Methods of data collection sdr final

METHODS OF
DATA COLLECTION
Supriya D. Raut
RS20190802
(Physics Department)
Research Methodology

Introduction
Data collection is the process of gathering
information about the relevant topic of research
which is being done by researcher collection.
It is the most important stage in conducting
research.
It is very demanding job which needs
through planning, hard work, patience,
perservance and more able to complete the task
successfully.

What is Data collection?
It is the process by which the researcher collects
the information needed to answer the researcher
problem.
The task of data collection begins after a research
problem has been defined and research design
chalked out.

In collecting the data, the researcher must decide
Which data to collect?
How to collect the data?
Who will collect the data?
When to collect the data?

Types of data collection
i) Primary Data : Those which are collect a
fresh and for the first time, and thus happen
to be original in character. It is originally
collected.
ii) Secondary data : The data have been
already been collected by someone else and
which through the statistical process.

Methods of data collection
Experiment
Survey
Observation method
Interview Method
Questionnaires
Schedules

The Important type of methods
1) Observation
2) Interview
3) Questionnaires
4) Schedules

Observation Method
 It is a method under which data from the field is
collected with the help of observation by the observer
or by personally going to the field
 In the words of P. V. Yong
“ Observation may be defined as systematic
viewing, coupled with consideration of seen
phenomenon”

Steps for effective observation
Determine what need to be
observed
Select Participant
(Random/selected)
Conducting Observation (venue, duration,
recording materials, take photographs)
Compile data collected
Analyze and Interpret the
collected data

Classifications
Structured Observation
When observation done by characterizing style
of recording the observed information, standardized
conditions of observation, definition of the units to
be observed selection of pertinent data of
observation then it is structured observation
Unstructured Observation
When observation is done without any thought
before observation then it is unstructured
observation

Participant Observation
When the observer is member of the group which
he is observing then it is participant observation
In this method researcher can record natural
behaviour of group. Researcher can verify the truth
statements given by informants in the context of
questionnaire.
Non –participant observation
When observer is observing people without giving
any information to them. Then, it is non-participant
observation

Controlled Observation
When the observation takes place according
to definite pre arranged plans, with experimental
procedure. Then, it is controlled observation.
Generally done in laboratory under
controlled condition
Uncontrolled Observation
When the observation takes place in
natural condition. Then it is uncontrolled observation. It
is done spontaneous picture of life & persons

Advantages
No bias information.
Researcher get current information.
Independent of respondents variable.
The original data can be collected at the time
of occurrence of the client.

Disadvantage
It is expensive method
It is time consuming method
Limited information
Extensive training is needed
It is very difficult to gather information on
i) opinion ii) inventions

Interview Method
This method of collecting data involves
presentation or oral-verbal stimuli and reply in
terms of oral-verbal responses
It is method oral-verbal communication.
Where interviewer asks questions to
respondents.(which aimed to get information
required for study.)

Steps for effective Interview
Prepared Interview Schedule
Select object/ key respodent
Conduct the Interview
Compile data collected
Analyze and Interpret the
collected data

Classifications
Structural Interviews
In this case , a set of pre-decided questions
are there.
Unstructured Interview
In this case, we don’t follow a system of pre-
determined questions

Focussed Interview
Attention is focused on the given experience
of the respondent and its possible effects
Clinical Interviews
Concerned with broad underlying feelings or
motivations or with the course of an
individuals life experience.

Group Interview
A group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed
Qualitative and Quantitative Interview
This interview divided on the
basis of subject matter i. e. whether qualitative or
quantitative

Individual Interview
Interviewer meets a single person and
interviews him.
In this type face to face contact the person
Selection Interview
Done for selection of people for certain
jobs.

More information is greater depth can be
obtained.
Resistance may be overcome by a skilled
interviewer
Personal Information can be obtained
Advantages

Disadvantage
It is expensive method
Interviewer bias
Respondent Bias
Time consuming
Systematic errors my be occurred.

Questionnaire Method
A questionnaire is sent (by post or by mail) to
the persons concerned with a request to answer
the questions and return the questionnaire
A questionnaire consists of number of
questions printed in a definite order on a form.

Steps for effective Questionnaire
Prepared Questions
(formulate and choose types of questions, order them, write
instructions, make copies)
Select your respondent
Administer the questionnaire
Tabulated data collected
Analyze and Interpret the collected
data

Classifications
Open - ended Questions
This gives the respondents the ability to
respond in their own words.
Close - ended questions
This allows the respondents to choose one of
the given alternatives
Types- Dichotomous questions and multiple
choice questions.

Essential of Good Questionnaire
Should be followed short and simple
Follow a sequence of questions from easy to
difficult one
Technical terms should be avoided
Should provide adequate space for answer in
questionnaire
Directions regarding the filling of questionnaire
should be given physical appearance- quality of
paper Sequence must be clear

Advantage
Free from interviewer bias
Respondents have adequate time to think
through the answers.
Low cost-even when the universe is large
and is widespread.
Respondents who are not easily
approacheble, can be reached conviently.
Large samples can be used.

Disadvantage
Time consuming
The respondents need to be educated and
co-operative
This method is slow
Possibilities of unclear replies

Schedule Method
Enumerator goes to the respondents, ask them
the questions from the questionnaire in the order
listed, and records the responses in the space
provided.
Thomas Carson macromic, “ The schedule is
nothing more than a list of questions which it
seems necessary to test the hypothesis.”

Questionnaire vs Schedule
Qustionnaire Schedule
Q generally sent through mail
and no further assistant from
sender.
Q is cheaper method
Non response is high
Very slow method
No personal contact
It can be used only when
respondent is educated and co-
operative
Incomplete and wrong
information is more chances
Schedule is filled by the
enumerator or research worker
Costly require field
Non response is low
Information is collected well
in time
Direct personal contact
Info. Can be collected from
illiterates also.
Relatively more correct and
complete

Other methods of data collection
Warranty cards
post card size cards send to customers and
feedback collected through asking questions on
that cards
Distributor or store audits
Audits are done by distributor or manufactures
salesperson. Observation or copying information
about inventory in retail shops.

Pantry Audits
From the observation of pantry of customer to know
purchase habit of the people (which product, of what
brand etc.,)
Questions may be asked at the time of audit
Consumer Panels
When pantry audit is done at regular basis . Daily record
of consumption of certain customers or repeatedly.
Interview at the specific periods to know their
consumption.

Use of mechanical device
• Eye cameras to record eyes focus on certain
sketch.
•galvanometer to measure excitement to visual
stimuli.
• Motion picture camera to record movement of
body at the time of purchase.
•Audiometer concerned to TV useful to know
channel, Program preference of people.

Projective technique
Word association test
Sentence completion test
Story completion test
Verbal projection tests
Play techniques
Quizzes, tests and examinations
Sociometry
Pictorial technique
* Thematic apperception test (T. A. T.)
* Rosenzweig test
* Rorschach test
* Holtzman inkblot test (HIT)
* Tomkins- Horn Picture arrangement test

Depth Interview
To discover the underlying motives/ desires of sample. To
explore needs, feelings of respondents. Skill is required,
indirect question or projective technique are used to know
behaviour of the respondent
Content analysis
Analyzing contents of documentary material as news
paper, books, magazines about certain characteristics to
identify and count

Case study Method
H. Odum “ The case study is a technique by which
individual factor whether it be an institution just an episode
in the life of an individual or group is analyzed in it’s
relationship to any other in the group”
It is qualitative analysis.
It is essential an intensive investigation of the particular
unit under consideration.
 It is important characteristics are as follows:
* The researcher can take one single social unit or more of
such units for his study purpose.
* The selected unit is studied intensively. i.e. it is studied in
minute details.

Survey Method
One of the common method of diagnosing and
solving of social problems is that of undertaking
surveys
Fasting & Kat of the opinion that “ Many research
problems require systematic collection of data from
population through the use of personal interviews or
other data gathering devices”.

Secondary Data
Sources of data
* Publications of central, state, local government
* Technical trade journals
* Books, magazines, Newspaper
* Report and publication of industry, bank stock
exchange.
* Reports by research scholars, universities,
economists
* Public records

Factors to be considered before using
secondary data
Reliability of data
Suitability of data
Adequate of data

Selection of appropriate method for data
collection
Nature, scope and object of enquiry
Availability of funds
Time factor
Precision required

Advantage of secondary data
It is economical, without the need to hire field
staff
It saves time (normally 2 to 3 months) if data is
available on hand it can be tabulated in minutes
They provide information which retailers may
not be willing to reveal to researcher.
No training is required to collect data, unlike
primary data.

Methods of data collection sdr final

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