This document discusses research problems and research design. It begins by defining a research problem as some difficulty a researcher wants to solve, either theoretically or practically. Key components of a research problem include the individuals involved, objectives, environment, and possible outcomes. Properly identifying and formulating a research problem is important. The document then discusses research design, defining it as the conceptual framework for a research study. Key parts of research design include sampling, observation, statistics, and operational aspects. A good research design provides structure and limits errors.
This document is quoted from Academic Writing Skill, IFL, Cambodia. It's for students in year three not only at IFL but also other universities in Cambodia.
This document discusses key aspects of defining a research problem, including identifying a researchable problem, sources of research problems, writing a problem statement, and developing research questions. It emphasizes that a well-defined research problem lays the foundation for a successful research project. The first step is to identify a compelling topic and formulate a problem statement that introduces the research area and leads to specific questions. A good research problem should be significant, clearly delineated, and have accessible information to draw conclusions. Narrowing the scope and defining key terms helps ensure the problem is manageable.
In this ppt you can find the materials regarding Significance of Research/Importance of Research
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Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
Basic research is the search for fundamental knowledge and understanding without a specific commercial application or use in mind. It aims to increase scientific knowledge for its own sake. Some key aspects of basic research include that it is theoretical, builds new knowledge, explores fundamental principles without seeking to solve direct problems, and lays the foundation for applied research. The goal is to expand understanding of phenomena through studying questions like the origins of the universe or composition of subatomic particles, without necessarily creating something new.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It also covers motivation in research, types of research approaches like quantitative vs qualitative, and the typical steps in the research process from formulating a problem to analyzing data. Finally, it discusses criteria for good research and some common problems researchers face in India such as lack of scientific training or resources.
This document discusses key aspects of research methodology including definitions of research, objectives of research, characteristics of good research, types of research, formulation of research problems, and research design. Research methodology is the systematic approach to solving research problems. It aims to describe research methods and clarify their assumptions and implications. Some key points covered include defining a research problem, developing a research design, and considering factors such as feasibility and scope when planning a study. The document provides an overview of developing the framework and approach for conducting research.
Descriptive Research Design - Techniques and TypesSundar B N
This ppt includes Introduction to Descriptive Research, Meaning of Descriptive Research Design and Methods used in Descriptive Research, Types of Descriptive Research and DIFFERENCE B/W EXPLORATORY AND CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH.
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This document discusses different types of research and the research process. It describes two types of research: basic or pure research which aims to develop new knowledge, and applied research which focuses on applying existing theories. There are also two general methods: qualitative research which uses non-statistical analysis to understand underlying reasons and trends, and quantitative research which expresses data numerically and uses statistical analysis. The research process involves identifying a problem, formulating hypotheses to guide the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions.
Research meaning, definition, types, areas, approaches, qualities, approachesViji Ponraj
This document provides an overview of research, including its meaning, definition, types, areas, approaches, process, ethics, and skills. It defines research as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding. The key points made are:
- Research involves posing a question, collecting data to answer it, and presenting an answer. It adds to knowledge, improves practice, and informs policy.
- Types of research include pure/applied, quantitative/qualitative, and deductive/inductive approaches. Areas of research relate to various fields like education, psychology, sociology, and more.
- Effective research is systematic, logical, empirical, and replicable. It follows scientific and ethical principles
-Research
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
It is regarded as a systematic efforts to gain new knowledge.
The dictionary meaning of research is “a careful investigation or enquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”.
-Nature of Research
-Objectives of Research
-Types of Research
-Research Process
-Significance of Research
-Criteria for Good Research
-Limitations of Research
This document defines and describes different types of research. It discusses research purposes including exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research. It also covers research uses in basic and applied contexts. The time dimension of cross-sectional and longitudinal research is outlined. Finally, it details quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
This document discusses research methods and methodologies. It defines research methods as how to accomplish research tasks through procedures to initiate, carry out, and complete projects. Research methodology provides principles for organizing, planning, designing, and conducting research. The document then outlines different types of studies including deductive vs inductive, exploratory vs explanatory, descriptive vs analytical, basic vs applied, quantitative vs qualitative, one-time vs longitudinal, laboratory vs on-field, and test vs diagnostic research. It concludes by listing characteristics of good business research such as having a clearly defined purpose, detailed research process, thorough planning, high ethics, limitations revealed, adequate analysis, unambiguous findings, and justified conclusions.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
A research problem is an area that a researcher wants to investigate or solve. Selecting a good research problem depends on factors like the researcher's knowledge and interests. Identifying a research problem is the first step of the research process. Some sources for research problems include personal experiences, literature reviews, theories, current issues, and brainstorming sessions. A good research problem should be significant, original, feasible, solvable, current, and interesting to the researcher. Formulating a research problem involves selecting a broad research area, reviewing literature and theories, delimiting the topic, and evaluating the problem before stating it clearly.
The document outlines key aspects of research methodology including:
1. The objectives of research such as defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data, making deductions, and testing conclusions.
2. The different types of research including descriptive, applied, quantitative, conceptual, empirical, qualitative, fundamental, and analytical research.
3. The methods of collecting data including primary methods like questionnaires, observations, interviews, and schedules and secondary methods of collecting published and unpublished data from various sources.
Research Objective
Research is an organized investigation of a problem in which there is an attempt to gain solution to a problem.
To get right solution of a right problem, clearly defined objectives are very important.
Clearly defined objectives enlighten the way in which the researcher has to proceed.
What is Research Objective?
A research objective is a clear, concise, declarative statement, which provides direction to investigate the variables.
Generally research objective focus on the ways to measure the variables , such as to identify or describe them.
Sometime objectives are directed towards identifying the relationship or difference between two variables.
Research objective are the results sought by the researcher at the end of the research process, i.e. what the researcher will be able to achieve at the end of the research study.
The objectives of a research project summarize what is to be achieved by the study.
Objective should be closely related to the statement of the problem.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
Research objectives is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. A well-worded objective will be SMART, i.e Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, & Time-bound.
Research objective should be Relevant, Feasible, Logical, Observable, Unequivocal & Measurable.
Objective is a purpose that can be reasonably achieved within the expected timeframe &with the available resources.
The objective or research project summarizes what is to be achieved by the study.
The research objectives are the specific accomplishment the researchers hopes to achieve by the study
The objective include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis.
Why need Research Objectives?
The formulation of research objectives will help researcher to:
With clearly defined objectives, the researchers can focus on the study.
Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding & solving problem that he or she has defined.
The formulation of objectives organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of research methodology & will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation, &utilization of data.
Types of Research Objectives
General Objective
General objectives are broad goals to be achieved.
The general objectives of the study state what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
General objectives are usually less in number.
This document provides an introduction to hypotheses, including definitions, characteristics, purposes, variables, sources, and types of hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement made to explain certain facts or observations that can be tested. Hypotheses should be clear, specific, testable, limited in scope, and logically consistent. The sources of hypotheses include theories, observations, past experiences, and case studies. The document outlines different types of hypotheses and gives an example of a research hypothesis. It also describes common hypothesis tests like t-tests, z-tests, ANOVA, and chi-square tests and notes that good decisions come from effective research.
The document provides an overview of different types of research designs including experimental, quasi-experimental, ex-post facto, correlational, and their key features. Experimental designs aim to test hypotheses and establish causation through random assignment and manipulation of independent variables. Quasi-experimental designs are similar but do not use random assignment. Ex-post facto designs examine causes of effects that have already occurred. Correlational designs measure relationships between non-manipulated variables. Different designs have advantages for different research questions depending on feasibility and need for control.
There are two main functions of a research design: 1) To conceptualize an operational plan to undertake various procedures and tasks required to complete a study; and 2) To ensure these procedures are adequate to obtain valid, objective and accurate answers to research questions. Some common types of research design include action research, cohort design, cross-sectional design, descriptive design, exploratory design, longitudinal design, observational design, philosophical design, historical research design, case and field research design, descriptive or survey research design, correlation or prospective research design, and causal comparative or ex post facto research design. Each design has distinct purposes and approaches for collecting and analyzing data related to the research problem.
The document discusses various research designs used in studies. It describes exploratory research design which aims to better understand a topic preliminarily using small samples. Descriptive research design seeks to describe a phenomenon, while causal research determines causes of pre-existing differences between groups. Experimental design establishes causes through manipulating independent variables. The document outlines key aspects of different designs including objectives, data use, and results.
This document defines research and outlines the key aspects of research project design and management. It discusses 1) definitions of research, 2) common terminologies like methodology and research methods, 3) types of research classified by application, objectives, and inquiry mode, and 4) qualities of good research including being logical, rigorous, systematic, valid, empirical, and critical. It also presents a 5-step model for planning a research study.
The document discusses key concepts related to research including research projects, topics, proposals, problems, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, design, and limitations. It notes that a research project uses scientific methods to achieve defined objectives, such as testing or creating new knowledge. Choosing a research topic is an ongoing process of exploring, defining, and refining ideas on a subject that is narrow yet allows finding adequate information. A research proposal explains what is being researched, why, and how through a structured formal document. Research design broadly outlines the total pattern of conducting a research project including objectives, methods, and outcomes. Marketing research systematically gathers and analyzes qualitative and quantitative data about issues relating to marketing products and services.
The document discusses different aspects of research design including what research design is, its key components, and types of research design. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with efficient procedures. The main components of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. It also outlines features of a good research design and key concepts like dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, and research hypotheses. Finally, it discusses research design for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing research studies.
This document discusses the steps involved in conducting research. It begins by defining research and outlining its purposes such as building knowledge and increasing public awareness. It then describes the basic structure of a research paper as introduction, methods, results and discussion. The next sections explain each step of conducting research in detail, including identifying the research problem, literature review, specifying the research purpose and questions, developing hypotheses, choosing an appropriate methodology, collecting and verifying data, analyzing and interpreting results. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods are discussed. The importance of verification strategies in ensuring the reliability and validity of research findings is also highlighted.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methodology course. It aims to help students develop an understanding of research and its methodologies. Key topics that will be covered include defining research, terminology used in research, types of research classified by application, objectives and inquiry mode, qualities of good research, and the eight-step research process involving planning, conducting, and reporting a study. Research is defined as a systematic, scientific search for knowledge on a specific topic. Methodology refers to the methods and techniques used to implement a research plan.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methodology course. The course aims to develop an understanding of research and its methodologies. It will cover defining research and key terminology, the different types of research classified by application and objectives, the research process, selecting research topics and problems, formulating hypotheses and objectives, literature reviews, and other aspects of designing and conducting research.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a research methodology course. The course aims to develop an understanding of research and its methodologies. It will cover defining research and key terminology, the different types of research classified by application and objectives, the research process, how to select a research problem, formulating hypotheses and objectives, and what constitutes a literature review. The document provides definitions and examples to explain these various aspects of the research process.
The document outlines the key steps in the research process, including exploration, literature review, developing research questions and hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, hypothesis testing, and preparing the final research report. It provides details on each step, such as how to conduct an effective literature review by using keywords and reviewing a variety of sources. The document also defines important terms and concepts used in research.
Nursing research is a systematic process that helps nurses answer questions about patient care, education, and administration. It ensures practices are evidence-based rather than tradition-based. Nursing research can be conducted in various settings to evaluate effectiveness of techniques, determine educational needs, and refine existing knowledge. The overall goal is to develop an evidence-based body of knowledge to guide the nursing profession.
This document discusses research methods and defines research. It provides several definitions of research from different authors that emphasize research as a scientific, systematic process of investigating problems to find solutions. The document also outlines the characteristics of good research, including being empirical, logical, cyclical, analytical, replicable, critical, and systematic. It discusses the meaning and types of research, including rationalistic vs. naturalistic inquiry and pure, applied, and developmental research. Common problems in research and the steps of systematic research are also summarized.
The document discusses research problems and research design. It defines a research problem as a specific question or issue that a researcher aims to investigate. It provides techniques for formulating a research problem, such as literature reviews, observations, and expert consultation. The document also defines research design as a plan for collecting and analyzing data. It classifies common research designs as descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, cross-sectional, longitudinal, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods.
This document outlines the steps for conducting research and presenting findings. It discusses selecting a research design, reviewing literature, using theory, writing strategies, ethical considerations, developing a purpose statement, research questions and hypotheses, and both quantitative and qualitative research procedures. The document provides "do's" and "don'ts" for each step, such as making specific observations to develop theory, clarifying the knowledge to be generated, and ensuring a well-researched question is asked. Mixed methods research is said to use diverse philosophical positions to create new knowledge.
Slide share presentation of Research design and its types stated in simple and easy words and includes Definitions,Terms, Examples and types in order to have a basic concept of research design that plays a key role to conduct a research report.
Solving research problem_3539ce35db1215c11a780b1712d47e46Kæsy Chaudhari
1. The document discusses research design, which is a plan for conducting research to answer questions or solve problems. It outlines the steps, methods, and strategies used to collect and analyze data.
2. Research design provides answers to questions like what is being studied, why it's being studied, where and when data will be collected, what techniques and sources will be used, and how results will be analyzed and reported.
3. Different types of research designs are explored, including those for exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis-testing studies. Key concepts discussed include variables, hypotheses, experimental setup, and treatments.
This document discusses research design, which is the framework or blueprint that guides research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher. It describes key aspects of research design including the types (exploratory, descriptive, experimental, case study), sampling techniques, data collection methods, and data analysis tools. The characteristics of a good research design are discussed as being neutral, reliable, valid, and able to generalize to a population. The different types of research design - exploratory, descriptive, experimental, and case study - are then defined in more detail.
Controlling is the process of evaluating actual performance against planned performance to ensure objectives are met. It is a continuous process and looks both backward and forward. A good control system ensures plans are implemented successfully, employees work with commitment, and resources are used optimally. Key control techniques include budgetary control, cost control, inventory control, break-even analysis, profit and loss control, statistical analysis, and audits. Control is essential for effective management.
This document discusses the different types of working capital needed by businesses. It defines working capital as the capital required for short-term financing of current assets like cash, inventory, and receivables. Working capital is classified as either permanent/fixed or temporary/variable. Permanent working capital is the minimum level needed to operate, while temporary working capital fluctuates with seasonal or special business needs. The document also differentiates between gross working capital as total current assets and net working capital as current assets minus current liabilities.
The document discusses the nature and objectives of business. It defines business as economic activities aimed at producing and trading goods and services for profit. A business provides value to customers and society by meeting needs. Its goals include earning profit, growing, gaining power and market leadership, and providing quality products, services, and jobs. Objectives of business are both economic, like earning profit and innovating, and social, like supplying quality goods at fair prices and generating employment. Businesses also aim to satisfy human needs by treating employees and customers well. Nationally, businesses should contribute to goals like self-sufficiency and development. The nature of business today is vast and global in scope, with challenges like information overload, diversification, and environmental
This document discusses research problems and research design. It defines a research problem as a statement identifying an issue or situation to be studied. Selecting and properly defining the research problem is the first step. The document outlines various sources that can inspire research problems, such as deductions from theory, interdisciplinary perspectives, and interviews. It also discusses the importance of formulating a research problem and lists several benefits, such as providing structure and avoiding unnecessary steps. The document then defines research design as the plan and strategy for investigating research questions. It discusses the basic purposes of a research design in providing answers and controlling variance. The key parts of a research design are also outlined.
This document discusses hypothesis and sampling. It defines a hypothesis as a proposition about variables that can be empirically tested. A hypothesis guides research by making predictions to be validated. Good hypotheses are clear, specific, testable, related to theory and techniques. Hypotheses can originate from hunches, other studies, theories, culture, analogy or experience. There are different types like simple, complex, directional and non-directional. Hypotheses are important as they focus research, test theories, describe phenomena and suggest policies or new theories.
- Cost of capital is the minimum rate of return that a company must earn on its investments to maintain its market value and attract funds. It represents the weighted average cost of all sources of financing, including equity, debt, preferred stock, and retained earnings.
- The cost of capital is used to evaluate capital projects and determine if their expected returns are adequate. It is also used to assess the company's capital structure and evaluate financial performance.
- Cost of capital is calculated by determining the costs of individual sources of financing weighted by their proportions of total capital. This provides the overall weighted average cost of capital for the firm.
1. The document discusses capital structure, which refers to the mix of long-term financing sources like equity, debt, and retained earnings.
2. It provides definitions of capital structure and discusses factors that determine an optimal or appropriate capital structure, including profitability, risk, flexibility, and control.
3. An optimal capital structure maximizes firm value and minimizes average cost of capital, but this is difficult to achieve due to various conflicting considerations. The document examines various capital structure theories.
This document discusses project management and the project identification process. It defines a project as having well-defined objectives and timelines. Project management is applying processes, methods, and skills to achieve project objectives on time and on budget. The key steps in project identification are conceiving project ideas from various sources, choosing the right industry, seeking opportunities, and making final decisions. Project management helps define plans, establish schedules, create teamwork, maximize resources, manage costs and risks, and handle changes. It is crucial for completing projects successfully.
This document provides an introduction to cost accounting, including definitions of key terms like cost, cost accounting, cost unit, and cost center. It describes the objectives of cost accounting and classifications of costs such as direct vs indirect costs, fixed vs variable costs, and normal vs abnormal costs. It also outlines common cost accounting methods like job costing, process costing, and operating costing and provides examples of basic and advanced cost sheets.
This document discusses labour costs and labour turnover. It defines direct and indirect labour, and how labour costs are divided. Direct labour costs are associated with altering the product, while indirect labour refers to wages for non-production workers. High labour turnover indicates instability, while low turnover can mean inefficient workers are being retained. Causes of turnover include personal reasons, unavoidable reasons like layoffs, and avoidable reasons like lack of promotion opportunities. Effects of turnover include reduced output and increased costs. The document outlines several methods for measuring labour turnover rates. Finally, it discusses remuneration systems like time rates and piece rates that are used to pay workers.
This document discusses material control and inventory management. It defines key terms like materials, inventory, and different stock levels. It describes the objectives and operations of material control like purchasing, inspection, and storage of materials. Methods to determine economic order quantity, set stock levels like reorder point, minimum and maximum levels are presented. Documentation for material procurement, storage, and issuance are covered. Pricing methods for materials issued like FIFO, LIFO, simple average and weighted average are also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to management accounting. It defines management accounting as accounting that provides financial information to assist management with planning, controlling, and decision making. Management accounting derives information from financial accounting and cost accounting. It is used internally and provides both monetary and non-monetary information for purposes such as forecasting, budgeting, and performance analysis. The document outlines the objectives, characteristics, scope, functions, and techniques of management accounting and compares it to financial accounting and cost accounting.
This document provides an overview of accounting concepts and processes. It defines accounting as the process of recording, classifying, and summarizing financial transactions, and communicating the results to interested parties. The key concepts discussed include the accounting equation, money measurement, accrual accounting, and matching principle. It also describes the accounting process, from recording transactions to preparing financial statements. Finally, it discusses the different types of accounts, books, and accounting systems used such as journals, ledgers, cash books, and subsidiary records.
This document provides an overview of entrepreneurial development and the concept of entrepreneurship. It discusses the evolution of how "entrepreneur" has been defined over time, from military expedition leaders to individuals undertaking business risks. Key individuals who contributed definitions, like Cantillon and Schumpeter, are outlined. Entrepreneurial traits like psychological, sociological, and economic factors are examined. The document also covers qualities, functions, and classifications of entrepreneurs as well as their significance for economic development through job creation, innovation, and harnessing local resources.
This document discusses the cost of capital. It defines cost of capital as the minimum rate of return that a firm must earn on its investments to maintain its value. Cost of capital has several components, including the return at zero risk, and premiums for business risk and financial risk. The document also discusses the different types of capital like debt, equity and retained earnings, and how to compute the cost of each. It explains weighted average cost of capital is calculated by weighting the costs of different sources of capital by their proportions.
This document discusses capital structure, which refers to the mix of long-term financing sources like equity shares, preference shares, long-term loans, debentures, bonds, and retained earnings that comprise a firm's permanent capital. It defines capital structure according to various authors and distinguishes it from financial structure, which includes both long-term and short-term liabilities. The objectives of capital structure are to minimize the overall cost of capital and maximize firm value. Factors that determine an appropriate capital structure include profitability, solvency, flexibility, conservatism, control, and legal requirements.
This document discusses key concepts in financial management. It begins by defining finance and its importance in economic activities. It then discusses different types of finance including private, public, individual, partnership and business finance. The main topics covered include financial management, its objectives like profit maximization and wealth maximization, liquidity management, approaches to financial management including traditional and modern approaches, and the main functions of finance like investment, financing, liquidity and dividend decisions. Criticisms of profit and wealth maximization objectives are also provided. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in the field of financial management.
This document provides an introduction to management accounting. It begins by defining the three main categories of accounting: financial accounting, cost accounting, and management accounting. It then proceeds to explain each category in more detail and provide their key objectives and characteristics. The document also compares and contrasts management accounting with financial accounting and cost accounting. Finally, it outlines the scope of management accounting and lists some of the common tools and techniques used in management accounting, such as budgeting, standard costing, ratio analysis, and discounted cash flow.
This document provides an introduction to management accounting. It begins by defining the three main categories of accounting: financial accounting, cost accounting, and management accounting. It then proceeds to explain each category in more detail and provide their key objectives and characteristics. The document also compares and contrasts management accounting with financial accounting and cost accounting. Finally, it outlines the scope of management accounting and lists some of the common tools and techniques used in management accounting, such as budgeting, standard costing, ratio analysis, and discounted cash flow.
Certified Administrative Officer CAO.pdfGAFM ACADEMY
The Certified Administrative Officer (CAO) is a gold-standard certification awarded exclusively by the Global Academy of Finance and Management ®. Earning this designation demonstrates that you have skills and experience in office administration which includes events coordination, time management, resource management, Microsoft Office applications, and business communication.
REQUIREMENTS
The Certified Administrative Officer designation requires a diploma or a bachelor's degree in business and administration, or related field.
Two years experience in office administration
Final year graduates with industrial attachment will be considered.
In addition to educational requirements, candidates must have knowledge in Microsoft Office applications, and business communication skills.
To apply: https://gafm.com.my/digital-certification/application-for-certification/
Embracing Change_ Volunteerism in the New Normal by Frederik Durda.pdfFrederik Durda
The new normal has not diminished the spirit of volunteerism; rather, it has transformed it, opening up new avenues for individuals to connect with and support their communities. As we continue to adapt, volunteerism will remain a vital force in building resilient, compassionate, and inclusive societies.
Unlocking The Human Element in IT And Service ManagementDario Diament
The book "Unlocking the Human Element in IT" provides a comprehensive guide to understanding and leveraging the human aspects of information technology. Drawing on extensive research and real-world case studies, the book delves into the critical role that people, culture, and organizational dynamics play in the success or failure of IT initiatives.
The Importance of the Human Element in IT
The book begins by highlighting the often-overlooked human dimension of IT, emphasizing that technology alone is not enough to drive meaningful change and innovation. It argues that the true power of IT lies in its ability to empower and engage people, fostering a collaborative and adaptive organizational culture.
Key Themes and Insights
People-Centric Approach: The book underscores the need to shift from a technology-centric mindset to a people-centric approach in IT management. It explores strategies for aligning IT goals with the needs and aspirations of employees, customers, and stakeholders.
Organizational Culture: The authors examine the profound impact of organizational culture on IT initiatives, addressing topics such as change management, leadership, and team dynamics. They provide practical frameworks for cultivating a culture that embraces innovation, collaboration, and continuous learning.
Soft Skills and Talent Management: The book delves into the importance of developing soft skills, such as communication, empathy, and problem-solving, among IT professionals. It also explores effective talent management strategies to attract, retain, and develop high-performing IT teams.
Agile and Adaptive IT: The book highlights the rise of agile and adaptive IT methodologies, emphasizing the need for IT organizations to be nimble, responsive, and customer-centric. It offers guidance on implementing agile practices and fostering a mindset of continuous improvement.
Bridging the IT-Business Divide: The authors address the longstanding challenge of aligning IT with business objectives, providing strategies for enhancing collaboration, communication, and mutual understanding between IT and other organizational functions.
Practical Applications and Case Studies
Throughout the book, the authors present real-world case studies that illustrate the impact of the human element in IT. These case studies cover a range of industries and organizational contexts, offering valuable insights and lessons learned for readers to apply in their own environments.
Conclusion
"Unlocking the Human Element in IT" is a must-read for IT leaders, managers, and professionals who recognize the importance of people, culture, and organizational dynamics in driving successful IT initiatives. By embracing the human element, organizations can unlock the full potential of their technology investments and achieve sustainable, transformative change.
People mentioned:
- Matt Beran
- Deborah Monroe
- NJ Robinson
- Megan Engels
- Gregg Gregory
- Rocky McGuire
Learn more at invgate.com
Questions about Hiring for AI EngineeringBryan Bischof
This discusses the most important questions (and my answers) about hiring for AI Engineering teams.
It specifically discusses what attributes you should look for in hires, how to interview them, and what the team makeup should look like.
2. RESEARCH PROBLEM
In research process, the first and foremost step happens to be that of
selecting and properly defining a research problem.
It refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in the context
of either theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution
for the same.
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in
knowledge that you will aim to address in your research. You might look
for practical problems aimed at contributing to change, or theoretical
problems aimed at expanding knowledge.
3. RESEARCH PROBLEM
COMPONENTS OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
An individual or a group with some difficulty or problem
Objectives of research that are to be attained
The environment in which the problem exists
Two or more course of action or alternative means for obtaining the objective
Two or more possible outcomes
4. IDENTIFICATION AND SOURCES
Identifying a problem to study can be challenging, not because there is a lack of issues that
could be investigated, but due to pursuing a goal of formulating a socially relevant and
researchable problem statement that is unique and does not simply duplicate the work of
others. The researchers themselves should finalize their own topic for a research problem after
having a thorough discussion with the experts and guides.
7. SELECTION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
criteria for selection
Subjects which are overdone should not be chosen. It will be difficult to throw any new light
Controversial subjects should not become the choice of an average researcher.
Too vague or too narrow problems should be avoided
The subjects selected for research should be familiar and feasible
The subject selected should be a significant one
The importance of the subject, the qualification and the training of a researcher, the costs
involved, the time factor are few criteria that must be considered
The researcher has to make sure of the availability of necessary resources (equipment and
adequate library facilities)
Selection of a problem must be preceded by a preliminary study.(this is necessary when the field
of inquiry is relatively new)
8. FORMULATION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Formulation of research problem refers to state the problem
in a researchable manner.
It includes narrowing down the research area and formulating
the objectives.
The researcher needs to refine the topic and clearly state what
is intended to explore about the topic
10. TECHNIQUES INVOLVED IN DEFINING A
PROBLEM
Defining a problem involves the task of laying down
boundaries within which a researcher shall study the problem
with a predetermined objectives.
Statement of the problem in
Understanding the nature of the
Surveying the available
Developing the ideas through
Rephrasing the research
11. DEFINING RESEARCH PROBLEM
POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED
Technical terms and words or phrases, with special meanings used in the statement of the
problem should be clearly defined.
Basic assumptions related to the research problem should be clearly stated
The criteria for the selection of the problem should be provided
The suitability of the time period and the sources of data available must also be considered
by the researcher
The scope of the investigation or the limits within which the problem is to be studied must
be mentioned explicitly in defining a research problem
12. CRITERIA OF GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM
A good research problem should add knowledge or improve the current practices.
It should be a novel and original one
Possibilities for empirical verification and testing
It should be clear and unambiguous
It should express the relationship between two or more variables.
Approval of topic from competent authority is also an important criterion
13. RESEARCH DESIGN
MEANING AND DEFINITION
Research design is the conceptual structure within which research is conducted.
It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and
analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research
purpose with economy in procedure.
Claire Seltltiz and others
A research design is the logical and systematic planning and directing a piece of
research
Pauline .V .Young
14. PARTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
SAMPLING DESIGN
OBSERVATIONAL DESIGN
STATISTICAL DESIGN
OPERATIONAL DESIGN
It deals with the method of selecting items to be observed
for the given study
It deals with the condition under which the observations
are to be made
It is concerned with the question of how many items are
to be observed and how information and data are to be
analyzed
It deals with the techniques by which the procedure
specified in the sampling, statistical and observational
designs can be carried out.
15. NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN
It may result in the preferred kind of study with helpful conclusion.
It cuts down on inaccuracy.
Allows you get optimum efficiency and reliability.
Reduce wastage of time.
Reduce uncertainty, confusion and practical haphazard related to any
research problem.
Great help for collection of research material and testing of hypothesis.
It is a guide for giving research the right path.
Gets rid of bias and marginal errors.
16. NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN
Provides an idea concerning the type of resources needed in terms of money,
effort, time, and manpower.
Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & helps prevent blind search)
Maximizes reliability of results.
Provides firm foundation to the endeavor.
Averts misleading conclusions & thoughtless useless exercise.
Provides opportunity to anticipate flaws & inadequacies (anticipates problems).
Incorporates by learning from other people’s critical comments & evaluations.
17. NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research
operations, thereby making research as efficient as possible yielding maximal information
with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.
Research design stands for advance planning of the method to be adopted for collecting the
relevant data and the techniques to be used in their analysis, keeping in view the objective
of the research and the availability of staff, time and money.
18. PROPERTIES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
DESIGN
A good research design is an ethical research design
A good research design is one that is capable of obtaining the most reliable and valid data
A good research design is one that is capable of measuring any odd events in any
circumstances
A good research design is one that helps an investigator avoid making mistaken
conclusions
A good research design is one that can adequately control the various threats of validity,
both internal and external.
19. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
VARIABLE: A concept which can take on different quantitative values is called variable.(EX-
weight, height)
CONTINUOUS VARIABLES: Phenomenon which can take on quantitatively different values
even in decimal points are called continuous variables.
DISCRETE VARIABLES: if the variables can only be expressed in integer values, they are non-
continuous variable or discrete variables.
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: if one variable depends upon or is a
consequence of the other variable is termed as a dependent variable and the variable that is
that is antecedent to the dependent variable is termed as an independent variable.
20. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE: Independent variables that are not related to the purpose of the
study, but may affect the dependent variable are termed as extraneous variable.
CONTROL: The technical term control is used when we design the study minimizing the
effects of extraneous independent variables.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: when prediction or a hypothesized relationship is to be tested by
scientific methods, it is termed as research hypothesis.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NON-EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESIS TESTING RESEARCH: Research
in which the independent variable is manipulated is termed as experimental hypothesis
hypothesis testing research and the research in which an independent variable is not
not manipulated is called non-experimental hypothesis testing research.
21. IMPORTANT CONCEPTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP: When a group is exposed to a usual conditions,
it is termed as a control group. When the group is exposed to some novel or special
condition, it is termed as an experimental group.
TREATEMENT: The different conditions under which experimental and control groups are
put are usually referred to as treatment.
EXPERIMENT: The process of examining the truth of a statistical hypothesis, relating to
some research problem is known as an experiment.
EXPERIMENTAL UNITS: The predetermined plots or the blocks, where different treatments
are used are known as experimental units.
22. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN IN CASE OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
RESEARCH DESIGN IN CASE OF DESCRIPTIVE & DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH
RESEARCH DESIGN IN CASE OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING RESEARCH