▪ Abstract The energy landscape theory of protein folding is a statistical description of a
protein's potential surface. It assumes that folding occurs through organizing an ensemble of …

General principles of protein structure, stability, and folding kinetics have recently been
explored in computer simulations of simple exact lattice models. These models represent …

The understanding, and even the description of protein folding is impeded by the complexity
of the process. Much of this complexity can be described and understood by taking a …

Protein folding should be complex. Proteins organize themselves into specific three-
dimensional structures, through a myriad of conformational changes. The classical view of …

Protein folding and binding are kindred processes. Many proteins in the cell are unfolded, so
folding and function are coupled. This paper investigates how binding kinetics is influenced …

THE number of all possible conformations of a polypeptide chain is too large to be sampled
exhaustively. Nevertheless, protein sequences do fold into unique native states in seconds …

Topological characteristics of multidimensional potential energy surfaces are explored and
the full conformation space is mapped on the set of local minima. This map partitions …

All soluble proteins populate conformational ensembles that together constitute the native
state. Their fluctuations in water are intrinsic thermodynamic phenomena, and the …

Although it is known that RNA undergoes liquid–liquid phase separation, the interplay
between the molecular driving forces and the emergent features of the condensates, such as …

The presence of macromolecules in cells geometrically restricts the available space for
poplypeptide chains. To study the effects of macromolecular crowding on folding …