The document discusses sleep, its regulation in the body, theories of sleep, circadian rhythms, physiological changes during sleep, stages of sleep, classifications of sleep disorders including dyssomnias like insomnia and hypersomnia, and parasomnias. It also covers nursing interventions to promote sleep such as preparing a restful environment, offering relaxation activities, and scheduling care to avoid disturbances.
The document discusses biological rhythms and sleep stages, explaining that circadian rhythms operate on a 24-hour cycle and influence sleep and wakefulness, and describing the five distinct sleep stages that occur in a repeating cycle approximately every 90 minutes. It also reviews theories about why we sleep and dream, such as for physiological functions like neural development and information processing, and examines some common sleep disorders like insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea.
This document discusses the physiology of sleep and sleep disorders. It describes the different stages of non-REM sleep (stages 1-4) and REM sleep, and how they are characterized by changes in brain waves, eye movements, muscle tone, autonomic functions, and more. Sleep is essential for survival but disturbances can occur in psychiatric illnesses. Sleep is studied using electrodes to measure brain waves, eye movements, muscle activity, and other physiological signals.
Sleep involves distinct stages including non-REM and REM sleep in cycles. The sleep-wake cycle is regulated by two processes - a homeostatic drive (Process S) for sleep that increases with wakefulness and a circadian rhythm (Process C) that promotes wakefulness during the day. Key structures like the suprachiasmatic nucleus and ventrolateral preoptic area help generate and regulate sleep and wake states.
This document provides an overview of physiology of sleep and sleep disorders. It discusses brain waves during different sleep stages, the cycles of non-REM and REM sleep, theories of what causes sleep, the effects of sleep on physiological functions, comparative aspects of sleep across species, and consequences of sleep deprivation. Key topics covered include the different sleep stages, roles of neurotransmitters like serotonin in regulating sleep, and restoration of brain and body during sleep.
Sleep occurs in cycles that alternate between non-REM and REM sleep. Non-REM sleep has four stages:
1. Stage 1 is a transition between wakefulness and sleep characterized by theta brain wave activity.
2. Stage 2 is light sleep with sleep spindles and K-complexes on EEG. Most of the night is spent in this stage.
3. Stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep or slow wave sleep with large delta brain waves. This stage early in the night aids restoration.
4. REM sleep occurs about every 90 minutes, has EEG activation similar to wakefulness but with muscle paralysis. This is the dream state. Sleep progresses through these stages in cycles throughout the night
The document discusses sleep disorders and the measurement and stages of sleep. It provides details on:
1) How sleep is measured using EEG, EOG, and EMG electrodes to record brain waves, eye movements, and muscle activity.
2) The stages of sleep including NREM stages 1-4 and REM sleep, characterized by different brain wave patterns.
3) Common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, circadian rhythm disorders and parasomnias. Treatment options are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of sleep and sleep disorders. It defines sleep and describes the physiology and stages of normal sleep. It discusses factors that influence sleep such as circadian rhythms, neurotransmitters, and the sleep-wake cycle. Common sleep disorders are explained like insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome and parasomnias. Assessment methods and treatment options for sleep disorders are also summarized.
Physiology of sleep - medical information martinshaji
This document summarizes the physiology of sleep. It discusses how sleep is regulated by both homeostatic and circadian mechanisms in the brain. Sleep involves the suppression of arousal systems in the brain by sleep-promoting areas like the VLPO. NREM and REM sleep are controlled by different brain regions and neurotransmitters in a cyclical manner. Physiological changes in hormones like growth hormone, prolactin, cortisol and TSH occur across the sleep-wake cycle. Overall, sleep is an actively regulated, metabolically distinct state that impacts whole-body physiology and metabolism.
There are 5 stages of sleep: Stage 1 is a light sleep where people can be easily awoken; Stage 2 is deeper sleep characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes; Stage 3 is deep sleep with slow brain waves and difficulty being aroused; Stage 4 is the deepest sleep with 50% or more delta waves; REM sleep occurs every 90 minutes and is when dreaming occurs, characterized by rapid eye movements and increased heart and breathing rates. The stages repeat in a cycle throughout the night.
The outcome of this course is for the learner to describe the normal stages of sleep, common sleep measurement tools sleep characteristic, common sleep disorders, the changes that affect the quality and quantity of sleep as an individual ages, and methods the healthcare provider can use to assess and assist clients with sleep disorders.
It focuses on sleep medicine - sleep disorders, sleep stages, DSM classification, types, classifications, and pharmacological and non pharmacological management.
A sleep disorder is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal. Some sleep disorders are serious enough to interfere with normal physical, mental, social and emotional functioning.
The document discusses sleep needs at different ages, sleep disorders, circadian rhythms, and the stages of sleep. Infants need 12-18 hours of sleep per night, children ages 5-10 need 10-11 hours, and teens and adults need 8-9 hours and 7-9 hours respectively. Sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy. Circadian rhythms regulate the sleep-wake cycle through exposure to light and darkness. Sleep cycles through NREM and REM stages with different brain wave patterns in each stage.
This document discusses sleep disorders and their classification. It begins by outlining normal sleep physiology and how much sleep is needed. It then classifies sleep disorders into two main categories: primary and secondary. Primary disorders include dyssomnias, which involve difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep, and parasomnias, which involve abnormal events during sleep. Several specific primary sleep disorders are described in detail, including insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, sleepwalking, and nightmares. Treatment options focus on behavioral changes, therapy, and medication as needed.
The document provides an overview of sleep and sleep disorders presented by Dr. Kaushik Nandi. It discusses the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness including the arousal spectrum and sleep/wake switch regulated by neurotransmitters and brain regions like the hypothalamus. The stages of sleep are described based on EEG patterns and physiological characteristics. Assessment methods and classifications of sleep disorders by the DSM-5 and ICSD-3 are outlined. Insomnia disorder and Narcolepsy are explained in more detail regarding their diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and treatment approaches.
Sleep is essential for health and cognitive function. It involves NREM and REM sleep stages measured using polysomnography. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnolence, and narcolepsy. Insomnia is difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep and is treated with sleep hygiene, relaxation, and medication. Hypersomnolence involves excessive daytime sleepiness and is treated with stimulants. Narcolepsy involves REM sleep intrusion and is diagnosed by decreased REM latency on polysomnography.
Sleep has two types - rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. REM sleep is associated with dreaming and eye movements while NREM sleep has four stages with different brain wave patterns. Sleep is regulated by circadian rhythms and homeostasis. The brainstem contains sleep centers like the raphe nucleus and locus ceruleus that induce REM and NREM sleep respectively. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, nightmares, night terrors and somnambulism. Movement disorders during sleep include restless legs syndrome and leg cramps.
1. Post resuscitation care involves not only return of spontaneous circulation but return to pre-arrest status through management of global ischemia, cardiovascular dysfunction, and persistent precipitant causes.
2. Immediate goals after ROSC include optimization of cardiovascular function and oxygen delivery, ventilation support, temperature management, etiology investigation, and interventions to prevent recurrence.
3. Prognostication is an essential component using markers like neurological exams, EEGs, imaging and biomarkers to predict outcomes in comatose post-cardiac arrest patients.
This document provides instructions for flushing or irrigating the urinary bladder with a specific solution using a catheter. It describes preparing the necessary equipment like gloves, towels, catheter, tubing and solution. It outlines the steps to check the physician's orders, prepare the patient, set up the irrigation equipment and tubing, and perform either continuous or intermittent irrigation of the bladder. The nurse must monitor the patient and drainage during and after the procedure and properly record and dispose of used items.
Urinary bladder irrigation involves flushing the bladder with a liquid solution to cleanse it and maintain catheter patency. Common purposes include cleaning out debris, bacteria, and blood from the bladder. Solutions used include sterile water, saline, glucose, and various antiseptics. The procedure involves setting up sterile tubing connected to an irrigation solution and catheter, then slowly instilling and draining the fluid while monitoring for complications like bleeding. Records must be kept of the solutions, amounts, and characteristics of drainage.
This document provides guidelines for post-cardiac arrest care. It recommends:
1) Performing emergency coronary angiography for OHCA patients with suspected cardiac cause and ST elevation on ECG.
2) Maintaining blood pressure above 90 mmHg systolic or 65 mmHg mean and immediately correcting any hypotension.
3) Inducing therapeutic hypothermia between 32-36°C for at least 24 hours in comatose cardiac arrest patients to minimize brain injury.
this topic is about sleep, stages of sleep, types of sleep, factors influencing sleep, sleep disorders and their management and various interventions to promote sleep
This document provides information on urinary catheterization including the purposes, sizes, types, procedures for insertion and maintenance of catheters. Catheterization is done to relieve urinary retention, obtain urine samples, empty the bladder before or after surgery, and monitor urine output. Catheters come in different sizes depending on use for children, females or males. Procedures are described for inserting foley catheters in males and females which must be done aseptically to prevent infection. Maintaining catheters and the process for removal are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the history and fundamentals of nursing. It discusses:
1) The early origins and evolution of nursing from ancient civilizations through major historical events like wars and the establishment of hospitals and codes of sanitation.
2) The contributions of Florence Nightingale including establishing nursing education standards and emphasizing sanitation practices.
3) The development of nursing in the Philippines including the earliest hospitals and nursing schools.
4) Key nursing concepts like the definition of a nurse, levels of nursing practice, fields of nursing practice, and expanded educational and career roles for nurses.
The document discusses key concepts in nutrition including that optimal nutrition is important for health promotion and certain nutrients are essential for well-being. It defines nutrition, dietetics, and the role of registered dietitians. It also addresses different types of nutrition like optimal nutrition, undernutrition, malnutrition, and overnutrition.
The document discusses sleep regulation and the stages of sleep. It describes how the hypothalamus and reticular activating system regulate alertness and sleep cycles. There are four stages of non-REM sleep that gradually deepen, followed by REM sleep with vivid dreaming. Disruptions to the normal sleep-wake cycle can cause issues like poor sleep, anxiety and irritability. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome. Nurses can promote healthy sleep by preparing a restful environment and respecting patients' normal sleep patterns.
The document discusses sleep regulation and the stages of sleep. It describes how the hypothalamus and reticular activating system regulate alertness and sleep cycles. There are four stages of non-REM sleep that gradually deepen, followed by REM sleep with vivid dreaming. Disruptions to the normal sleep-wake cycle can cause issues like poor sleep, anxiety and irritability. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome. Nurses can promote healthy sleep by preparing a restful environment and respecting patients' normal sleep patterns.
The document discusses sleep regulation and the stages of sleep. It describes how the hypothalamus and reticular activating system regulate alertness and sleep cycles. There are four stages of non-REM sleep that gradually deepen, followed by REM sleep with vivid dreaming. Disruptions to the normal sleep-wake cycle can cause issues like poor sleep, anxiety, and impaired judgment. The document also outlines different sleep disorders like insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome, as well as nursing interventions to promote healthy sleep.
Sleep is a cyclical physiological process that occurs in stages and is controlled by the brain. It consists of non-rapid eye movement sleep and rapid eye movement sleep in cycles of approximately 90 minutes. Non-REM sleep progresses through four stages from light to deep sleep while REM sleep involves rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming. Sleep serves the important functions of restoring physiological and psychological functions. Disturbances in normal sleep patterns can occur due to various lifestyle, environmental, medical and psychiatric factors.
Sleep is a normal state of altered consciousness that allows the body to rest. It involves decreased responsiveness and can be characterized by different sleep stages including slow-wave non-REM sleep and REM sleep. Sleep requirements vary by age but most adults need 6-8 hours per night. Disorders can cause difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep (insomnia) or excessive daytime sleepiness (hypersomnia). Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve changes to sleep hygiene, medications, or addressing lifestyle factors. Nursing care focuses on establishing regular sleep schedules and routines to support restful sleep.
The document discusses sleep and rest, defining rest as a decreased state of activity without stress or anxiety, while sleep involves altered consciousness, inactivity, and reduced environmental perception. It describes the physiology of sleep, including brain centers that control circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle. The stages of non-REM and REM sleep are outlined based on EEG patterns, eye movements, and muscle activity. Factors affecting sleep quality and quantity are identified, along with common sleep disorders like insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and insufficient sleep.
This document discusses sleep and rest patterns. It defines sleep and rest, compares their characteristics, and discusses the two types of sleep - NREM and REM sleep. The four stages of NREM sleep and characteristics of REM sleep are outlined. Factors affecting sleep, common sleep disorders, functions of sleep, and nursing management of patients' sleep are also covered. Nursing management involves assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, teaching, and evaluating patients to promote healthy sleep.
This is very simple and very useful for the students of medical and nursing students .it will help you in enhancing your knowledge.i will be happy if you like and share my ppt
Normal sleep patterns change as people age. Older adults typically experience decreased total sleep time, increased waking during the night, and earlier morning waking. The stages of sleep also change, with shorter stages 1 and 2 and less time in deep, restorative stages 3 and 4. Many medical conditions can also disrupt sleep in older adults. Diagnosing sleep issues involves assessing symptoms, sleep patterns, and sometimes diagnostic tests. Treatment may include changes to sleep habits, relaxation techniques, and in some cases medication.
The fund aims to provide financial support to small businesses and entrepreneurs who are just starting out or expanding their operations. It will offer loans and grants of up to $50,000 to eligible applicants looking to start a new business or grow an existing one. Priority will be given to applicants operating in rural areas, women-owned businesses, and businesses promoting environmentally sustainable practices.
This document discusses sleep, factors that affect sleep, and common sleep disorders. It defines sleep and describes the sleep-wake cycle and sleep stages. Common sleep disorders mentioned include insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and parasomnias. Nursing interventions to promote rest and sleep are also outlined, such as supporting bedtime rituals, creating a restful environment, and promoting relaxation.
As in, ZZZZZZZzzzzzzz. Hopefully, you might sleep through this workshop, and it won’t be due to boredom. We’ll talk about healthy sleeping patterns and habits, strategies for better sleep, and hopefully get to practice a little.
This document summarizes key topics related to consciousness and its variations, including circadian rhythms, sleep stages, dreams, and psychoactive drugs. It discusses how consciousness can be characterized and describes the body's biological clock and various brain wave patterns associated with different states of awareness. The stages of sleep are outlined as well as theories about the functions of sleep and dreams. Finally, it covers various sleep and dream disorders and how psychoactive drugs can alter consciousness.
This document summarizes key aspects of sleep physiology. It describes the two main types of sleep - slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. Slow-wave sleep is deeper and more restorative while REM sleep is when most dreaming occurs. The brain activity and physiology differs between these sleep stages. Several theories are presented on what causes sleep, including that active inhibitory processes in the brainstem induce sleep rather than fatigue. The role of neurotransmitters like serotonin is also discussed.
This document discusses sleep patterns and sleep disturbances. It begins by defining sleep and describing the sleep-wake cycle which is regulated by circadian rhythms. It then outlines the stages of sleep including non-REM and REM sleep. Key factors that affect sleep like age, illness, lifestyle and environment are mentioned. Common sleep disorders are introduced including insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and parasomnias. Assessment methods like questionnaires, sleep diaries and polysomnography are covered. Nursing management strategies to promote better sleep are provided. Research evidence on sleep enhancement interventions for hospitalized patients is briefly summarized.
This document discusses various states of consciousness and related topics. It describes circadian rhythms and the body's biological clock in the hypothalamus. It outlines the stages of sleep from wakefulness to non-REM and REM sleep. Dreaming occurs during REM sleep. Sleep cycles and needs change throughout life. Other topics covered include meditation, hypnosis, psychoactive drugs, and sleep and consciousness disorders.
This document provides a summary of key topics in consciousness and its variations covered in Chapter Four of Glenn Meyer's lecture slides, including:
- The definition of consciousness and its components.
- How attention works and its limitations, including inattentional blindness.
- How circadian rhythms regulate consciousness over 24-hour periods through biological clocks like the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
- The stages of sleep including REM and NREM sleep, and how sleep patterns change over the lifespan.
- Theories of dreaming such as Freud's theory of dreams fulfilling wishes and the activation-synthesis model of dreaming.
- Common sleep disorders like insomnia, sleepwalking, and nightmares.
Sleep serves important functions such as resting the body, reducing metabolism, strengthening memory, and rebuilding brain proteins. There are different stages of sleep including stages 1-4. Stage 1 is a light sleep where people can be easily awakened. Stage 2 is slightly deeper sleep. Stage 3 is deep slow-wave sleep important for restoration. Stage 4 is REM sleep where dreaming occurs and muscles are paralyzed. The amount and types of sleep change throughout life with babies and seniors requiring more total sleep than adults. Common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, and nightmares.
it explain about definition of sleep, normal sleep, sleep disturbance, causes of sleep disturbance, management therapy, nursing therapy and its effect om normal life.
The hypothalamus regulates circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles through the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Circadian rhythms like the sleep-wake cycle are endogenous daily cycles entrained by light/dark cycles. The hypothalamus also controls homeostatic functions like hunger, thirst, and temperature. Sleep is regulated in a homeostatic process involving reciprocal inhibition between arousal and sleep centers in the brain. Sleep occurs in cycles with stages including non-REM and REM sleep controlled by different neurotransmitters.
This document outlines some of the key concepts and assumptions of humanistic nursing according to Josephine G. Paterson and Loretta T. Zderad. [1] Nursing is concerned with understanding the individual's unique experiences and supporting their personal growth. [2] A person is viewed as a competent being that exists in relationship to others. [3] Health is described as a process of finding meaning and potential for well-being and growth, rather than just the absence of disease, and nursing aims to support this process.
The document discusses several theories related to nursing processes:
1. Orlando's nursing process theory focuses on the dynamic nurse-patient relationship and how nurses can meet patients' immediate needs through understanding their verbal and nonverbal behaviors.
2. Benner's stages of clinical competence describes how nurses develop from novice to expert through experiences in various clinical situations.
3. Wiedenbach's prescriptive theory of nursing defines the nurse's role and responsibility in caring for patients by developing a prescription or care plan based on the patient's autonomy and individuality.
4. Fitzpatrick's nursing classification theory centered around developing a standardized system for classifying nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes.
This document outlines Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer's theory of nursing as caring. The theory has three main components: 1) viewing persons as caring by nature, 2) conceptualizing nursing as both a discipline and profession based on caring relationships, and 3) representing the nurse-patient relationship as a "dance of caring persons" where each participant contributes uniquely to the whole. The goal of nursing is to enhance a person's caring abilities by participating in a nurturing relationship.
The document discusses two adaptation theories: Roy's Adaptation Model and Levine's Conservation Model. Roy's model views a person as constantly interacting with the environment through four adaptive modes. Levine's model focuses on a person maintaining wholeness through the processes of adaptation and conservation of energy, structure, personal integrity, and social integrity. Both theories see health as the goal of successful adaptation to environmental changes. Nursing aims to help those unable to adapt or conserve on their own.
Psychology is the scientific study of thought and behavior. It is distinguished from other disciplines through its use of the scientific method to understand topics like the mind-body problem, free will versus determinism, how people learn and develop over time, and how heredity and environment influence behavior. The study of psychology has evolved from its ancient Greek roots and diverse early approaches to become an established science over the 19th and 20th centuries.
This document provides an overview of memory from an information processing perspective. It discusses the main stages of memory as encoding, storage, and retrieval. It also describes the different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Various concepts related to memory are explained such as forgetting, déjà vu, flashbulb memories, and improving memory through techniques like chunking and mnemonic devices.
The document outlines the history and evolution of psychology as a field from its establishment in the late 19th century to modern approaches. It notes key figures like Wundt, Freud, Watson, and Skinner and their founding of new perspectives. Modern psychology incorporates diverse approaches including behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, neurobiological, evolutionary, and sociocultural views. Research methods like experimental, descriptive, and correlational aim to test theories, describe behaviors, and predict outcomes. Ethical principles of informed consent, debriefing, and confidentiality protect participants.
This document discusses isomerism in organic chemistry. It defines isomers as molecules with the same empirical formula but different connectivity of atoms. There are two main types of isomers: constitutional isomers, which have different carbon skeletons or functional groups, and stereoisomers, which have the same connectivity but different 3D orientations. Stereoisomers include enantiomers, which are non-superimposable mirror images, and diastereomers, which are non-mirror-image forms. It also discusses the chirality of molecules that are non-superimposable on their mirror images and how the different stereoisomers of chiral drugs can have different biological effects.
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry. It discusses the history and development of organic chemistry as a science. The key points are:
1) Organic chemistry originated from the idea that organic materials possessed a "vital force" that distinguished them from inorganic materials.
2) Organic compounds are defined as compounds that contain carbon. Carbon atoms can form stable bonds to many other elements and a vast number of complex organic compounds.
3) The complexity of carbon-containing compounds allows for biologically important molecules like DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates. Organic chemistry is important for food, medicine, fuels and other industrial products.
The document discusses intermolecular forces, liquids, and solids. It defines intermolecular forces as attractive forces between molecules, and describes different types including dipole-dipole forces, ion-dipole forces, and dispersion forces. Hydrogen bonding is discussed as a special type of dipole-dipole force. Solids are described as possessing rigid, long-range molecular order and defined unit cells, while liquids and amorphous solids lack long-range order.
This document discusses chemical bonding and Lewis structures. It begins by defining valence electrons and explaining how they participate in bonding. The document then covers ionic bonding, covalent bonding including single, double and triple bonds, and polar covalent bonding. It introduces electronegativity and provides rules for classifying bonds. The remainder of the document focuses on writing Lewis structures, including counting electrons, placing bonds and lone pairs, and calculating formal charges.
Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element. Atoms combine to form compounds with fixed ratios. A chemical change alters the composition of a substance, while a physical change does not. The atomic theory states that elements are composed of atoms and compounds are composed of two or more different elements chemically bonded. The structure of the atom consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. Chemical formulas represent the elements and their ratios in compounds and molecules. Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. Naming and formulas help identify substances. Acids donate hydrogen ions in water and bases donate hydroxide ions.
Awesome Lecture!
Make sure you know kasi it's mostly identification
1. Sir's Full Name
2. Ball circumference and diameter
3. How high the net is
4. Dimensions of the court
5 Rules of the game
6. History
7. What I.P.E.A. stands for
The document discusses nutrition and metabolism. It defines essential nutrients including water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. It also discusses calorie measurement, metabolism, nitrogen balance, basal metabolic rate, principles of good nutrition, assessing nutritional status, vitamins, minerals, common nutrition problems, and improving appetite.
Oxygenation is essential for life. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to supply oxygen to the body through breathing, gas exchange in the lungs, and oxygen transport in the blood. Pulse oximetry noninvasively measures blood oxygen levels. Factors like ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion influence oxygenation. Alterations include hypoxia, breathing pattern changes, and airway obstructions. Nursing focuses on promoting adequate respiration through measures such as airway clearance, positioning, breathing exercises, hydration, and supplemental oxygen when needed.
The document discusses bowel elimination and defecation, outlining various factors that can affect regularity such as diet, fluid intake, medications, and medical conditions. It also covers common fecal elimination problems like constipation, diarrhea, flatulence, and hemorrhoids, and provides measures to help relieve each issue including lifestyle changes, medications, and surgical options when needed.
This document discusses urinary elimination and problems that can occur. It describes the normal characteristics of urine including color, odor, pH and specific gravity. Problems are outlined such as altered urine composition from hematuria to glycosuria. Types of altered urine production like polyuria and oliguria are defined. Different types of altered urinary elimination involving frequency, incontinence and retention are explained. Nursing measures to induce voiding for retention are provided.
Safety should always come first when it comes to medical operations involving the use of a Huber needle. Disposable safety Huber needles are useful in this situation. A secure and effective method of accessing and delivering medication to a patient's port is provided by these single-use devices. But it might be difficult to choose the best option when there are so many on the market. We've put up the best advice to selecting the ideal disposable safety Huber needle so you can make an educated choice.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga- MALE CIRCUMCISION, ITS Vs SOCIOCULTURAL BELIEFS (C...Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
MALE CIRCUMCISION consists of the surgical act of removing the foreskin (skin that covers the glans of the penis), leaving the glans more prominent and better cleanable.
MALE CIRCUMCISION itself has medical as well as sociocultural implications, as it has been proven to be an act that can minimize SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs), especially HIV, but it also represents the SOCIOCULTURAL IDENTITY of some people, respectively.
Now, in a SERO-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE like that of Mozambique where the prevalence of HIV is around 12.5% which corresponds to approximately 2 million people living with HIV, where the province of GAZA is the most seroprevalent with a positivity rate of 21% (INSIDA, 2021), it is extremely necessary to THOROUGHLY scrutinize all possibilities for preventing or minimizing the spread of HIV and other STIs.
Human blood has a hydrogen ion concentration [H+ ] of 35 to 45 nmol/L and it is essential that its concentration is maintained within this narrow range.
Hydrogen ions are nothing but protons which can bind to proteins and alter their characteristics.
All the enzymes present in the body are proteins and an alteration in these enzyme systems can change the homeostatic mechanisms of the body.
Hence, a disturbance in acid-base balance can result in malfunction of the various organ systems.
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.
Acidosis is defined as a pH Less than 7.35.
Conversely, when the pH is more than 7.45, alkalosis is said to exist.
Acidosis and alkalosis are of two types each: respiratory and metabolic.
An increase in carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels increases the plasma [H+ ] and decreases the pH (respiratory acidosis).
Similarly, a decrease in plasma carbon dioxide levels reduces the [H+ ] and increases the pH (respiratory alkalosis).
A decrease in [HC03 -] reduces the pH and is called metabolic acidosis.
Similarly, an increase in [HC03 -] increases the pH and produces metabolic alkalosis.
The pH is regulated in the human body mainly by two organs: the respiratory system and the renal system.
The arterial carbon dioxide levels are regulated by the respiratory system.
Any increase in carbon dioxide levels stimulates the respiratory centre in the medulla thus augmenting respiration, alveolar ventilation and elimination of extra CO2 levels.
A decrease in CO2 levels may reduce the stimulus to breathe and cause hypoventilation.
This response is limited by hypoxia as the hypoxic drive stimulates the patient to maintain respiration.
Respiratory response to changes in CO2 level occurs very fast.
The plasma bicarbonate levels are regulated by the kidneys.
Any decrease in [HC03 -] stimulates the kidney to retain and synthesise bicarbonate.
High [HC03 -] results in elimination of more bicarbonate in urine.
In general, the pulmonary response to a change in acid-base status is faster and occurs immediately.
However, renal regulation takes time, a few hours to days.
Kidneys filter and reabsorb all the bicarbonate in the urine.
When necessary, kidneys can also produce extra bicarbonate through the glutamine pathway.
When an acid-base disorder occurs, the initial disturbance that occurs is termed the primary disorder.
The body attempts to normaliZe the pH by certain compensatory mechanisms resulting in a secondary disorder, e.g. primary metabolic acidosis results in an increase in hydrogen ions and a consequent decrease in bicarbonate ions.
To compensate for this, the patient hyperventilates and reduces the arterial carbon dioxide levels, thus moving the pH back to normal ( compensatory respiratory alkalosis )
These simplified lecture slides by Dr Sidra Arshad offer a concise look at the cardiovascular effects of heart failure:
1. Define cardiac failure, its pathophysiology and clinical manifestations
2. Differentiate between the factors causing hyper-effective and hypo-effective heart functions
3. Differentiate between right and left heart failure based on their presentation
4. Outline the physiology of treatment of cardiac failure
As a leading rheumatologist in Chandigarh, Dr. Aseem specializes in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of rheumatic conditions, including but not limited to:
Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the joints.
Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage.
Lupus: A systemic autoimmune disease that can affect the skin, joints, kidneys, and other organs.
Ankylosing Spondylitis: A type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing pain and stiffness.
Gout: A form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, and tenderness in the joints.
Psoriatic Arthritis: A type of arthritis that affects some people with psoriasis.
Vasculitis: An inflammation of the blood vessels that can cause a variety of symptoms.
Sjogren’s Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder characterized by dry eyes and mouth.
Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Dr. Aseem Goyal utilizes advanced diagnostic techniques to identify the underlying causes of rheumatic conditions. Our state-of-the-art facility is equipped with the latest technology to provide comprehensive diagnostic services, including:
Blood Tests: To check for markers of inflammation and autoimmune activity.
Imaging Studies: Such as X-rays, MRI, and ultrasound to assess joint and soft tissue damage.
Joint Fluid Analysis: To examine the fluid in the joints for signs of inflammation or infection.
Biopsy: In certain cases, a small tissue sample may be taken for further examination.
Treatment Approaches
Dr. Aseem Goyal adopts a holistic and patient-centered approach to treatment. Depending on the specific condition and its severity, treatment options may include:
Medications
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): To slow the progression of rheumatic diseases.
Biologic Agents: Targeted therapies that block specific pathways in the immune system.
Corticosteroids: To control severe inflammation quickly.
Regenerative Medicine in Chronic Pain ManagementReza Aminnejad
Regenerative technologies are the future of medicine. The current clinical strategy focuses primarily on treating the symptoms but regenerative medicine seeks to replace tissue or organs that have been damaged by age, disease, trauma, or congenital issues.
principles underlying microarray technology, explores the various types of mi...bniranjan0010
This PowerPoint presentation is designed to help students gain a comprehensive understanding of microarrays. It delves into the fundamental principles underlying microarray technology, explores the various types of microarrays, and provides a detailed overview of the procedures involved in their use. Additionally, the presentation examines the advantages and disadvantages of microarrays, offering a balanced perspective on their utility. Finally, it highlights the wide range of applications for microarray technology, showcasing its significance in various scientific and medical fields.
कायाकल्प क्लिनिक: पटना के अग्रणी सेक्सोलॉजिस्ट और स्किन केयर विशेषज्ञ
पटना का एक शानदार स्वास्थ्य सेवा प्रदाता, कायाकल्प क्लिनिक, आपके स्वास्थ्य और त्वचा की देखभाल में विशेषज्ञता प्रदान करता है। हमारे नवीनतम तकनीकी समाधानों और अनुभवी विशेषज्ञों के साथ, हम पुरुष और महिलाओं के स्वास्थ्य सम्बंधित मुद्दों को हल करते हैं। यहां पर हम प्रदान करते हैं:
Expert Treatment for Sex Issues at Kaya Kalp Clinic in Patna -best sexologist in patna
Dealing with sex-related problems? Find effective solutions at Kaya Kalp Clinic in Patna. Our experienced sexologist doctors are here to help.
Experienced Doctors
At Kaya Kalp Clinic, our team has years of experience in sexology. We’re known for successfully treating patients across India. Our certified doctors ensure expert care and support.
Comprehensive Care
We offer solutions for all kinds of sex-related issues. Our clinic is equipped with advanced equipment to ensure gentle treatment and positive results.
Patient-Focused Approach
We understand the sensitivity of these issues. Our doctors provide confidential and respectful care. We tailor treatments to meet your needs and lifestyle.
Convenient Location
Located in Patna, our clinic is easy to reach. Whether you’re searching “Sexologist Doctor Near Me” or referred by a doctor, we’re here to help.
Start Your Journey to Better Health
Don’t let sex-related issues affect your life. Contact Kaya Kalp Clinic today for expert care and support. Rediscover confidence and happiness in your sexual health.
Phone: 93342 00215
Discover the Best Sexologist in Patna: Expert Care at Kayakalp Clinic
Kayakalp Clinic - Best Sexologist in Patna
Kayakalp Clinic - Best Sexologist in Patna
When it comes to sexual health, finding the right expert is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. At Kayakalp Clinic in Patna, we pride ourselves on providing exceptional care for a wide range of sexual health issues. If you’re searching for the best sexologist in Patna, look no further. Our team of highly skilled professionals is here to help you navigate and resolve your concerns with confidentiality and compassion.
Why Choose Kayakalp Clinic?
1. Experienced Professionals
Our sexologists are highly trained and experienced in dealing with various sexual health issues. They stay updated with the latest advancements in the field to provide the best care possible.
2. Comprehensive Services
At Kayakalp Clinic, we offer a wide range of services, including:
- Treatment for erectile dysfunction
- Solutions for premature ejaculation
- Counseling for low libido
- Infertility treatment
- Management of sexual pain disorders
- STI screening and treatment
- Relationship and intimacy counseling
3. Personalized Treatment Plans
We understand that every individual is unique, and so are their health concerns. Our sexologists take the time to understand your specific needs and create personalized treatment plans to ensure the best outcomes.
Introduction of mental health nursing, Perspective of mental health and mental health nursing, Evolution of mental health services, treatment and nursing practices Mental health team, Nature and scope of mental health nursing, Role & function of mental health nurse inn various settings and factors affecting the level of nursing practice, concept of normal and abnormal behavior
Formulation of Buccal Drug Delivery SystemKHimani2
Buccal drug delivery system is an advanced type of drug delivery system where the drug is passed into the specific site without must wastage ! It is a novel drug delivery system where the medicament avoids 1st pass metabolism, which increases its bio availability !
* Types include matrix type and reservoir type in which 2nd type is more advanced and shows quick absorption of the drug .
* I have mentioned it's advantages and disadvantages.
* Factors effecting the drug delivery system
*Formulation of the BDDS
* Evaluation parameters
Hemodialysis: Chapter 11, Venous Catheter - Basics, Insertion, Use and Care -...NephroTube - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/QeWTw_fYPlA
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/fUWI9boFc7w
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Co-Chairs, Hussein Tawbi, MD, PhD, and Prof. Christian Blank, MD, PhD, discuss melanoma in this CME activity titled “Deploying the Immune GAMBIT Against Melanoma: Guidance on Advances and Medical Breakthroughs With ImmunoTherapy.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, and complete CME information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/4edfNpE. CME credit will be available until July 5, 2025.
Report Back from ASCO 2024: Latest Updates on Metastatic Breast Cancer (MBC)....bkling
Join Dr. Kevin Kalinsky, breast oncologist and researcher from Emory Winship Cancer Institute, to learn about the latest updates from The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting 2024.
Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis and Simulation ...Oleg Kshivets
5YS of local advanced non-small cell LCP after combined radical procedures significantly depended on: tumor characteristics, LC cell dynamics, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors, biochemical factors, hemostasis system, anthropometric data, adjuvant treatment and procedure type. Optimal strategies for local advanced LCP are: 1) availability of very experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity radical procedures; 2) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 3) precise prediction; 4) AT for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Factors influencing growth & development:
Growth & development depend upon multiple factors or determinants. They influence directly or indirectly by promoting or hindering the process.
The determinants can be grouped as Heredity & environment..
Heredity or genetic factors are also related to sex, race, & nationality. Environment includes both pre natal & post natal factors.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/AWaobASkZM4
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/1cQRmJ3SKWc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Promotion of Comfort, Rest,
and Sleep
• Rest – a state of calmness, relaxation without
emotional stress or freedom from anxiety
• Sleep – a state of consciousness in which the
individual’s perception and reaction to the
environment are decreased
3. Sleep Regulation
• Hypothalamus – major sleep center in the body
• Reticular Activating System (RAS)
• Maintains alertness and wakefulness which results
from neurons on the RAS that relate catecholamine
such as norepinephrine
• Bulbar Synchronizing Region (BSR)
• Specialized cells in the raphe nuclei sleep system of
the pons and medulla relate serotonin producing
sleep works with RHS to control cyclic nature of
sleep
5. Theories of Sleep
• Passive
• The ascending reticular activity system (RAS) in the
upper brain stem sympathy fatigues and therefore
belongs inactive thus, sleep occurs
• Active
• Proposes that there are centers that cause sleep by
inhibiting other brain centers
6. Biorhythms – “biological
clock”
• Circadian rhythms
• 24 hour, day-night cycle
• Infradian rhythm
• Occurs longer than 24 hours
• Ex: monthly cycle
• Ultradian rhythm
• Cycles lasting less than 24 hours
• Completed in minutes or hours
• Ex: REM in sleep
7. Physiologic Changes During
Sleep
• Arterial blood pressure falls
• Pulse rate decreases
• Peripherical blood vessels dilate
• Activity of the GI tract occasionally increases
• Skeletal muscles relax
• Basal metabolic rate decreases (10-30%)
9. Stages of Sleep
• Non-rapid eye movement
• Stage one
• Lightest level of sleep, eyes roll from side to side
• Lasts a few minutes
• Gradual fall in VS and metabolism
• Easily aroused by sensory stimuli
• Person feel as if daydreams has occurred
10. Stages of Sleep
• Stage two
• Sound sleep
• Relaxation progresses
• Arousal relatively easy
• Lasts 10-20 min
• Body functions continue to slow
11. Stages of Sleep
• Stage three
• Domination of the parasympathetic nervous system
• Initial stages of deep sleep
• Difficult to arouse and rarely moves
• Muscles completely relaxed
• VS decline but remain regular
• Lasts 15-30 min
12. Stages of Sleep
• Stage four
• Delta sleep-deepest stage of sleep
• Very difficult to arouse
• Lasts 15-30 min
• Sleep walking and exoresis (bedwetting)
• Restore the body’s biological processes
• Ex: protein synthesis and cell division for renewal of tissues
13. Stages of Sleep
• Rapid eye movement
• Vivid full color dreaming
• Occurs 90 min after sleep begins
• Rapidly moving eyes
• VS irregular; SNS dominates
• Gastric secretions increase
• Very difficult to arouse
• Brain is highly active, hence paradoxical sleep
14. Sleep Cycle
• The person passes consecutively through four
stages of NREM sleep
• The pattern is then reversed
• Return from stage IV down to REM then goes up to
stage IV but never to stage I
15. Classifications of Sleep
Disorders
• Dyssomnias – characterized by insomnia or
excessive sleepiness
• Parasomnias – pattern of waking behavior that
appear during sleep
16. Dyssomnias
• 1. Insomnia
• Initial insomnia
• Intermittent or maintenance insomnia
• Terminal insomnia
• 2. Hypersomnia
• Characterized by
• Excessive sleep
• Related to physiological problems, CNS damage
metabolic disorders
17. Dyssomnias
• 3. Narcolepsy
• “sleep attack”
• Excessive daytime sleepiness
• REM sleep within 15 min of falling asleep
• Cataplexy – sudden muscle weakness during intense
emotions
• Hypnagogic hallucinations – dreams difficult to
distinguish from reality
• Sleep paralysis also occurs
18. Dyssomnias
• 4. Sleep apnea
• Characterized by the lack of airflow through the nose
and mouth for periods of 10 seconds or longer
during sleep; snoring is common
• Types
• Obstructive
• Central
• Mixed
• 5. Restless leg syndrome
19. Dyssomnias
• 6. Sleep deprivation – a syndrome brought about
by prolonged disturbance in sleep
21. Nursing Interventions to
Promote Sleep
• Prepare a restful environment
• Promote bedtime rituals
• Offer appropriate bedtime snacks and beverages
• Promote relaxation and comfort
• Respect normal sleep-wake patterns
• Schedule nursing care to avoid disturbances
• Adequate exercise but avoid stimulating activity
before bedtime
• Use medication to produce sleep