This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It outlines the key aspects of primary data collection such as structured vs. unstructured approaches, participant vs. non-participant observation, and open-ended vs. closed questions. Primary data collection allows researchers to gather targeted information directly from respondents but requires more time and resources than using secondary data.
The document discusses various data collection methods used in marketing research, including questionnaires, surveys, interviews, and observation. It provides classifications of data collection methods based on the method of communication (personal interview, telephone interview, mail survey) and based on the structure and disguising of questions (structured-nondisguised, non-structured-nondisguised, etc.). Specific techniques like focus groups and depth interviews are also summarized. The advantages and limitations of different data collection methods are presented.
This document discusses various methods of data collection in nursing research. It defines primary and secondary data, with nursing research relying mainly on primary data collected directly from research subjects. It emphasizes the importance of appropriate data collection methods to adequately measure study variables and draw accurate conclusions. The document then examines different tools that can be used for data collection, including interviews, questionnaires, observations, rating scales, and checklists. It provides guidance on selecting the most suitable data collection methods based on factors like the research questions, sample size, and subjects' characteristics.
This document defines observation and discusses its purposes and types. Observation involves perceiving data through the senses and can be used to gather empirical data, supplement information, and describe variables. There are several types of observation including participant observation, where the observer participates in activities; non-participant observation, where the observer does not participate; and controlled observation, where devices are used. Each type has merits and demerits for gathering data. Observation can also be structured, unstructured, general, or scientific.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data in research studies. It describes:
1) The key steps in data collection including deciding what data to collect, how to collect it, who will collect it, when to collect it, and available resources.
2) The main types of data (primary and secondary) and data collection methods (quantitative like questionnaires and qualitative like focus groups).
3) Important considerations for developing and validating questionnaires including content validity, face validity, construct validity, and criteria validity.
4) Additional data collection methods like interviews (structured, semi-structured, and unstructured) and schedules. Guidelines for effectively implementing each method are provided.
This document discusses interview as a method for research. It defines interviews and describes three main types: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It outlines advantages like feedback and probing answers, and disadvantages like costs and lack of anonymity. Characteristics of interviewing covered include preparation, sampling techniques, structuring questions, and controlling the interview process. Qualities of a good interviewer and ensuring reliability and validity are also discussed. The document concludes with considerations for recording interviews like equipment and transcription, as well as record keeping.
Observation is a primary data collection method that involves recognizing and noting facts or occurrences without asking questions. It can be used to study things like sales techniques, customer movements, and brand preferences. Some advantages are that it can be used regardless of willingness to report and with those unable to respond, like infants. Limitations include only being able to observe current behaviors, not attitudes or opinions, and it being slow for large groups. There are structured and unstructured, disguised and undisguised, and direct and indirect observation methods.
This document discusses different types of sampling methods. It explains that sampling allows researchers to study large populations in a more economical and timely manner. There are two main types of sampling: probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Non-probability sampling methods include judgment sampling, convenience sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. Judgment sampling relies on a researcher's knowledge and discretion to select samples, while convenience sampling selects easily accessible samples. Quota sampling determines quotas for different population categories in advance. Snowball sampling finds additional samples through referrals from initial respondents.
The document discusses various sampling methods used in research. It defines key terms like population, sampling element, sampling frame, and inference. It then explains probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. It discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The document also covers non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling and purposive sampling. It provides examples of different types of purposive sampling and discusses their advantages over random sampling in certain research objectives.
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Data Collection (Methods/ Tools/ Techniques), Primary & Secondary Data, Assessment of Qualitative Data, Qualitative & Quantitative Data, Data Processing
Presentation Contents:
- Introduction to data
- Classification of data
- Collection of data
- Methods of data collection
- Assessment of qualitative data
- Processing of data
- Editing
- Coding
- Tabulation
- Graphical representation
If anyone is really interested about research related topics particularly on data collection, this presentation will be the best reference.
For Further Reading
- Biostatistics by Prem P. Panta
- Fundamentals of Research Methodology and Statistics by Yogesh k. Singh
- Research Design by J. W. Creswell
- Internet
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides details on how to conduct structured and unstructured observation, as well as disguised, undisguised, controlled, and uncontrolled observation. For interviews, it outlines personal and telephone interviews, and structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interview types. It also discusses how to construct questionnaires and the advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires and schedules. Secondary data collection and steps for data analysis like editing, coding, data entry, validation, and tabulation are also covered.
This document provides an overview of sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It discusses characteristics of good sampling like being representative and free from bias. Probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling are explained. Advantages of sampling like reducing time and costs are highlighted. The document outlines the sampling process and essentials of sampling. Types of sampling and various sampling methods are also summarized.
data collection is just systematic way approach for gather and measure information form variety source for the aim of get complete and accurate of an area that interested
This document discusses various methods for collecting both primary and secondary data for research purposes. It outlines five key factors to consider before primary data collection: objectives, scope, quantitative expression, collection techniques, and unit of collection. Primary data collection methods include direct interviews, indirect oral research through enumerators, mailed questionnaires, and observation. Secondary data are pre-existing data collected by others, which can be published or unpublished sources like government reports. The document compares advantages and disadvantages of different primary and secondary data collection methods.
Questionnaire as a tool for data collectionNeha Deo
A researcher has to use different tools for data collection. Questionnaire is one of the most widely used tool for surveys The details of a questionnaire is given in this presentation. .
This document discusses different types of interviewing techniques used in research. It defines an interview as a verbal conversation between two people to collect relevant information. The main types of interviews covered are personal interviews conducted in-person, telephone interviews, focus group interviews involving a moderator and group, depth interviews which are nondirective, and projective techniques which use ambiguous stimuli. Personal interviews generally follow five stages - rapport building, introduction, probing, recording, and closing. Telephone and focus group interviews as well as projective techniques are also outlined. The conclusion states that interviews allow researchers to feel they have collected true, honest, and original data through direct interaction.
A fantastic PPT on the topic collection of data. The PPT covers the concept of various sources of data and the relevant methods to collect primary and secondary data. It also states the various parameters to be considered while using secondary data.
This document discusses key concepts in quantitative research methods including research, samples, populations, random and non-random sampling techniques. It defines research as a careful investigation to discover new facts or interpret existing facts. A sample is a subset of a population used to gain insights about the whole. Random sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling aim to select representative samples, while non-random methods like convenience and purposive sampling are not generalizable. The document also discusses qualitative research and purposive sampling techniques.
This document discusses various techniques for collecting data. It defines quantitative and qualitative data and explains how they can be gathered from the same data unit. Primary data is collected directly by the researcher, while secondary data has already been collected. Common methods for collecting primary data include observation, interviews, questionnaires, schedules, and other techniques like content analysis. Factors like the nature, scope and objectives of the study, availability of funds and time, and required precision determine the appropriate data collection method. Precautions must be taken to ensure data is relevant, collected systematically, can be statistically analyzed, has minimal error, and is accurate, reliable, valid, complete and comprehensive.
This is an exclusive presentation on data collection for researchers in National Institutes Labor of Administration & Training (NILAT), Ministry of production, government of Pakistan
TOOLS AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION(Nursing Research & Statistics)virengeeta
This document discusses data collection methods in research. It defines key terms like data, tools, techniques, and methods of data collection. It describes different types of interviews like structured, unstructured, semi-structured, in-depth, and focused group interviews. Factors that influence the selection of data collection methods are described, such as the nature of the phenomenon under study, type of research subjects, purpose of the study, and available resources.
TOOLS AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION(Nursing Research & Statistics)virengeeta
This document discusses data collection methods in research. It defines key terms like data, tools, techniques, and methods of data collection. It describes different types of interviews like structured, unstructured, semi-structured, in-depth, and focused group interviews. Factors that influence the selection of data collection methods are described, such as the nature of the phenomenon under study, type of research subjects, purpose of the study, and available resources.
The document discusses various methods for collecting data in research. It describes primary and secondary data collection. Some key methods covered include observation, interviews, questionnaires, schedules, and surveys. For each method, it provides details on the process, types, advantages, and disadvantages. The goal of the document is to outline different approaches for gathering information needed to conduct research.
20100820080859 lecture 7,8,9,10( steps of proposal0peningla
This document discusses various topics related to research methodology including preparing a research proposal, research design approaches, qualitative and quantitative research methods, data collection techniques, types of research data, guidelines for questionnaire and interview questions, and data analysis. It provides details on qualitative methods like ethnography, case studies, and content analysis. It also outlines quantitative methods such as surveys, causal-comparative studies, and correlational studies. The document discusses primary and secondary data and techniques for collecting data through interviews, questionnaires, observation, and focus groups. It provides examples of open-ended and closed-ended question formats.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data, including definitions, types, categories, and sources of data. It describes primary and secondary data and how each are collected. Common data collection methods like questionnaires, interviews, observation, and document analysis are explained along with their advantages and disadvantages. The key points are that there are various ways to collect both quantitative and qualitative data, and the optimal method depends on factors like the research question and available resources. Primary sources involve collecting original data while secondary sources use previously collected data.
This document outlines the key aspects of survey research. It defines a survey, explains why surveys are used, and describes the characteristics and steps involved in survey research. It discusses tools for surveys such as interviews and questionnaires. It also covers survey research designs like cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Finally, it summarizes the strengths and limitations of survey research.
This document discusses various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. It describes primary data collection methods like observation, interviews (structured and unstructured), questionnaires, and surveys. It also discusses secondary data sources and factors to consider when using secondary data like reliability, suitability, and adequacy. The key methods covered include observation, personal interviews, telephone interviews, questionnaires, and surveys. It provides details on the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
The document discusses different methods of collecting primary and secondary data. It describes primary data collection methods such as observation, interviews using questionnaires/schedules, and surveys. It provides details on structured vs unstructured observation, participant vs non-participant observation, and structured vs unstructured interviews. It also discusses advantages and limitations of interviews and questionnaires. Secondary data collection involves obtaining published data from various sources such as government publications, books, reports, and public records. When using secondary data, the researcher must evaluate the reliability, suitability, and adequacy of the data.
Data Collection is the segment of any type of research study. At the time when researcher need examine answers to the research problem data collection methods is critical for collection relevant information. this slide also depict of decision to be made by the Researcher towards data collection, methods of data collection with merits and demerits respectively.
The document defines research and describes various methods for collecting primary data. It discusses:
1) Research is defined as creating new knowledge through new and creative use of existing information. It includes synthesis and analysis of previous research.
2) Primary data collection methods include quantitative methods like surveys, observations, and experiments as well as qualitative methods like focus groups, in-depth interviews, and projective techniques.
3) Both primary and secondary sources are used to gather data, with primary data collected directly for the research and secondary data having been previously collected.
This document provides information about a survey research presentation by Sana Khan, a PhD student at Cyprus International University. It defines survey research and discusses reasons for conducting surveys, the design and types of survey research, and common survey scales used in research. Survey research involves collecting quantitative data through surveys and statistically analyzing the results to draw conclusions. It is useful for understanding populations and tracking changes over time. Key steps in survey design are deciding the goal, sampling the target group, choosing a method, designing questions, distributing surveys, and analyzing responses. Common survey types are paper, interviews, online, and telephone. Scales help quantify responses and include dichotomous, rating, ranking, and Likert scales.
Research tool that becomes a means of collecting information for the study is called a research tool or a research instrument. For example, Inquiry form: questionnaires, opinionnaire, attitude scales, checklists, rating scales, scorecards and schedules.
The document discusses surveys as a research method. It defines a survey and notes they are used in library and information science to understand user opinions and behaviors. There are two main types of surveys: cross-sectional and longitudinal. Cross-sectional surveys collect data at a single point in time, while longitudinal surveys collect data over a period of time. Surveys can be administered through questionnaires, interviews, or a combination. They have advantages like lower cost and ability to study large populations, but also disadvantages like inflexibility and potential for non-response or inaccurate recall. The document also discusses sampling, modes of administration like telephone, mail, online, and in-person, and uses of surveys in areas like education.
The document provides an overview of techniques for data collection in research. It discusses primary and secondary data collection methods. For primary data, it describes observation methods, survey methods, and contact methods like mail, telephone and personal interviews. It also covers experimental research methods. For secondary data, it lists sources like publications, reports and technical journals. The document then discusses determining sample design, types of samples, constructing questionnaires and research instruments, and piloting the research tool.
The document discusses various techniques for collecting data in research studies. It describes primary data collection methods like observation, surveys, experiments, and various interview techniques. It also discusses secondary data sources and how to determine sample design, including different types of sampling. The document provides guidance on developing research instruments and questionnaires to collect necessary information to answer research objectives and questions.
This document discusses various methods of data collection that researchers use in studies, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and archival data. It provides details on the different types of observation (controlled, participant), interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured), and considerations for each method. The document also outlines questionnaires as a method and considerations like response rates. Overall, the document serves as an overview of common data collection methods, their uses, and factors to consider like reliability, validity, and biases.
Qualitative research methods focus on obtaining in-depth data through open-ended communication rather than numerical data. This allows researchers to understand not just what people think but also why. Common qualitative methods include in-depth interviews, focus groups, ethnographic research, case studies, observation, and visual techniques. While time-consuming, these methods provide meaningful insights into motivations, behaviors, and perspectives.
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key aspects of the research process including developing research questions and hypotheses, research design, data collection methods, and data analysis. Some common data collection methods described are surveys, experiments, case studies, observations, interviews, and focus groups. The document also covers qualitative and quantitative research approaches, as well as descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory research.
1. The document discusses different types of probability distributions including discrete, continuous, binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions.
2. It provides examples of how to calculate probabilities and expected values for each distribution using concepts like probability density functions, mean, standard deviation, and combinations.
3. Key differences between distributions are highlighted such as discrete probabilities being determined by areas under a curve for continuous distributions and Poisson distribution approximating binomial for large numbers of trials.
It gives detail description about probability, types of probability, difference between mutually exclusive events and independent events, difference between conditional and unconditional probability and Bayes' theorem
Descriptive statistics are used to summarize and describe characteristics of a data set. It includes measures of central tendency like mean, median, and mode, measures of variability like range and standard deviation, and the distribution of data through histograms. Inferential statistics are used to generalize results from a sample to the population it represents through estimation of population parameters and hypothesis testing. Correlation and regression analysis are used to study relationships between two or more variables.
This document provides an overview of structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS. It defines key SEM concepts like latent variables, observed variables, path analysis, and model identification. It also explains how to specify and estimate a SEM model in AMOS, including how to draw path diagrams, name variables, set regression weights, and view output. Model fit is discussed along with potential issues like sample size. Confirmatory factor analysis and other SEM models like path analysis and latent growth models are also introduced.
This document discusses various methods of measurement and scaling used in research. It describes four main types of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It also discusses potential sources of error in measurement, ways to test the validity and reliability of measurement tools, and different types of scales including comparative scales like paired comparisons and non-comparative scales like Likert scales. Finally, it outlines the process of developing a new measurement tool, including concept development, indicator selection, and index formation.
A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart used to illustrate a project schedule. It was developed by Henry Gantt and shows the tasks, durations, and dependencies of activities within a project. The document outlines how to construct a Gantt chart by listing activities, estimating their time requirements, ordering them, and drawing the chart with start/end dates for each activity based on duration and dependencies. Gantt charts provide a simple visual representation of a project plan but can be limited in visualizing dependencies between tasks.
How to write research proposal?, How to write statement of the problem?, Difference between Research question and hypothesis?, Difference between internal and external validity. Difference between l
This slides gives knowledge about how to define a research question. what are the do's and don'ts while defining research question, steps to define a research questions.examples of research questions
The document discusses various aspects of research methodology including types of research, the research process, and criteria for good research. It describes the main types of research as applied, basic, correlational, descriptive, ethnographic, experimental, exploratory, and historical. The research process involves defining the problem, reviewing literature, designing the methodology, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting and reporting findings. Criteria for good research include having a clear definition, explainable design, sufficient data, and validity and reliability checks.
Operation research history and overview application limitationBalaji P
This document provides an overview of operation research (OR). It discusses OR topics like quantitative approaches to decision making, the history and definition of OR, common OR models like linear programming and network flow programming, and applications of OR. It also explains problem solving, decision making, and quantitative analysis approaches. OR aims to apply analytical methods to help make optimal decisions for complex systems and problems.
Use of quantitative techniques in economicsBalaji P
1. The document discusses three quantitative techniques used in economics: comparative static analysis, linear programming, and game theory.
2. Comparative static analysis compares economic equilibrium before and after changes in exogenous parameters like demand or supply. It examines how endogenous variables like price and quantity adjust.
3. Linear programming identifies the optimal allocation of limited resources to maximize profits or minimize costs. It formulates the problem as mathematical equations and graphs to find the best solution.
4. Game theory analyzes strategic decision-making in competitive situations. It models interactions between players and outcomes using payoff matrices and extensive forms to determine optimal strategies.
The membership Module in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Some business organizations give membership to their customers to ensure the long term relationship with those customers. If the customer is a member of the business then they get special offers and other benefits. The membership module in odoo 17 is helpful to manage everything related to the membership of multiple customers.
How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
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Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
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In Odoo 17, sample data serves as a valuable resource for users seeking to familiarize themselves with the functionalities and capabilities of the software prior to integrating their own information. In this slide we are going to discuss about how to show sample data to a tree view and a kanban view.
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
Principles of Roods Approach!!!!!!!.pptxibtesaam huma
Principles of Rood’s Approach
Treatment technique used in physiotherapy for neurological patients which aids them to recover and improve quality of life
Facilitatory techniques
Inhibitory techniques
Beyond the Advance Presentation for By the Book 9John Rodzvilla
In June 2020, L.L. McKinney, a Black author of young adult novels, began the #publishingpaidme hashtag to create a discussion on how the publishing industry treats Black authors: “what they’re paid. What the marketing is. How the books are treated. How one Black book not reaching its parameters casts a shadow on all Black books and all Black authors, and that’s not the same for our white counterparts.” (Grady 2020) McKinney’s call resulted in an online discussion across 65,000 tweets between authors of all races and the creation of a Google spreadsheet that collected information on over 2,000 titles.
While the conversation was originally meant to discuss the ethical value of book publishing, it became an economic assessment by authors of how publishers treated authors of color and women authors without a full analysis of the data collected. This paper would present the data collected from relevant tweets and the Google database to show not only the range of advances among participating authors split out by their race, gender, sexual orientation and the genre of their work, but also the publishers’ treatment of their titles in terms of deal announcements and pre-pub attention in industry publications. The paper is based on a multi-year project of cleaning and evaluating the collected data to assess what it reveals about the habits and strategies of American publishers in acquiring and promoting titles from a diverse group of authors across the literary, non-fiction, children’s, mystery, romance, and SFF genres.
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Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
2. Where do data come from?
Secondary data
Primary Data
3. Secondary data
Secondary data – data someone else has
collected
Examples:
County health departments
Vital Statistics – birth, death certificates
Hospital, clinic, school nurse records
Private and foundation databases
City and county governments
Surveillance data from state government programs
4. Secondary data Limitation
When was it collected? For how long?
May be out of date for what you want to analyze.
May not have been collected long enough for
detecting trends.
There may be missing information on some
observations.
May be Sample selection bias and source choice are
bias.
Proxy variables may not be appropriate.
5. Secondary data Advantages
It will save you money and time.
It may be very accurate. (Government data are
funded by large resources)
6. Primary data
Primary data – data you collect
Both primary and secondary data have pros and
cons.
Primary data are collected by several method
Observation Method
Interview Method
Questionnaire
Schedules
Other methods such as warranty cards, projective
techniques, consumer panel etc.,
7. Observation Method
The researcher goes in to place and observe the
condition in their natural state.
For structured observation, the researcher specifies in detail
what is to be observed and how the measurements are to be
recorded, e.g., an auditor performing inventory analysis in a
store.
In unstructured observation, the observer monitors all
aspects of the phenomenon that seem relevant to the problem
at hand, e.g., observing children playing with new toys.
8. Disguised vs Undisguised
Observation
In disguised observation, the respondents are
unaware that they are being observed. Disguise
may be accomplished by using one-way mirrors,
hidden cameras, or inconspicuous mechanical
devices. Observers may be disguised as
shoppers or sales clerks.
In undisguised observation, the respondents
are aware that they are under observation.
10. Personal Observation
A researcher observes actual behavior as it
occurs.
The observer does not attempt to manipulate
the phenomenon being observed but merely
records what takes place.
For example, a researcher might record traffic
counts and observe traffic flows in a
department store.
11. Mechanical Observation
Do not require respondents' direct participation.
turnstiles that record the number of people entering or
leaving a building.
On-site cameras (still, motion picture, or video)
Optical scanners in supermarkets
Do require respondent involvement.
eye-tracking monitors
voice pitch analyzers
devices measuring response latency
12. Audit
The researcher collects data by examining
physical records or performing inventory analysis.
Data are collected personally by the researcher.
The data are based upon counts, usually of
physical objects.
For Ex:
Number of Products dispatched from inventory
Number of undesired event happen in plant A
13. Content Analysis
Content analysis is the analysis of texts of various
types including writing, images, recordings and
cultural artifacts. The purpose of content analysis
is to
Make inferences about the antecedents of a communication
Describe and make inferences about characteristics of a
communication
Make inferences about the effects of a communication.
Ex: Search word in online (giving correct suggestion), in
media content analysis by reporter
14. Trace Analysis
Data collection is based on physical traces, or evidence,
of past behavior.
Examples:
The number of different fingerprints on a page was used to
gauge the readership of various advertisements in a
magazine.
The position of the radio dials in cars brought in for service
was used to estimate share of listening audience of various
radio stations.
The magazines people donated to charity were used to
determine people's favorite magazines.
Internet visitors leave traces which can be analyzed to
examine browsing and usage behavior by using cookies.
15. Interview
The Interview schedule is referred to as a form filled in
during a personal interview in which both the interviewers
as well as the respondent are present. It contains a set of
questions which are asked and then the columns are filled
in by an interviewer in a face to face situation.
16. Types of Interviews
Structured and Unstructured interview
Focused interview
Clinical interview
Depth interview
17. Structured or Directive Interview
This is an interview made with a detailed
standardized schedule. The same questions
are put to all the respondents and in the same
order. Each question is asked in the same way
in each interviews. This type of interview is
used for large-scale formalized surveys.
18. Unstructured or Non directive
interview
The interviewer encourages the respondent to talk freely
about a given topic with a minimum of prompting or
guidance. In this type of interview, a detailed pre-planned
schedule is not used. Only a broad interview guide is used.
The interviewer avoids channeling the interview directions.
This interviewing is more useful in case studies rather than
in surveys.
19. Focused Interview
This is a semi-structured interview where the
investigator attempts to focus the discussion on
the actual effects of a given experience to which
the respondents have been exposed.
The interview is focused on the subjective
experiences of the respondent, i.e., his attitudes,
and emotional responses regarding the situation
under study.
20. Clinical interview
This is similar to the focused interview but with
a subtle difference.
While the focused interview is concerned with
the effects of a specific experience, clinical
interview is concerned with broad underlying
feelings or motivations or with the course of
the individual's life experiences.
21. Depth interview
This is an intensive and searching interview
aiming at studying the respondent's opinion,
emotions or convictions on the basis of an
interview guide. This is generally a lengthy
procedure designed to encourage free
expression of his/her feeling, emotion, his
knowledge about particular area of study.
22. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Interview
Advantages:
The interview is more appropriate for complex situations.
It is useful for collecting in-depth information.
Information can be supplemented.
Questions can be explained.
Interviewing has a wider application
Disadvantages:
Interviewing is time consuming and expensive.
The quality of data depends upon the quality of the interviewer.
The quality of data may vary when may interviewers are used.
The researcher may introduce his/her bias.
23. Questionnaire
List of a research or survey questions asked to
respondents, and designed to extract specific
information from the respondents is called as
Questionnaire.
24. Steps in Questionnaire
Construction
Preparation
Constructing the first draft
Self-evaluation
External evaluation
Revision
Pre-test or Pilot study
Revision
Second Pre-test if necessary
Preparing final Copy
25. Types of questions
1.Factual questions
Normally pertain to respondents ages, education, library experience,
memberships in professional organizations, or any other pertinent personal data
needed in the study.
2. Opinion and Attitude Question
When the purpose of a survey is to obtain information about respondents
beliefs. feelings, values, and related concepts, opinion and attitude questions can
be used
3. Information question
In some types of survey research, investigators might attempt to determine
how respondents know about a given topic and how or when their research
subjects gained certain knowledge
26. Types of questions
4. Self perception question
These questions is about the self-perceptions of respondents in a
given topic or area.
5. Standard of action question
In some types of surveys, investigators might attempt to determine
how respondents will act in certain circumstances or how subjects
feel about a new development or forthcoming event.
6. Projective questions
At times, questions are used that allow respondents to answer
inquiries in an indirect manner by imposing their personal feelings,
attitudes, or beliefs on another person or group of persons.
27. Unstructured and Structured
question
Questions can also be classified, on the basis of
form and method of response, into two major
categories: Unstructured and structured.
Unstructured Question:
allow respondents to reply freely without having to select
one of several provided responses
Structured Question
It specifies the respondents answer in a several provided
options in a question.
28. Way of Administering
Questionnaire
Collective Administration - One of the best way of
administering a questionnaire is to obtain a captive audience
such as students in classroom, people attending a function.
Administration in a public places - Sometimes you can
administer a questionnaire in a public place such as a
shopping Center, health center, hospital, school or pub, it is
dependent upon the type of study population .
The mailed questionnaire - The most common approach to
collecting information is to send the questionnaire to
prospective respondents by mail.
29. Schedule Method
Incase informants are largely uneducated and
data cannot be collected by the mailed
questionnaire method.
Questionnaires are sent through the
enumerators to collect information. (Schedule
Method)
Enumerator explains the scope and objective
to respondent and get the data whatever you
want.
30. Other Method if data collection
Warranty cards: To collect information regarding their products
from customer.
Distributor or store audits: Distributors get the retail stores
audited through salesmen and use such information to estimate
market size, market share, seasonal purchasing pattern
(Observation).
Projective techniques: Projective techniques (or what are
sometimes called as indirect interviewing techniques) for the
collection of data have been developed by psychologists to use
projections of respondents for inferring about underlying motives,
urges, or intentions which are such that the respondent either
resists to reveal them or is unable to figure out himself. (e.g.
sentence completion, story completion and pictorial representation
test etc)
31. SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE
METHOD FOR DATA COLLECTION
Nature, scope and object of study (Most
important).
Availability of fund.
Time factor.
Precision required.