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- 1. What is DATA????? Data are simply units of information. Data are measured, collected, reported, analyzed, and used to create data visualizations such as graphs, tables or Images. Data are the set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables about one or more persons or objects.
- 2. Quantitative Data (Numerical) Data refers to measurable observations. Examples-
- 3. Qualitative Data (categorial) Qualitative data is the data that can be arranged into categories based on physical traits, gender, colors or anything that does not have a number associated with it. Qualitative-involves more details tells you why, when and how! Examples-
- 4. What is Data Collection? It is the process by which the researcher collects the information needed to answer the research problem. The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined.
- 5. In collecting the data,the researcher must decide: Which data is to collect? How to collect the Data? Who will collect the Data? When to collect the Data?
- 6. The Purpose of Data Collection
- 7. Methods of Data Collection Essentialy Two Types: PRIMARY DATA Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and are original in character. SECONDARY DATA Secondary data are those which have already been collected-by someone else.
- 8. Primary Data v/s Secondary Data
- 9. Methods of Collecting Primary Data • Observation • Surveys • Interviews • Questionnaires • Schedules Primary Data may be collected through:
- 10. 1. Observation Method Observation method is a method under which data from the field is collected with the help of observation by the observer or by personally going to the field.
- 11. Steps ForAn Effective Observation Determine what needs to be observed Select participants Random/Selected Conduct the observation (venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs ) Compile data collected Analyze and interpret data collected
- 12. Types of OBSERVATION Methods 1- Structured Observation When the observation is characterized by a careful definition of the units to be observed (predefined), the style of recording the observed information, standardized conditions of observation and the selection of related data of observation. 2- Unstructured Observation When it takes place without the above characteristics. (Not predefined)
- 13. 3- Participant Observation When the observer is member of the group which he is observing then it is Participant Observation. 4- Non-Participant Observation When the observer is not the member of the group which he is observing then it is Non-Participant Observation. • observer is observing people without giving any information to them.
- 14. 5- Uncontrolled Observation When the observation takes place in natural contition i.e., uncontrolled observation.It is done to get spontaneous picture of life and persons. 6- Controlled Observation When observation takes place according to pre-arranged plans, with experimental procedure then it is controlled observation generally done in laboratory under controlled condition.
- 15. Advantages of observation Method Produces Large quantities of data. All data obtained from observations are usable. The observation technique can be stopped or begun at any time. Relative Inexpensive
- 16. disadvantages of observation Method Interviewing selected subjects may provide more information, economically, than waiting for the spontaneous occurrence of the situation. Limited information Extensive Training is needed.
- 17. ONE OF THE WIDELY USED RESEARCH DESIGN TO COLLECT DATA IS SURVEYS
- 18. How to collect Primary information through survey A researcher can collect information either by observation or by asking. WHEN HE/SHE ASKS FOR INFORMATION, WE SAY THAT HE/SHE IS CONDUCTING A SURVEY.
- 19. 2. SURVEY Method A ‘survey’ is a technique of gathering information by questioning those individuals who are the object of the research belong to a representative sample, through standardized or questioning procedure, with the aim of studying the relationship among the variables and/or collecting information that probably describe the whole population.
- 20. There may be different ways to conduct surveys… In-Home Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing E-mail Internet Survey Methods Telephonic Survey Personal Electronic
- 21. 3.Interview Method The Interview Method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral- verbal responses. where the questions are asked personally directly to the respondent. Interviewer asks questions to respondent. (which are aimed to get information required for study)
- 22. Prepare interview schedule Select subjects/ key Respondent Conduct the interview Analyze and interpret data collected from the interview Steps ForAn EffectiveInterview
- 23. Types of Interview Methods 1- Structured Interviews : In this case, a set of predecided questions are there. 2- Unstructured Interviews : In this case, we don’t follow a system of pre-determined questions.
- 24. 3- Focused Group Interview Unstructured and Free flowing Focus Group has one Moderator Moderator maintains control and focuses discussion It involves 6 to 10 people Group interview start with broad topic and focus in on specific issues Relatively homogeneous Similar lifestyles and experiences Generate discussion and interaction Listens to what people have to say Everyone gets a chance to speak
- 25. 4- Clinical Interviews : • Information is generated and utilized at every step this process including the activities of investigation, observation, monitoring, diagnosis, planning, treatment and review. • They also record their plans, orders, procedures performed, observations, test results, opinions and discussions. 5- Group Interviews : It is done in a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed.
- 26. 6- Qualitative and quantitative Interviews : It is divided on the basis of subject matter i.e., whether qualitative or quantitative. 7- Individual Interviews : Interviewer meets a single person and interviews him. 8- Selection Interviews : Done for selection of people for certain Jobs.
- 27. Advantages of Interview Method More information at greater depth can be obtained Resistance may be overcome by a skilled interviewer Personal information can be obtained
- 28. disadvantages of Interview Method It is an expensive Method Interviewer bias Respondent bias Time consuming
- 29. 4.Questionnaires The term “questionnaire” refers to an instrument for the collection of data, usually in written form, consisting of open/closed questions and other enquiries requiring a response from subjects. A Questionnaire is sent ( by post or by mail ) to the persons concerned with a request to answer the questions and return the Questionnaire. A Questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed in a definite order on a form.
- 30. Steps ForAn Effective Questionnaire Prepare questions (Formulate & choose types of questions, order them, write instructions, make copies) Select your respondents Random/Selected Administer the questionnaire (date, venue, time ) Tabulate data collected Analyze and interpret data collected
- 31. Types of Questionnaire Methods 1- Open-ended questions This gives the respondents the ability to respond in their own words. 2- Close-ended or fixed alternative questions This allows the respondents to choose one of the given alternatives. Types:- Dichotomous questions and Multiple Questions.
- 32. Essentials of Good Questionnaire Should be short and simple Follow a sequence of questions from easy to difficult one Technical terms should be avoided Should provide adequate space for answers in questionnaire Directions regarding filling of questionnaire should be given Physical Appearance – Quality of paper, Color Sequence must be clear
- 33. advantages of questionnaire Method Low cost –even when the universe is large and is widespread Free from interviewer bias Responddents have adequate time to think through the answers. Respondents who are not easily approachable, can also be reached conveniently. Large samples can be used
- 34. disadvantages of questionnaire Method Time consuming The respondents need to be educated and cooperative This method is slow Possibility of unclear replies.
- 35. 5.Schedules Very similar to Questionnaire method The main difference is that a schedule is filled by the enumerator who is specially appointed for the purpose. Enumerator goes to the respondents, asks them the questions from the Questionnaire in the order listed, and records the responses in the space provided. Enumerator must be trained in administering the schedule.
- 36. Questionnaire Vs. Schedule Questionnaire Q generally send to through mail and no further assistance from sender. Q is cheaper method. Non response is high. In questionnaire, it is not confirmed that expected respondent have filled the answers. Schedule Schedule is filled by the enumerator or research worker. Costly requires field workers. Non response is low. In schedule identity of person is known.
- 37. Questionnaire Very slow method. Incomplete and wrong Information is more. No personal contacts. Depends on the quality of questionnaire. Q can used only when respondent is educated and well cooperative. Schedule Information is collected well on time. Depends on Honesty of the enumerator. Direct personal contacts. Relatively more correct and complete. Information can be collected from illiterates also. Questionnaire Vs. Schedule
- 38. Secondary Data Collection Methods • Data gathered and recorded by someone else. • Secondary data is data that has been collected for another purpose. • It involves less cost, time and effort. • Secondary data is data that is being reused. Usually in a different context. • For example: data from a book.
- 39. SOURCES of secondary data collection INTERNAL SOURCES Internal sources of secondary data are usually for marketing application- Sales Records Marketing Activity Cost Information Distributor reports and feedback Customer feedback
- 40. EXTERNAL SOURCES External sources of secondary data Journals Books Magazines Newspaper Libraries The Internet
- 41. Other Sources of secondary data collection: • Publications of Central, state , local government • Technical and trade journals • Books, Magazines, Newspaper • Reports & publications of industry ,bank, stock exchange • Reports by research scholars, Universities, economist • Public Records Secondary DataSources
- 42. • Reliability of data - Who, when , which methods, at what time etc. must be investigated. • Suitability of data – Object ,scope, and nature of original inquiry should be studied, as if the study was with different objective then that data is not suitable for current study • Adequacy of data– Level of accuracy, • Area differences then data is not adequate for study Factors to be consideredbefore using secondary data
- 43. Nature ,Scope and object of inquiry Availability of Funds Time Factor Accuracy Required Selection of proper Methodfor collection of Data
- 44. advantages of secondary data Method
- 45. disadvantages of secondary data Method
- 46. To be Continued .... THANK YOU ALL