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ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ

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Revision as of 00:00, 1 ᎧᏩᏂ 2009 by Ptbotgourou (ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ | contribs) (robot Adding: tk:Aw)
File:Hunter Petroglyph by jcheever.jpg
ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎩᎸᏗ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ.

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ gantlaiᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, recreation, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ regulated ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏁᏍᎩ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. Hunted ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ) ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎡᏆ gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ (ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ), ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ (ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ), genocide (ᏂᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ) ᎠᎴ ᏓᏄᏩ (ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ, ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ).

ᎾᎥᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎯᏌᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏫᏍᏓᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ -ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ techniques ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ- ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᎴ gantlai (ᎠᎴ "varmints") ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ nvwatohiyadv ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ecological ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ. Wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ regulatory ᎠᎴ licensing ᏗᏂᏰᎸ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ hunted ᎠᎴ "harvested." ᎰᏩᏧ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ tohi adedi ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ Ꮎ "ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ" ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ punnished ᎯᎠ fullest ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ categorized ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎥᏝ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ wildlife ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ birdwatching, ᎠᎴ "ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎪᏘᎠᎴ ᏓᏬᎵ.

ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ

ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ

Artemis ᏥᏄᏍᏗ huntress.

ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ societies, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ, ᎧᏁᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ practised ᎾᎥᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏂᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ Ꮎ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ thrower ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ-ᎠᎴ-ᎦᏟᏓ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ gantlai, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎵᏐᏆᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ Ꮎ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ hominids ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ bipedalism ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ, ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ, ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᏰᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ hairlessness ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᏜᏅᎠᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ.

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏳᏍᏘ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ kudu, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ speared ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ. ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Kalahari ᏫᎵ ᏂᎯ kudu ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏔᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 25 35 km ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 40 42°C. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏂᎯ ᎯᎠ kudu, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ atsinuqowisgv ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ. ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏓᏞᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ catches ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏰᎵᏊ iyuwakodi ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏩᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏤᎯᏐᏗᏱ chased ᎠᎴ tracked ᎡᎳᏗ iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏗᏒᏅᎩ ᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏟᏒᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ practised ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ Kalahari ᎢᎾᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Africa.

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlai ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ contributor ᎯᎠ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏭᏚᎸᏛ ᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᏤᎵ (ᎾᏍᎩᏯ ᎪᏪᎸ "ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ") ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎪᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎤᏩᏚᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎷᏄᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᏥ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ, ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ atlatl, ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏓ.

ᎯᎠ cultural ᎠᎴ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ societies ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᏛᏁᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ deities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ horned ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ Cernunnos, ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ goddesses ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎠᎪᎢ Artemis ᎠᎴ ᎶᎻ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 'ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ' dagatuwisdisgv ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ . Euripides' ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ Artemis ᎠᎴ Acteon, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏓᏰᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ.

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. Inuit ᏴᏫ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏄᏬ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ parkas ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 60 stitched ᏗᎬᎭᎷᏴᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ-ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ gantlai ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎹ-ᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᏥᏳ, ᏗᏄᏬ, ᏗᎵᏰᏑᎶ ᎠᎴ footwear.

ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ferret, ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ gantlai-aided ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ (ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ), ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ), falconry ᎠᎴ ferreting. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎩᏟ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ, reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏚᎾᏙᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ gantlai.

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ societies

ᎠᏂᎨᏴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏍᎩᎦᏚᏏᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ. ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Ovid ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. Ꮭ 7231 ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. Bibl. nat<ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ>le</ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ> ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ gantlai ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏴᏫ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏓᏅᏒ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ, ᏔᎵ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ emerged. ᏌᏊ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ: ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᏓᏁᏟᏴᎡᏗ pursued ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᎨᏲᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎠᎭᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ" ᎠᏩᏛᏓ Ꮝ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ gantlai ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ hunted.

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᎯᎠ stylized ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ. ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏢᏓᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏏᏆ ᏧᎧᏅᏍᏕᎾ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎩᎸᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏆᎴᎷ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Pharaonic Egypt ᎠᎴ Mesopotamia) ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎵ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᏗᏁᎸᏗᏱ: honourable, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᏥᎡᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ᏓᏄᏩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ itsuwakodi nvwato hiyadv.

File:Nobleman in Hunting Costume preceded by his Servant trying to find the Scent of a Stag From a Miniature in the Book of Gaston Phoebus Des Deduitz de la Chasse des Bestes Sauvaiges.png
ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏣᏅᏙᏗ, preceded ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ gantlai. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ Gaston ᎡᎶᎯ ("ᏕᏍ Deduitz ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ ᏥᏳ ᏕᏍ Bestes Sauvaiges"). ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏚᏏᏁ sqohitsuqui tsudetiyvdi (ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏕᎦᏅ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ).

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ lyudetiyvda Europe, ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ-ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏕᏲᎲᏍᎩ) otsel igvnelv ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏢᏉᏗ ᎠᏜᏅᏓᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎳᏑᎶ ᎦᎵᏍᏜᎥ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ. ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ huntsmen; ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ utugi uwasv ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ recreation ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎪᎯ ᏧᏂᏴᎯ ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏉᏉ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ "ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ".

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ symbiotic ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᏟ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ Ꮝ evolutionary ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎩᏟ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᏗᏁᏝᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᏖᎸᎳᏗᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ.

ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ selective ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ hunted ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ, ᎠᏓᏙᎯᏙᏗ, ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎬᎨᏫᏒᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ collaboration ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ iyuwakodi ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎩᏥᏍᎬ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎪᎢ, kynègia, ᎨᏒᎢ derived ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ kynos 'ᎩᏟ'. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ 33-34 ᎯᎠ 196 orta (ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎧᏂᎩᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏍᎪᎯᏧᏈ ansigaya) ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ Janissaries ᎨᏒᎩ Sekban, ᎠᏯ.e. ᎩᏟ ᎠᏓᎦᏘᏯ, ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ nvwato hiyadv iyuwakodi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᎨᏳᏗ (ᎩᏟ) ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ iyuwakodi.

ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎩᏟᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎣᏓᏅᏛ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎩᏍᎬ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎬ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ iyuwakodi, ᎪᎯ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ Ꮝ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ Ꮝ prestigious ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ, ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏌᎳᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᏓᏅᏖᏗ. ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎩᏒᎩ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᏅ, recreational ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ recreational ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ selective ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎩ gantlai, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎢᏳᏊ ugatohvsv.

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ prehistory, ᎯᎠ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ reflected ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏁᎸᏙᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ zoomorph) deities ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ predators ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.

ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎧᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏧᏂᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏙᏗ.

ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏧᎾᏁᎸᏗ itsuwakodi, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ forbidden clerics. ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ "ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ Juris Canonici" (C. ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, X, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ cleric. venat.) ᎢᏧᎳ sais "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᎨᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ; ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᏔᏬᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏯᏍᏔ." ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎯᎠ Lateran, ᎠᏰᎲᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎦᏅᎾ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ, decreed (ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ xv): "ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ clerics." ᎯᎠ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ Trent ᎨᏒᎢ worded ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏩᏂᎦᎳ: "ᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ clerics ᎠᏑᎳᎪᎢᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ" (ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ. XXIV, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏓᏅᏘᏐᏗ., c. xii), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎵᏒᎯ ᎪᏣᎸᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ declaring ᎤᏃᏴᎵᏓ (clamorosa) ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ (quieta) ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.

Ferraris (.v. "Clericus", ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ. 6) ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ clerics ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᏥᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ recreation, ᎠᎴ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. Ziegler, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ (ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ episc., l. ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ, c. xix), ᏁᎵᏍᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ.

ᎡᏍᎦᏗᏢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ dikanahwadvsdi gvdi ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ Ꭰayosdodi atuyasdv ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ clerics ᎤᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Milan, Avignon, Liège, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎯᏴ. ᏨᏓᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ XIV (ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ synodo diœces., l. ᎧᏬᎳᏕᏍᎬ, c. x) ᎤᏁᏨᎩ Ꮎ ᏯᏛᎿ synodal ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏓᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ synodal ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ localities ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ consulted ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ.

ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ

ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ (ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ)

ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎴ lyudetiyvda ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ 'ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (Maha)rajas, ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ etcetera ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎾᏓᏱᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᏯ.e. ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᏌᏊᎭ; ᎢᏧᎳ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ mounted), ᎤᏅᏌ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᏗᏓᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏯᏫᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏩᎵᏍᏙᏗ; ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎴᏅᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᎪ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ-ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎩ recruited ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᎳᏍᏓᎸ (e.g. ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-Aryan BhilᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Rajasthan ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ Mewar), ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, techniques etcetera, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ, ᎦᎪ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ (preferably ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ Asians wildlife, ᎯᎠ (Bengal) ᏢᏓᏥ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏗ: ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎧᎹᎹ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎠᏍᎦᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎩᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏇ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᎴᎯᏍᏗ-iyuwakodi, ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᏕᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᏓ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏓᎳᏏᏛ Europe).

ᎤᎶᏐᏅ European ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎠᏫᏄᏥ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎯᎠ honour ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ lyudetiyvda ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ organizing ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎣᏤᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏢᏓᏥ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ dwindled ᎦᏂᏰᎩ. ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ ᎠᎴ neighbouring Himalayan monarchies (ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Nepal) ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏓᏕᏯᏙᏗ 'ᎥᎢᏒᎢ', ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎾᏄᎳᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎤᎾᎵᏃᎯᏴᎯ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

Safari

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1977 Kenya ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ tourism.

safari (ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Swahili ᎧᏁᏨ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ) ᎨᏒᎢ overland ᎥᎢᏒᎢ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa).

Safari ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏴ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꭺgoweli gowlisgi Ernest Hemingway ᎠᎴ ᎤᎬᏫᏳᎯ Theodore Roosevelt. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ-ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ, ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ African ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗᏩᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ wildlife.

ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, accompanied ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ, skinners ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᏥᎾᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏦᏍᏗ terrains. ᎤᏤᎵᏛ safari ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎧᏃᎩᏍᎩ-safari ᎭᏢᏃ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ outfitting ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᏒᎠᏍᎦᏯ. ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᎪ outfitted ᎯᎠ safaris ᎤᏅᏌ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗᏳ.

ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏌᎳᏙᏗ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᏂᎦᏛ ecotourism ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai-ᎤᎾᎵᎢᏴ ᏅᎬᎪᏔᏅᎯ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ-safari, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ aimed ᎾᎾᎢ wildlife ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ lenses. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ nvwato hiyadv ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏓᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏂᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅᏍᎩ Włodzimierz Puchalski.

ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ

ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1850 ᎤᏤᎵ England.

ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ gantlai ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ganahlai, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Victorian itsuwakodi, ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎤᏠᏱ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎳ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏓᎴᏅᎢᏍᏗ dagatuwisdisgv ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏓᏡᎬ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏃᏢᏍᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ gantlai ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎩᎵᏲᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ foxes, ᎠᏂᏐᏈᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎵᏉ, iyuwakodi proponents ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ, culturally ᎠᎴ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ.

ᎤᏠᏱ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ chasing ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gantlaiᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ beagling, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ. ᏐᎢ ᏗᏑᏰᏛ foxhoundᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏒᎩ. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᏂᎯ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ gantlai ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎸ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎦᎵ 2005 ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 2004. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎩᏟ ᎦᏃᎯᎵᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏝᎾᏘᏥ ᎠᎴ gantlai, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎧᏁᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎨᎳᏗᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ (ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ, ᎦᏓᏆᎵ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏲᏍᏗ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ)[1]. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ gantlai ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎦᎶᏂ 12, ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏯ ᏔᎳᏚᏏᏁ. ᎯᎠ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ 1831.

ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ

ᎤᏴᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ predates ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᎵᏗᎳᏏᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏛ ᏓᏠᎯᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ, cultural ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ gantlai ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ), ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Alaska, ᎭᏢᏃ ᏴᏫ ᏙᎢ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎯ gantlai ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ Alaska ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ 50-90% ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᏤᎵ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ.

ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏄᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ imposed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏬᏄᎠᎴ geese) ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, iyuwakodi ᏗᎴᏪᎢᏍᏙᏗ, techniques ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ harvested. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ unprotected ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ varmints) ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏗᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ lyudetiyvda ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ grandfathered ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ).

ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ uniyatolv ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ regulatory ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ. ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎦ:

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ "ᎦᏯᎸᏗ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ gantlai harvested. ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏒᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮiyusdi kanohehdv ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᏕᎬᏒ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏓᏥᏲᎯᏎᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ. ᎦᏯᎸᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ restricted ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎠᎴ "wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏌᏊᎭ". ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ waterfowl ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ "ᎧᏬᏄ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ" ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎴ Wildlife ᎾᏛᏁᎸ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏯᎸᏗ.

ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ restricted ᎾᎥᎢ "ᎦᏅᏛᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ" ᎠᎴ "ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ". ᎦᏅᏛᎢ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ gantlai ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᎦ. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ gantlai ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ iyuwakodi.

ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ regulated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ, ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ. ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᎪᏍᏗᏱ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ banned ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ topographic ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᎵᏣᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏴᏑᎸ-ᎠᎧᎵᎢ ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎪᏢᏅ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ.

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ. ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎡᎪᎢ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎯᎠ 1800', ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ conservationists ᎠᎴ sportsmen, ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ Theodore Roosevelt. ᎯᎠ Boone ᎠᎴ Crockett ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ: ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1887 ᎠᏕᎸ ᏗᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᎾᏓᎪᎾᏛᏗᏍᎬ ᏂᎯ" ethic ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ "ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ Ꮎ ᏰᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ, ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎪᎯᏓ ᎯᎠ hunted ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ."

ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏧᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏂᏩᏍᎬ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Washington, D.C. ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎩᎶ ᏂᏓᏳᏅᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ [2]. ᏔᎵ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ Ducks Unlimited ᎠᎴ Delta Waterfowl.

ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ $200 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ' ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ agencies ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏚᎾᎵᎪᏒ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1934 ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ Federal Duck Stamps, ᎧᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ waterfowl ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 16 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ, ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ $700 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏩᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 5.2 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ (20,000 km²) ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ National Wildlife Refuge System ᏗᎦᏙᎯ Ꮎ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ waterfowl ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ wildlife ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ monies ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ designated ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᏂᎬᎾᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᎮᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎯᏍᎩ.

Varmint ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎧᏁᏣ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ (ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ), ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ recreation ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ regulated. Varmint ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎿ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ, ganahlai, landscaping, infrastructure, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᏥᏍᏚᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ) ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ utilized ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏭᏯᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏯ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ Ꮭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏬᏨᎯ. ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ "varmints" ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ varmints ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ rodents, ᏩᏯ, koga, ᏧᎳes, feral ᏪᏌ, ᎠᎴ feral ᎠᏂᏏᏆ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ varmints ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎤᏓᏍᏕᎸᎲ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ.

Wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ resource ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎯ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Ꮎ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᎫᏗᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏐᎢ wildlife ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏅᏂᏙᎲ, Ꮎ ᏴᏫ ᎠᏰᎸ ᏄᏛᎿᏕᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ [3]. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏕᏘᏴᎯᏒ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏫᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ environmentalists ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏗᏱ Ꮎ introducing ᏗᏙᎳᎩ predator ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏏᎾᏌᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ganahlai ᎤᎾᏤᎵᎢ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ, ᎥᎪᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᏴᏫ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ selective.

ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ "ᎤᎾᏥ, ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ Ross' ᏌᏌ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ 2005." [4] ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ waterfowl ᎠᏓᏁᏟᏴᏍᎬ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏚᏅᎩ, ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ geese. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ.

gantlai ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ rely ᎾᎿ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ gantlai ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏫᏛᏓ atsinuqowisgv ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎩ. Overpopulations ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᏋ hunted ᎾᎥᎢ gantlai ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᏚᎾᎳᏏᏛ.

ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ

ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ techniques ᏰᎵᏇ ᏚᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎭᏢᏃ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ nadvndhvgi. Techniques ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ hunted. ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏫᎵ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ technique, ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ wildlife ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ forbidden ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ.

  • ᎠᏑᏗ ᎦᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ, ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
  • ᏗᎨᏫ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏘᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ
  • ᏓᏯᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ gantlai ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
  • Camouflage ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ (ᎠᎴ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ) ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ
  • ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ, ᎠᏱᎴᎦ, ᎦᏅᏅᎢ, ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ, ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᎴ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ
  • ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎾᏝᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ
  • ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏁᎸᏒ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ
  • ᎠᏓᎨᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ (ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᏗ) ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
  • ᎠᏯᏩᏍᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎲ ᎠᎴ techniques ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ
  • Spotlighting ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎨᏫ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ
  • ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ iyatoquu, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ identified gantlai
  • ᏙᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎢᏒᎢ iyatoquu ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
  • ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏓᎪᎵᏰᏍᎬ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ
  • ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ (ᎠᏓᎭᎷᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ, deadfalls) ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ gantlai

ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ

Úsov Château, ᎯᎠ Czech ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢ, ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ tropheys ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Liechtensteins ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe, Africa ᎠᎴ Asia.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1800s ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ European ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ pursued ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ gantlai, ᎾᏍᏋ displayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎠᎵᎦᎵᏴᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ populated ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Europe, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏯ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ healthier ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ farmed ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Nordic ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏩᏗᏒ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ trophies ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, frowned ᎾᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᏠᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ.

ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᏓᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎦᎪ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ gantlai ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏂᎦᏛ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎦᏁᎳ ᎩᎵᏏ ᏧᎳ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ inhumane "ᎩᎬ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ."

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1800s ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏓᏓᏁᎭ. ᎯᎠ safari ᎢᎬᎾᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ Ꮎ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎠᎲᏲᎵᏓ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Africa, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏚᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ trophies. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ itsuwakodi, ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᏢᏲᎵᎲᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ frowned ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ gantlai. ᏐᎢ ᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ recreation, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᎦᏂᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏂᏓᏙᎳᎬᎾ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᎳᏏᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ ᎡᎵᏉ harassment ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ gantlai ᎠᎴ consumed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏁᎳ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏠᏒᎯ ᎤᎫᏴᏓ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ Ꮎ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎪᏅᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ grazing, ganahlai, ᎠᎴ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏓᏫᏒ [5].

ᎠᎾᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ

ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ industries ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ ᏗᎦᏙᎯ, ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ecological ᏓᏃᏏᏏᏍᎬ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ-ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Tanzania ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ safari ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ 50-100 itsuwakodi Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ eco-ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ environmental ᏓᏓᏛᎾᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎳᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏩᏛᎯᏙᎯ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏕᎸ ᏄᎾᏍᏛ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ safari ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎡᏙᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎳᏏᏕᎾ, ᎡᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tented ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ. Safari ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏩᏓᎴ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ eco-ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏘᏲᎯᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ anti-ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ activities ᎠᎴ ᎣᎷᏤᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ [6].

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛ ᏕᎦᏅᏅ ᎠᎵᏏᏅᏙᏗ: ᎯᎠ Cobham ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ 1997 ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ yvwatuwidv £700 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏘᏗᏍᏗ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᏚᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎾᏊ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎠᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ.

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ specializing ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏓᎸᏙ tourism. ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎦᎷᏨ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ cultural ᎣᎾᏗᏢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2001, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 13 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ averaged ᏁᎳᏚ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᏩᏒ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ $20.5 ᎯᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᎾᏁᎶᎲᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ OLN ᎠᎴ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ television ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ TV ᏕᏕᏲᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ showcase ᎢᏤ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᏭᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ recreational ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ, ᎫᏓᎸᏙ ᏗᏄᏬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᏗᏱᎸᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᏗᏛᏁᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ) ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ wildlife ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏬᏄ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Rocky ᎣᏓᎸ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏁᏗ sizeable ᎠᏰᎵ ᏕᎠᎲ ᎯᎠ enhancement ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᏗᏁᎶᏗᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏓᏁᎸᏔᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2004 ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏆ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 20-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏰᎲ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎢᎦᏛ 4 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ wildlife.

ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ ᎤᎬᏩᎵ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ. ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᏩᎦ ᏗᏛᎿᏗᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏚᏳᎩᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏕᎩ ᎤᏤᎵᏓ "ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ" ᎠᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᎣᎷᏤᎯ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ forestry, ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᎩᎾᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᏱᏯᏛ ᎠᎬᏩᎵ ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᏅᏍᏙᎯᏍᏗ environmentalists.

Depictions ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ portrayals ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ television ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ aimed ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ, ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ portrayed ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ broader ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ depictions ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ 1942 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ Bambi ᎠᎴ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ Looney ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬfeaturing ᏥᏍᎪᏯ Bunny ᎠᎴ Elmer Fudd. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ "varmints" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᎾᏓᎵᏍᎦᎾᏁᎲ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏛᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏪᎵᏒ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ hunted gantlai ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏓᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏛ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ macho ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ Nugent ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏲᏛᎯ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ.

ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ--ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ 1990 ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏓᎾᎳᏍᎩᏍᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏩᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ 1970 ᎤᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎦᏃᎭᎵᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏣᎵ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ. Filmed depictions ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏅᏁᎯᏯ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏙᎵᏣᏘ. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ portrayed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ Alaskan ᎤᏩᎢᏢᎢ ᎾᎥ ᏄᎾᏓᎸ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ.[7]

Varmint ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎢᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ depicted ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ Ross' ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎠᏑᏰᏍᏔᏅ depiction ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ L. Neil ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵ agatohvsdi ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎪᏪᎵ Pallas. ᎠᏂᏃᎯᎵᏙᎲ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Ernest Hemingway ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ lyudetiyvda ᎣᏩᏒ-ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᎸᏅ ᎬᏗ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ Carlos Castaneda ᎤᏤᎵ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ Ixtlan.

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ

ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

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