling of being overwhelmed or unable to cope with mental or emotional pressure. Yellow Pond
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- 9. Stress and Human Survival Short-term stress evolved to help humans survive. It triggers that powerful ‘fight or flight’ instinct that makes us respond quickly when we’re in danger – and without it, our ancestors wouldn’t have lasted long. Yellow Pond
- 10. Stress impairs Memory ● One effect of chronic stress that researchers have observed is memory impairment. ● Specifically, it has been noted that people who are stressed tend to be more forgetful and less likely to remember specific information. ● Researchers believe that even minor stress, such as being late to work, can cause to forget simple things like where our keys are. ● One study performed on older rats even noted that high levels of cortisol caused short-term memory declines. Yellow Pond
- 11. Changes the Brain’s Structure ● Our brain is composed of both gray matter and white matter. ● Gray matter is used for decision-making and problem-solving, while white matter is used to connect regions of the brain and communicate information. ● It has been noted that during times of chronic stress, the myelin sheaths that make up white matter become overproduced, while less gray matter is produced. ● When this happens, there can be an imbalance in gray and white matter. In some cases, this results in permanent changes to the brain’s structure. Yellow Pond
- 12. Stress and Mental Illness ● An imbalance between white and gray matter can also play a role in the development of mental illness. ● The theory is that having excess myelin in certain areas of the brain interferes with the timing and balance of communication. ● It was also noted that chronic stress can negatively alter hippocampal function. ● The hippocampus is involved in memory, specifically spatial memory, memory consolidation, and memory transfer. Yellow Pond
- 13. Stress Kills Brain Cells ● It has been suggested by researchers that chronic stress can even kill new neurons in the brain’s hippocampus. ● The hippocampus is one of only two locations where neurons are produced. ● Despite the fact that the formation of new neurons does not seem to be affected, research shows that new neurons produced during periods of stress are more likely to die within a week. Yellow Pond
- 14. Stress Shrinks the Brain While the overall volume of the brain tends to remain about the same, it has been found that chronic stress in otherwise healthy individuals can cause areas of the brain associated with emotions, metabolism, and memory to shrink. Chronic stress also made people more likely to experience brain shrinkage when exposed to intense stressors. This means that people under constant stress may find it harder to deal with future stress. Yellow Pond
- 15. Improves Cognitive Function ● Stress is not all bad for our brain. In fact, moderate stress can actually improve brain performance by strengthening the connection between neurons in the brain. ● This helps to improve memory and attention span in order to make you more productive overall. ● This is why some people tend to perform “better under pressure”. Yellow Pond
- 16. Stress and Brain Areas Yellow Pond
- 17. Prefrontal cortex Stress can shrink the prefrontal cortex Yellow Pond
- 18. Amygdala Stress can increase the size of the amygdala Yellow Pond
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- 23. Catecholamines Catecholamines are an important part of the body's stress response, which can be vital in a fight-or-flight response to a perceived threat. Yellow Pond
- 24. Catecholamines Catecholamines include neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which are released during the body's stress response. Yellow Pond
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- 27. Gamma-aminobutyric acid ● It is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. ● The role of GABA and benzodiazepine receptors has been well documented in stress disorders such as anxiety, epilepsy, insomnia, and convulsive disorders. ● Stress has been reported to alter the content of the GABA neurotransmission, which suggests the involvement of GABA in stress-induced behavioral and biochemical alterations. ● Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy-tryptamine) is a secretory product primarily synthesized in the pineal gland and released into the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid. ● Study revealed the involvement of GABAergic mechanism in the hypnotic action of melatonin.[20] Stress induces the release of CRF and GABA from the amygdala and hypothalamus.[21] ● It down-regulates vesicular glutamate transporter and its coupling with GABA-synthesizing enzyme, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) in response to maternal separation could lead to decreased GABA levels in the hippocampus.[22] Yellow Pond
- 28. Dopamine ● Stress-induced changes in dopamine (DA) levels within terminal areas seem to involve mainly ventral tegmental area projecting cells. ● Findings from preclinical studies suggest an uneven response of DA in different stressful stimuli. ● Specifically, an acute and controllable/escapable physical stress was seen to cause an enhanced DA efflux in the ventral striatum, whereas chronic and uncontrollable/inescapable exposure to the same stress attenuated DA release. ● Parkinson's disease is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease, clinically characterized as a movement disorder arising due to selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the ventral midbrain, thereby depleting the dopamine levels in the striatum. Yellow Pond
- 29. Norepinephrine ● Brain epinephrine serves globally as an alarm system that decreases neurovegetative functions, such as eating and sleeping, and this contributes to accompanying increase in autonomic and neuroendocrine responses to stress, including HPA axis activation.[23] ● NE also activates the amygdala, the principal brain locus for fear-related behaviors, and enhances the long-term storage of aversively charged emotional memories in sites such as the hippocampus and striatum. Monoaminergic systems regulate the activity of neurons in the amygdala.[24] ● Stress has been reported to increase the turnover of NE in many terminal projection areas of the locus ceruleus[25] and also increase extracellular NE in the hippocampus. ● There are substantial evidences suggesting that neurons in the brain containing and secreting noradrenaline and CRF are activated during stress.[26] Hence, it is quite evident that both noradrenaline and CRF are involved in behavioral responses to stress Yellow Pond
- 30. Serotonin ● Previous reports have suggested that stress affects the activity of central dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons.[29,30] Interactions between serotonin and CRF have been demonstrated by various studies in different parts of the brain. ● Studies have proved that significant reduction in serotonin level increases the responsiveness to stress.[31,32] ● Hippocampal serotonin concentrations are increased during psychosocial conflict in animals.[33] ● The 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5-HT1A) receptors are down-regulated in distinct brain regions including the hippocampus and cortex following stress Yellow Pond
- 31. Melatonin ● It is synthesized from tryptophan within the pinealocytes. ● Most synthetic activity occurs during the dark phase, with a major increase (7-150 fold) in the activity of serotonin-N-acetyltransferase.[35] ● Melatonin, being an endogenous hormone, has also been known to improve the quality of sleep and reduce the formation of free radicals; it also allows the restoration of antioxidant enzymes.[36] ● Serotonin is the intermediate product in melatonin synthesis and in the presence of serotonin-N- transferase it gets converted into N-acetyl serotonin, which further with the help of hydroxyl indole o-methyl transferase gets converted into melatonin [Figure 3]. Thus, there is possibility of the involvement of serotonergic neurotransmission in the protective effects of melatonin. Yellow Pond
- 32. Glutamate ● There is substantial evidence indicating that the Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) receives glutaminergic innervations from large brain areas involving the PVN itself and several other nuclei in and outside the hypothalamus. ● Among the neuroanatomical regions of glutamatergic afferents to the PVN, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus is the candidate locus for glutamatergic neurons that could be activated by immobilization stress. ● Microinjection of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) into the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus causes an increase in glutamate release in the PVN and results in cardiovascular response very similar to the one evoked by emotional stress Yellow Pond
- 33. References 1. Yvette Brazier (June 26, 2018). What is neuroscience?https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248680 2. https://www.jandsvision.com/blog/neuroscience-and-stress/ 3. Godoy LD, Rossignoli MT, Delfino-Pereira P, Garcia-Cairasco N and Umeoka EHL (2018) A Comprehensive Overview on Stress Neurobiology: Basic Concepts and Clinical Implications. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 12:127. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00127 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00127/full 4. https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S277252862100011X?token=83337A51CAFF12267A988170E0EE619C4850CBE4D22CE11F9260 9C958D875377DB8B06C2F00414266A6E370621368913&originRegion=eu-west-1&originCreation=20220611080958 5. https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3697199/#ref2 7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6043787/ 8. https://www.verywellmind.com/surprising-ways-that-stress-affects-your-brain-2795040 9. https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/stress-and-brain 10. https://www.verywellmind.com/all-about-catecholamines-3145098 11. Elizabeth Scott, PhD (July 02, 2021) All About Catecholamines in the Stress Response. https://www.verywellmind.com/all-about- catecholamines-3145098# 12. Kumar, A., Rinwa, P., Kaur, G., & Machawal, L. (2013). Stress: Neurobiology, consequences and management. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences, 5(2), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.111818 13. Yaribeygi, H., Panahi, Y., Sahraei, H., Johnston, T. P., & Sahebkar, A. (2017). The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI journal, 16, 1057–1072. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2017-480 Yellow Pond