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Data collection methods
- 1. Dr. Amit Mohan Varshney, MD Assistant Professor Department of Community Medicine MLB Medical College, Jhansi Data Collection Methods
- 2. Data Data is any information that has been collected, observed, generated or created to validate original research findings.
- 3. What is Data Collection It is the process by which the researcher collect the information needed to answer the research question. The task of data collection begins after the making of research problem and design.
- 4. The researcher must decide Which data to be collected How to collect data Who will collect the data When to collect the data Resources available Credibility Analysis and reporting Skill of evaluator
- 5. Types of Data Primary data- Secondary data
- 6. Methods of Data Collection A. Quantitative data collection methods- • Questionnaires • Schedules • Interviews B. Qualitative data collection methods- • FGD • In depth interview • Observation
- 7. Norms to be considered for data collection • Honesty • Objectivity • Integrity • Carefulness • Criticism • Respect for intellectual property • Confidentiality • Responsible publication • Non discrimination • Legality • Animal Care • Human Subjects protection
- 8. Types of questionnaire Closed ended questionnaire Open ended questionnaire
- 10. Question sequence To achieve the best response rates-- - Questions should flow from the least sensitive to the most sensitive, - From the factual and behavioral to the attitudinal, and from the more general to the more specific - Use positive statements and avoid negatives or double negatives.
- 11. Basic Rules for Questionnaire Item Construction Use statements which are interpreted in the same way by members of different subpopulations of the population of interest. Use statements where persons that have different opinions or traits will give different answers. Think of having an ‘open’ answer category after a list of possible answers. Use only one aspect of the construct you are interested in per item.
- 12. Translating a Questionnaire Forward Translation The initial translation from the original language to the target language should be made by at least two independent translators. Backward translation The initial translation should be independently back-translated (i.e., translate back from the target language into the original language) to ensure the accuracy of the translation.
- 13. Validating a Questionnaire • The questionnaire measures what it is intended to measure. A. Content validity- The items in a questionnaire are representative of the entire theoretical construct the questionnaire is designed to assess. The process of content validation is particularly crucial in the development of a new questionnaire.
- 14. Do not make assumptions about the respondent. Use clear and comprehensible wording, easily understandable for all educational levels. Use correct spelling, grammar and punctuation. Avoid items that contain more than one question per item (e.g. Do you like strawberries and potatoes?). Question should not be biased or even leading the participant towards an answer.
- 15. Preliminary pilot testing • After completing the translated questionnaire, the respondent is asked (verbally by an interviewer or via an open-ended question) to elaborate what they thought each questionnaire item and their corresponding response meant. Importance- • To make sure that the translated items retained the same meaning as the original items • To ensure there is no confusion regarding the translated questionnaire.
- 17. Tips of writing questions Use short and simple sentences Ask only one information at a time Avoid negatives if possible Precise questions Ensure the knowledge Avoid writing direct questions Avoid weasels words like commonly, usually Avoid too many and too few options
- 19. A. Content validity- • Content validity refers to the extent to which the items in a questionnaire are representative of the entire theoretical construct the questionnaire is designed to assess. -The questions were clear and easy -The questions covered all the problem areas -The questionnaire lacks important questions -Some of the questions violate your privacy.
- 20. B. Face Validity- • The ability of a instrument to be understandable and relevant to the target population. • Refers to the degree to which the respondents or laypersons judge the questionnaire items to be valid. • Face validity may motivate respondents to answer more truthfully
- 21. C. Construct validity- • To measure a construct that is not directly observable (e.g., pain, quality of recovery). • Can be evaluated by estimating its association with other variables (or measures of a construct) with which it should be correlated positively, negatively, or not at all • In practice, the questionnaire of interest, as well as the preexisting instruments that measure similar and dissimilar constructs, is administered to the same groups of individuals.
- 22. • Correlation matrices are then used to examine the expected patterns of associations between different measures of the same construct, and those between a questionnaire of a construct and other constructs. It has been suggested that correlation coefficients of 0.1 should be considered as small, 0.3 as moderate, and 0.5 as large.
- 23. D. Criterion Validity- • To measure the criterion validity of a test, researchers must calibrate it against a known standard or against itself. • Comparing the test with an established measure is known as concurrent validity; testing it over a period of time is known as predictive validity.
- 24. Advantages of Questionnaire • Can be used as a method in its own right or a basis for interviewing or a telephone survey • Can be e-mailed, posted, faxed • Can cover large number of population • Relatively Cheap • No prior arrangements are needed • No interview bias • Possible anonymity of respondents
- 25. Disadvantages of Questionnaires • To be inadequate to understand some forms of information - i.e. changes of emotions, behavior, feelings etc. • Phenomenologists state that quantitative research is simply an artificial creation by the researcher, as it is asking only a limited amount of information without explanation. • There is no way to tell how truthful a respondent is being.
- 26. • There is no way of telling how much thought a respondent has put in. • The respondent may be forgetful or not thinking within the full context of the situation. • People may read differently into each question and therefore reply based on their own interpretation of the question - i.e. what is ‘good’ to someone may be ‘poor’ to someone else, therefore there is a level of subjectivity that is not acknowledged.
- 27. Schedule • A schedule is a structure of a set of questions on a given topic which are asked by the interviewer or investigator personally.
- 29. Interview • Interviewing involves asking questions and getting answers from participants in a study. • Interviewing has a variety of forms : • Types- -Face to face interview -Phone interview -Emailed interview - Chat/messaging interview
- 30. Rules of Interview • Careful selection of questions asked • Start with small talks • Recording • Attentive • Do not push • Stick to the topic
- 31. Types of the interview • Interviews can be – A. Structured B. Semi-structure C. Unstructured.
- 32. Characteristics of the Structured Interview • The interviewer asks each respondent the same series of questions. • The questions are created prior to the interview, and often have a limited set of response categories. • There is generally little room for variation in responses and there are few open-ended questions included in the interview guide.
- 33. • Questioning is standardized and the ordering and phrasing of the questions are kept consistent from interview to interview. • The interviewer plays a neutral role and acts casual and friendly, but does not insert his or her opinion in the interview. • Self-administered questionnaires are a type of structured interview.
- 34. When to Use a Structured Interview • A well-developed understanding of a topic allows researchers to create a highly structured interview guide or questionnaire that provides respondents with relevant, meaningful and appropriate response categories to choose from for each question. • Structured interviews are, therefore, best used when the literature in a topical area is highly developed or following the use of observational
- 35. Benefits of Structured interview • Structured interviews can be conducted efficiently by interviewers trained only to follow the instructions on the interview guide or questionnaire. • Structured interviews do not require the development of rapport between interviewer and interviewee, and they can produce consistent data that can be compared across a number of respondents.
- 36. Semi-structured Interviews Characteristics : • The interviewer and respondents engage in a formal interview. • The interviewer develops and uses an ‘interview guide’. This is a list of questions and topics that need to be covered during the conversation, usually in a particular order. • The interviewer follows the guide, but is able to follow topical trajectories in the conversation that may stray from the guide when s/he feels this is appropriate.
- 37. When to Use Semi-structured Interviews • When you won’t get more than one chance to interview someone and when you will be sending several interviewers out into the field to collect data. • The semi-structured interview guide provides a clear set of instructions for interviewers and can provide reliable, comparable qualitative data. • Semi-structured interviews are often preceded by observation, informal and unstructured interviewing
- 38. Benefits of Semi structured interview • This allows the interviewer to be prepared and appear competent during the interview. • Semi-structured interviews also allow informants the freedom to express their views in their own terms. • Semi-structure interviews can provide reliable, comparable qualitative data.
- 39. Unstructured Interviews • The interviewer and respondents engage in a formal interview in that they have a scheduled time to sit and speak with each other and both parties recognize this to be an interview. • The interviewer has a clear plan in mind regarding the focus and goal of the interview. This guides the discussion.
- 40. • There is not a structured interview guide. Instead, the interviewer builds rapport with respondents, getting respondents to open-up and express themselves in their own way. • Questions tend to be open-ended and express little control over informants’ responses.
- 41. When to Use Unstructured Interviews: The researcher has developed enough of an understanding of a setting and his/her topic of interest to have a clear agenda for the discussion with the informant, but still remains open to having his/her understanding of the area of inquiry open to revision by respondents
- 42. Benefits of Unstructured interview • Unstructured interviews are an extremely useful method for developing an understanding of an as-of-yet not fully understood or appreciated culture, experience, or setting. • Unstructured interviews allow researchers to focus the respondents’ talk on a particular topic of interest. • Unstructured interviews can be an important preliminary step toward the development of more structured interview guides or surveys.
- 43. Thank You