Research methodology/ Techniques for qualitative research

Topic: Techniques for Qualitative Research
Submitted to: M’am Aqsa Gull
Submitted by: Sana Rauf Butt
BS(Hons)
Economics
7th Semester
Roll#65
University of the Punjab
1

 What is qualitative research?
 Difference between qualitative and
quantitative research
 Classification of qualitative research
proposal
 Appropriate conditions for qualitative
research
 The qualitative research design
 Methods for collecting qualitative data
 The process of qualitative research
 Advantages and Limitations of
qualitative research
2

What is Qualitative Research?
 Development of concepts which help us to understand social
phenomena in nature (rather than experimental) setting, giving
due emphasis to the meaning, experiences and views of the
participants.
 It is a research conducted using an observational technique or
structured questioning.
 Often viewed as “ Soft-approach”
 Quantitative and Qualitative research are complementary to
each other.
 A mean for exploring and understanding the meaning
individuals or groups ascribe to social or human problems.
3

 Qualitative research answer questions on:
 Why people behave the way they do?
 How opinions and attitudes are formed?
 How people are affected by the events that go on around
them?
 How and why cultures have developed?
 The difference between social groups?
4

 Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
No. Qualitative research Quantitative research
1. Subjective_ concern with opinion,
experiences and feelings of individuals
Objective
2. Holistic Reductionist- identify a set of variables
3. Phenomenological Scientific
4. Descriptive Experimental
5. Naturalistic Contrived
6. Inductive_ general theories Deductive _ test proposed theories
7. Small sample _ direct data collection,
interview, observation
Representative sample
8. Results_ generalizability is not an aim Usually generalizability is an important
aim
5

 Classification of Qualitative Research
Proposal:
6

 Appropriate Conditions for Qualitative
Research:
 The event must occur in a short time interval,
avoid lag effect
 Must occur in a setting where the researcher can observe
the behavior
chatting with friends and cooking are not suitable things
to observe
 Necessary under situations of faulty recall
faulty recall >> (body language) Remembering things
such as how many times one looked at his wristwatch.
7

 The process of qualitative data analysis:
Step 1: Organize the data
Step 2: Identify the framework
Step 3: Sort data into framework
Step 4: Use the framework for descriptive analysis
Step 5: Second order analysis
21

 Advantages of Qualitative Research:
 Greater data accuracy than direct questioning, in
natural setting people behave naturally.
 Problem of refusal, not at home, non-corporation etc.
are absent.
 No recall error.
 Limitations:
 Time consuming.
 Too many things to observe.
 May not be representative.
 Difficulty in determining the root cause of the behavior.
27

Research methodology/ Techniques for qualitative research

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