This document discusses research philosophy and ethics. It begins by defining research as systematic investigations driven by curiosity to satisfy curiosity and discover new knowledge. Research has owners who discover new things and recipients who learn about the discoveries. The document then discusses research ethics, noting that research should pursue truth in an ethical manner. It outlines various philosophical approaches to research like idealism, realism, pragmatism, and existentialism. Overall, the document provides an overview of key concepts in research philosophy and ethics.
This document provides an overview of ethics in research. It defines ethics and discusses key historical events that shaped modern research ethics like the Nazi experiments and the Nuremberg Code. The three primary ethical principles of beneficence, respect for human dignity, and justice are examined. Informed consent, risks/benefits analysis, and the role of institutional review boards in ensuring ethical research are covered. Challenges in vulnerable populations and qualitative/mixed methods research are also summarized.
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
Moral judgement involves evaluating the rightness or wrongness of voluntary actions based on a moral standard. It contains four elements - a subject making the judgement, an object whose action is being judged, a standard that the action is compared against, and a power to judge the action. Moral judgement is active in nature as it evaluates voluntary actions, social in character as actions affect others, and obligatory as we feel a duty to do what is right. Moral consciousness includes the cognitive process of moral judgement, emotional sentiments, and a conative sense of obligation to do right actions. The subject of moral judgement is the ideal rational self, and the object is voluntary actions which can be habitual, involving mental motives and physical consequences
Publication ethics: Definitions, Introduction and ImportanceVasantha Raju N
The document provides an overview of publication ethics and discusses its importance. It defines publication ethics as the principles and standards associated with publishing scientific research results. This includes giving proper credit and authorship, avoiding plagiarism and duplicate publication, managing conflicts of interest, and not falsifying or fabricating research data. The document highlights various unethical practices like plagiarism, gift authorship, and predatory journals. It also discusses guidelines from organizations like COPE, ICMJE and reporting standards to promote ethical research practices.
This document discusses various types of academic misconduct, including fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. It defines fabrication as the construction of data that was never actually observed or measured. Falsification is changing or omitting results to support a claim. Plagiarism involves using others' work and ideas without proper citation. The document provides several examples of academic misconduct, such as conducting research on humans without informed consent, ghost authorship, and image manipulation. It emphasizes the importance of ethical research practices.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
In this presentation, the speaker has covered following topics:
What is scientific conduct?
What do we mean by ethics in research? – scientific temperament –
What is Ethical behavior in research?
How to practice Ethics in publication?
On Research Metrics -
Author level metrics to journal level metrics
Research Profile Digital Platforms.
Selective Reporting and Misrepresentation of DataSaptarshi Ghosh
The document discusses various issues related to scientific misconduct including fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. It notes that these practices undermine scientific progress and can cause harm. It defines fabrication as making up data/results and falsification as improperly changing or misreporting data. Plagiarism involves using ideas or words without proper attribution. Maintaining integrity in research is important for objective and reliable science.
Ethics is a system of moral principles and the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group, culture, etc. research is steady progress by which we have gained a better understanding, greater ability of prediction and ever-increasing control over the world.
CONTENTS :
INTRODUCTION
TRANSPARENCY
PROMOTING RESEARCH INTEGRITY
EDITORIAL STANDARDS AND PROCESSES
RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION PRACTICES
OWNERSHIP OF IDEAS AND EXPRESSION
II Ethics with respect to Science & Research.pptPgtOnLine
This document discusses ethics with respect to science and research. It defines ethics and explains that ethics deals with judgements about human conduct and what is considered right or wrong behavior. The document then discusses research ethics and explains that what is considered acceptable or unacceptable ways of conducting research can vary in different contexts. Finally, it outlines several key principles of ethics in research, including duty to society, beneficence, informed consent, integrity, and protecting privacy and confidentiality of research participants.
This document provides information about indexing databases and citation databases. It defines a database as a collection of organized information that can be easily accessed and updated. Indexing databases are described as optimizing database performance by minimizing disk accesses during queries through the use of indexes. The document outlines different types of indexing, including clustered, non-clustered, and multi-level indexing. It then defines citation databases as collections of referenced academic works that can be used to evaluate publications by counting citations. The benefits of using citation databases over general search engines are discussed.
I explain plainly what is salami silcing, a practice of fragmenting single research into as many publications as possible. Salami publishing and hazards
Ethics in medical sciences research may not always translate into ethical publications.
Ethical violations in conducting medical research always promote unethical scientific publications.
Published research influences other researchers and establishes credibility for individual or journal.
This document provides an introduction to COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) and discusses publication ethics. It describes COPE's mission to educate and advance knowledge around safeguarding scholarly integrity. COPE membership includes over 12,500 members in over 100 countries representing various subject areas. The document outlines some of the key challenges in publication ethics according to COPE's membership surveys, including a lack of training in research and publication ethics. It also summarizes different types of ethics issues that may arise, such as plagiarism, authorship disputes, conflicts of interest, and fraud. Resources provided by COPE to support publication ethics are mentioned.
This document discusses redundant publication in research. It defines redundant publication as publishing the same or similar research findings in multiple papers without proper attribution. There are three main types: duplicate publication, salami slicing, and overlapping publications. Redundant publication undermines research integrity and credibility. It can damage researchers' reputations and lead to retractions or penalties. The document provides guidelines from organizations like COPE and ICMJE for ethical publishing practices to avoid redundant publication.
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
This document provides an overview of philosophy of ethics. It discusses that ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves defining concepts of right and wrong conduct. It outlines two main ethical systems - the atheistic approach which favors science and humanity, and the theistic approach which emphasizes God and religion. Normative ethics makes judgments about obligations and values, and can be teleological (consequentialist) where the ends justify the means, or deontological (non-consequentialist) where consequences are not considered. Non-normative ethics descriptively analyzes moral behavior and the meaning of ethical terms. The document categorizes the divisions and theories within normative and non-normative ethics in detail.
A conflict of interest arises whenever there is any potential bias that could affect a researcher’s work. Avoid post-publication headaches by disclosing all conflicts of interest upfront.
Rmc0001 research publications & ethics - module 3 (5)KURMAIAHA20PHD1086
This document discusses publication ethics and responsible research practices. It provides definitions and guidelines around topics like plagiarism, authorship, peer review, and conflicts of interest. It also describes organizations that establish standards and best practices for publication, such as the Committee on Publication Ethics and the World Association of Medical Editors. Finally, it discusses issues like misconduct, causes of unethical behavior, and predatory publishers.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in business research methods. It discusses why research is important, defining research and distinguishing it from other activities. The foundations of research are explored, including philosophical paradigms like positivism and constructionism that guide different approaches. Deductive and inductive thinking as scientific approaches are also covered. The summary highlights the document's focus on introducing foundational concepts in business research methods.
This document discusses key concepts in the philosophy of social sciences research. It defines paradigms as systems of thinking that include basic assumptions and research techniques accepted within a scientific community. Paradigms describe an established model like positivism or interpretivism. Approaches refer to specific research designs or methods. The three major paradigms discussed are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory. The document also examines the philosophical foundations of theories, including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology.
This document discusses key concepts in the philosophy of social sciences research. It defines a paradigm as a set of beliefs and assumptions shared by a scientific community that guides research. The three major paradigms are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory. It also differentiates between paradigms and approaches, and discusses the philosophical foundations of theories, including ontology, epistemology, methodology, and axiology. Philosophical alignment between these foundations is important for valid research.
Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom and the study of fundamental principles and causes through reason rather than observation or experimentation. It uses logical reasoning to explore questions about existence, knowledge, values, and reality. The main branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, logic, and aesthetics. Philosophy is an important discipline because it asks important questions, teaches critical thinking, problem solving, and persuasiveness, and can be applied to understanding any subject or career.
Philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom and the study of fundamental principles and causes. It uses reason rather than empirical means to understand topics like existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The main branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, logic, and aesthetics. Philosophy is important because it asks important questions, teaches critical thinking, can be applied to any discipline, and has influenced history by fueling changes and progress.
Research philosophy by zewde alemayehu tilahunzewde alemayehu
This document provides an overview of research philosophy presented by Zewde Alemayehu at Arba Minch University. It defines research philosophy and discusses key considerations in determining one's own research philosophy. Several philosophical paradigms and schools of thought in research are outlined, including positivism, phenomenology, pragmatism, and postmodernism. The differences between deductive and inductive reasoning approaches and between positivist and phenomenological paradigms are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses that research methodology is the systematic process of solving a research problem. It involves understanding which research methods and techniques are applicable to specific problems. The chapter then describes the procedural aspects used in the research process, including research philosophy, philosophical worldviews, research approach, research design, data collection strategies, data analysis, and ethical considerations. It presents the figure showing the methodological structure of research. Finally, it discusses various philosophical worldviews including postpositivism that guide researchers in determining the appropriate research design based on the research question.
Meaning and nature of philosophy -.pptxIdrisMammadov
1. Philosophy is defined as the rational inquiry into fundamental questions about life, the universe, and reality.
2. There are different conceptions of philosophy, including having a personal set of beliefs, critically reflecting on beliefs, seeking a unified worldview, analyzing language, and investigating perennial problems.
3. The main branches of philosophy are logic, metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory. Metaphysics studies the nature of reality, epistemology studies the nature and validity of knowledge, and value theory includes ethics, aesthetics, and social and political philosophy.
Philosophy of Research By Zewde Alemayehu Tilahunzewde alemayehu
This document outlines Zewde Alemayehu's presentation on research philosophy and conceptual frameworks to students at Arba Minch University. It discusses key aspects of research philosophy, including that it involves a set of beliefs about how knowledge is developed and the nature of that knowledge. It also describes different philosophies or paradigms that can guide research, such as positivism, which focuses on objectively measuring empirical data, and phenomenology, which aims to understand meanings and contexts. The document emphasizes that researchers must determine their own philosophy to best match their topic and approach.
This document discusses research philosophy and the importance of theory in research. It provides an overview of different philosophical frameworks for research including positivism, constructionism, and interpretivism. These frameworks influence the methodology and methods used to generate knowledge. The document emphasizes that research should be grounded in theory to contribute to the body of knowledge in a field. Concepts are the building blocks of theory, and developing a theoretical framework is important for guiding research and validating findings.
Lecture Five Philisophy - Positivist .pptxMrDampha
This document discusses key philosophical concepts related to knowledge creation and research. It defines ontology as concerning what exists in reality, epistemology as how knowledge is acquired and the scope/methods of knowledge, axiology as the nature and ethics of values, and methodology as the principles of knowledge generation. The document notes that a researcher's philosophical perspectives, including their views on these concepts, shape how they approach research questions, design studies, and interpret results. It provides examples of objectivist and constructionist epistemologies and positivist vs. post-positivist paradigms to illustrate how philosophy influences the research process.
This document discusses understanding philosophy of research. It begins by explaining why philosophy is important for research as research is based on assumptions about how the world is perceived and understood. It then discusses key aspects of research philosophy including ontology, epistemology, axiology, positivism, realism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. Ontology concerns assumptions about the nature of reality. Epistemology concerns what constitutes knowledge. Axiology refers to the role of values. The document provides descriptions of different philosophical approaches to research.
Pythagoras coined the term "philosophy" to mean "love of wisdom". Philosophy involves critically examining fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, and language. It can be understood as a set of beliefs about life, a process of reflection and criticism of beliefs, or an attempt to understand the world as a whole. The main branches of philosophy are logic, metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory, which includes ethics, aesthetics, and social/political philosophy.
The document discusses theories and the components that make up a theory. It explains that a theory is comprised of concepts, thinking construction, connections/associations, and hypotheses. It then goes on to define each of these components in more detail. Specifically, it defines concepts as the building blocks of theories and examples. Thinking construction represents relationships between concepts. Hypotheses are testable statements about relationships between concepts. Finally, a theory is defined as a system that uses these components to explain phenomena.
This document provides an overview of philosophy and its main branches. Philosophy is defined as the systematic, critical examination of how we think and act to become wiser. The five main branches discussed are: Metaphysics, which studies reality and existence; Epistemology, which is the study of knowledge; Logic, which examines valid reasoning; Ethics, which is the study of morality; and Aesthetics, which concerns beauty, art, and taste. Each branch seeks to answer fundamental questions about its subject area through philosophical inquiry and rational thought.
This document provides an introduction to philosophy. It defines philosophy as the study of fundamental problems regarding existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. The document outlines the meaning, origins, goals, questions, importance, branches, and differences between philosophy, science, and religion. It notes that philosophy originated from the Greek words for "love of wisdom" and was used by Socrates to describe intellectual probing. The main branches of philosophy discussed are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and axiology.
This document provides an overview of a philosophy course, including:
- The course will examine different philosophical theories and apply views to questions. Students will learn about famous philosophers.
- The content includes history of philosophy, ontology, epistemology, and social philosophy. Topics within each area are outlined.
- The role of philosophy in human life and society is discussed in the first lecture, including the meaning and nature of philosophy and its importance. The main branches of philosophy - logic, metaphysics, epistemology, and value theory - are also introduced.
The document discusses the Indian Constitution and educational rights. It provides background on the drafting of the Indian Constitution after independence in 1947-1949. Some key points:
- The Constitution was drafted by a Constituent Assembly with 272 members led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
- It was formally adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949 and came into effect on January 26, 1950.
- The Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights for citizens, including the right to education. It has been amended over 100 times since adoption.
- The document provides historical context on influences from other constitutions and the objectives of guaranteeing equality, justice and dignity for all citizens of India
Emerging technologies are dramatically changing education. Teachers now use technology like online learning platforms, augmented and virtual reality, gaming elements, and data analytics to enhance interactivity and personalized learning. As technology continues to evolve, future classrooms may include immersive rooms and robotic teaching assistants. While technology improves collaboration and accessibility, it also poses challenges around privacy, algorithm bias, and preparing students for jobs that do not yet exist. Educators must help students develop skills like lifelong learning, flexibility, and social-emotional skills to thrive in a world increasingly shaped by artificial intelligence.
The document discusses various trends and challenges in higher education globally and in India. It covers topics like internationalization, curriculum development, student employability, quality of learning and teaching, quality of research, political and moral issues, corruption, privatization, financing, infrastructure, faculty structure, accreditation, cultural synergy, knowledge creation, and data security. It also discusses expanding access and participation in higher education as well as flexibility in programs offered.
This document discusses trends in educational research according to Dr. Jagannath K. Dange of Kuvempu University. It notes that education trends are dynamic and influenced by factors like available resources and student demands. Research trends include quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Key areas of research include psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, history, politics, business, technology, and interdisciplinary fields. The document outlines trends reported by the OECD around an aging society, health, technology, families, gender equality, rural life, and security. Emerging trends include lifelong learning via subscriptions, blended reality technologies, nano-learning, personalized education, and gamification. Common topics of research include institutional climate, economics, ped
Pedagogy and innovative approaches in Teaching and learning.pptxjagannath Dange
All children are born and raised in different situations. The schools in need to implement a curriculum which not only promotes development in cognition, language, literacy, numeracy and the arts but also addresses wellbeing and happiness of the students. so, Pedagogy must be ideal to the needs of the learners. hence different approaches must be adopted to train the different faculties of children.
Karnataka TET and CET rules and online application proceduresjagannath Dange
This document provides information about the Karnataka Teacher Eligibility Test (KAR-TET) 2022, including who is eligible to take it and the syllabus topics that will be covered. The syllabus includes subjects like Kannada language, English language, educational psychology, pedagogy of various subjects, and more. It also provides details about exams for head teachers conducted by the Karnataka Public Service Commission.
The document summarizes Stephen Covey's book "The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People". It discusses the 7 habits which move individuals from dependence to independence to interdependence. The first 3 habits focus on independence and include being proactive, beginning with the end in mind, and putting first things first. The next 3 habits address interdependence and involve thinking win-win, seeking first to understand then to be understood, and synergizing. The final habit is sharpening the saw through balanced self-renewal. The document also provides details on each habit and principles for a successful career.
This document discusses stress, its causes, effects, and management. It defines stress as a feeling of emotional or physical tension that can be caused by any demanding event or thought. Sources of stress discussed include work, family, health, and financial issues. Both positive (eustress) and negative (distress) stress are covered. Effects of prolonged stress include physical, mental, and emotional issues. The document provides techniques for identifying stressors, defending against stress through planning and time management, and relaxing through activities like nature, exercise, and meditation. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining mental and physical health to manage stress.
This document outlines the code of ethics for professional teachers in India. It discusses that teaching is both an art and a science. The code establishes teachers' roles as guides, friends, mentors, parents, and counselors who facilitate learning and expression. It discusses ethics as the study of right and wrong duties. Professional ethics for teachers concern actions in the workplace and help resolve moral dilemmas. The code outlines teachers' responsibilities to students, colleagues, authorities, non-teaching staff, guardians, and society. It emphasizes impartiality, integrity, and ethical behavior. National standards also establish commitments to students and their learning.
National Education Policy-2020: Higher Educationjagannath Dange
The document summarizes key aspects of the National Education Policy 2020 regarding higher education in India. Some of the main points are:
1. The policy aims to address issues like access, equity, quality, affordability and accountability in education. It proposes restructuring the education system rather than just fine-tuning it.
2. It recommends setting up three types of higher education institutions - research universities focusing on research and teaching, teaching universities prioritizing teaching while also contributing to research, and colleges focusing on undergraduate teaching.
3. It suggests increasing the gross enrollment ratio in higher education to 50% by 2035 by establishing hundreds of large multidisciplinary universities and thousands of autonomous degree-granting colleges across the
The document discusses open book examinations and provides information on several related topics:
1. It defines open book examinations and notes that they assess higher-order thinking skills like application and analysis, rather than memorization.
2. Guidelines from the AICTE in India mandate open book exams for some engineering courses to encourage problem-solving over rote learning.
3. Effective question design is important for open book exams, focusing on interpretation, critical reasoning, and application of knowledge rather than locating and restating information.
4. A variety of question types can be used, including essay questions, problems to solve, and those based on provided data or scenarios.
This document discusses happy learning factors that are well-suited for the digital education system. It defines happy learning as a process that enables students to discover knowledge through curiosity and balanced pleasure and future benefits. E-pedagogy incorporates effective online teaching values. The document recommends blending happy learning factors like self-discovery, shared learning, and positive emotions with e-pedagogy digital tools. This would make the teaching-learning process more effective and promote a happy, comfortable learning environment for students. Educational implications include increasing student participation, independent learning skills, and social awareness.
1) Adoption of e-pedagogy is inevitable for modernizing education systems and preparing students for the 21st century. Traditional education is not adequately equipping students with digital skills needed in today's world.
2) E-pedagogy allows for enhanced teaching methods like blended learning, collaborative learning, and digital assessment. It provides more opportunities for student-teacher interaction and access to open educational resources.
3) For education systems and teachers to fully realize the benefits of e-pedagogy, restructuring is needed including updating infrastructure, training teachers, and modifying curricula to incorporate more technology-based learning.
E pedagogy a conditional promise to indian education system & its develo...jagannath Dange
1) E-pedagogy is an inevitable reality for the Indian education system to prepare students for the 21st century with digital skills and to provide quality education.
2) For e-pedagogy to be realized in India, the entire education system needs to be restructured, including updating infrastructure, training teachers, and revising curricula to accommodate digital learning possibilities.
3) An assessment of current technological status in schools is needed along with policies to provide infrastructure and training to facilitate e-pedagogy.
The Jewish Trinity : Sabbath,Shekinah and Sanctuary 4.pdfJackieSparrow3
we may assume that God created the cosmos to be his great temple, in which he rested after his creative work. Nevertheless, his special revelatory presence did not fill the entire earth yet, since it was his intention that his human vice-regent, whom he installed in the garden sanctuary, would extend worldwide the boundaries of that sanctuary and of God’s presence. Adam, of course, disobeyed this mandate, so that humanity no longer enjoyed God’s presence in the little localized garden. Consequently, the entire earth became infected with sin and idolatry in a way it had not been previously before the fall, while yet in its still imperfect newly created state. Therefore, the various expressions about God being unable to inhabit earthly structures are best understood, at least in part, by realizing that the old order and sanctuary have been tainted with sin and must be cleansed and recreated before God’s Shekinah presence, formerly limited to heaven and the holy of holies, can dwell universally throughout creation
Understanding and Interpreting Teachers’ TPACK for Teaching Multimodalities i...Neny Isharyanti
Presented as a plenary session in iTELL 2024 in Salatiga on 4 July 2024.
The plenary focuses on understanding and intepreting relevant TPACK competence for teachers to be adept in teaching multimodality in the digital age. It juxtaposes the results of research on multimodality with its contextual implementation in the teaching of English subject in the Indonesian Emancipated Curriculum.
Slide Presentation from a Doctoral Virtual Open House presented on June 30, 2024 by staff and faculty of Capitol Technology University
Covers degrees offered, program details, tuition, financial aid and the application process.
How to Configure Time Off Types in Odoo 17Celine George
Now we can take look into how to configure time off types in odoo 17 through this slide. Time-off types are used to grant or request different types of leave. Only then the authorities will have a clear view or a clear understanding of what kind of leave the employee is taking.
Split Shifts From Gantt View in the Odoo 17Celine George
Odoo allows users to split long shifts into multiple segments directly from the Gantt view.Each segment retains details of the original shift, such as employee assignment, start time, end time, and specific tasks or descriptions.
Webinar Innovative assessments for SOcial Emotional SkillsEduSkills OECD
Presentations by Adriano Linzarini and Daniel Catarino da Silva of the OECD Rethinking Assessment of Social and Emotional Skills project from the OECD webinar "Innovations in measuring social and emotional skills and what AI will bring next" on 5 July 2024
AI Risk Management: ISO/IEC 42001, the EU AI Act, and ISO/IEC 23894PECB
As artificial intelligence continues to evolve, understanding the complexities and regulations regarding AI risk management is more crucial than ever.
Amongst others, the webinar covers:
• ISO/IEC 42001 standard, which provides guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving AI management systems within organizations
• insights into the European Union's landmark legislative proposal aimed at regulating AI
• framework and methodologies prescribed by ISO/IEC 23894 for identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks associated with AI systems
Presenters:
Miriama Podskubova - Attorney at Law
Miriama is a seasoned lawyer with over a decade of experience. She specializes in commercial law, focusing on transactions, venture capital investments, IT, digital law, and cybersecurity, areas she was drawn to through her legal practice. Alongside preparing contract and project documentation, she ensures the correct interpretation and application of European legal regulations in these fields. Beyond client projects, she frequently speaks at conferences on cybersecurity, online privacy protection, and the increasingly pertinent topic of AI regulation. As a registered advocate of Slovak bar, certified data privacy professional in the European Union (CIPP/e) and a member of the international association ELA, she helps both tech-focused startups and entrepreneurs, as well as international chains, to properly set up their business operations.
Callum Wright - Founder and Lead Consultant Founder and Lead Consultant
Callum Wright is a seasoned cybersecurity, privacy and AI governance expert. With over a decade of experience, he has dedicated his career to protecting digital assets, ensuring data privacy, and establishing ethical AI governance frameworks. His diverse background includes significant roles in security architecture, AI governance, risk consulting, and privacy management across various industries, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: June 26, 2024
Tags: ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, EU AI Act, ISO/IEC 23894
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Training: ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
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No, it's not a robot: prompt writing for investigative journalismPaul Bradshaw
How to use generative AI tools like ChatGPT and Gemini to generate story ideas for investigations, identify potential sources, and help with coding and writing.
A talk from the Centre for Investigative Journalism Summer School, July 2024
Beyond the Advance Presentation for By the Book 9John Rodzvilla
In June 2020, L.L. McKinney, a Black author of young adult novels, began the #publishingpaidme hashtag to create a discussion on how the publishing industry treats Black authors: “what they’re paid. What the marketing is. How the books are treated. How one Black book not reaching its parameters casts a shadow on all Black books and all Black authors, and that’s not the same for our white counterparts.” (Grady 2020) McKinney’s call resulted in an online discussion across 65,000 tweets between authors of all races and the creation of a Google spreadsheet that collected information on over 2,000 titles.
While the conversation was originally meant to discuss the ethical value of book publishing, it became an economic assessment by authors of how publishers treated authors of color and women authors without a full analysis of the data collected. This paper would present the data collected from relevant tweets and the Google database to show not only the range of advances among participating authors split out by their race, gender, sexual orientation and the genre of their work, but also the publishers’ treatment of their titles in terms of deal announcements and pre-pub attention in industry publications. The paper is based on a multi-year project of cleaning and evaluating the collected data to assess what it reveals about the habits and strategies of American publishers in acquiring and promoting titles from a diverse group of authors across the literary, non-fiction, children’s, mystery, romance, and SFF genres.
Beginner's Guide to Bypassing Falco Container Runtime Security in Kubernetes ...anjaliinfosec
This presentation, crafted for the Kubernetes Village at BSides Bangalore 2024, delves into the essentials of bypassing Falco, a leading container runtime security solution in Kubernetes. Tailored for beginners, it covers fundamental concepts, practical techniques, and real-world examples to help you understand and navigate Falco's security mechanisms effectively. Ideal for developers, security professionals, and tech enthusiasts eager to enhance their expertise in Kubernetes security and container runtime defenses.
How to Store Data on the Odoo 17 WebsiteCeline George
Here we are going to discuss how to store data in Odoo 17 Website.
It includes defining a model with few fields in it. Add demo data into the model using data directory. Also using a controller, pass the values into the template while rendering it and display the values in the website.
Credit limit improvement system in odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo 17, confirmed and uninvoiced sales orders are now factored into a partner's total receivables. As a result, the credit limit warning system now considers this updated calculation, leading to more accurate and effective credit management.
Front Desk Management in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
Front desk officers are responsible for taking care of guests and customers. Their work mainly involves interacting with customers and business partners, either in person or through phone calls.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC)- Concept, Features, Elements, Role of advertising in IMC
Advertising: Concept, Features, Evolution of Advertising, Active Participants, Benefits of advertising to Business firms and consumers.
Classification of advertising: Geographic, Media, Target audience and Functions.
1. Dr. Jagannath K. Dange
Professor and Chairman
Department of Education
Kuvempu University
Shankaraghatta
Dist: Shimoga, Karnataka
drjkdange@gmail.com
http://jkdange.blogspot.com
2. Ph.D. ?
RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION ETHICS(RPE)
Why the paper is being included in coursework?
3. What is Research?
Curiosity and the self-driven efforts to satisfy the
curiosity lie at the root of research, which involves
systematic and creative investigations in any domain
of knowledge.
These can be related to philosophy or matter, or
anything in this Universe that can be perceived by
our senses.
Research has owner/s who actually find something
new, and recipients, who learn about the new
discovery when the owner communicates the new
information/knowledge to the larger group.
4. The more we learn about something, we instinctively
become more curious about what still remains
unknown.
Thus the philosophy underlying the human
learning is: the more we know, we get to know
what we still do not know.
Aristotle stated “The more you know the more you
know you don’t know”.
Albert Einstein said, “The more I learn, the more I
realize how much I don’t know.”
5. Research as a Social Responsibility
While the research output is self-satisfying for the researchers
as owners of the new knowledge/ understanding, and as a
stepping stone for the next level of enquiry, its dissemination to
a larger peer group is a social responsibility.
Research and Ethics
Research is the pursuit of truth. (Philosophy)
One has to ensure ethical behaviour in the pursuit of
truth.
It is common experience that new research studies reveal
varying degrees of error in the earlier accepted
inferences/interpretations that were based on past scholarly
studies and were conducted on the basis of the then known
principles and facts, using the best possible ethical,
experimental, and other precautions.
6. Such finding of ‘error’ does not, however, mean that the
conclusions/interpretations advanced by the earlier
studies were arrived at by deliberate or erroneous or
unethical methods.
All research studies rely on the available base
knowledge or as known to the investigator at the given
time.
As the knowledge base expands, it is more likely that
something that was accepted as fact at a given point of
time, needs modification or even rejection.
Being proven wrong, therefore, does not by itself imply
unethical conduct by earlier researchers.
However, issues of research integrity and ethical
conduct arise if the results and/or their interpretations
in the previous study were arrived at by deliberately
biased methods or with some other selfish motive.
7. What Is Research Ethics?
Generally, most people think of ethics as rules that
distinguish between right and wrong.
Ethical codes are also considered moral codes.
Most often ethics refers to rules that are a guide to
doing the right thing, although, what the right thing is,
remains relative to the context.
Research ethics is grounded in the principles and practice
of science.
“codification of ethics of science in practice”.
There can then be no separation of science and ethics
since the latter is embedded in the practice of science.
8. Following from this the fundamental questions that
every researcher must ask (Williams, 2003):
What moral principles guide your research?
How do ethical issues influence your selection of a
research problem?
How do ethical issues affect how you conduct your
research: the design, sampling procedure, and so on?
What responsibility do you have toward your research
subjects? For example, do you have their informed
consent to participate in your project?
What ethical issues/dilemmas might come into play in
deciding what research findings you publish?
Will your research directly benefit those who participated
in the study?
9. Research ethics as it applies to:
Choosing the topic of research, conducting literature
survey and framing the research question;
Choosing the research design, methodology and
constructing or tools;
Responsibilities towards the participants of research;
Data collection, data storage, data utilization, and data
security and the analyses of the data;
Responsibilities towards the community or society, which
is the subject area of research; informing the participant
population of the research findings;
Narrating and presenting the findings, and
Publishing the research.
10. Why is Philosophy important in research?
1. Problem-Solving: The study of philosophy enhances
your ability to evaluate and resolve problems.
It will help you to analyze concepts, definitions,
arguments, and problems.
It contributes to your capacity to organize ideas and
issues, to deal with questions of value, and to extract
what is essential from masses of information.
It helps you both to distinguish fine differences
between views and to discover common ground between
opposing positions.
And it can help you to synthesize a variety of views or
perspectives into a coherent understanding.
11. 2. Research and Analysis of Methods
Through reading, writing, and dialogue, philosophy
teaches students how to analyze and interpret texts,
concepts, and the reasoning of others.
You’ll learn how to frame hypotheses and put problems
into manageable form.
Philosophical thinking emphasizes clear formulation of
ideas and problems, selection of pertinent information,
and the organization and communication of complex
ideas.
It also emphasizes development of a sense of the new
directions suggested by the hypotheses and questions
you might encounter in doing research.
12. 3.Persuasion(Encourage and Influence)
Philosophy teaches students how to develop and
support their own positions, interpretations, and
analyses.
It provides training in the construction of clear
formulations, good arguments, and apt examples.
you’ll also become more convincing.
13. 4. Writing Skills and Effective Communication
Philosophy teaches……..
Interpretive writing
Comparative writing,
Argumentative writing, and
Descriptive writing.
Philosophy writing emphasizes clear structure, good
arguments, and original ideas.
Students learn to be both critical and creative thinkers.
14. Why is philosophy important in research?
Philosophical perspectives are important because,
choices that are applied to the purpose, design,
methodology and methods of the research, as well as
to data analysis and interpretation.
15. What are the 3 research philosophies?
Research philosophy is classified
as Metaphysics/ontology, epistemology and axiology.
These philosophical approaches enable to decide which
approach should be adopted by the researcher and why,
which is derived from research questions (Saunders, Lewis,
& Thornhill, 2009).
16. What is Philosophy? (ತತವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ)
Derived from two Greek words. “Philos” and “Sophia”.
Philos means ‘love of’ and sophia means ‘wisdom’.
So the philosophy means “love of wisdom”.
Philosophy gives answers such as, what is reality? What is
life for? What is the essence of the universe? etc.
Philosophy is the systematic inquiry into the principles
and presuppositions(Assumptions, Beliefs) of any field of
study.
17. MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental
problems, such as those connected with
existence, (ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವ)
knowledge,
values,
reason, (ಕಾರಣ)
mind, and (ಮನಸ್ಸು)
language.
Philosophy is the rational attempt to formulate,
understand, and answer fundamental questions.
18. The London Times in an article dealing with the 20th World
Congress of Philosophy:
"The great virtue of philosophy is that it teaches not what
to think, but how to think. It is the study of meaning, of
the principles underlying conduct, thought and
knowledge”.
Goal of philosophy: improved quality of life.
Hence, philosophy is a way of transforming oneself for the
better, of what is the study of philosophy. It provides a
framework for life and our action.
Can be useful in solving educational problems.
19. DEFINITIONS
Henderson “Philosophy is a search for
comprehensive view of nature and attempt at
universal explanation of the nature of things”.
John Dewey “Philosophy is critical reviewing of just
those formalizer things”.
Fichte “Philosophy is the science of knowledge”.
Dr. Radhakrishnan “It is logical inquiry in to the
nature of reality”.
20. CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy is a living force
It is way of life
It is the oldest and original discipline of thought
It is search for truth and reality
It is based on inquiry about life and existence
It is a logical approach
It is ever growing and developing
It answers the questions of life
21. FUNCTIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
Analytical function(ವಿಶ ್ಲ
ೇ಼ ಷಣಾತ್ಮಕ)
Logical function (ತ್ಕಕ)
Theoretical function (ಸ್ತದಾದಾಂತ್)
Thinking function (ಆಲ ಲಚನ )
Knowledge function (ಜ್ಞಾನ)
And
Research function (ಸ್ಾಂಶ ಲಧನ )
22. PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES
Idealism- ಆದರ್ಕವಾದ Ideas Rule the world(Mind and
matter Separate)
Realism- ವಾಸ್ಿವವಾದ Sense organs based reality
Pragmatism- ಫಲಪ್ರಮಾಣವಾದ Everything changes from
time to time
Existentialism-ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವವಾದ Existing is reality
Reconstructionism-ಪ್ುನರ್ ರಚನಾವಾದ(Addressing of social
questions and a quest to create a better society and
worldwide democracy)
Naturalism- ಪ್ರಿಸ್ರವಾದ nature is supreme
Marxism- struggle between social classes (bourgeoisie, or
capitalists, and the proletariat, or workers)
23. PHILOSOPHY AND EDUCATION BOTH ARE INTER-
RELATED AND INTER- DEPENDENT
“Education is the dynamic side of philosophy” – John Adams
“True education is practicable only by a true philosophy”-
Spencer
“Philosophy and Education are like the sides of the same coin”-
Ross
“Theory (Philosophy) directs practice (Education) practice
directs Theory”- Connor
Philosophy is the foundation to decide the goals of life.
Education then equips people suitably to achieve the said goals.
Philosophy helps in clarifying the numerous educational issues
and problems.
Great philosophers have been great educationist also
24. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about life and
the universe, which are often held uncritically.
We refer to this meaning as the informal sense of
philosophy or “having” a philosophy.
Usually when a person says “my philosophy is,” he or she is
referring to an informal personal attitude to whatever topic
is being discussed.
25. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY
2. Philosophy is a process of reflecting on and criticizing our most
deeply held conceptions and beliefs.
These two senses of philosophy— “having” and “doing”— cannot be
treated entirely independent of each other.
Having a philosophy, however, is not sufficient for doing philosophy.
A genuine philosophical attitude is searching and critical; it is open-
minded and tolerant—willing to look at all sides of an issue without
prejudice.
To philosophize is not merely to read and know philosophy; there are skills of
argumentation to be mastered, techniques of analysis to be employed, and a
body of material to be appropriated such that we become able to think
philosophically.
26. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY
3. Philosophy is a rational attempt to look at the world as a
whole.
Philosophy seeks to combine the conclusions of the various
sciences and human experience into some kind of consistent
world view.
Philosophers wish to see life, not with the specialized slant of
the scientist or the businessperson or the artist, but with the
overall view of someone cognizant of life as a totality.
27. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY
4. Philosophy is the logical analysis of language and
the clarification of the meaning of words and
concepts.
In fact, nearly all philosophers have used methods of
analysis and have sought to clarify the meaning of terms
and the use of language.
Some philosophers see this as the main task of
philosophy, and a few claim this is the only legitimate
function of philosophy.
28. NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY
5. Philosophy is a group of ever lasting problems that
interest people and for which philosophers always have
sought answers.
Philosophy presses its inquiry into the deepest problems of
human existence.
Many questions, however, have been answered only
tentatively, and many problems remain unsolved.
What is truth?
What is the distinction between right and wrong?
What is life and why am I here?
Why is there anything at all?
29. IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY
1. The study of Philosophy enables us to think carefully and clearly
about important issues.
2. we learn to take a step back from our everyday thinking and to
explore the deeper, bigger question which underpins our thought.
3. Philosophy is to learn not what to believe, but how to think.
4. Philosophy sharpens your analytical abilities, enabling you to
identify and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses in any position.
5. It hones your ability to construct and articulate arguments of
your own.
6. It prompts you to work across disciplinary boundaries and to think
flexibly and creatively about problems which do not present
immediate solutions.
7. Because philosophy is an activity as much a body of knowledge, it
also develops your ability to think and work independently
30. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Historically, philosophical concerns have been treated
under these broad categories:
1. Metaphysics (Theory of Existence) ತ್ತ್ವ ಮಿಮಾಾಂಸ
2. Epistemology (Theory of Knowledge) ಜ್ಞಾನ ಮಿಮಾಾಂಸ
3. Axiology (Theory of Values) (Ethics and Aesthetics)
ಮೌಲಯ ಮಿಮಾಾಂಸ
4. Logic ತ್ಕಕ ಶಾಸ್ರ
31. Ontology or Metaphysics: (meta–beyond, physica–nature)
It means, the study or theory of reality.
Some questions asked are
What is the ultimate reality?
Is reality one or many different things?
Can reality be grasped by senses?
What is it to exist?
Which is truth?
Is there a supreme being?
It is concerned with such problems as the relation of mind to
matter, the nature of change, the meaning of “freedom,” the
existence of God, and the belief in personal
immortality(ಅಜರಾಮರ).
1. METAPHYSICS-ತತವ ಮಿಮಾಾಂಸೆ
(ಜೀವನ, ಸ್ತ್ತಯ, ವಾಸ್ತ್ತವಿಕತೆ, ಆತಮ, ದೆೀವರುಗಳಿಗೆ ಸ್ತ್ಾಂಬಾಂಧಿಸಿದ ಅಸಿತತವ ಸಿದಾದಾಂತ )
32. Metaphysics : Metaphysics seeks to describe the world
on the basis of reason and experience.
Metaphysics seeks to answer the questions:
Who am I and
Why am I here?
Metaphysics is the philosophical investigations of the
nature of reality, being or existence.
DEFINITIONS OF THE METAPHYSICS
Plato – metaphysics is a branch of philosophy whose
special concern is to answer the question ‘What is there?’.
33. SCOPE OF METAPHYSICS
Metaphysics is the science of being as being
(ಭೌತಿಕ, ಮನಸಷಯನ ಅಸ್ತಿತ್ವ)
Metaphysics is the science of immaterial being-
spiritual ಆಧ್ಾಯತಿಮಕ.
Metaphysics is the science of the most abstract
conceptions.(ಅಮ ತ್ಕ ಪ್ರಿಕಲಪನ ಗಳು)
Metaphysics is the science of the principals
Metaphysics is the science of the most universal
conception.(ಸಾವಕತಿರಕ, ಜಗತ್ಸಿ, ಬ್ರಹಾಮಾಂಡ, ವಿರ್ವ
ಪ್ರಿಕಲಪನ ಗಳು)
34. 2. EPISTEMOLOGY(ಜ್ಞಾನ ಮಿಮಾಾಂಸ )ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಸ್ವರ ಪ್,
ವಾಯಪ್ತಿ,ಹಸಟ್ಸು,ಸ್ತಾಂಧಸತ್ವ ಮತ್ಸಿ ಮಾಗಕಗಳಿಗ ಸ್ಾಂಬ್ಾಂಿಸಸ್ತದ ಜ್ಞಾನ ಸ್ತದಾದಾಂತ್
The theory of knowledge is epistemology, which comes from
the Greek word episteme, meaning “knowledge.”
In general, epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies
the sources, nature, and validity of knowledge.
There are three central questions in this field:
(1) What are the sources of knowledge? ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಆಕರಗಳು Where
does genuine knowledge come from or how do we know? This is
the question of origins.
(2) What is the nature of knowledge? ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಸ್ವರ ಪ್ Is there a
real world outside the mind, and if so can we know it? This is the
question of appearance versus reality.
(3) Is our knowledge valid? ಜ್ಞಾನದ ಸಿಾಂಧುತವ
How do we distinguish truth from error?
This is the question of the tests of truth, of verification.
35. DEFINITIONS OF EPISTOMOLOGY
American Encyclopedia – “It is systematic philosophical
investigation of human knowledge”.
Britanika Encyclopedia – “Epistemology is the study
about nature of knowledge and uses of knowledge”.
International Education Encyclopedia – “
Epistemology is theory of knowledge, it is valuable and
natural”.
36. EPISTEMOLOGY
The Rationalists (ವಿಚಾರವಾದಿಗಳು) hold that human
reason alone can discover the basic principles of the
universe.
The Empiricists (ಪ್ರಯೀಗವಾದಿಗಳು)claim that all
knowledge is ultimately derived from sense experience
and, thus, that our knowledge is limited to what can be
experienced.
It should be clear that there is a necessary relation
between metaphysics ತತವ ಮಿಮಾಾಂಸೆ and epistemology
ಜ್ಞಾನ ಮಿಮಾಾಂಸೆ.
Conversely, our theory of knowledge depends on our
understanding of ourselves in relation to the whole of
reality
37. 3. AXIOLOGY/VALUE THEORY-ಮೌಲ್ಯಮಿಮಾಾಂಸೆ
(ಮೌಲ್ಯಗಳ ಸ್ತ್ವರೂಪ್, ವಾಯಪ್ತತ, ಹುಟ್ುು, ಸಿಾಂಧುತವ ಮತುತ ವಿಧಗಳಿಗೆ ಸ್ತ್ಾಂಬಾಂಧಿಸಿದ ಮೌಲ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ)
Value theory is the branch of philosophy that studies values.
It can be subdivided into ethics (ನಲತಿ ಶಾಸ್ರ),
aesthetics(ಸೌಾಂದರ್ಕ ಶಾಸ್ರ), and Social and political philosophy
(ಸಾಮಾಜಿಕ ಮತ್ಸಿ ರಾಜಕಲರ್ ತ್ತ್ವಶಾಸ್ರ)
Ethics: the study of values in human behavior or the study of
moral problems:
e.g., (1) the rightness and wrongness of actions,
(2) the kinds of things which are good or desirable, and
(3) whether actions are blameworthy or praiseworthy.
Ethics concerns itself with the question of morality. (ನ ೈತಿಕತ )
What is right and what is wrong in human relations?
We seek to identify, within the range of human conduct, the
motives, desires, and intentions as well as overt acts themselves.
38. ETHICS- 3 kinds
1. Descriptive ethics consider the conduct of individuals, or
personal morality; the conduct of groups, or social morality; and
the culture patterns of national and racial groups.
2. Normative ethics (what ought to be).
Here philosophers try to work out acceptable judgments
regarding what ought to be in choice and value.
“We ought to keep our promises” and “you ought to be
honorable” are examples of normative judgments— of the
moral ought, the subject matter of ethics.
3. The area of critical or metaethics.
Here interest is centered on the analysis and meaning of the
terms and language used in ethical discourse and the kind of
reasoning used to justify ethical statements.
What is the meaning of “good?” and Can ethical judgments be
justified? are typical problems for metaethics.
39. AESTHETICS-ಸೌಾಂದರ್ಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
Concerns the theory of art and beauty.
Questions of art and beauty are considered to be part of
the realm of values because many philosophical problems
in aesthetics involve critical judgments. ವಿಮಶಾಕತ್ಮಕ
ನಣಕರ್ಗಳು
41. There are wide differences of opinion as to what objects
call forth the aesthetic response, and what beauty really
is.
Our concepts of beauty may differ not because of the
nature of beauty itself.
Therefore, if we cannot perceive beauty in objects that
others find beautiful, it may be wise to withhold
judgment until we are capable ourselves of making a
competent analysis of the aesthetic experience.
42. Aesthetics: the study of value in the arts or the inquiry
into feelings, judgments, or standards of beauty and
related concepts.
Philosophy of art is concerned with judgments of
sense, taste, and emotion.
E.g., Is art an intellectual or representational activity?
Does art represent sensible objects or ideal objects?
Is artistic value objective?
Is it merely coincidental that many forms in architecture
and painting seem to illustrate mathematical principles?
Are there standards of taste?
Is there a clear distinction between art and reality?
43. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY(ಸಾಮಾಜಕ
ಮತುತ ರಾಜಕೀರ್ ತತವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ)
Social and political philosophy investigates value judgments
concerning society, the state, and the individual’s relation to these
institutions.
The following questions reflect the concerns :
Why should individuals live in society?
What social ideals of liberty, rights, justice, equality and responsibility
are desirable?
Why should anyone obey any government?
Why should some individuals or groups have political power over
others?
What criteria are to be used in determining who should have political
power?
To what positive goals should political power be directed, and what are
the criteria for determining this?
44. 4. Logic – ತಕಯ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ, ವಾದಗಳ ಸ್ತ್ವರೂಪ್, ವಾಯಪ್ತತ,
ಹುಟ್ುು ಸಿಾಂಧುತವಗಳಿಗೆ ಸ್ತ್ಾಂಬಾಂಧಿಸಿದೆ)
Logic is the systematic study of the rules for the correct
use of these supporting reasons, rules we can use to
distinguish good arguments from bad ones.
Most of the great philosophers from Aristotle to the
present have been convinced that logic spread all other
branches of philosophy.
The ability to test arguments for logical consistency,
understand the logical consequences of certain
assumptions, and distinguish the kind of evidence a
philosopher is using are essential for “doing” philosophy
45. What is ethics? ನೀತಿ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and
society and is also described as moral philosophy.(ನ ೈತಿಕ
ತ್ತ್ವಶಾಸ್ರ)
The term is derived from the Greek word ethos which can
mean custom, habit, character or disposition(nature,
outlook)
Ethics covers the following dilemmas:
How to live a good life?
Our rights and responsibilities
The language of right and wrong
Moral decisions - what is good and bad?
46. Meaning of Ethics:
Ethics is also called as moral philosophy or philosophical
thinking about morality.
This morality has been further elaborated as action and
behaviour which is concerned with ‘good’ or ‘evil’, of
particular traditions, groups or individual.
The term ‘moral’ and ‘ethical’ is often used as equivalent
to right or good as opposed to ‘immoral’ and ‘unethical’.
47. Ethics is that science which is concerned with moral behaviour or
with right or wrong and good or evil of human behaviour.
It advocates those principles which make our conduct moral.
The word right is derived from Latin word ‘rectus’, which literally
means ‘straight’ or ‘according to rule’.
It means that we are concerned with those principles which make our
conduct right or straight.
Rules are the means and whenever there are means, there must be an
end or goal as well.
If Right is the mean of conduct, then the question arises that what
should be its end.
Ethics as a science is not concerned with particular good of the
individuals; on the contrary it is concerned with the supreme goal or
the ultimate end with reference to which the entire life of individual is
directed – the ‘Summum Bonum’.
48. MORAL PHILOSOPHY .(ನೆೈತಿಕ ತತವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ)
One of the big questions in moral philosophy is whether or not there
are unchanging moral rules that apply in all cultures and at all times.
The moral philosophy involves systematizing, defending, and
recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.
Ethical theories divided into three general subject areas:
Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and
what they mean. Are they merely social inventions? Do they involve
more than expressions of our individual emotions?
Normative ethics takes on a more practical task, which is to arrive at
moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. This may
involve articulating the good habits that we should acquire, the duties
that we should follow, or the consequences of our behavior on others.
Finally, applied ethics involves examining specific controversial
issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental
concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment(Death sentence), or
nuclear war.
50. Meaning of moral judgment .(ನೆೈತಿಕ ನರ್ಯರ್)
The moral judgement is the judgement which deals with
the moral value or quality of an action.
It is a judgement of value and it evaluates the rightness or
wrongness of our actions.
When we analyse a moral judgement then we find that it
contains
a) a subject which will judge,
b) an object whose action will be judged,
c) a standard in conformity to which the action of the
subject will be judged and
d) a power of judging the action as required.
54. Moral judgment is the judgment of moral quality of
voluntary habitual actions (ರ ಢಿರ್/ಸ್ಾಂಪ್ರದಾರ್ದ ಕರಮಗಳು).
Generally, a moral judgment is given on the voluntary and
habitual actions of a rational being.
They are considered to be right or wrong with the reference
to the moral standard. And on the basis of this standard,
moral judgment is given. If the voluntary actions have
conformity ಆದರ್ಕ ಪ್ರಮಾಣಿತ್ ಅನಸಸ್ರಣ with the standard or
the ideal, then the moral judgment will express it as the
right action.
If the action has conflict with the standard or norms, then
the moral judgment will express it as wrong. So, moral
judgment involves comparison of voluntary acts with
the moral standard.
55. Moral judgment is active in nature. Because moral
judgment is given upon voluntary and habitual acts of persons
(ವಯಕಿರ್ ಸ್ವರ್ಾಂ/ಸ್ಾಂಪ್ರದಾಯಿಕ ಕರಮಗಳು)and not upon their passive
experiences(ನಷ್ಕ್ರಲರ್ ಅನಸಭವಗಳು)
Moral judgment is social in character. Because, as we know,
voluntary acts of a person are right or wrong, because they
more or less affect the of interest of others.
Man is a social being. His rights and duties of actions rise out
of his relation to other persons in society. So, moral judgment,
apart from society is inconceivable. Moral judgment can be
said to be obligatory (ಕಡ್ಾಾರ್ವಾದ/ ಕಟ್ುುಬಿದದ) in character.
Because a judgment can be given as right, while we feel the
moral obligation to do it. Similarly, moral judgment is given on
an act as wrong, when we feel the moral obligation to refrain
from it.
Thus, moral judgment is always accompanied by the sense of
duty or moral obligation(ನ ೈತಿಕ ಕಟ್ಸುಪಾಡಸ). And this moral
obligation is essentially self-imposed.
56. Nature of Moral judgment
Ethics is a science of morality and it discusses the contents of
moral consciousness (ನ ೈತಿಕ ಪ್ರಜ್ಞ )and the various problems of
moral consciousness.
Moral consciousness is the consciousness of right and wrong. It
involves three factors 1. Cognitive or intellectual, 2. Affective or
emotional, 3. Conative or volitional(ಸ್ಾಂಕಲಪದ)
Moral judgement is the main cognitive factor in moral
consciousness. It involves intuition of moral standard (ನ ೈತಿಕ
ಗಸಣಮಟ್ುದ ಒಳಜ್ಞಾನ/)by reason and comparison of a voluntary
action with it.
It also involves evaluation of voluntary action of it as right and
wrong.
We feel we are under moral obligations to do what is right and
avoid what is wrong.
57. Moral judgment is a judgment of values. It is distinct
from the judgment of facts.
A Judgment of value is a judgment of “what ought to
be”.
But a judgment of fact is a judgment of “what is”.
Judgment of fact is a descriptive judgment, while moral
judgment is an appreciative or critical judgment.
So, moral judgment is a mental act of pronouncing a
particular action to be right or wrong.
Moral judgments are always accompanied by moral
obligation and moral sentiments, which are not
accompanied by logical and aesthetics judgments.
58. When we judge an action to be right, we feel a moral
obligation to perform it and have a feeling of approval.
And we judge an action to be wrong, we feel that under
moral obligation we are not to perform it and therefore, we
have a feeling of disapproval.
Feeling of approval, disapproval, rightness, wrongness etc. are
called moral sentiments.
‘To speak the truth is always right’ is a moral judgement.
Moral judgement is inferential in character though the
element of inference generally remains implicit. ನ ೈತಿಕ
ನಣಕರ್ವು ಅನಸಮಾನಸ್ತ ತಿಲಮಾಕನಸ್ಸವುದಾಗಿದ ಆದರ ತಿಲಮಾಕನಸ್ಸವ ಅಾಂರ್
ಸ್ ಚಯವಾಗಿರಸತ್ಿದ (ವಯಕಿವಾಗಿ ಹ ಲಳದಿದದರ ಅದ ಲ ಅರ್ಕ ಕ ಡಸವ)
60. Thank You
Dr. Jagannath K. Dange
Professor
Department of Education
Kuvempu University
Shankaraghatta
Dist: Shimoga,
Karnataka
drjkdange@gmail.com
http://jkdange.blogspot.com