Etiologies of Bipolar disorders. Power Point Presentation ptx

› Bipolar can be defined as Mania or Depressive illness or
manic depression, it is a mental illness that causes unusual
shifts in a person’s mood, energy, activity level, and
concentration.
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› Bipolar-I
› Bipolar-II
› Cyclothymic
› Substance/Medication Induced Bipolar and Related
Disorders
› Bipolar and Related Disorders Due to Another Medical
Condition
› Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorders
› Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders
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› At least one Manic Episode. Preceded/followed by
Hypomanic or Major Depressive episode.
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› Never had a Manic Episode. At least one Hypomanic, and
one Major Depressive episode.
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› A manic episode is a period of time, usually lasting at least a week,
when a person with bipolar disorder experiences an extremely
elevated or irritable mood. They may have an excessive amount of
energy, engage in impulsive or risky behaviors, and have rapid,
uncontrollable thoughts and speech.
› During this episode, their judgment may be impaired, leading to poor
decision-making and potentially harmful actions. Manic episodes
significantly impact a person's daily life, relationships, and
functioning. It is important to seek professional help if someone is
experiencing symptoms of a manic episode.
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› The exact cause of bipolar disorders is unknown, but
several factors such as; genetics, environmental, and
biological factors may be included.
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› Twin studies have shown that there is a strong genetic component to
bipolar disorder, with a heritability rate of approximately 80%.
› Family studies have demonstrated that first-degree relatives of
individuals with bipolar disorder are more likely to have the disorder
than those without a family history.
› Studies have also shown that bipolar disorder is more common in
monozygotic (identical) twins than in dizygotic (non-identical) twins,
suggesting a strong genetic component.
› Twin and family studies have also shown that there may be shared
environmental factors that contribute to the risk of developing
bipolar disorder.
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› Chromosome linkage studies have identified several
chromosomal regions that may be associated with an
increased risk of bipolar disorder.
› These regions include chromosomes 6, 11, 15, 18, and 21.
› Variations in genes located in these regions have been
shown to be associated with the risk of bipolar disorder.
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› Abnormalities in neurotransmitter systems, such as dopamine, serotonin,
and norepinephrine.
› Abnormalities in the brain’s reward system, which is responsible for
regulating motivation and pleasure.
› Abnormalities in the brain’s stress response system, which may lead to an
increased sensitivity to stress.
› Abnormalities in the brain’s circadian rhythm, which could lead to
disturbances in sleep.
› Abnormalities in the brain’s inflammatory response system, which may lead
to an increased risk of inflammation-related illnesses.
Abnormalities in the brain’s neural circuitry, which may lead to disruptions
in communication between different parts of the brain.
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› Serotonin: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps
regulate mood, sleep, and appetite. Imbalances in
serotonin levels can lead to symptoms of bipolar disorder,
such as extreme mood swings, depression, and anxiety.
› Dopamine: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is involved
in reward and motivation. Imbalances in dopamine levels
can lead to the extreme highs and lows associated with
bipolar disorder.
› Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): GABA is a
neurotransmitter that helps regulate brain activity.
Imbalances in GABA levels can lead to symptoms of
bipolar disorder, such as anxiety, depression, and mood
swings.
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› Dysregulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal
(HPA) Axis: This is a system in the body that regulates
stress and emotion. When this system is dysregulated, it
can lead to an imbalance in hormones, which can cause
mood swings and other symptoms associated with bipolar
disorder.
› Dysregulation of Neurotransmitters: Neurotransmitters
are chemical messengers that help relay signals between
neurons. When certain neurotransmitters are not
functioning properly, it can lead to an imbalance in the
brain, which can cause the symptoms of bipolar disorder.
› Abnormal Brain Structure: Abnormalities in the brain
structure, such as the size and shape of certain parts of the
brain, can lead to a disruption in the way the brain
processes information, which can lead to bipolar disorder.
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› Genetic Factors: Bipolar disorder can be inherited, so if
someone in your family has it, you may be more likely to
develop it as well.
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NEUROLOGICAL
CHANGES IN THE BRAIN
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› Abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex: This brain region is
involved in decision-making, impulse control, and emotion
regulation. Abnormalities in this region can lead to difficulty in
controlling impulsive behavior, which can result in manic
episodes.
› Abnormalities in the hippocampus: This brain region is
responsible for memory formation and storage. Abnormalities in
this region can lead to difficulty in forming and retrieving
memories, which can contribute to difficulty in regulating mood.
› Abnormalities in the basal ganglia: This brain region is
responsible for controlling movement. Abnormalities in this
region can lead to difficulty in controlling movement, which can
result in restlessness and agitation, which are common
symptoms of mania.
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› Abnormalities in neurotransmitter levels: Neurotransmitters
are chemical messengers in the brain that are involved in
regulating mood. Abnormalities in neurotransmitter levels
can lead to difficulty in regulating mood, resulting in mood
swings between mania and depression.
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› Environmental factors are believed to play a role in the
development of bipolar disorder. These factors can include:
1. Stressful life events: Stressful life events, such as the death
of a loved one, a divorce, or a job loss, can trigger episodes
of depression or mania.
2. Traumatic experiences: Traumatic experiences, such as
physical or sexual abuse, can increase the risk of developing
bipolar disorder.
3. Substance abuse: Substance abuse, such as alcohol or drug
use, can trigger episodes of mania or depression.
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› Genetics: People with a family history of bipolar disorder
are more likely to develop the disorder
› Sleep disturbances: People with bipolar disorder often
experience disruptions in their sleep patterns, which can
trigger episodes of mania or depression.
› Social isolation: People who are socially isolated or lack
meaningful relationships may be more likely to develop
bipolar disorder.
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› Medical conditions Medical conditions can cause bipolar
disorder in a variety of ways. For example, certain medical
conditions can cause changes in hormone levels, which can lead
to changes in mood.
Examples of medical conditions that can cause bipolar
disorder include:
› Thyroid disorders: Thyroid disorders can lead to changes in
hormone levels, which can lead to changes in mood.
› Hypothyroidism: This is a condition in which the thyroid gland
does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such
as fatigue, weight gain, depression, and difficulty concentrating.
This can cause bipolar disorder by causing an imbalance in brain
chemistry, leading to mood swings and other symptoms of bipolar
disorder.
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› Autoimmune disorders: Autoimmune disorders can cause
inflammation in the brain, which can lead to changes in
mood.
› Brain injury or trauma: Brain injury or trauma can cause
changes in neurotransmitter levels, which can lead to
changes in mood.
› Sleep disorders: Sleep disorders can lead to changes in
hormone levels, which can lead to changes in mood.
› Substance use disorder: Substance use disorder can cause
changes in neurotransmitter levels, which can lead to
changes in mood.
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› No one knows exactly what causes bipolar disorder. Research
suggests that a combination of factors could increase your
chance of developing it. This includes physical, environmental
and social conditions.
› This covers:
• Childhood trauma
• Stressful life events
• Brain chemistry
• Family links
• Medication, drugs and alcohol
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› Some experts believe that experiencing a lot of emotional
distress as a child can cause bipolar disorder to develop.
This could be because childhood trauma and distress can
have a big effect on your ability to manage your emotions.
› This can include experiences like:
• Neglect
• Sexual, physical or emotional abuse
• Traumatic events
• Losing someone very close to you, such as a parent or
carrier.
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› Some people also find that stress can trigger a mood episode. Or it
may make symptoms feel more intense or difficult to manage.
› Things that can cause stress include:
• A relationship breakdown
• Money worries and poverty
• Experiencing trauma
• Losing someone close to you
• Being abused, bullied or harassed, including experiencing racism
• Feeling lonely or isolated
• Lots of change or uncertainty
• Feeling under pressure while working, studying or looking for work
• Big events, such as weddings or holidays
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› If you experience bipolar disorder, you're more likely to
have a family member who also experiences bipolar moods
and symptoms. But they might not have a formal diagnosis.
This suggests that bipolar disorder can be passed on
genetically through families.
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› Medication, drugs and alcohol may cause you to
experience some bipolar moods and symptoms. For
example:
• Medication. Some medications can cause hypomania or
mania as a side effect. This can happen when you're taking
them, or as a withdrawal symptom when you stop taking
them. This includes medications for physical conditions and
psychiatric medications – including some antidepressants.
› Alcohol or recreational drugs. Using these can cause you to
experience symptoms similar to mania, hypomania or
depression. It can often be difficult to distinguish the
effects of alcohol and drugs from mental health symptoms.
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