The document discusses research on the distribution of oil and water in the eastern block of the Chao202-2 area in China. It establishes standards for identifying oil, poor oil, dry, and water layers using well logging data. Analysis shows structural reservoirs are dominant and fault and sand body configuration control oil-water distribution. Oil-water distribution varies between fault blocks from "up oil, bottom water" to "up water, bottom oil" depending on structure and sand body development.
This document summarizes the methodology used to optimize hydraulic fracturing in the San Jorge Basin in Argentina. State-of-the-art well logging tools and collaboration between operating and service companies were used to better understand reservoir conditions and design fractures. NMR logging, sonic logs, and pressure diagnostics during fracturing were integrated to determine fracture heights and calibrate models. This approach resulted in improved well performance through more accurate fracture design tailored to each reservoir's characteristics.
Heinemann zoltán e[1]._-_petroleum_recovery_Hanhndcnm
This document provides an overview of key reservoir engineering concepts and methods for estimating oil and gas reserves and forecasting production. It covers volumetric calculations to estimate oil and gas initially in place. It also describes material balance methods, analysis of displacement and sweep efficiency, and decline curve analysis to estimate ultimate recovery, reserves, and forecast production. The goal is to transmit basic understandings of reservoir processes and provide the classical tools used in reservoir engineering to evaluate reserves and plan field development and production strategies.
2014 a method for evaluation of water flooding performance in fractured res...AliMukhtar24
This document presents a new mathematical model for evaluating water flooding performance in fractured reservoirs. The model transforms a dual-porosity reservoir into an equivalent single-porosity model using a pseudo relative permeability method. This allows fractures and matrix to each have their own permeability, porosity, saturation, and relative permeability parameters. The model also accounts for imbibition effects by modifying an existing equation. The investigation shows imbibition can impact recovery and lower production rates can improve water flooding by delaying breakthrough and controlling water cut rise. A new chart is proposed to estimate ultimate recovery based on water cut versus recovery curves. The model is shown to estimate recovery within 2% of simulation results for two reservoirs, proving it a reliable evaluation method.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Reservoir Engineering 1 course. The 3 credit hour course is intended for sophomore and junior petroleum engineering students and covers fundamental reservoir engineering concepts and their practical applications. Lectures will be divided into two 50-slide presentations with a short break. Students will be assessed based on class activities, a midterm exam, and a final exam. The course schedule lists 16 lectures covering topics like petroleum reservoirs, fluid properties, laboratory experiments, and production methods. Major references and resources are also provided.
The document provides information on prospect evaluation methodology for oil companies and governments. It discusses how prospect evaluation is used for resource assessment, contracting areas, work commitments, and investment decisions. The methodology includes volumetric and economic evaluations using seismic interpretation, mapping, cash flow analysis, and other factors. Equations and parameters involved in calculating the volumes of oil and gas in-place are also presented, such as pore volume, recovery factors, and formation properties. An example calculation of recoverable oil resources is included to demonstrate the process.
Hydraulic Fracturing and Marcellus Shale Gas 11 22 2011Michael Klein
The drilling technique of Hydraulic Fracturing has allowed natural gas producers to extract natural gas economically from deep shale formations. This innovative drilling technique has made enormous quantities of natural gas available in wide areas of the United States from Texas, Louisiana, Pennsylvania, New York, Wyoming, North Carolina, and Colorado. The drilling technique of hydraulic fracturing accounts for roughly a quarter of total natural gas production in the United States as cited by the Energy Information Administration. With the increased emphasis on the use of natural gas in our federal energy policy, there will be new regulations, processes, and resources that will be required to mitigate the risks to human health and the environment from this new drilling technique. The presentation discusses the process of hydraulic fracturing; the threats that are posed to human health and the environment, areas in the USA where the process is used with an emphasis on the Marcellus Shale formation, current and new regulations being put into place, and plaintiff challenges to the process.
This document summarizes the use of a packerless, multistage fracture stimulation method called pinpoint fracturing (PPF) in Argentina. Key points:
1) PPF has been used to complete 22 wells with 193 fractures since 2006, allowing more selective stimulation and aggressive fracturing treatments.
2) The method uses coiled tubing to hydrajet perforate intervals and pump fracturing fluid down the annulus, isolating stages with sand or bridge plugs.
3) A case study describes applying PPF across 9 wells with 90 stages, reducing completion times compared to conventional methods using packers.
This document outlines the process for reservoir characterization, which involves multi-disciplinary analyses including: 1) geological analyses of core data, well logs, and cross sections; 2) analysis of geological databases; 3) evaluation of source rock and rock mechanics; 4) geophysical evaluation and interpretation of seismic data; and 5) reservoir engineering analyses including completion and drilling evaluations. The results of these analyses will be integrated into reservoir models to identify potential drilling locations with greater producibility and returns on investment.
Ports-to-Plains Energy Summit
Omni Interlocken Resort
Broomfield, CO
April 7, 2011
Hydraulic fracturing has been in the news lately. Learn exactly what the process is and how it is impacting economic growth and energy security.
The document summarizes the methods used to characterize a shale reservoir and determine its original gas in place (OGIP) and CO2 storage capacity. Key steps included discretizing structure maps, uploading data to Matlab for surface maps, digitizing well logs, calculating petrophysical properties, and using Langmuir isotherm coefficients to estimate OGIP and storage capacity. Total OGIP was estimated at 14.12 trillion standard cubic feet with the highest values in the bottom center. Total CO2 storage capacity was 14.58 trillion standard cubic feet, also highest in the bottom center. Monte Carlo analysis was used to account for uncertainties.
Update on Hydraulic Fracturing:Preparing for Gasland 2Now Dentons
In this presentation, FMC Law's Alex MacWilliam discusses hydraulic fracturing. The presentation covers the hydraulic fracturing process; the legislative and regulatory management of key issues related to hydraulic fracturing; liability issues in fracturing litigation; finally, lessons and trends related to hydraulic fracturing.
1) The document analytically solves the nonisothermal Buckley-Leverett problem for two-phase immiscible flow in porous media including a tracer component and temperature effects.
2) Mass balances for the fluids and tracer and a convective heat balance equation are formulated and solved using the method of characteristics.
3) The solutions can be used to analyze pressure transients, interpret formation testing, calculate temperature front propagation during waterflooding, and benchmark simulators.
DRBC Docket: XTO Energy Application to Withdraw Surface Water at Oquaga CreekMarcellus Drilling News
Delaware River Basin Commission - Hearing to review an application form XTO Energy to withdraw .25 million gallons of water per day from the Oquaga Creek in the Town of Sanford, NY for purposes of shale gas drilling exploration and production.
This document discusses flow assurance challenges for developing the remote Shtokman gas field in the Arctic and outlines strategies to manage the risks. It describes the field and harsh environment, outlines the development plan including offshore and onshore facilities, and identifies key flow assurance risks like hydrate formation, corrosion, and liquid accumulation. It then details strategies to manage these risks through chemical injection, pipeline design and insulation, fluid processing, and operating procedures. The development aims to safely produce gas from this remote Arctic field.
IRJET- Optimization of Field Development Scheduling and Water Injection Study...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes a reservoir simulation study of the Keyi oil field in Sudan to determine the optimal development and production methods. The study used a 3D reservoir simulation model to evaluate different development scenarios. The results showed that water injection significantly improved recovery over natural depletion alone, increasing cumulative oil production from 4.4 million stock tank barrels without water injection to 10.9 million stock tank barrels with water injection. Therefore, the study concluded that water injection is the suitable method for improving recovery from the Keyi oil field reservoirs.
The document discusses assessing relative permeabilities in geothermal reservoirs through analyzing the effect of gravity on relative permeabilities, performing laboratory measurements using real geothermal fluids, and calculating relative permeabilities from field data at several geothermal fields in Iceland. The results showed differences in relative permeabilities with flow direction and magnitude, and that wells within the same field can follow different relative permeability curves. Comparisons were made between laboratory and field measurements.
1.5 "Environmental Concern and QA/QC in Shale Gas Drilling and Fracturing" - ...Pomcert
The document discusses environmental concerns and quality assurance/quality control practices regarding shale gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing. It covers topics such as well construction, cementing, casing, mud selection, fracturing, water sourcing and management, and monitoring. It emphasizes the importance of best practices like baseline water testing, closed-loop systems, secondary containment, inspection, and optimization to safely develop shale gas resources while protecting water and the environment.
Shows of geothermal and hydrogeological factors in oil and gas depositsDr. Arzu Javadova
I. Regions with thick clay deposits that accumulated organic matter are favorable for oil and gas formation as they provide stable conditions for generation.
II. Between 65-120°C and 100-200 atm, the main phase of oil formation occurs as hydrocarbons are generated.
III. As generation continues, hydrocarbons migrate laterally through porous reservoirs towards areas of accumulation, aided by heated formation waters.
This document summarizes water management practices for hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs in Argentina. It discusses water sources used, types of stimulation treatments performed, and water logistics. The primary water sources are rivers and underground wells in the Neuquén Basin, which meet requirements for use in fracturing fluids. Stimulation treatments in the Vaca Muerta shale play typically use hybrid slickwater followed by gel systems. Water volumes used can range from 5,500 m3 for vertical wells to 18,000 m3 for horizontal wells. The document also outlines typical fluid systems used and some area-specific variations.
Hydraulic fracturing has been used in Argentina since the 1960s and water management practices for shale development have evolved significantly. For the large Vaca Muerta shale play in Argentina, water sources include rivers, lakes, and underground wells. Water is transported using trucks and pipelines and stored in mobile tanks and lined pits. Early exploration used vertical wells requiring around 6,500 m3 of water while current horizontal wells use around 14,500 m3. Stimulation typically uses hybrid treatments combining slickwater, linear gel, and crosslinked gel depending on the reservoir fluid. As development continues, produced and treated flowback water are being tested for potential reuse in fracturing fluids to reduce freshwater usage.
A sonnet is a 14-line lyrical poem with a rhyme scheme and structure, the most common forms being the Shakespearean sonnet of three quatrains and a couplet, and the poems and songs mentioned remember and pay tribute to important figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Diego Maradona. Biographies were also written about celebrities and icons like David Beckham and Steve Jobs after their deaths. The document also defines doomsday as the end of time when God will judge humanity and determine their fates.
Este documento proporciona información de contacto para las oficinas de ventas y representación de Duravit en varios países. Incluye la dirección, número de teléfono y sitio web de las oficinas de Duravit en Alemania, Francia, Países Bajos, España, Australia, Austria, Bélgica, Canadá, China, Hong Kong, Hungría, India, Italia, Japón, Noruega, Polonia, Portugal, Rusia, Singapur, Suiza, Túnez, Turquía y Ucrania. También menciona los showrooms de Dur
This document contains a practical file submitted by Sourbah for the Microprocessor course. It includes 10 programs written by Sourbah to solve various tasks related to microprocessors. Each program is briefly described and the assembly code is listed. The programs cover tasks such as hexadecimal addition, sorting strings, multiplying ASCII strings, binary to gray code conversion, and finding square roots.
1. The document is a notification regarding promotions under the cadre of Junior Technical Assistant in the Public Works Department for the years 2007-2008 to 2012-2013.
2. Applications have been invited for filling 28 vacancies through direct recruitment/promotion as per the Staff Committee resolution dated 28/05/2012.
3. The last date for receipt of applications is 30/05/2012 and the written examination will be held on 07/07/2012.
Columbus State Community College provides workforce development strategies to build workforce pipelines for in-demand industries. It focuses on developing career pathways with academic programs aligned to industry needs. It also integrates workforce skills into academic programs and collaborates on industry sector strategies to understand talent needs. For information technology, it piloted certificate programs for business analysts and Java developers to address skills gaps. For insurance, it identified in-demand occupations and developed strategies to close talent shortages through higher education partnerships.
Una raccolta di favole dal mondo, che raccontano le tradizioni delle comunità straniere presenti a Genova. 1.500 bambini delle scuole dell'infanzia genovesi hanno dato forma e colore alle storie di questi popoli così lontani eppure così vicini.
I fondi raccolti da Dipingiamo il loro futuro (€ 7.400) sono stati donati a Find The Cure per il progetto Playground Haiti, per la costruzione di un'area sportiva e ricreativa per gli studenti della scuola di Carrefour Marine, Route Sibert, nella periferia di Port Au Prince.
The story is set in ancient China and describes a cruel governor's order that all elderly people must be killed. A poor farmer's son loves his aged mother and does not want to abandon her. He takes her up a mountain to die together, but she leaves a trail of twigs to guide them back down safely. They hide in a secret compartment under the family home. When another unreasonable order is issued, the province trembles in fear, showing the love and bond between a mother and son can overcome even the greatest of hardships.
Is Kaziranga the best national park in India? Most wildlife enthusiasts would answer with a resounding yes. The reserve is no less than a carnival of animals and birds living amidst forests, tall grasses, reeds, marshes and shallow pools. Come, enjoy the jungle safari in pictures before you head out for the real thing.
Come, join us in Kaziranga through this e-book. Check out more titles at http://kunzum.com/books.
Este documento presenta varias historias y descripciones relacionadas con cronopios, famas y esperanzas. Incluye una entrevista a un cronopio accidentado, una historia sobre un cronopio pequeñito buscando una llave, y definiciones de estos personajes en diccionarios de diferentes idiomas. También presenta relatos teatrales sobre una obra protagonizada por estas criaturas.
Este documento presenta un plan de marketing internacional para la empresa peruana Agroindustrias San Isidro S.A. para exportar yogurt frutado a Colombia. Incluye un análisis del macro y microentorno, identificando oportunidades de crecimiento en el mercado global de yogurt y las ventajas competitivas de ASISA. También describe la oferta exportable de yogurt frutado de ASISA, incluyendo especificaciones, presentación, sabores e información nutricional. Finalmente, determina la posición arancelaria del producto.
The document summarizes the history and development of gyro gunsights used in aircraft from World War 2 through the Cold War. Gyro gunsights automatically calculated the lead angle and bullet drop needed for a pilot to hit a moving target. The first operational gyro gunsight was the British Mark I in 1941. Improved models like the Mark II saw widespread use through the end of WWII. Germany developed the EZ 42 gyro sight but it did not see full deployment. The US developed the AN/ASG-26 for the F-4 Phantom, which provided targeting information via a head-up display.
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This document summarizes reservoir evaluation of several oil blocks in the X Oilfield. It analyzes 3D seismic data to understand the structural patterns, recognizes sand body distribution through dense well data, and analyzes well testing, oil testing and logging data to understand oil-water distribution. The key findings are:
- The main reservoirs are fault-lithologic with sand bodies distributed in patchy, strip and lenticular shapes.
- Sedimentary facies include channel, interchannel, natural levee and crevasse splay deposits.
- Oil-water distribution is controlled by structure and lithology, with upper oil, lower water typically.
- Initial production intensity is estimated at 0.2 tons per
A STUDY ON TERTIARY MODE OF SMART WATER (SMW) FLOODING ON IMPROVING OIL RECOV...IRJET Journal
1. A study was conducted on using smart water (SMW) flooding to improve oil recovery efficiency in tertiary mode.
2. Core flooding experiments showed that oil recovery increased from 29.26% to 34.06% of original oil in place when the salinity of the injected smart water was reduced from 1500 ppm to 1200 ppm.
3. The optimized composition of smart water proposed for maximum oil recovery consisted of salts (KCl, NaCl, MgCl2.6H2O, CaCl2.2H2O, FeSO4.7H2O) at a salinity of 1200 ppm.
1) The distribution of oil and water in the study area can be categorized into three types: normal structural distribution with oil above water, water blocking between fault blocks, and anomalous distribution with water above oil within the same fault block.
2) Faults, sedimentary facies, and distance from the source rock influence the complex oil-water distribution.
3) Analyzing the distribution patterns guided new well placement in higher structural positions and better reservoir facies, increasing the oil drilling success rate.
This document discusses approaches for dividing flow units in continental reservoirs. It begins by defining flow units as reservoir units that have similar permeability characteristics that influence fluid flow. The document then analyzes the basic features of continental reservoir flow units. As a case study, it divides the flow units in a pilot site in the Daqing oil field in China based on geological factors like faults, lithology, and sedimentary features. Specifically, it subdivides existing layers into 18 vertical flow units and categorizes the units into four types - I to IV - based on their permeability and storage capacity. The division of flow units aims to better understand reservoir heterogeneity and the distribution of remaining oil.
The document summarizes the reservoir characteristics of the Putaohua reservoir in the Gulong oilfield. It finds that the reservoir has low textural maturity but good structural maturity, with fine-grained sandstone being the dominant lithology. Physical property analysis shows the reservoir has moderate-low porosity averaging 15% and low permeability averaging 16.3mD. Study of clay mineral transformation indicates the reservoir experienced significant diagenesis during the middle diagenetic stage, which released acids and enhanced secondary porosity development. Lithology, sedimentary environment, and diagenesis are identified as the key controlling factors of the reservoir's physical properties.
The document discusses methods for identifying fluids in tight reservoirs, which have low porosity and permeability. It first reviews definitions of tight oil and gas reservoirs and factors that make fluid identification challenging, such as complex pore structure and formation water salinity. It then summarizes several methods used for fluid identification, including NMR to identify gas-water layers, analyzing travel time differences between compressional and shear waves, using cross-plots of well log curves, and time-lapse logging to monitor changes as mud filtrate invades the formation. The document concludes that integrating acoustic, density, and neutron logs with resistivity comparisons and NMR can help qualitatively identify fluids in gas-bearing tight reservoirs.
This document analyzes the adaptability of the well pattern to the reservoir in the Bozhong 25-1 South oil field in the lower member of the Minghuazhen group. It examines the relationship between the width of channel sand bodies and the layer well spacing. The analysis finds that the current layer well spacing of 400m, 500m, 600m can only control 15.5% of the total 129 channels, including 75% of class I channels and 14.47% of class II channels. Most channels, including class I, II, and III, remain uncontrollable by the existing well pattern. This indicates significant potential for further development that is not being exploited by the current well spacing.
Comparison of Water Injection, Gas Injection, and Water Alternating Gas Injec...IRJET Journal
The document compares the performance of water injection, gas injection, and water alternating gas (WAG) injection scenarios in an oil field in Sudan using reservoir simulation. The simulation found that WAG injection resulted in the highest oil recovery rate of 26.46% and total oil production of 8.83 million stock tank barrels, outperforming water and gas injection alone. Water injection recovered 26.37% of oil but had earlier breakthrough of water. Gas injection recovered 23.78% of oil but resulted in the lowest reservoir pressure. Therefore, the study concluded WAG injection is the best enhanced oil recovery method for this field as it maximizes oil recovery while maintaining reservoir pressure.
1. The document discusses applying cloud transformation technology to predict reservoir properties like porosity and permeability in thin reservoirs in the Songliao basin. Cloud transformation can minimize fitting errors between non-linear relationships of reservoir parameters better than conventional linear or quadratic functions.
2. The technique was applied to a study area in Mutou, Songliao basin to predict porosity distributions based on relationships defined through cloud transformation between lithology, wave impedance, and porosity. Results showed porosity simulations were consistent vertically and horizontally and matched over 80% of drilling data.
3. Cloud transformation provides a scientific method for reservoir property prediction that considers the range of possible values as a probability distribution rather than point values, improving on conventional
Macro heterogeneity of high porosity and permeability reservoirin Bozhong 25-...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1) The document discusses conditioning an old vertical well drilled in 1974 in Argentina to stimulate and test productivity from the Vaca Muerta shale formation.
2) A pilot program was conducted on three wells, applying coiled tubing assisted pinpoint completions to independently stimulate small intervals, with 12 stages used over 130m.
3) The pilot was successful, with the wells producing oil naturally. It demonstrated the viability of the completion technique for stimulating older vertical wells in the Vaca Muerta shale.
This document analyzes the main controlling factors of remaining oil distribution in the VI block of the Xinli oilfield in China. Through analyzing static and dynamic factors, it is concluded that sedimentary facies like channels and faults are important static factors, while injection-production well patterns and perforation intervals are important dynamic factors. Four wells without perforation are identified as having potential for remaining oil based on their locations in channels or near faults. The document aims to better understand remaining oil distribution to improve development and recovery from this low permeability reservoir.
This document analyzes methods for classifying tight oil reservoirs in the Qijia area based on pore structure characteristics. It establishes reservoir classification plates using both physical parameters of porosity and permeability as well as mercury injection data-derived parameters. The classification divides reservoirs into four types based on intersections of porosity with either permeability or a "mercury index" that considers multiple pore structure metrics. The classification standards are then verified against production testing data, showing over 88% consistency, demonstrating the effective application of this pore structure-based reservoir evaluation method.
1. The document discusses the identification of lithologic traps in the D3 Member of the Gaonan Region using seismic attribute analysis, acoustic impedance inversion, and sedimentary microfacies analysis.
2. Several lithologic traps were identified in the I and II oil groups of the D3 Member, with the largest trap located between wells G46 and G146X1 covering an area of about 2.35 km2.
3. Impedance inversion, seismic attribute analysis, and sedimentary microfacies characterization using 3D seismic data helped determine the location and development of effective lithologic traps in the thin sandstone-shale interbeds of the target stratum.
UntitledExcessive Water Production Diagnostic and Control - Case Study Jake O...Mohanned Mahjoup
For mature fields, Excessive water production is a complex subject in the oil and gas industries and has a serious economic and environmental impact. Some argue that oil industry is effectively water industry producing oil as a secondary output. Therefore, it is important to realize the different mechanisms that causing water production to better evaluate existing situation and design the optimum solution for the problem. This paper presents the water production and management situation in Jake oilfield in the southeast of Sudan; a cumulative of 14 MMBbl of water was produced till the end of 2014, without actual plan for water management in the field, only conventional shut-off methods have been tested with no success. Based on field production data and the previously applied techniques, this work identified the sources of water problems and attempts to initialize a strategy for controlling the excessive water production in the field. The production data were analyzed and a series of diagnostic plots were presented and compared with Chan’s standard diagnostic plot. As a result, distinction between channeling and conning for each well was identified; the work shows that channeling is the main reason for water production in wells with high permeability sandstone zone while conning appears only in two wells. Finally, the wells were classified according to a risk factor and selections of the candidate wells for water shut off were presented.
This document discusses dual-frequency resistivity logging, a well logging method that uses different current frequencies to measure formation resistivity. It introduces the principle that reservoirs exhibit a dispersion phenomenon where resistivity values differ between low and high frequencies due to the capacitive effect of oil. This allows distinguishing oil and water layers based on the ratio of low to high frequency resistivity. The document provides an example application in a Chinese oil field where dual-frequency logging accurately identified oil and water zones. It concludes that dual-frequency logging has good adaptability to different lithologies and salinities and is a promising technique for reservoir evaluation.
A brief study on synthesis of surfactants and the mechanism of oil mobilizationIOSR Journals
This document discusses the synthesis of surfactants and their role in enhanced oil recovery. It describes how three surfactants, RL-1, RL-2, and RL-3, were synthesized using various reactants like cetyl palmate, acyl alcohol, and vinyl acetate. Screening tests were conducted to assess the suitability of the surfactant systems, including measuring interfacial tension with reservoir fluids and testing stability in reservoir conditions. The mechanism of oil mobilization by surfactants involves reducing interfacial tension to very low levels, around 10-3 mNm-1, so that oil ganglia trapped in pores can be mobilized due to lower capillary pressure resistance. Maintaining an ultra-low
New Study on Reservoir Characteristics of the Macroscopic Heterogeneity-Examp...iosrjce
The heterogeneity of the reservoir refers to the basic properties of the reservoir (lithology, physical
property, electric property and oiliness) in three dimensional space on the distribution of heterogeneity. Based
on statistics of core and well log data, paramenters of variation coefficient and differential are calculated to
carry out the study on heterogeneity of layer, interlayer and areal heterogeneity of Lower Member of
Minghuazhen Formation in BZ25-1S area. The sand sets of BZ25-1S reservoir are mainly of distributary
channel sand bodiesin delta plain, and the layer heterogeneity is medium. There are many barriers developed,
and layer heterogeneity is relatively strong. In the plane,the reservoir heterogeneity in the distributary channel
is strong, and it is weak in the overbank sand. It is considered that Lower Member of Minghuazhen Formation
in BZ25-1S area is of strong heterogeneity.
Composition and Characteristics in Hydrocarbons, Oil and Gas Fields AJASTJournal
The paper aims to describe Composition and characteristics in hydrocarbons, oil and gas fields. By using descriptive method for primary model, synthesis methods and process analysis and analysis of difficulties and discussion, The study of this problem point that No less active influence on the properties and composition of oil, including their metallogeny, was also exerted by inversion processes. They manifested themselves especially brightly in the Varandey-Adzva zone.
Therefore, when it comes to the unfavorable environmental situation in these areas, then a significant contribution to its formation belongs to the extracted and utilized oil with PTE.
Composition and Characteristics in Hydrocarbons, Oil and Gas Fields IIJSRJournal
The paper aims to describe Composition and characteristics in hydrocarbons, oil and gas fields. By using descriptive method for primary model, synthesis methods and process analysis and analysis of difficulties and discussion, The study of this problem point that No less active influence on the properties and composition of oil, including their metallogeny, was also exerted by inversion processes. They manifested themselves especially brightly in the Varandey-Adzva zone.
Therefore, when it comes to the unfavorable environmental situation in these areas, then a significant contribution to its formation belongs to the extracted and utilized oil with PTE.
This document proposes methods for generating electricity from speed breakers. It discusses 5 classifications of speed breaker power generators that use different mechanisms: 1) a chain drive mechanism, 2) a rack and pinion system, 3) direct use of the load through a reciprocating device, 4) a translator and stator topology, and 5) a pressure lever mechanism. The document also outlines the advantages of using speed breakers for power generation such as low cost and maintenance and being a renewable source. Some challenges are also noted such as selecting a suitable generator and dealing with rain damage.
Cassava waste water was used as an admixture to replace distilled water in ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% for producing sandcrete blocks. 60 sandcrete blocks of size 450mm x 150mm x 225mm were produced with different admixture ratios and a control with 0% admixture. The blocks were cured for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days and then tested for moisture content, specific gravity, water absorption, and compressive strength. Test results showed that blocks with 20% cassava waste water admixture met the minimum compressive strength requirement of 3.30 N/mm2 set by Nigerian standards, indicating the potential of cassava waste water to improve sandcrete block quality and
The document presents a theorem on random fixed points in metric spaces. It begins with introductions to fixed point theory, random fixed point theory, and relevant definitions. The main result is Theorem 3.1, which proves that if a self-mapping E on a complete metric space X satisfies certain contraction conditions involving parameters between 0 and 1, then E has a unique fixed point. The proof constructs a Cauchy sequence that converges to the unique fixed point. The document contributes to the study of random equations and random fixed point theory, which has applications in nonlinear analysis, probability theory, and other fields.
1. The document discusses applying multi-curve reconstruction technology to seismic inversion to improve accuracy and reliability. It focuses on reconstructing SP and RMN curves from well logs that are affected by various distortions.
2. The process of reconstructing the curves involves removing baseline drift, standardizing values, applying linear filtering, and fitting the curves. This removes interference and retains valid lithological information.
3. Reconstructing high quality curves improves the resolution and credibility of seismic inversion results. The method is shown to effectively predict sand distribution with little error.
This document compares the performance of a Minimum-Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) adaptive receiver and a conventional Rake receiver for receiving Ultra-Wideband (UWB) signals over a multipath fading channel. It first describes the UWB pulse shapes and channel model used, including the 6th derivative of the Gaussian pulse and the IEEE 802.15.3a modified Saleh-Valenzuela channel model. It then discusses the Direct-Sequence and Time-Hopping transmission and multiple access schemes for UWB. The document presents the receiver structures for the MMSE adaptive receiver and Rake receiver and compares their performance using MATLAB simulations.
This document summarizes a study on establishing logging interpretation models for reservoir parameters like porosity, permeability, oil saturation, and gas saturation in the Gaotaizi Reservoir of the L Oilfield. Models were developed using core data from 4 wells and include:
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B05910712
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 05, Issue 09 (September. 2015), ||V1|| PP 07-12
International organization of Scientific Research 7 | P a g e
The research of oil-water distribution in the eastern block of Chao202-2 area
Liu Jiyu, Chen Haitao, Jin Xin,Sheng Caiwen
1(College of earth science of Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Hei Longjiang,China)
2 (Second oil factory of Daqing oil field, Daqing, Hei Longjiang,China)
3 (Well logging technology service company, Daqing, Hei Longjiang,China)
Abstract: - The eastern block of Chao202-2 area belongs to the channel sand body deposition,where the faults
are well developed and complex combination. The oil, water and gas distribution is relatively complex and
influences the injecting-producing relation, so the study of control factors is needed. According to the
geological characteristics of the eastern block of Chao202-2 area, clear regional geological characteristics,
logging identification technology as the core technology and logging identification technique for identifying oil
and water layer, oil-water layer logging interpretation chart was established. With a combination of the
oil-water layer interpretation results, the test resultsand the existing research results of regional geological
features, the characteristics of the oil and water distribution in the block were induced and analyzed. In the
study area, structural reservoir is the main reservoir type. Oil-water distribution is controlled by structural
factors and space configuration of fault and sand body control the oil-water distribution border. From the fault
analysis of the plane, oil-water distribution was determined.
Keywords:oil-water distribution,fault,structure,channel sand body,logging interpretation
I. REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
The eastern block of Chao202-2 Area is located in the territory of Zhaozhou County, Daqing City,
Heilongjiang Province, the alar part of Chaoyanggou oil field. The air permeability of the block is 5.2×10-3
μm2
,
the formation oil viscosity is 14.1mPa·s and the ground crude oil viscosity is bigger, which achieves
42.48mPa·s. The study area belongs to river-lake deposits, where the faults are well developed and complex
combination. The results of structural history research show that the tectonic development of the inner block has
the close relation with the structure of the songliao basin development and the formation of the depression.
Roughly experience four stages: fault-depression stage (The Jurassic sedimentary period), rift-depression stage
(Denglouku formation sedimentary period), downwarp stage( the depositional period of Quantou group and
Nenjiang group) and rising stage (After the deposition of the nenjiang formation). The Major reservoir is
located in Fuyu oil layer which belongs to microfacies of the delta front. The main sand body type
is subaqueous distributary channel, whose distribution is mainly controlled by the southwest direction
sedimentary systems distributed from southwest to northeast direction. There is no obvious characteristics on oil
and gas distribution in the study area. The average production of single oil well has decreased year by year and
the average injection water of single water well has decreased after the production. The
production declines fast and the development effect is poor. Therefore, to improve the development effect
and guide the core area evaluation of the similar blocks, we conduct a related study on the oil and water
distribution characteristics in the block.
II. THE RESEARCH ON OIL AND WATER LAYER IDENTIFICATION
Oil and water layer identification is a key link in the process of reservoir development. Either oil layer
mistaken for water layer or water layer mistaken for oil layer will have adverse effect on calculation of reserves
and oil field development produce. Different regions and horizons have different selected evaluation standards.
The oil and water distribution in the study area is relatively complicated, so accurately determining oil and water
layer identification and classification standard is of great significance[1]
. Based on the characteristics of the oil
reservoir in this area, the study of the "four sex of characters", and the logging theory, optimize deep lateral
2. The research of oil-water distribution in the eastern block of Chao202-2 area
International organization of Scientific Research 8 | P a g e
resistivity curves which can obviously reflect the liquid property, and sonic time difference curves which can
obviously reflect reservoir permeability as the standard for establishing logging parameters in the study area[2]
.
Combined with core and testing materials, apply the data of 52 layers from 8 coring wells including 10 oil layers
, 21 poor oil layers, 16 dry layers and 5 water layer layers. Then, eliminate abnormal point. Finally, get oil and
water layer interpretation and evaluation chart in the study area chart (figure 2.1).Chart accuracy can reach
87.5%, which meets the requirement of oil-water layers interpretation and evaluation in the study area. At the
same time, the oil-water standards are determined as follows:
Oil layer:
216.37AC0543.0R LLD
,of which
m/s220AC
;
Poor oil layer :
329.28AC0438.0R216.37AC0543.0 LLD
, of which
m/s220AC
;
Dry layer
17AC023.0R329.28AC0438.0 LLD
,eliminate abnormal points;
Water layer:
17AC023.0R LLD
;
in the formula: RLLD—deep lateral resistivity, Ω·m.
AC—interval transit time,μs/m.
Figure2.1 Oil-water interpretation and evaluation chart in the eastern block of Chao202-2 area
Applying oil-water interpretation and evaluation chart has explained 120 wells in the study area, which were
divided into 152 oil layers, 289 poor oil layers, 220 dry layers, 78 water layers.
III. OIL AND WATER DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS
3.1 The whole region of oil and water distribution
The interpretation results projected to the scattered point, it can be seen that the whole region has no uniform
oil-water interface (Figure 3.1).
4. The research of oil-water distribution in the eastern block of Chao202-2 area
International organization of Scientific Research 10 | P a g e
3.2The controlling factors of oil-water distribution
According to above analysis, the oil-water distribution is mainly controlled by two factors in the research
blocks.
1. The fault structure has some influence on oil-water distribution. The faults are developed well in the
study area. By the study of chemical and physical properties of oil, gas and water in the reservoir near both sides
of faults, it shows that the oil, water and gas property has many differences near both sides of faults, which
indicates that the fault in the study area has a certain sealing ability and can form a mutual non-nterference
reservoir. Therefore, the fault block may have a complex oil-water distribution from vertical (horizontal)
direction in both side of the fault [5-6]
.
2. The sedimentary lithology has some influence on oil-water distribution. The sand body in the reservoir
of the study area is preexisting sand body relative to the structure while the structure of the sand body is late
structure relative to the sand body. The research area mainly develops channel sand body and point bar sand
body. The river channel sand body is in dendritic distribution. The air permeability of the main channel is
6.1×10-3
μm2
, the air permeability of the non main channel is 4.8×10-3
μm2
, and the reservoir permeability is
lower. There is a large amount of argillaceous filling between river and river and the connectivity between sand
body is poor, which ensures the independence of sand body between oil and water distribution characteristics
[7-8]
.
3.3 The characteristics of the oil-water distribution controlled by different blocks
Based on the analysis of the above, the spatial configuration of fault and sand body controls the boundary
of oil-water distribution. On the basis of controlling factors, the district can be divided into 10 blocks (figure
3.4). According to the characteristics of oil and water distribution, it is divided into three types.
Figure 3.4 oil-water distribution map of the whole region of blocks
1、The oil layer and water layer are developed at the same time within the same fault block. The characteristics
of the oil-water distribution is “up oil, bottom water”. In fault block 4, for example, the structure of the fault
block becomes low from north to south. Although the water well 135-46 is in the higher position than the oil
wells in the south, due to the combination of fault and structure, the water well 135-46 located In different
blocks compares with the well in the south. The characteristics of the oil-water distribution in the block is that
the oil reservoir is in the north and the water reservoir is in the south. The regularities of distribution accord with
oil-water distribution characteristics of structural reservoir (figure 3.5).
5. The research of oil-water distribution in the eastern block of Chao202-2 area
International organization of Scientific Research 11 | P a g e
Figure 3.5 oil-water distribution map of the F131
2、The oil layer and water layer are developed at the same time within the same fault block. The characteristics
of the oil-water distribution is “up water, bottom oil”. In block 10, for example, with relatively higher position,
the well 131-24 inside the fault belongs to the water layer, while other wells with relatively lower position
belongs to oil layer. The main reason for forming this type is that sedimentary facies belts of the well 131-24 are
different from the other three wells. Mudstone segment in the middle causes the different distribution of oil and
water (figure 3.6).
Figure 3.6 oil-water distribution map of the F171
3. Within the same fault block, just the oil layer or water layer is developed. In block 8, for example, the well
133-65 inside the block belongs to the water layer and the same layer in adjacent block is oil layer. Although the
characteristic of “ high water, low oil” can be seen in the oil and water distribution scatter plot, the water well
and the oil well are divided by the fault which has a certain closed feature to make them form independent fault
blocks. In the same oil layer, the wells of different fault blocks don’t disturb each other (figure 3.7).
6. The research of oil-water distribution in the eastern block of Chao202-2 area
International organization of Scientific Research 12 | P a g e
Figure 3.7 oil-water distribution map of the F171
IV. CONCLUSION
1. In the study area, the main reservoir type is structural reservoir. Oil-water distribution is controlled by
structural factors and the space configuration of fault and sand body controlled oil-water distribution border.
2. From the analysis of the plane, the oil-water distribution can be divided into three types:
(1) Within the same block, oil and water layer are developed at the same time. Oil-water distribution is “up oil,
bottom water”.
(2) Within the same block, oil and water layer are developed at the same time. Oil-water distribution is “up
water, bottom oil”.
(3) Within the same fault block, the oil or water layer is only developed one.
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